484:, Beetham managed to defeat National's replacement candidate and win the seat. Beetham was more successful in parliament than Cracknell had been, and gained Social Credit considerable attention. He also put forward a New Zealand Credit and Currency Bill, intended to implement many Social Credit policies. The Bill was criticised by some of the more extreme Social Credit supporters, who claimed that it was too weak, but was nevertheless strongly promoted in parliament by Beetham. The Bill quickly failed, although this was not particularly unexpected – it had been put forward primarily for the purpose of drawing attention, not because Beetham believed it would succeed.
1559:
346:
451:
42:
693:, both members of the Democratic Party. However, there was considerable dissatisfaction in the Democratic Party over the Alliance's course. Many Democrats believed that their views were not being incorporated into Alliance party policy, particularly as regards the core economic doctrine of social credit. The Alliance tended towards orthodox taxation based left-wing economics and was not prepared to implement the Democratic Party's somewhat unusual economic theories.
709:
511:
1493:
369:
542:, Muldoon undertook to back certain Social Credit proposals. This did considerable harm to Social Credit's popularity, as Muldoon's government (and the project itself) were opposed by most Social Credit members. To make matters worse, Muldoon did not deliver on many of his pledges, depriving Social Credit of any significant victories with which to mitigate its earlier setback.
522:, the party's support had subsided somewhat, and Social Credit gained 20.55% of the vote. As expected, the electoral system did not translate this into seats in parliament, but Social Credit did retain the two seats it already held. A year later, it officially dropped "Political League" from its official name, becoming merely the Social Credit Party.
438:, ended in disaster, with brawling between supporters of each candidate. The damage done to the party's image was considerable. O'Brien was eventually victorious, but his blunt and confrontational style caused him to lose his position after only a short time in office. He split from Social Credit to found his own
620:
The Social Credit name did not vanish immediately, however. In 1986, the year after the party was renamed, Bruce
Beetham was removed from the leadership of the Democrats and replaced by Neil Morrison. The Democrats saw their vote slump in 1987 and both its MPs were defeated. By 1990 the party's vote
391:
and established a caucus committee to challenge their theories. Gustafson comments that the successes in some seats (Hobson, Rangitikei, East Coast Bays and
Pakuranga) came from a "peculiar and infrequent combination of factors", with votes in those seats coming from "a handful of committed monetary
506:
Led by
Beetham and Knapp, Social Credit became a popular alternative to the two major parties. Political scientists debate how much of this was due to Social Credit policies and how much was merely a "protest vote" against the established parties, but one poll recorded Social Credit with as much as
782:
The party's registration was cancelled at its own request on 28 February 2023. Leitch died in
January 2023 which left "a really big hole" in the party organisation according to party president Gloria Bruni. The party requested deregistration due to membership having dipped below 500 but will still
727:
Shortly after the election, the
Democrats split from the Progressives, re-establishing themselves as an independent party. However, Gillon and Wright, both of whom opposed the split, chose not to follow the Democrats, instead remaining with the Progressives. The Progressive Coalition became the
750:. During the election, it won 1,432 votes and was the only party to not attract a party vote in an electorate (Mangere). The party fielded thirty electorate candidates and four list only candidates in the 2014 general election but continued to fail to gain any seats in the
700:, the Democrats were one of two remaining component parties in the Alliance as the Greens had left the grouping and the Liberals and NewLabour components dissolved, their members becoming members of the Alliance as a whole rather than of any specific constituent party.
848:
and ejected members with racist views. Professor Paul
Spooney stated that antisemitic sentiment was "largely irrelevant" by the 1970s, but remained present until 1984 when Beetham ejected party members who believed in an international financial Jewish conspiracy.
426:
Cracknell did not prove to be a good performer in parliament itself, however, and did not succeed in advancing the Social Credit manifesto. Partly due to this, and partly due to an exceptionally poor campaign, Cracknell was not re-elected in the
545:
In 1983, Beetham suffered a minor heart attack, causing him to lose some of his earlier energy. He also became, according to many Social Credit supporters, more demanding and intolerant. This reduced Social Credit's appeal to voters.
815:, the founder of the social credit movement, toured New Zealand in 1934 and expounded his view that Jews were involved in a global conspiracy to control finance. His ideas were discussed in the New Zealand Social Credit publication
573:, an economically right-wing liberal party that opposed Muldoon's government. The New Zealand Party may have taken some of the protest votes that Social Credit once received. It was from this election that the term "
761:, the Democrats for Social Credit ran 26 candidates, namely 13 electorate candidates and 13 list only candidates. The party gained 806 votes on the party vote (0.0%) and failed to win any seats in Parliament.
208:
from 1991 to 2002. The party returned to the Social Credit name in 2018. The Social Credit Party and its logo were deregistered at the party's request on 28 February 2023, following the death of its leader
2339:
724:, Grant Gillon and John Wright were placed third and fourth on the party's list. However, the Progressives won only enough votes for two seats, thus leaving the two Democrats outside parliament.
2716:
257:
The Social Credit
Political League was formed in 1953 out of the membership of the Social Credit Association, an educational organisation. The association focused much of its efforts on the
590:
716:
In 2002, when tensions between the "moderate left" and the "hard left" caused a split in the
Alliance, the Democrats followed Jim Anderton's moderate faction and became a part of the
609:). The Democratic Party lost both those seats, removing them from parliament. In 1988, Knapp and a group of other Democrats were involved in a protest at parliament to highlight the
597:
At the party's 1985 conference, the Social Credit name was dropped, and group became the New
Zealand Democratic Party (Beetham had earlier argued for a simpler name in 1982). At the
2964:
2314:
353:
The Social Credit Party was established as the Social Credit
Political League. It was founded on 10 January 1953, and grew out of the earlier Social Credit Association.
240:) although the relationship between those movements and the New Zealand movement was not always amicable. The party was also intermittently damaged from allegations of
314:
by adopting certain Social Credit policies. Several followers of Social Credit policies eventually left the Labour Party, where their proposals (for example, those of
4137:
237:
569:. Despite still holding the same number of seats, Social Credit won 7.6% of the total vote in 1984, a substantial drop. Some commentators attributed this to the
197:, who rebuilt the party into a significant political force. At its zenith under Beetham in 1981, Social Credit achieved an unprecedented 20.7% of the vote.
