671:, along the Mrima coast. The longstanding trade connections with the Persian gulf gave credence to these myths. In addition, because most Muslim societies are patrilineal, one can claim distant identities through paternal lines despite phenotypic and somatic evidence to the contrary. The so-called Shirazi tradition represents the arrival of Islam in these eras, one reason it has proven so long lasting. Extant mosques and coins demonstrate that the "Shirazi" were not Middle Eastern immigrants, but northern Swahili Muslims. They moved south, founding mosques, introducing coinage and elaborately carved inscriptions and mihrabs. They should be interpreted as indigenous African Muslims who played the politics of the Middle East to their advantage. Some still use this foundation myth a millennium later to assert their authority, even though the myth's context has long been forgotten. The Shirazi legend took on new importance in the 19th century, during the period of Omani domination. Claims of Shirazi ancestry were used to distance locals from Arab newcomers, since Persians are not viewed as Arabs but still have an exemplary Islamic pedigree. The emphasis that the Shirazi came very long ago and intermarried with indigenous locals ties this claim to the creation of convincing indigenous narratives about Swahili heritage without divorcing it from the ideals of being a maritime-centred culture.
271:
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mosques. Before 1500 CE, the inhabitants carried both
African, as well as Asia/Near East ancestry, which was mainly Persian-related (with more than half of their DNA originating from African ancestors and another large proportion of DNA coming from Asian ancestors). The male ancestors of elite Swahili people were a mix of approximately 83% Asian and 17% African; about 90% of the Asian DNA was Persian, and the rest was Indian. The female ancestors of Swahili elites were about 97% African and 3% Asian. This is consistent with the narrative of the
591:
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settled agricultural and fishing community from the 6th century CE at the latest. The considerable amount of daub found indicates timber buildings, and shell beads, bead grinders, and iron slag have been found at the site. There is evidence for limited engagement in long-distance trade: a small amount of imported pottery has been found, less than 1% of total pottery finds, mostly from the Gulf and dated to the 5th to 8th century. The similarity to contemporary sites such as
Mkokotoni and
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112:
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130:
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605:. The reason given is: A genetic study, published on March 29, 2023, confirmed the presence of significant Iranian-origin ancestry in the Y-chromosomal DNA of medieval inhabitants of the Swahili coast, strongly supporting elements of the Persian-admixture origin story. Therefore, this section, which currently rejects the Persian-admixture narrative, needs to be updated to reflect recent findings.
843:
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while the majority of the male heritage was Asian. Some academics reject the authenticity of the primarily
Persian origin claim. They point to the relative rarity of Persian customs and speech, lack of documentary evidence of Shia Islam in the Muslim literature on the Swahili Coast, and instead a historic abundance of Sunni
653:
origin myth that proliferated along the coast at the turn of the millennium. A 2022 DNA study obtained samples from 80 Muslim graves, from cities across the region, found the maternal ancestry of the studied population was primarily of East
African lineages, principally Bantu and Pastoral Neolithic,
941:
In 2022, DNA was extracted, analyzed and compared in 80 samples taken from people buried between 1250 and 1800 CE in towns that were mostly along the
Swahili Coast in modern Kenya and Tanzania. It is believed that these people were Swahili elites because they were buried in cemeteries near the main
1014:
Although most
Swahili living standards are far below that of upper hierarchy of the wealthiest nations, the Swahili are generally considered a relatively economically powerful group due to their history of trade. They are comparatively well-off. For instance, the United Nations has stated that the
632:
The
Swahili people originate from Bantu inhabitants of the coast of Southeast Africa, in Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique. These Bantu-speaking agriculturalists settled the coast at the outset of the first millennium. Archaeological finds at Fukuchani, on the north-west coast of Zanzibar, indicate a
637:
indicate a unified group of communities that developed into the first centre of coastal maritime culture. The coastal towns appear to have been engaged in Indian Ocean trade at this early period, and trade rapidly increased in importance and quantity between the mid-8th and the 11th century.
1936:
Brielle, Esther S.; Fleisher, Jeffrey; Wynne-Jones, Stephanie; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Callan, Kim; Curtis, Elizabeth; Iliev, Lora; Lawson, Ann Marie; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Qiu, Lijun; Stewardson, Kristin; Workman, J. Noah; Zalzala, Fatma; Ayodo, George; Gidna, Agness O. (2022-07-11).