2957:
181:, holding one seat at times between 1966 and 1981, and two seats from 1981 to 1987. While Social Credit once had significant support, particularly as a
1514:
3617:
3441:
2950:
4356:
4361:
2450:
473:. While the Values Party did not win any seats, many supporters of Social Credit believed that it drew voters away from the older party.
360:, a businessman. Much of the early activity in the party involved formulating policy and promoting social credit theories to the public.
4346:
4293:
3080:
4303:
3995:
629:. It is believed that changing the name of the party was a historic mistake and a major cause in the subsequent decline of support.
3660:
2981:
2973:
2580:
2562:
1933:
1820:
682:
435:
149:
2496:
3941:
3569:
3396:
3301:
3110:
3040:
2751:
2274:
836:
387:. The party's quick rise did, however, prompt discussion of the party's policies. National saw Social Credit as a threat in the
3903:
3741:
3574:
3271:
3010:
2161:
1655:
1290:
645:
303:
205:
2535:
735:
In 2005, the party re-added "for Social Credit" to its name to supplement its party name. The Democrats contested that year's
4091:
3883:
3509:
3479:
3296:
3195:
3060:
469:. Despite a relatively strong showing, Social Credit failed to win any seats, a fact that some blamed on the rise of the new
392:
reformers plus alienated National voters and the tactical voting of Labour supporters in a seat where Labour could not win".
334:
269:
88:
2632:
666:, decided to increase cooperation with compatible parties. This resulted in the Democrats joining NewLabour, the Greens and
4055:
4035:
3980:
3816:
3684:
3610:
3065:
2138:
1860:
686:
384:
178:
4111:
4065:
3908:
3579:
3529:
3499:
3331:
3326:
3200:
3190:
2411:
776:
663:
622:
831:, the Labour Party attempted to discredit Social Credit with a pamphlet that set out Major Douglas’s antisemitic views.
3893:
3451:
3411:
3381:
2658:
439:
281:
4132:
3544:
3341:
3035:
2918:
2391:
2362:
2214:
2192:
2173:
1540:
1453:
1425:
1397:
1369:
1341:
1313:
1298:
1283:
1279:
1251:
1223:
1195:
1167:
1139:
1111:
1083:
1055:
1027:
999:
971:
943:
915:
887:
788:
772:
758:
747:
740:
736:
721:
697:
678:
598:
550:
519:
488:
466:
428:
404:
388:
380:
319:
307:
296:
273:
1522:
4127:
3494:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3220:
3155:
3120:
2355:
New Zealand Parliamentary Election Results 1946–1987: Occasional Publications No 1, Department of Political Science
828:
632:
Beetham was extremely bitter about the Democrats' change of direction, and led a short-lived splinter group called
500:
288:
3967:
3603:
3421:
3346:
3070:
671:
525:
During that parliamentary term, Social Credit's support was damaged by a deal between Beetham and National Party
412:
408:
337:. The new party got 4.3% of the vote in the 1943 general election, with both Lee and Barnard losing their seats.
4351:
4060:
3519:
3376:
3281:
3276:
3170:
3090:
3050:
2413:
Not a Fair Go: A History and Analysis of Social Credit's Struggle for Success in New Zealand's Electoral System
1518:
503:(caused by the resignation of the sitting National MP). Knapp, like Beetham, was highly active in parliament.
4142:
4050:
3534:
3336:
3225:
3185:
1305:
717:
651:
626:
526:
233:
4005:
3975:
3250:
3115:
845:
103:
844:
who was more liberal. In the late 1970s the party became concerned about infiltration by the anti-semitic
4086:
4081:
4045:
3934:
3888:
3719:
3524:
3514:
3474:
3459:
3311:
3286:
2584:
1577:
751:
554:
477:
258:
229:
2693:
2289:
3549:
3484:
3391:
3316:
3291:
3135:
3000:
2512:
614:
434:
The following year, a leadership contest between Cracknell and another prominent Social Credit member,
416:
186:
4020:
244:, stemming from Douglas' own racist views. Beetham formally denounced antisemitism upon his election.
4025:
3751:
3702:
3351:
3205:
3175:
3020:
1890:
1675:
765:
210:
3469:
3180:
3105:
2746:
1503:
655:
621:
collapsed altogether by which time they had been eclipsed by other third party choices such as the
610:
415:
in 1966, a region that had been a stronghold of the Country Party. Cracknell narrowly defeated the
407:, however, that the party won its first representation in parliament. Cracknell managed to win the
262:
154:
4030:
4015:
3847:
3584:
3436:
3266:
1953:
1507:
796:
144:
2821:
2795:
2241:
200:
The party held no seats in its own right after 1987 and subsequently declined. It was named the
4316:
4298:
4010:
3990:
3927:
3464:
2873:
2847:
2540:
2479:
807:
During the 20th century, the social credit movement in New Zealand was accused of indulging in
465:, who would become the most well known Social Credit leader. Beetham took over in time for the
174:
3145:
577:
Suit and Skoda Brigade" was coined for Social Credit (by defeated National Party Pakuranga MP
3426:
3230:
3215:
3165:
3160:
2420:
840:
states that the antisemitism of Social Credit ended in the 1970s with the election of leader
2654:
2315:"After long battle with neck cancer Whangārei,-based Social Credit leader Chris Leitch dies"
791:. Bruni stated that the party intends to rebrand to avoid comparison with the controversial
4182:
4096:
2942:
2721:
2610:
792:
225:
2248:
636:, using the Social Credit label. It failed to win any seats in 1990 and quickly vanished.
383:, the party won 11.13% of the vote. The party failed to win seats in parliament under the
8:
4040:
3727:
3416:
3055:
3005:
1613:
280:
had stood as a monetary reform candidate on behalf of the Real Democracy Movement in the
4227:
3696:
3554:
3539:
3489:
3306:
3240:
3095:
3045:
3030:
2493:
2226:
2011:
1880:
775:, Social Credit won no seats, obtaining 1,520 votes (0.05%). In 2021 the party opposed
729:
4267:
3431:
3406:
2914:
2387:
2358:
2210:
2188:
2169:
808:
570:
268:
The social credit movement decided to set up a "separate political organisation" the
4000:
2269:
345:
4197:
4177:
4162:
4106:
3898:
3791:
3654:
3504:
3075:
2049:
1810:
633:
400:
372:
311:
190:
20:
4192:
2717:"Once a political force: Social Credit Party deregisters, vows to rebrand in 2024"
189:
as it had no geographically concentrated vote. Its most identifiable leaders were
4323:
4167:
3852:
3837:
3401:
2908:
2500:
2379:
2237:
1991:
1558:
558:
667:
589:
450:
4242:
4237:
3648:
3125:
3025:
2990:
2904:
529:
431:, returning Sloane to parliament and depriving Social Credit of its only seat.
396:
685:
electoral system, the Alliance won thirteen seats. Among the MPs elected were
41:
4340:
4252:
4232:
4222:
4202:
4172:
3950:
3806:
3796:
3672:
3666:
3386:
3245:
3150:
3140:
3100:
3015:
2777:
2101:
2064:
1840:
1830:
1800:
841:
812:
764:
In June 2018, the party voted to change its name back to Social Credit after
708:
703:
613:
government's abandonment on its election promise to hold a referendum on the
606:
562:
462:
454:
221:
217:
194:
109:
4272:
4257:
3985:
3832:
3811:
3690:
3642:
3559:
3130:
2477:
Orsman, Bernard (2 December 1991). "Alliance born with eye on Tamaki win".
2123:
2001:
1963:
1870:
1774:
1595:
827:
and R.A Lochore, which repeated Jewish financial conspiracy claims. In the
821:
From Europe to New Zealand: An Account of Our Continental European Settlers
690:
659:
601:, the party held two seats in parliament (one was East Coast Bays, held by
470:
423:, the incumbent, after having placed second in the previous two elections.
420:
357:
330:
241:
182:
819:. Social Credit, along with the Department of Internal Affairs, published
650:
The Democrats, finding themselves increasingly pressured by the growth of
193:(1963-70), who served just one term in parliament, and the household name
4277:
4217:
4212:
4187:
3878:
3746:
3446:
3235:
2995:
2588:
2455:
2202:
1850:
1665:
824:
602:
323:
315:
4262:
4247:
4207:
3857:
3801:
3678:
3321:
2679:
2079:
1973:
784:
492:
277:
3595:
783:
remain active despite being deregistered and being unable to submit a
329:
In 1940 Lee, who had by then been expelled from the Labour Party, and
3564:
2900:
739:
as an independent party and received 0.05% of the party vote. In the
574:
566:
538:
533:
510:
496:
1492:
399:
replaced Owen as leader, before being replaced three years later by
284:
electorate in 1943, and was later made a life member of the League.
3862:
3842:
3085:
1943:
732:, who had been fifth on the Progressive list, as their new leader.
578:
553:, Beetham lost his Rangitikei seat to a National Party challenger,
481:
368:
3919:
2755:. New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga
728:
Progressive Party after the Democrats left. The Democrats chose
2937:
2384:
The First 50 Years: A History of the New Zealand National Party
2233:
2494:
Chief Electoral Office: Official Count Results: Overall status
2451:"'Here for good': The long, strange twilight of Social Credit"
2357:. Wellington: Victoria University of Wellington. p. 370.
2848:"Socred split looms over claims of anti-Semitic infiltration"
2972:
674:
in forming the Alliance, a broad left-wing coalition group.
802:
704:
Progressive Coalition and independent again (2002–present)
177:
from the 1950s to the 1980s. It won representation in the
4138:
Social Credit Party of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
2655:"2020 General Election and Referendums - Official Result"
746:
The party did not apply for broadcasting funding for the
131:
2270:"Political parties – Challenging the two-party system"
318:
for housing) were strongly opposed by the "orthodox"
224:. Social credit movements also existed in Australia (
495:, who defeated free-market National Party candidate
536:, a controversial construction project and part of
265:, where it attempted to influence economic policy.
2898:
2268:Jennifer, Curtin; Raymond, Miller (20 June 2012).
2225:
2581:"Democrats for Social Credit Announce Party List"
2533:
379:Social Credit gained support quickly, and in the
4338:
2913:(12th ed.). Auckland: Octopus. p. 88.
2772:
2770:
532:. In exchange for Social Credit support for the
445:
252:
173:") was a political party that was New Zealand's
2714:
2476:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2405:
2403:
2267:
743:, the party again won 0.05% of the party vote.
3935:
3611:
2958:
2767:
639:
2435:
2400:
363:
2635:. Democrats for Social Credit. 17 June 2018
1521:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
561:seat, and another Social Credit candidate,
480:, caused by the death of National Party MP
457:, leader 1972–85, MP for Rangitikei 1978–84
3942:
3928:
3618:
3604:
2965:
2951:
2633:"Party Changes Name and Elects New Leader"
2409:
349:Social Credit marching song from the 1950s
326:and other prominent Labour Party members.
272:in 1942. RDM got about 4,400 votes in the
40:
4304:Social Credit Party of Canada split, 1963
3996:Committee on Monetary and Economic Reform
2741:
2739:
2611:"2017 General Election – Official Result"
2378:
1541:Learn how and when to remove this message
2974:Defunct political parties of New Zealand
2776:
2536:"No votes, no surprise for party leader"
2513:"2011 Election Results – Overall Status"
2207:Crusade: Social Credit's drive for power
2182:
2030:
1557:
707:
683:mixed-member proportional representation
588:
584:
509:
449:
367:
344:
299:, receiving 374 votes and coming third.
4294:1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt
3625:
2752:Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
2747:"6. – Ethnic and religious intolerance"
2275:Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
2168:. Palmerston North: The Dunmore Press.
803:Accusations of antisemitism (1934–1984)
605:; and the other was Pakuranga, held by
375:, leader 1963–70, MP for Hobson 1966–69
204:from 1985 to 2018, and was part of the
4339:
2782:Jewish Lives in New Zealand: A History
2736:
2715:Hamilton-Irvine, Gary (8 March 2023).
2534:Matthew Backhouse (27 November 2011).