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was impressed by the substantial beauty that he encountered there. He describes its inhabitants as "Zanj, jet-black in colour, and with tattoo marks on their faces", and notes that "Kilwa is a very fine and substantially built town, and all its buildings are of wood" (his description of
1459:
Brielle, Esther S.; Fleisher, Jeffrey; Wynne-Jones, Stephanie; Sirak, Kendra; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Callan, Kim; Curtis, Elizabeth; Iliev, Lora; Lawson, Ann Marie; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Qiu, Lijun; Stewardson, Kristin; Workman, J. Noah; Zalzala, Fatma; Ayodo, George (2023).
1378:
975:, along which goods were brought to the coasts and were sold to Arab, Indian, and Portuguese traders. Historical and archaeological records attest to Swahilis being prolific maritime merchants and sailors who sailed the Southeast African coastline to lands as far away as
958:
For centuries the
Swahili depended greatly on trade from the Indian Ocean. The Swahili have played a vital role as middle man between southeast, central, and South Africa and to the outside world. Trade contacts have been noted as early as 100 CE by early
662:
archipelago who moved south in the 10th and 11th centuries. They brought with them a coinage tradition and localized form of Islam. These
Africans migrants seem to have developed a concept of Shirazi origin as they moved further southwards, near
658:-related evidence. The documentary evidence, like the archaeological, "for early Persian settlement is likewise completely lacking.". The most likely origin for the stories about the Shirazi is from Muslim inhabitants of the
1035:
style and origin, some contemporary academics are suggesting that archaeological, written, linguistic, and cultural evidence might suggest an
African genesis which would be accompanied only later by an enduring Arabic and
690:
directly settled various mainland ports and islands on the eastern Africa seaboard beginning in the tenth century. By the time of the Persian settlement in the area, the earlier occupants had been displaced by incoming
472:), this differentiation is even more stratified in terms of societal grouping and dialect, hinting to the historical processes by which the Swahili have coalesced over time. More recently, however, through a process of
775:
established its presence on the Southeast African coast around the 9th century, coincident to Bantu traders both settling on the coast and tapping into the Indian Ocean trade networks. The Swahili people follow the
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and trade language from the ninth century onward. Zanzibari traders' intensive push into the African interior from the late eighteenth century induced the adoption of Swahili as a common language throughout much of
799:
are also popular among the Swahili. The Swahili also are known for their use of divination, which has adopted some syncretic features from underlying traditional indigenous beliefs. For instance, they believe in
814:
into treatments for certain diseases. On occasion, he instructs a patient to soak a piece of paper containing verses of the Qur'an in water. With this ink infused water, literally containing the word of
739:. More recent studies support the Swahili origin myth, indicating that "Asian ancestry includes components associated with Persia and India, with 80–90% of the Asian DNA originating from Persian men."
530:
is derived from the Kiunguja dialect of Zanzibar. Like many other world languages, Swahili has borrowed a large number of words from foreign languages, particularly administrative terms from
819:, the patient will then wash his body or drink it to cure himself of his affliction. The only people permitted to become medicine men in the culture are prophets and teachers of Islam.
1990:
1011:. Swahili fishermen of today still rely on the ocean to supply their primary source of income. Fish is sold to their inland neighbours in exchange for products of the interior.
707:
over several centuries thereafter, and these formed the modern Shirazi. The second theory on Shirazi origins also posits that they came from Persia, but first settled in the
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has a 25% higher per capita GDP than the rest of Tanzania. This economic influence has led to the continued spread of their culture and language throughout East Africa.
609:
Brielle, E.S., Fleisher, J., Wynne-Jones, S. et al. Entwined African and Asian genetic roots of medieval peoples of the Swahili coast. Nature 615, 866–873 (2023).
946:. After this time, Arabian ancestry becomes more prevalent, which correlates with the archaeological and historical record of interactions with Southern Arabia (
1546:, Paideuma: Mitteilungen zur Kulturkunde, Bd. 28, FROM ZINJ TO ZANZIBAR: Studies in History, Trade and Society on the Eastern Coast of Africa (1982), pages 9-27
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The original Swahili distinguished themselves from other Bantu peoples by self-identifying as WaUngwana (the civilised ones). In certain regions (e.g.,
3858:
2005:
2319:
1567:
Horton, Mark & Middleton, John. "The Swahili: The Social Landscape of a Mercantile Society." (Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell, 2000) Pg. 59.
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Horton, Mark & Middleton, John. "The Swahili: The Social Landscape of a Mercantile Society." (Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell, 2000) Pg. 61
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seaboard grew, the settlers are then said to moved southwards to various coastal towns in Kenya, Tanzania, northern Mozambique and the
480:, and lives in a town on the main urban centres of most of modern-day Tanzania and coastal Kenya, northern Mozambique, or the Comoros.
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1885:
2145:
1585:
Meier, Prita. "Swahili Port Cities: The Architecture of Elsewhere." (Bloomington Indiana: Indiana University press, 2016) Pg. 101.
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1065:, towers, and decorative elements on the buildings themselves. Many ruins may still be observed near the southern Kenyan port of
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2039:
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558:. Other, older dialects like Kimrima and Kitumbatu have far fewer Arabic loanwords, indicative of the language's fundamental
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1737:
H.N. Chittick (1965), The Shirazi colonization of East Africa, Journal of African History, Volume 6, Number 3, pages 275-294
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999:. During the apogee of the Middle Ages, ivory and slaves became a substantial source of revenue. Captives sold via the
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and Middleton, Tom. "The Swahili: The Social Landscape of a Mercantile Community." (Oxford: Blackwell, 2010), pg. 46.
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87:
1217:"2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume IV: Distribution of Population by Socio-Economic Characteristics"
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476:, this identity is extended to any person of African descent who speaks Swahili as their first language, is
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writers who visited the Southeast African coast in the 1st and 2nd centuries CE. Trade routes extended from
571:. Thus, Kiswahili is the most spoken African language, used by far more than just the Waswahili themselves.
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1291:"Nation-building and communities in Oman since 1970: The Swahili-speaking Omani in search of identity"
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Bulliet, Richard; Crossley, Pamela; Headrick, Daniel; Hirsch, Steven; Johnson, Lyman (October 2006).
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was essentially the same). Kimaryo points out that the distinctive tattoo marks are common among the
1975:
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1198:
3947:
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1555:
Allen, J. The Shirazi problem in East African coastal History." Frobenius Institute. 1983. Page 9.
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17:
2211:"Ibn Battuta: Travels in Asia and Africa 1325-1354 - Medieval Sourcebook, Retrieved on 2007-08-28"
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645:, identifies the rulers and founders of the costal cities as immigrants from the Persian city of
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Horton and Middleton, "The Swahili: The Social Landscape of a Mercantile Society." Wiley. 2000.
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1938:
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723:. By 1200 CE, they had established local sultanates and mercantile networks on the islands of
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1962:
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1939:"The Entwined African and Asian Genetic Roots of the Medieval Peoples of the Swahili Coast"
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1991:"What's the origin of the long-ago Swahili civilization? Genes offer a revealing answer"
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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is practiced through Qur'anic readings. Often the diviner incorporates verses from the
2225:"Ruins of the walled city of Gedi, Kenya. - Leisure, health and housing - Port Cities"
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Inquérito Nacional aos Agregados Familiares sobre Condições de Vida: Resultados Gerais
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1658:. American University (Washington, D.C.). Foreign Area Studies. pp. 38 & 42
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The Swahili: Reconstructing the History and Language of an African Society, 800-1500
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Shanga: the archaeology of a muslim trading community on the coast of East Africa
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The Cambridge History of Africa: From c. 1050 to c. 1600. By J. D. Fage. pg. 194
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from Tanzania, Kenya, and Mozambique. Traditional Islamic dress such as the
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The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume 3, Part 2. By Sir H. A. R. Gibb. pg. 206
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1061:. Architecture included arches, courtyards, isolated women's quarters, the
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804:, and many men wear protective amulets featuring verses from the Qu'ran.
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711:. In the twelfth century, as the gold trade with the distant entrepot of
650:
568:
469:
343:
1924:
African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy: From Antiquity to the 21st Century
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influences in the form of trade and an exchange of ideas. Upon visiting
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2146:"UNdata - record view - Per capita GDP at current prices - US dollars"
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995:. Chinese pottery and Arabian beads have been found in the ruins of
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1247:(in Portuguese). Maputo: Instituto Nacional de Estatística. 1998.
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by Arab slave traders ended up in Portuguese Brazil or via the
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Islam in Kenya § Islamic arrival on the Swahili Coast
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1703:
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1394:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
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2081:
925:, Swahili became the tongue of the urban class in the
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populations. More people from different parts of the
674:
There are two main theories about the origins of the
1631:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 70–79.
1027:
Thought by many early scholars to be essentially of
678:
subgroup of the Swahili people. One thesis based on
506:
2078:
1826:"Kenya: Mombasa Pilgrims Jam Airport for Hajj Trip"
1625:Derek Nurse; Thomas Spear; Thomas T. Spear (1985).
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The Shirazi problem in East African coastal history
649:, in the 11th century. This forms the basis of the
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2064:. Vol. 2. Wadsworth Publishing. p. 381.
1385:
562:nature. Kiswahili served as coastal East Africa's
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603:may be compromised due to out-of-date information
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1683:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 201–202.