2386:. Auckland: Reed Methuen. p. 67.
2352:
2160:
1901:
646:Alliance (New Zealand political party)
403:, an accountant. It was not until the
98:42 Reyburn House Lane, Whangārei, 0110
4357:Political parties established in 1953
4092:Democratic Labour Party (New Zealand)
3923:
3599:
3260:Unregistered and pre-1996 era parties
2984:era registered parties (1996–present)
2946:
2448:
2249:The 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand
2223:
2201:
4056:Social Credit Party of New Brunswick
3981:British Columbia Social Credit Party
3570:Workers' Party of New Zealand (1991)
2796:"'Early Sacred writers anti-Jewish'"
2696:. Electoral Commission. 1 March 2023
1519:adding citations to reliable sources
1486:
852:
681:, which was conducted under the new
615:first-past-the-post electoral system
385:first past the post electoral system
220:, an economic theory established by
216:The party was based on the ideas of
179:New Zealand House of Representatives
4112:Solomon Islands Social Credit Party
4066:Social Credit Party of Saskatchewan
3332:Independent Political Labour League
501:1980 by-election in East Coast Bays
13:
4362:1953 establishments in New Zealand
3442:No Commercial Airport at Whenuapai
2613:. New Zealand Electoral Commission
2515:. New Zealand Electoral Commission
14:
4373:
4347:Social Credit Party (New Zealand)
4133:Irish Monetary Reform Association
4102:Social Credit Party (New Zealand)
3949:
3342:Kiwis Against Further Immigration
2931:
2419:(M.A. Political Science thesis).
2187:. Dunedin: Caveman Publications.
1482:
487:Beetham retained his seat in the
2822:"Socred leader attacks 'smears'"
2340:"Social Credit Political Action"
2228:Political Parties in New Zealand
1491:
1463:
1435:
1407:
1379:
1351:
1323:
1261:
1233:
1205:
1177:
1149:
1121:
1093:
1065:
1037:
1009:
981:
953:
925:
897:
829:1980 East Coast Bays by-election
310:, pulled New Zealand out of the
4036:Ralliement créditiste du Québec
2892:
2866:
2840:
2814:
2788:
2708:
2686:
2672:
2647:
2625:
2603:
2573:
2555:
2527:
2505:
2487:
2449:Braae, Alex (27 October 2019).
2342:. Papers Past. 4 February 1942.
2148:
2133:
2118:
2111:
2096:
2089:
2074:
2059:
1758:
1297:
1278:
809:antisemitic conspiracy theories
302:Social Credit claimed that the
167:New Zealand Social Credit Party
4143:Social Credit Party of Ireland
4061:Social Credit Party of Ontario
3081:Family Rights Protection Party
2910:Who's Who in New Zealand, 1991
2470:
2371:
2346:
2332:
2307:
2282:
2261:
2224:Milne, Robert Stephen (1966).
478:1978 by-election in Rangitikei
1:
4051:Social Credit Party of Canada
3327:Imperial British Conservative
2880:. 10 November 1979. p. 1
2854:. 10 November 1979. p. 1
2802:. 8 September 1980. p. 5
2694:"Amendment to Party Register"
2290:"Amendment to Party Register"
2254:
1553:
446:Popularity zenith (1972–1985)
356:The party's first leader was
340:
253:The Social Credit Association
234:Social Credit Party of Canada
4006:Manitoba Social Credit Party
3976:Abolitionist Party of Canada
3251:Workers Party of New Zealand
2828:. 27 August 1980. p. 10
2185:Social Credit Inside and Out
291:electorate on behalf of the
287:Maurice Hayes stood for the
202:New Zealand Democratic Party
7:
4087:Country Party (New Zealand)
4082:Australian League of Rights
4046:Alberta Social Credit Party
3720:Septimus James Edgar Closey
2585:Democrats for Social Credit
1578:Septimus James Edgar Closey
752:51st New Zealand Parliament
306:, which was elected at the
236:), and the United Kingdom (
230:Australian League of Rights
16:New Zealand political party
10:
4378:
2563:"DSC-announces-Party-list"
2410:Calderwood, David (2010).
2183:Sheppard, Michael (1981).
2154:
643:
640:Alliance years (1991–2002)
593:1980s Democrats party logo
461:O'Brien's replacement was
247:
187:first-past-the-post voting
185:, it was disadvantaged by
18:
4312:
4286:
4155:
4120:
4074:
4026:Pilgrims of Saint Michael
3966:
3959:
3871:
3825:
3784:
3712:
3635:
3302:Democratic Progress Party
3259:
3221:Superannuitants and Youth
3206:Residents Action Movement
3176:New Zealand Pacific Party
2980:
2353:Norton, Clifford (1988).
2209:. Lower Hutt: INL Print.
2105:
2100:
2083:
2078:
2043:
2037:
1925:Frederick Charles Roberts
1302:
1287:
865:
862:
859:
777:COVID-19 vaccine mandates
491:. He was later joined by
364:Early history (1953–1972)
293:Social Credit Association
140:
129:
124:
116:
102:
94:
84:
66:
48:
39:
30:
2888:– via Papers Past.
2874:"No racist, says member"
2862:– via Papers Past.
2836:– via Papers Past.
2810:– via Papers Past.
263:New Zealand Labour Party
19:Not to be confused with
4021:Parti crédit social uni
4016:Pauper Party of Ontario
3884:Democratic Labour Party
3785:Former Parliamentarians
3337:Join Australia Movement
2499:9 February 2009 at the
797:Chinese Communist Party
335:Democratic Labour Party
304:first Labour government
270:Real Democracy Movement
145:Politics of New Zealand
89:Real Democracy Movement
72:; 19 months ago
4299:Prosperity certificate
4128:British People's Party
3991:Christian Credit Party
3061:Direct Democracy Party
2541:The New Zealand Herald
2480:The New Zealand Herald
1563:
713:
594:
515:
458:
376:
350:
238:UK Social Credit Party
54:; 71 years ago
4352:Social credit parties
4031:Ralliement créditiste
3909:Progressive Coalition
3106:Independent Coalition
2421:University of Waikato
2031:Members of parliament
1784:Cecil William Elvidge
1631:Percival John Dempsey
1561:
1306:Progressive Coalition
789:2023 general election
773:2020 general election
759:2017 general election
741:2008 general election
718:Progressive Coalition
711:
592:
585:Democrats (1985–1991)
557:. Knapp retained his
513:
489:1978 general election
453:
371:
348:
70:28 February 2023
4183:John Horne Blackmore
4097:Douglas Credit Party
3894:New Democratic Party
3735:Percival John Dempsy
3136:McGillicuddy Serious
2659:Electoral Commission
1515:improve this section
793:social credit system
768:was elected leader.