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1199:"PeopleGroups.org - Coastal Swahili of Tanzania"
882:is the native tongue, and it is a member of the
849:Arabic script on a carved wooden door (open) at
2660:
2048:
2007:Oxford Research Encyclopedias: African History
1588:
909:With its original speech community centred on
754:family. The language contains loan words from
3852:
2788:
2774:
2646:
2313:
1454:
1452:
921:, collectively a seaboard referred to as the
735:along the Swahili coast, and in northwestern
2023:
1862:"Mystical and Supernatural Terms in Swahili"
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929:region and eventually went on to serve as a
867:Arabic script on wooden door in Fort Jesus,
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1604:. Oxford University Press. p. 379.
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518:'coasts', with WaUngwana as the
1916:
1903:
1753:. East African Publishers. p. 12.
1746:
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834:Arabic script on a one-pysar coin from
783:Large numbers of Swahili undertake the
14:
3994:
2191:
2024:Collins, Robert; Burns, James (2007).
1651:
1536:
1288:
890:family. Its closest relatives include
3868:Ethnic and national groups in Somalia
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2109:, (2001), accessed February 15, 2012.
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742:The modern Swahili people speak the
584:
58:Regions with significant populations
1989:Joanne Silberner (April 12, 2023).
1224:Kenya National Bureau of Statistics
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24:
1704:J. D. Fage; Roland Oliver (1975).
1677:J. D. Fage; Roland Oliver (1975).
1266:"Swahili - Worldwide distribution"
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1806:"Tanzania Hajj pilgrims stranded"
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1379:"The People of the Swahili Coast"
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933:during the post-colonial period.
703:also continued to migrate to the
2264:The Story of Africa: The Swahili
2251:
1786:education.nationalgeographic.org
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682:states that immigrants from the
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110:
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1524:Horton & Middleton 2000: 20
1518:
1437:
1428:
1022:
1371:
1346:
1321:
1282:
1190:
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491:for the language derived from
422:, وَسوَحِيلِ) comprise mainly
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1:
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2097:, accessed February 15, 2012.
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434:ethnic groups inhabiting the
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641:A local 15th genealogy, the
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2662:Ethnic groups in Mozambique
2294:Karthala, 1998, p. 262
1289:Valeri, Marc (2007-07-01).
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761:
522:. Swahili people speak the
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438:, an area encompassing the
10:
4058:
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1075:the lost city of Gede/Gedi
953:
765:
578:
4027:Ethnic groups in Tanzania
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3874:
3801:
3769:
3716:
3688:
3655:
3627:
3609:
3581:
3538:
3500:
3452:
3409:
3381:
3348:
3305:
3267:
3209:
3161:
3113:
3085:
3032:
2994:
2961:
2933:
2905:
2862:
2839:
2796:
2790:Ethnic groups in Tanzania
2668:
2618:
2600:
2577:
2519:
2451:
2338:
1947:10.1101/2022.07.10.499442
913:and the coastal parts of
442:archipelago and mainland
365:
360:
336:
331:
308:
303:
285:
267:
249:
231:
213:
195:
180:
162:
144:
126:
108:
93:
62:
57:
49:
46:
39:
27:East African ethnic group
4042:Indian Ocean slave trade
1926:, ABC-CLIO, 2010, p. 114
1005:Indian Ocean slave trade
2283:Encyclopædia Britannica
1655:Area handbook for Kenya
1652:Kaplan, Irving (1967).
1542:J. De V. ALLEN (1982),
780:denomination of Islam.
686:region in southwestern
4022:Ethnic groups in Kenya
2723:Portuguese Mozambicans
2332:(by linguistic origin)
2329:Ethnic groups in Kenya
2286:(11th ed.). 1911.
2135:Garlake (2002) 184-185
2124:Cambridge Publications
1970:Cite journal requires
1836:– via AllAfrica.
1750:Modern Swahili Grammar
1601:Encyclopedia of Africa
875:
857:
839:
534:, but also words from
419:
4037:Ethnic groups in Oman
1941:: 2022.07.10.499442.
863:
845:
830:
361:Related ethnic groups
2260:at Wikimedia Commons
2171:"urban-research.net"
2034:. pp. 109–112.
1922:Daniel Don Nanjira,
1848:"hajinformation.com"
1307:10.1093/afraf/adm020
1144:Swahili architecture
1001:Zanzibar slave trade
838:c. 1299 AH (1882 CE)
721:Indian Ocean islands
2266:— BBC World Service
1814:. 12 December 2007.
1478:2023Natur.615..866B
1044:in 1331, the great
927:African Great Lakes
43:
3816:Chinese Tanzanians
1828:. 19 November 2009
1353:PeopleGroups.org.
1197:PeopleGroups.org.
900:Mijikenda language
876:
858:
840:
33:
4012:Islam in Tanzania
3989:
3988:
3952:
3834:
3833:
3821:Indian Tanzanians
2756:
2755:
2628:
2627:
2333:
2256:Media related to
2229:PortCities.org.uk
2071:978-1-4390-8477-9
2041:978-0-521-86746-7
1909:William Frawley,
1611:978-0-19-533770-9
1472:(7954): 866–873.
1087:Abdisalam Ibrahim
1009:Arabian Peninsula
906:people in Kenya.
630:
629:
517:
505:
487:originated as an
408:
407:
354:
16:(Redirected from
4049:
3950:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3838:
3837:
3811:White Tanzanians
2783:
2776:
2769:
2760:
2759:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2632:
2631:
2331:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2299:
2298:
2287:
2279:
2255:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2127:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2085:
2076:
2075:
2055:
2046:
2045:
2021:
2012:
2011:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1958:
1933:
1927:
1920:
1914:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1888:. Archived from
1886:"Swahili People"
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1595:
1586:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1505:
1456:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1381:. 23 March 2020.
1375:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1359:peoplegroups.org
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1301:(424): 479–496.
1286:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1262:
1249:
1248:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1221:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1203:peoplegroups.org
1194:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1177:Encyclopedia.com
1169:
1154:Comorian society
1134:Swahili language
1102:Mohamed Husseini
971:into modern day
886:subgroup of the
880:Swahili language
744:Swahili language
625:
622:
616:
601:factual accuracy
593:
592:
585:
528:Standard Swahili
524:Swahili language
512:
510:
500:
498:
461:, and northwest
342:
293:
291:
290:
275:
273:
272:
257:
255:
254:
239:
237:
236:
221:
219:
218:
203:
201:
200:
190:
170:
168:
167:
152:
150:
149:
134:
132:
131:
116:
114:
113:
103:
51:
44:
41:
32:
21:
4057:
4056:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4046:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3921:
3870:
3865:
3835:
3830:
3797:
3765:
3712:
3684:
3651:
3623:
3605:
3577:
3534:
3496:
3448:
3405:
3377:
3344:
3301:
3263:
3205:
3157:
3109:
3081:
3028:
2990:
2957:
2929:
2901:
2858:
2835:
2792:
2787:
2757:
2752:
2664:
2659:
2629:
2624:
2614:
2596:
2573:
2515:
2447:
2334:
2326:
2277:"Swahili"
2274:
2270:Swahili Culture
2248:
2243:
2233:
2231:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2190:
2186:
2176:
2174:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2154:
2152:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2117:
2113:
2105:
2101:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2022:
2015:
2002:
1998:
1987:
1983:
1971:
1969:
1960:
1959:
1934:
1930:
1921:
1917:
1908:
1904:
1895:
1893:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1870:
1868:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1831:
1829:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1790:
1788:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1675:
1671:
1661:
1659:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1596:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1541:
1537:
1533:Bakari 2001: 70
1532:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1457:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1390:
1386:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1363:
1361:
1351:
1347:
1338:
1336:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1295:African Affairs
1287:
1283:
1274:
1272:
1264:
1263:
1252:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1228:
1226:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1195:
1191:
1181:
1179:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1149:Swahili culture
1130:
1083:
1025:
956:
944:Kilwa Chronicle
939:
896:Comoros Islands
825:
770:
764:
643:Kilwa Chronicle
626:
620:
617:
614:
598:This article's
594:
590:
583:
577:
459:Comoros Islands
356:
288:
286:
270:
268:
252:
250:
234:
232:
216:
214:
198:
196:
165:
163:
147:
145:
129:
127:
111:
109:
53:
35:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4055:
4045:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
4002:Swahili people
3987:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3864:
3863:
3856:
3849:
3841:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3807:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3779:
3777:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3722:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3694:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3661:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3633:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3615:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3587:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3544:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3506:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3458:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3415:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3387:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3354:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3311:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3273:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3215:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3167:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3119:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3091:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3038:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2967:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2939:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2868:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2802:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2786:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2763:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2658:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2635:
2626:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2606:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2583:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2525:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2457:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2344:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2325:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2288:
2272:
2267:
2261:
2258:Swahili people
2247:
2246:External links
2244:
2242:
2241:
2216:
2202:
2184:
2162:
2137:
2128:
2111:
2099:
2077:
2070:
2047:
2040:
2013:
1996:
1981:
1972:|journal=
1928:
1915:
1902:
1877:
1853:
1839:
1817:
1797:
1773:
1759:
1739:
1730:
1716:
1696:
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1669:
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1526:
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1448:
1436:
1427:
1406:10.2307/220649
1400:(2): 257–290.