440:New Democratic Party
226:Douglas Credit Party
52:10 January 1953
4041:Social Credit Board
3628:Social Credit Party
3272:Christian Democrats
3051:Conservative (1996)
3036:Christian Coalition
3021:Asia Pacific United
2901:Traue, James Edward
1902:Deputy party leader
320:Minister of Finance
213:earlier that year.
169:(sometimes called "
33:Social Credit Party
4228:Robert A. Heinlein
3697:Stephnie de Ruyter
3490:Reform New Zealand
3397:National Socialist
3377:Liberal Federation
3196:Progressive Greens
3171:Outdoor Recreation
3046:The Civilian Party
3041:Christian Heritage
2591:. 1 September 2017
2012:Stephnie de Ruyter
1881:Stephnie de Ruyter
1733:Harry Alchin-Smith
1564:
730:Stephnie de Ruyter
714:
654:(founded by rebel
595:
516:
459:
377:
351:
4334:
4333:
4268:Manasseh Sogavare
4151:
4150:
3917:
3916:
3765:Neville Aitchison
3593:
3592:
3585:Young New Zealand
3452:People's Movement
3432:New Zealand Party
3422:New Liberal Party
3297:Democratic Labour
3267:Aotearoa NZ Youth
3001:Advance NZ (1995)
2722:Hawke's Bay Today
2152:
2151:
2028:
2027:
1983:Alasdair Thompson
1899:
1898:
1795:
1756:
1755:
1709:Neville Aitchison
1551:
1550:
1543:
1480:
1479:
853:Electoral results
834:The encyclopedia
571:New Zealand Party
507:30% of the vote.
163:
162:
150:Political parties
4369:
4326:
4319:
4198:Vernon Cracknell
4178:W. A. C. Bennett
4163:William Aberhart
4107:Social Credit-NZ
3964:
3963:
3953:
3944:
3937:
3930:
3921:
3920:
3899:Social Credit-NZ
3872:Related articles
3792:Vernon Cracknell
3713:Party presidents
3655:Vernon Cracknell
3629:
3620:
3613:
3606:
3597:
3596:
3580:World Socialists
3525:Socialists (iii)
3510:Social Democrats
3505:Social Credit-NZ
3091:Freedom Movement
3076:The Family Party
2967:
2960:
2953:
2944:
2943:
2938:Official website
2925:
2924:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2774:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2743:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2567:Democrats.org.nz
2559:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2509:
2503:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2446:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2418:
2407:
2398:
2397:
2380:Gustafson, Barry
2375:
2369:
2368:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2265:
2245:
2231:
2220:
2198:
2179:
2050:Vernon Cracknell
2035:
2034:
1906:
1905:
1811:Vernon Cracknell
1789:
1763:
1762:
1605:Winston M. Smith
1566:
1565:
1546:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1526:
1495:
1487:
1467:
1439:
1411:
1383:
1355:
1327:
1265:
1237:
1209:
1181:
1153:
1125:
1097:
1069:
1041:
1013:
985:
957:
929:
901:
857:
856:
846:League of Rights
737:general election
712:2000s party logo
634:Social Credit-NZ
514:1980s party logo
401:Vernon Cracknell
373:Vernon Cracknell
312:Great Depression
191:Vernon Cracknell
136:
133:
112:
85:Preceded by
80:
78:
73:
62:
60:
55:
44:
28:
27:
21:Social Credit-NZ
4377:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4324:
4317:
4308:
4282:
4168:Lavern Ahlstrom
4147:
4116:
4070:
3955:
3951:
3948:
3918:
3913:
3867:
3853:Frank Langstone
3838:Terry Heffernan
3826:Noted activists
3821:
3780:
3708:
3631:
3627:
3624:
3594:
3589:
3530:Socialist Unity
3520:Socialists (ii)
3427:New World Order
3277:Communist Party
3255:
3201:Republican (ii)
3181:People's Choice
3111:Integrity Party
3066:Ethnic Minority
2976:
2971:
2934:
2929:
2928:
2921:
2905:Taylor, Alister
2897:
2893:
2883:
2881:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2857:
2855:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2831:
2829:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2805:
2803:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2784:. Random House.