1384:
1370:
1345:
1320:
1281:
1270:Worlddata.info
1250:
1236:
1208:
1189:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1122:Yussuf Poulsen
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1082:
1081:Notable People
1079:
1024:
1021:
997:Great Zimbabwe
955:
952:
938:
935:
894:spoken on the
824:
821:
763:
760:
750:branch of the
709:Horn of Africa
680:oral tradition
628:
627:
597:
595:
588:
581:Shirazi people
576:
573:
412:Swahili people
406:
405:
363:
362:
358:
357:
337:Predominantly
334:
333:
329:
328:
306:
305:
301:
300:
297:
283:
282:
279:
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160:
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120:
106:
105:
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91:
90:
66:(particularly
60:
59:
55:
54:
47:
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4054:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4017:Bantu peoples
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
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3691:
3687:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3654:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3634:
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3620:
3617:
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3608:
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3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
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3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3455:
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3442:
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3437:
3435:
3432:
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3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3371:
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3366:
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3359:
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3355:
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3351:
3347:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3257:
3255:
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2841:Dar es Salaam
2838:
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2054:
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2029:
2028:
2020:
2018:
2009:
2008:
2000:
1992:
1985:
1977:
1964:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1932:
1925:
1919:
1912:
1906:
1892:on 2006-09-18
1891:
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1760:9966-46-761-0
1756:
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1743:
1734:
1719:
1717:0-521-20981-1
1713:
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1690:0-521-20981-1
1686:
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1673:
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1638:0-8122-1207-X
1634:
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1123:
1120:
1118:
1117:Shabani Nonda
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1097:Jamal Mohamed
1095:
1093:
1092:Charles Okere
1090:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1078:
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1068:
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990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
951:
949:
945:
934:
932:
931:lingua franca
928:
924:
923:Swahili Coast
920:
916:
912:
907:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
874:
870:
866:
862:
856:
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829:
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786:
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769:
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753:
749:
745:
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738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
705:Swahili coast
702:
698:
694:
689:
685:
681:
677:
672:
670:
666:
661:
657:
652:
648:
644:
639:
636:
635:Dar es Salaam
624:
612:
608:
604:
602:
596:
587:
586:
582:
572:
570:
565:
564:lingua franca
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
515:
509:
503:
494:
490:
486:
481:
479:
475:
474:Swahilization
471:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
449:
445:
441:
437:
436:Swahili coast
433:
429:
425:
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284:
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266:
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259:United States
248:
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230:
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212:
208:
206:
194:
187:
185:
184:
179:
175:
173:
161:
157:
155:
143:
139:
137:
125:
121:
119:
107:
100:
98:
97:
96:Swahili Coast
92:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
56:
45:
38:
19:
3970:
3966:South Asians
3792:
3760:
3707:
3481:
3372:
3152:
3071:
2848:
2737:
2534:Borana Oromo
2453:Nilo-Saharan
2432:
2291:
2281:
2232:. Retrieved
2228:
2219:
2205:
2196:
2193:Horton, Mark
2187:
2175:. Retrieved
2165:
2153:. Retrieved
2149:
2140:
2131:
2123:
2114:
2102:
2092:
2060:
2026:
2006:
1999:
1984:
1963:cite journal
1931:
1923:
1918:
1910:
1905:
1894:. Retrieved
1890:the original
1880:
1869:. Retrieved
1865:
1856:
1842:
1830:. Retrieved
1820:
1809:
1800:
1789:. Retrieved
1785:
1776:
1764:. Retrieved
1749:
1742:
1733:
1721:. Retrieved
1706:
1699:
1679:
1672:
1660:. Retrieved
1654:
1647:
1627:
1620:
1600:
1581:
1572:
1563:
1551:
1538:
1529:
1520:
1469:
1465:
1444:Horton, Mark
1439:
1430:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1373:
1362:. Retrieved
1358:
1348:
1337:. Retrieved
1335:. 2020-03-23
1332:
1323:
1298:
1294:
1284:
1273:. Retrieved
1269:
1244:
1239:
1227:. Retrieved
1223:
1211:
1202:
1192:
1180:. Retrieved
1176:
1167:
1074:
1026:
1023:Architecture
1013:
957:
940:
908:
877:
806:
782:
771:
741:
701:Persian Gulf
673:
640:
631:
618:
606:
599:
484:
482:
467:
411:
409:
205:Saudi Arabia
181:
94:
80:Saudi Arabia
50:وَؤُنْڠوَانَ
36:
30:Ethnic group
3875:Traditional
3087:Kilimanjaro
2521:Afroasiatic
2340:Niger–Congo
1766:13 December
1662:28 November
1139:Swahililand
1050:Ibn Battuta
888:Niger-Congo
752:Niger-Congo
651:Shirazi era
569:East Africa
470:Lamu Island
453:, northern
191:0.8 million
104:1.2 million
3996:Categories
3948:Ethiopians
3803:Immigrants
3472:Ndengereko
2122:, (1977),
1896:2006-09-16
1871:2024-09-26
1791:2023-09-11
1723:18 October
1364:2021-07-24
1339:2021-07-24
1275:2021-07-24
1160:References
1107:Musa Mudde
1015:island of
985:Madagascar
808:Divination
766:See also:
737:Madagascar
717:Mozambique
621:March 2023
607:Citation:
579:See also:
575:Definition
536:Portuguese
463:Madagascar
455:Mozambique
446:seaboard,
444:Tanzania's
318:Portuguese
223:Madagascar
154:Mozambique
76:Mozambique
48:WaUngwana
40:وَسوَحِيلِ
3951:(various)
3938:Al-Akhdam
3926:Immigrant
3912:Benadiris
3907:Bravanese
3902:Rahanweyn
3703:Nyanyembe
3670:Nyamwanga
3583:Shinyanga
3558:Ndendeule
2539:Daasanach
2418:Mijikenda
1955:250534036
1494:1476-4687
1414:0361-7882
1315:1468-2621
1112:Saad Musa
1048:explorer
904:Mijikenda
526:. Modern
502:romanized
483:The name
428:Afro-Arab
420:WaSwahili
395:Bravanese
375:Comorians
367:Mijikenda
304:Languages
37:WaSwahili
3981:Ugandans
3956:Italians
3771:Zanzibar
3698:Nyamwezi
3601:Nyamwezi
3307:Morogoro
3282:Nyakyusa
3181:Barabaig
3123:Machinga
3052:Holoholo
2718:Ndwandwe
2620:Source:
2610:European
2602:European
2559:Rendille
2476:Kalenjin
2234:11 April
2195:(1996).
2177:11 April
2155:11 April
1832:11 April
1811:BBC News
1512:36991187
1503:10060156
1182:11 April
1128:See also
1017:Zanzibar
969:Tanzania
937:Genetics
919:Tanzania
911:Zanzibar
898:and the
892:Comorian
836:Zanzibar
823:Language
762:Religion
448:littoral
440:Zanzibar
432:Comorian
332:Religion
183:Diaspora
118:Tanzania
68:Zanzibar
64:Tanzania
18:Swahilis
4007:Swahili
3971:Swahili
3917:Bajunis
3793:Swahili
3788:Shirazi
3761:Swahili
3708:Swahili
3647:Nyaturu
3629:Singida
3548:Matengo
3525:Tumbuka
3482:Swahili
3373:Swahili
3358:Makonde
3340:Vidunda
3244:Ngurimi
3191:Kw'adza
3163:Manyara
3153:Swahili
3138:Makonde
3128:Matumbi
3072:Swahili
3062:Manyema
3014:Konongo
2971:Hangaza
2897:Sandawe
2877:Burunge
2849:Swahili
2811:Datooga
2738:Swahili
2693:Makonde
2587:Chinese
2544:El Molo
2511:Turkana
2481:Samburu
2433:Swahili
2373:Giriama
1866:Talkpal
1474:Bibcode
1073:ruins (
1069:in the
1067:Malindi
1059:Makonde
1055:Mombasa
1038:Islamic
1033:Persian
1007:in the
954:Economy
902:of the
869:Mombasa
865:Swahili
847:Swahili
832:Swahili
733:Comoros
715:on the
697:Nilotic
676:Shirazi
669:Mombasa
665:Malindi
647:Shirazi
552:English
548:Spanish
540:Persian
520:endonym
516:
508:Sawāhil
504::
485:Swahili
416:Swahili
391:Manyema
383:Shirazi
379:Bajunis
314:English
310:Swahili
295:Burundi
245:100,000
227:113,000
209:420,000
172:Comoros
122:996,000
52:
42:
34:Swahili
3961:Mehris
3943:Bantus
3897:Hawiye
3783:Hadimu
3773:&
3756:Zigula
3751:Sambaa
3746:Segeju
3731:Dhaiso
3726:Bondei
3690:Tabora
3680:Lambya
3665:Malila
3657:Songwe
3642:Isanzu
3637:Iramba
3619:Sukuma
3611:Simiyu
3596:Sukuma
3591:Iramba
3540:Ruvuma
3520:Mambwe
3492:Zigula
3487:Zaramo
3477:Rufiji
3439:Pangwa
3411:Njombe
3401:Sukuma
3396:Kerewe
3383:Mwanza
3368:Maviha
3350:Mtwara
3335:Sagara
3330:Pogolo
3325:Luguru
3315:Kaguru
3259:Zanaki
3201:Mbugwe
3196:Maasai
3148:Ngindo
3143:Ndonde
3095:Chagga
3067:Tongwe
3034:Kigoma
3024:Rungwa
3019:Pimbwe
2996:Katavi
2981:Nyambo
2963:Kagera
2953:Ndamba
2948:Mbunga
2935:Iringa
2920:Sumbwa
2915:Sukuma
2887:Gorowa
2872:Alagwa
2864:Dodoma
2854:Zaramo
2831:Maasai
2806:Arusha
2798:Arusha
2743:Tsonga
2703:Maviha
2592:Indian
2564:Somali
2496:Maasai
2466:Ateker
2461:Ariaal
2443:Taveta
2423:Pokomo
2408:Mbeere
2388:Kikuyu
2378:Jibana
2358:Chonyi
2353:Bajuni
2348:Agumba
2173:. 2000
2150:UN.org
2068:
2038:
1993:. NPR.