2775:
2768:
2758:
2756:
2745:
2744:
2737:
2727:
2725:
2713:
2709:
2699:
2697:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2663:
2661:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2638:
2636:
2631:
2630:
2626:
2616:
2614:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2594:
2592:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2546:
2544:
2532:
2528:
2518:
2516:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2501:Wayback Machine
2492:
2488:
2475:
2471:
2461:
2459:
2447:
2436:
2426:
2424:
2416:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2351:
2347:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2323:
2321:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2298:
2296:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2238:Clarendon Press
2217:
2195:
2176:
2157:
2033:
1992:Terry Heffernan
1904:
1788:
1761:
1556:
1547:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1512:
1496:
1485:
1468:
1465:
1440:
1437:
1412:
1409:
1384:
1381:
1356:
1353:
1328:
1325:
1308:
1293:
1266:
1263:
1238:
1235:
1210:
1207:
1182:
1179:
1154:
1151:
1126:
1123:
1098:
1095:
1070:
1067:
1042:
1039:
1014:
1011:
986:
983:
958:
955:
930:
927:
902:
899:
855:
805:
706:
648:
642:
587:
559:East Coast Bays
448:
366:
343:
255:
250:
159:
130:
120:"Here for Good"
108:
76:
74:
71:
58:
56:
53:
35:
34:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4375:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4321:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4243:Ernest Manning
4240:
4238:Solon Earl Low
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
4001:Les Démocrates
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3972:
3970:
3961:
3957:
3956:
3947:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3924:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3771:John Pemberton
3769:
3766:
3763:
3762:John Pemberton
3760:
3757:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3725:
3722:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3700:
3694:
3688:
3682:
3676:
3670:
3664:
3658:
3652:
3649:P. H. Matthews
3646:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3623:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3600:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3515:Socialists (i)
3512:
3507:
3502:
3500:Republican (i)
3497:
3495:Representative
3492:
3487:
3482:
3480:Real Democracy
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3437:Nga Iwi Morehu
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3382:Liberal Reform
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3186:People's Party
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3096:Future NZ (ii)
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3006:Advance (2020)
3003:
2998:
2993:
2991:1Law4All Party
2987:
2985:
2978:
2977:
2970:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2933:
2932:External links
2930:
2927:
2926:
2919:
2899:Lambert, Max;
2891:
2865:
2839:
2813:
2787:
2778:Spoonley, Paul
2766:
2735:
2707:
2685:
2671:
2646:
2624:
2602:
2572:
2554:
2526:
2504:
2486:
2469:
2434:
2399:
2392:
2370:
2363:
2345:
2331:
2306:
2281:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2221:
2215:
2199:
2193:
2180:
2174:
2162:Bryant, George
2156:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:Social Credit
2107:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:Social Credit
2085:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:Social Credit
2070:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:Social Credit
2055:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2021:John Pemberton
2018:
2017:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1909:Deputy Leader
1903:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1725:John Pemberton
1722:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1701:John Pemberton
1698:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1562:Bryant in 2019
1555:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1531:September 2020
1499:
1497:
1490:
1484:
1483:Office holders
1481:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1303:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1288:
1286:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1002:
996:
995:
993:
990:
987:
982:
980:
977:
974:
968:
967:
965:
962:
959:
954:
952:
949:
946:
940:
939:
937:
934:
931:
926:
924:
921:
918:
912:
911:
909:
906:
903:
898:
896:
893:
890:
884:
883:
881:
878:
876:
874:
871:
868:
867:
864:
861:
854:
851:
804:
801:
705:
702:
641:
638:
586:
583:
555:Denis Marshall
530:Robert Muldoon
527:Prime Minister
447:
444:
417:National Party
411:electorate in
397:P. H. Matthews
381:1954 elections
365:
362:
342:
339:
254:
251:
249:
246:
161:
160:
158:
157:
152:
147:
141:
138:
137:
127:
126:
122:
121:
118:
114:
113:
106:
100:
99:
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
68:
64:
63:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
32:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4374:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4327:
4322:
4320:
4315:
4314:
4311:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4253:Neil Morrison
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4233:Norman Jaques
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4223:John Hargrave
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4203:C. H. Douglas
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4193:Réal Caouette
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4173:Bruce Beetham
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4154:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4119:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4073:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4011:New Democracy
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3952:Social Credit
3945:
3940:
3938:
3933:
3931:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3889:Country Party
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3807:Neil Morrison
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3797:Bruce Beetham
3795:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3756:Margaret Cook
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3742:George Bryant
3740:
3737:
3734:
3732:Frank Needham
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:Maurice Hayes
3723:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3673:Neil Morrison
3671:
3668:
3667:Bruce Beetham
3665:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3636:Party Leaders
3634:
3630:
3621:
3616:
3614:
3609:
3607:
3602:
3601:
3598:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3545:United Labour
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3475:Radical Party
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3465:Piri Wiri Tua
3463:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3417:New Economics
3415:
3413:
3412:New Democrats
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3387:Mana Motuhake
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3362:Liberal (iii)
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3347:Labour (1910)
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3317:Future NZ (i)
3315:
3313:
3312:Freedom Party
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3246:United Future
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3211:Social Credit
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3151:Mauri Pacific
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3121:Internet Mana
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3101:Green Society
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3016:Animals First
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2963:
2961:
2956:
2954:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2922:
2920:9780790001302
2916:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2742:
2740:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2711:
2695:
2689:
2681:
2675:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2634:
2628:
2612:
2606:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2530:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2490:
2482:
2481:
2473:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2422:
2415:
2414:
2406:
2404:
2395:
2393:0-474-00177-6
2389:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2366:
2364:0-475-11200-8
2360:
2356:
2349:
2341:
2335:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2264:
2260:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2229:
2222:
2218:
2216:0-86464-025-0
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2194:0-908562-56-X
2190:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2175:0-908564-73-2
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2108:
2103:
2102:Neil Morrison
2099:
2093:
2092:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2065:Bruce Beetham
2063:
2062:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2040:
2036:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1842:
1841:Neil Morrison
1839:
1838:
1834:
1832:
1831:Bruce Beetham
1829:
1828:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1802:
1801:P.H. Matthews
1799:
1798:
1793:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1752:2018–present
1751:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1685:Margaret Cook
1684:
1683:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1657:
1656:George Bryant
1654:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1623:Frank Needham
1622:
1621:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1587:Maurice Hayes
1586:
1585:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1560:
1545:
1542:
1534:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1500:This section
1498:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
997:
994:
991:
988:
978:
975:
973:
970:
969:
966:
963:
960:
950:
947:
945:
942:
941:
938:
935:
932:
922:
919:
917:
914:
913:
910:
907:
904:
894:
891:
889:
886:
885:
882:
879:
877:
875:
872:
870:
869:
858:
850:
847:
843:
842:Bruce Beetham
839:
838:
832:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
813:C. H. Douglas
810:
800:
798:
794:
790:
786:
780:
778:
774:
769:
767:
762:
760:
755:
753:
749:
748:2011 election
744:
742:
738:
733:
731:
725:
723:
722:2002 election
719:
710:
701:
699:
698:1999 election
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
679:1996 election
675:
673:
672:Mana Motuhake
670:-based party
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
647:
637:
635:
630:
628:
624:
618:
616:
612:
608:
607:Neil Morrison
604:
600:
599:1987 election
591:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
563:Neil Morrison
560:
556:
552:
551:1984 election
547:
543:
541:
540:
535:
531:
528:
523:
521:
520:1981 election
512:
508:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
485:
483:
479:
474:
472:
468:
467:1972 election
464:
463:Bruce Beetham
456:
455:Bruce Beetham
452:
443:
441:
437:
432:
430:
429:1969 election
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
405:1966 election
402:
398:
393:
390:
389:1957 election
386:
382:
374:
370:
361:
359:
354:
347:
338:
336:
332:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
308:1935 election
305:
300:
298:
297:1951 election
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
274:1943 election
271:
266:
264:
260:
259:Country Party
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
222:C. H. Douglas
219:
218:social credit
214:
212:
207:
203:
198:
196:
195:Bruce Beetham
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
142:
139:
135:
128:
123:
119:
115:
111:
110:Social credit
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
90:
87:
83:
69:
65:
51:
47:
43:
38:
29:
26:
22:
4273:Ken Sweigard
4258:Al Overfield
4101:
3986:Canada Party
3833:Jeremy Dwyer
3812:Grant Gillon
3777:Gloria Bruni
3768:David Wilson
3752:Chris Leitch
3703:Chris Leitch
3691:Grant Gillon
3661:John O'Brien
3643:Wilfrid Owen
3626:
3560:Values Party
3367:Liberal (iv)
3357:Liberal (ii)
3307:Equal Values
3282:Co-operative
3216:South Island
3210:
3131:Libertarianz
3031:Bill and Ben
2909:
2894:
2884:20 September
2882:. Retrieved
2877:
2868:
2858:20 September
2856:. Retrieved
2851:
2842:
2832:20 September
2830:. Retrieved
2825:
2816:
2806:20 September
2804:. Retrieved
2799:
2790:
2781:
2757:. Retrieved
2750:
2726:. Retrieved
2720:
2710:
2698:. Retrieved
2688:
2674:
2662:. Retrieved
2649:
2637:. Retrieved
2627:
2615:. Retrieved
2605:
2593:. Retrieved
2575:
2566:
2557:
2545:. Retrieved
2539:
2529:
2517:. Retrieved
2507:
2489:
2483:. p. 1.
2478:
2472:
2462:15 September
2460:. Retrieved
2454:
2425:. Retrieved
2412:
2383:
2373:
2354:
2348:
2334:
2322:. Retrieved
2318:
2309:
2297:. Retrieved
2293:
2284:
2273:
2263:
2227:
2206:
2203:Zavos, Spiro
2184:
2165:
2124:Grant Gillon
2044:Affiliation
2002:Grant Gillon
1964:Jeremy Dwyer
1934:John O'Brien
1917:Robert Young
1891:Chris Leitch
1871:Grant Gillon
1821:John O'Brien
1791:
1775:Wilfrid Owen
1759:Party leader
1749:Gloria Bruni
1717:David Wilson
1676:Chris Leitch
1596:Wilfrid Owen
1537:
1528:
1513:Please help
1501:
1304:Part of the
1289:Part of the
835:
833:
820:
816:
806:
795:used by the
781:
770:
766:Chris Leitch
763:
756:
745:
734:
726:
715:
695:
691:Grant Gillon
676:
660:Jim Anderton
656:Labour Party
649:
631:
619:
596:
548:
544:
537:
524:
517:
505:
486:
475:
471:Values Party
460:
436:John O'Brien
433:
425:
421:Logan Sloane
394:
378:
358:Wilfrid Owen
355:
352:
331:Bill Barnard
328:
301:
292:
286:
267:
256:
242:antisemitism
215:
211:Chris Leitch
201:
199:
183:protest vote
170:
166:
164:
132:socialcredit
95:Headquarters
25:
4278:John Turmel
4218:Ron Gostick
4213:A. N. Field
4188:Eric Butler
3879:John A. Lee
3817:John Wright
3774:Ewan Cornor
3747:Stefan Lipa
3738:Don Bethune
3687:(1991–2001)
3685:John Wright
3555:United (ii)
3535:Sovereignty
3407:New Citizen
3392:Mana Wahine
3372:Liberal (v)
3352:Liberal (i)
3236:Te Tawharau
3226:Sustainable
3191:Progressive
3156:Natural Law
2589:Scoop.co.nz
2547:27 November
2519:27 November
2456:The Spinoff
2423:. p. 1
2240:. pp.
2236:, England:
2139:John Wright
1861:John Wright
1851:Garry Knapp
1741:Ewan Cornor
1666:Stefan Lipa
1647:Don Bethune
1639:W. A. Evans
1626:1966–1970?
825:Eric Butler
771:During the
757:During the
687:John Wright
603:Garry Knapp
333:formed the
324:Walter Nash
316:John A. Lee
232:), Canada (
175:third party
4341:Categories
4263:Ezra Pound
4248:Roly Marks
4208:Louis Even
3858:Roly Marks
3848:Les Hunter
3802:Gary Knapp
3759:Peter Kane
3679:Gary Knapp
3550:United (i)
3146:Mana Māori
3071:Expatriate
2680:"Mandates"
2255:References
2143:1996–2002
2128:1996–2002
2116:Democrats
2106:1984–1987
2094:Democrats
2084:1980–1987
2080:Gary Knapp
2069:1978–1984
2054:1966–1969
2041:In office
2024:2002–2003
2016:2000–2002
2006:1994–2000
1996:1988–1991
1986:1985–1988
1978:1981–1985
1974:Gary Knapp
1968:1977–1981
1958:1972–1977
1954:Les Hunter
1948:1970–1972
1938:1960–1970
1928:1958–1959
1920:1954–1958
1895:2018–2023
1885:2002–2018
1875:2001–2002
1865:1991–2001
1855:1988–1991
1845:1986–1988
1835:1972–1986
1825:1970–1972
1815:1963–1970
1805:1960–1962
1779:1954–1959
1744:2017–2018
1736:2015–2017
1728:2013–2015
1720:2010–2013
1712:2005–2010
1704:2003–2005
1696:1999–2003
1693:Peter Kane
1688:1993–1999
1680:1988–1993
1670:1979–1987
1660:1976–1979
1650:1972–1975
1634:1970–1972
1618:1958–1963
1608:1956-1958
1600:1954–1956
1590:1953–1954
1569:President
1554:Presidents
817:Plain Talk
785:party list
662:) and the
644:See also:
493:Gary Knapp
341:Foundation
278:Roly Marks
77:2023-02-28
59:1953-01-10
3960:Movements
3728:Mary King
3705:(2018–23)
3699:(2002–18)
3693:(2001–02)
3681:(1988–91)
3675:(1986–88)
3669:(1972–86)
3663:(1970–72)
3657:(1962–70)
3651:(1960–62)
3645:(1954–59)
3565:WIN Party
3402:NewLabour
3241:United NZ
3231:TEA Party
2878:The Press
2852:The Press
2826:The Press
2800:The Press
2759:4 January
2617:7 October
2595:6 October
2319:NZ Herald
2294:Elections
2146:Alliance
2131:Alliance
1787:1959–1960
1614:Mary King
1502:does not
880:Of total
873:Of total
860:Election
720:. In the
652:NewLabour
627:NewLabour
575:Crimplene
567:Pakuranga
539:Think Big
534:Clyde Dam
497:Don Brash
413:Northland
155:Elections
67:Dissolved
4325:Politics
4318:Category
3904:Alliance
3863:Tom Weal
3843:Eva Hill
3292:Democrat
3116:Internet
3086:Focus NZ
3026:Ban 1080
3011:Alliance
2907:(1991).