1953:
1757:
1714:
1687:
1635:
1608:
1510:
1500:
1492:
1466:Nature
1422:220649
1420:
1412:
1333:Akorbi
1313:
1063:mihrab
1046:Berber
1029:Arabic
991:, and
981:Persia
977:Arabia
812:Qur'an
793:jilbab
756:Arabic
713:Sofala
684:Shiraz
556:German
532:Arabic
493:Arabic
489:exonym
478:Muslim
457:, the
430:, and
371:Pokomo
352:Sufism
326:French
322:Arabic
299:25,000
292:
281:56,500
274:
263:90,000
256:
238:
220:
202:
169:
158:21,070
151:
140:56,074
133:
115:
3976:Turks
3933:Arabs
3892:Darod
3882:Isaaq
3826:Arabs
3775:Pemba
3741:Ngulu
3736:Mbugu
3718:Tanga
3675:Ndali
3568:Nindi
3563:Ngoni
3553:Mpoto
3530:Wanda
3515:Lungu
3502:Rukwa
3454:Pwani
3444:Wanji
3434:Manda
3424:Kinga
3363:Makua
3297:Sangu
3292:Safwa
3287:Nyiha
3277:Kimbu
3269:Mbeya
3239:Kuria
3234:Kabwa
3224:Ikoma
3219:Ikizu
3186:Iraqw
3133:Mwera
3115:Lindi
3100:Ngasa
3077:Vinza
3009:Bende
3004:Bembe
2986:Shubi
2925:Zinza
2907:Geita
2892:Rangi
2826:Sonjo
2816:Hadza
2733:Shona
2708:Mwani
2698:Makua
2688:Lemba
2683:Kunda
2673:Chopi
2579:Asian
2569:Yaaku
2549:Gabra
2529:Aweer
2501:Okiek
2471:Camus
2438:Taita
2403:Luhya
2398:Kuria
2393:Kisii
2383:Kamba
1951:S2CID
1418:JSTOR
1229:2 May
1220:(PDF)
1042:Kilwa
993:China
989:India
973:Congo
965:Kenya
961:Roman
915:Kenya
884:Bantu
873:Kenya
855:Kenya
817:Allah
802:djinn
789:Umrah
778:Sunni
773:Islam
748:Bantu
729:Mafia
725:Kilwa
693:Bantu
560:Bantu
544:Hindi
497:سواحل
451:Kenya
424:Bantu
403:Lemba
399:Makwe
387:Mwani
344:Sunni
339:Islam
176:4,000
136:Kenya
88:Congo
72:Kenya
3510:Fipa
3467:Kami
3429:Kisi
3419:Bena
3391:Kara
3320:Kutu
3254:Ware
3249:Suba
3229:Jita
3211:Mara
3171:Akie
3105:Pare
3057:Jiji
3042:Goma
2976:Haya
2943:Hehe
2882:Gogo
2821:Meru
2728:Sena
2713:Ndau
2678:Gaza
2554:Orma
2506:Teso
2486:Kore
2428:Suba
2413:Meru
2368:Embu
2363:Digo
2236:2017
2179:2017
2157:2017
2066:ISBN
2036:ISBN
1976:help
1834:2017
1768:2017
1755:ISBN
1725:2016
1712:ISBN
1685:ISBN
1664:2016
1633:ISBN
1606:ISBN
1508:PMID
1490:ISSN
1410:ISSN
1311:ISSN
1231:2021
1184:2017
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