2780:(2012).
2497:Archived
2427:18 April
2382:(1986).
2205:(1981).
2164:(1981).
1944:Tom Weal
1291:Alliance
1241:105,091
1213:147,162
1185:372,056
1157:274,756
1129:119,147
1073:121,576
1045:174,515
989:100,905
933:122,068
579:Pat Hunt
482:Roy Jack
395:In 1960
282:Wanganui
206:Alliance
104:Ideology
4287:History
4075:Oceania
3575:Women's
3456:Phoenix
3287:Country
3056:Destiny
2728:9 March
2700:1 March
2639:10 July
2324:1 March
2299:1 March
2242:299–303
2166:Beetham
2155:Sources
2038:Member
1766:Leader
1523:removed
1508:sources
1466:0 / 120
1438:0 / 120
1410:0 / 121
1382:0 / 121
1354:0 / 122
1326:0 / 121
1269:30,455
1188:20.65%
1160:16.07%
1101:93,231
1048:14.48%
1017:95,176
961:83,498
936:11.13%
787:at the
696:By the
677:In the
549:In the
518:By the
499:in the
476:In the
295:in the
289:Waimate
248:History
125:Website
75: (
57: (
49:Founded
4156:People
4121:Europe
3968:Canada
3540:Thrive
3485:Reform
3470:Public
3460:Pirate
3166:One NZ
2917:
2664:21 May
2390:
2361:
2234:Oxford
2213:
2191:
2172:
1792:acting
1474:0.05%
1471:1,520
1446:0.03%
1418:0.07%
1415:1,730
1390:0.07%
1387:1,432
1362:0.05%
1359:1,208
1334:0.05%
1331:1,079
1272:1.67%
1264:0 / 97
1244:5.74%
1236:0 / 97
1216:7.63%
1208:2 / 95
1203:2.11%
1180:2 / 92
1175:2.17%
1152:1 / 92
1132:7.43%
1124:0 / 87
1104:6.65%
1096:0 / 87
1076:9.07%
1068:0 / 84
1040:1 / 80
1020:7.94%
1012:0 / 80
992:8.62%
984:0 / 80
964:7.21%
956:0 / 80
928:0 / 80
908:0.03%
900:0 / 80
866:Votes
863:Seats
837:Te Ara
664:Greens
623:Greens
611:Labour
565:, won
409:Hobson
171:Socred
117:Slogan
3447:OurNZ
2996:99 MP
2417:(PDF)
1912:Term
1769:Term
1642:1972
1582:1953
1572:Term
1147:1.1%
1035:1.3%
668:Māori
3322:Hapu
3141:Mana
3126:Kiwi
2915:ISBN
2886:2024
2860:2024
2834:2024
2808:2024
2761:2020
2730:2023
2702:2023
2666:2021
2641:2018
2619:2017
2597:2017
2549:2011
2521:2011
2464:2020
2429:2015
2388:ISBN
2359:ISBN
2326:2023
2301:2023
2211:ISBN
2189:ISBN
2170:ISBN
1506:any
1504:cite
1454:2020
1443:806
1426:2017
1398:2014
1370:2011
1342:2008
1314:2005
1299:2002
1284:1999
1280:1993
1252:1990
1224:1987
1196:1984
1168:1981
1140:1978
1112:1975
1084:1972
1056:1969
1028:1966
1000:1963
972:1960
944:1957
916:1954
905:374
888:1951
689:and
625:and
261:and
228:and
165:The
3161:NMP
2982:MMP
1517:by
1461:0%
1433:0%
1405:0%
1377:0%
1349:0%
1321:0%
1259:0%
1231:0%
1119:0%
1091:0%
1063:0%
1007:0%
979:0%
951:0%
923:0%
895:0%
823:by
658:MP
581:).
419:'s
134:.nz
4343::
2903:;
2876:.
2850:.
2824:.
2798:.
2769:^
2749:.
2738:^
2719:.
2657:.
2587:.
2583:.
2565:.
2538:.
2453:.
2437:^
2402:^
2317:.
2292:.
2272:.
2232:.
1458:0
1430:0
1402:0
1374:0
1346:0
1318:0
1256:0
1228:0
1200:2
1172:2
1144:1
1116:0
1088:0
1060:0
1032:1
1004:0
976:0
948:0
920:0
892:0
811:.
799:.
779:.
754:.
617:.
442:.
322:,
276:.
3943:e
3936:t
3929:v
3619:e
3612:t
3605:v
2966:e
2959:t
2952:v
2923:.
2763:.
2732:.
2704:.
2682:.
2668:.
2643:.
2621:.
2599:.
2569:.
2551:.
2523:.
2466:.
2431:.
2396:.
2377:*
2367:.
2328:.
2303:.
2278:.
2244:.
2219:.
2197:.
2178:.
1794:)
1790:(
1544:)
1538:(
1533:)
1529:(
1525:.
1511:.
1282:–
79:)
61:)
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
