Sokoto Caliphate - Knowledge

2547:. Slaves were gained through raiding and via markets as had operated earlier in West Africa. The founder of the Caliphate allowed slavery only for non-Muslims; slavery was viewed as a process to bring such peoples into the Muslim community. At least half of the Caliphate's population was enslaved in the 19th century. There was a huge expansion of slaves due to the jihad campaigns, frontier wars and slave raids. The expansion of agricultural plantations under the Caliphate was dependent on slave labor. These plantations were established around the ribats, and large areas of agricultural production took place around the cities of the empire. The institution of slavery was mediated by the lack of a racial barrier among the peoples, and by a complex and varying set of relations between owners and slaves, which included the right to accumulate property by working on their own plots, manumission, and the potential for slaves to convert and become members of the Islamic community. There are historical records of slaves reaching high levels of government and administration in the Sokoto Caliphate. On the other hand these liniments to the slaving system were, like those in other slave societies, a buttress rather than a detriment although in some cases undoubtedly beneficial to individual slaves as Mohammed Bashir Salau writes: "Unfortunately for most slaves, however, masters often selected those they granted freedom in part because to maintain the plantation order, and in part to prevent the formation of a group consciousness among slaves....Similarly, although the Islamic religion encouraged voluntary emancipation, and slave-owners were convinced that God would reward them when they freed slaves, most masters were very selective about whom they freed. They often gave first preference to slaves who exhibited “good behavior” and were “honest” and “hardworking”; also to those who were “too sick” and “too old” (to engage in rigorous plantation activities). This not only perpetuated the plantation’s social order, but also reduced the slave-owner’s expenditures; by freeing elderly and infirm slaves, the owner did not have to pay for their care." 1507:, also known as Sheikh Amadu Sheikh, who started a jihad movement among the Fulani people in the region. In the early 1800s, Seku Amadu, inspired by the teachings of Usman dan Fodio and the success of the Sokoto Caliphate, was authorized by Fodio to carry out jihad in the Massina region. Seku Amadu's forces succeeded in overthrowing the ruling elites and establishing a new jihadist state. The capital of the Massina Empire was Hamdullahi, a city founded by Seku Amadu. The expansion of the Massina Empire occurred mainly through military conquest. The Empire extended its control over the Inner Niger Delta and parts of the surrounding Sahelian and savannah regions. Some of the notable areas that came under the control of the Massina Empire include Timbuktu and Djenné, key centers of trans-Saharan slave trade. The Massina Empire's rule was characterized by a strict interpretation of Islamic law. Seku Amadu implemented legal and social reforms, including the outlawing of many traditional polytheist practices as well as forcing many polytheists into slavery. However, the Massina Empire also faced resistance. Some local communities resisted the imposition of Islamic law and the centralization of political power. Furthermore, the Massina Empire faced external threats from neighboring states, including the Toucouleur Empire under El Hadj Umar Tall. The Massina Empire fell to the Toucouleur Empire in 1862. Despite its relatively short lifespan, the Massina Empire had a significant impact on the region. It played a key role in spreading Islam. 2560:

high. This wall was pierced with holes at its base through which the legs of those sentenced to death were thrust up to the thigh, and they were left to be trodden on by the mass of other prisoners till they died of thirst and starvation. The place is entirely air-tight and unventilated except for the one small doorway, or rather hole, in the wall through which you creep. The total space inside is 2,618 cubic feet, and at the time we took Kano 135 human beings were confined here each night, being let out during the day to cook their food, &c., in a small adjoining area. Recently as many as 200 have been interned at one time. As the superficial ground area was only 238 square feet there was not, of course, even standing room. Victims were crushed to death every night and their corpses were hauled out each morning. The stench, I am told, inside the place when Colonel Morland visited it was intolerable, though it was empty, and when I myself went inside three weeks later the effluvium was unbearable for more than a few seconds. A putrid corpse even then lay near the doorway." Salau adds that "While in prison, a slave was usually subjected to torture by fellow inmates as well as by guards....Ultimately, it was the master who decided how many days the slave would spend in the facility."

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British high commissioner Lugard abolished the legal status of slavery without compensation and officially declared all children born to slaves after 31 March 1901 as born free; however the slaves were given no assistance and cases of fugitive slaves were often handed over to indigenous Islamic sharia courts, which often restored them back to their Muslim owners. By the 1920s big slave trade caravans had been eradicated by the colonial officials, but small scale slave trading was difficult to fully abolish. One example was the trade in Adamawa girls, who were bought by merchants and kept for a year in Cameroon learning Hausa until they could be smuggled in to Nigeria to be sold in Kano for concubinage or domestic service. "Slave brokers, who themselves were formerly concubines, were procuring young girls for purposes of sale into slavery. Despite legal prohibitions which dated from the colonial era to the contrary, slave concubinage was a functioning institution in the northern states of Nigeria in 1988."

1526:, also known as the Tukulor Empire, was a significant West African state that emerged during the 19th century, in what is now Mali, Senegal, and Guinea. It was founded by El Hadj Umar Tall, an Islamic leader of Tukulor descent, who sought to establish a jihadist state and conquer and enslave the polytheists in the region. Umar Tall began his jihad, or holy war, in the 1850s after studying in the Sokoto Caliphate. In 1854, Umar Tall declared a jihad against the un-Islamic practices of the local rulers. He assembled a large army, which included his fellow Toucouleurs, as well as other Muslim groups and enslaved individuals. With this army, he undertook a series of successful military campaigns against various West African kingdoms, including the Kingdom of Segou in 1861 and the Massina Empire in 1862. At its height, the Toucouleur Empire stretched from modern-day Senegal in the west to Timbuktu in the east. Its capital was established at Segou, in present-day Mali. 1296:

leading to conflicts and tensions that sometimes persisted for years. The most significant impact was the spread of Islam among the local populations. The Sokoto Caliphate was intensely Islamic, and it actively sought to convert the peoples of the territories it conquered. As a result, Islam became the dominant religion in the region, with profound implications for local cultures, legal systems, and social norms. The imposition of Islamic law (Sharia) brought about changes in areas such as property rights, marriage, and criminal justice. Not all local populations accepted the Caliphate's rule, and there were instances of resistance. Some communities maintained their traditional religions and practices despite the Caliphate's efforts to enforce Islam. There were also armed rebellions against the Caliphate's rule, some of which were successful in achieving local autonomy.

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only thieves, prisoners of war (taken singly), such as spies, and disobedient slaves, who, on a complaint to the sultan that they will not work, are sent to prison. Their only food is the bran or husks of millet and dourra, with water ; but their friends are allowed to give them food, if they have any. It is a filthy place, and the terror of the men-slaves of Soccatoo. The prisoners are taken out, two and two, every day to work at the walls, or any laborious work which may occur." "In the Kano area, for instance, Gidan Ma’ajin Watari was the primary slave prison." If not desiring sale the slave-owner would lay out the particular charge and "Thereafter, the erring slave was admitted into the facility through a succession of two doors, being severely beaten in the process."

690: 2280:, at the time of the jihad was organized into a standing army and a cavalry. The standing army was composed of Hausa and Fulani warriors who were trained in warfare and were responsible for the Caliphate's defense and the expansion of its territories. The cavalry was an essential part of the military, as horses were the primary mode of transportation during this period. During the expansion, the Caliphate's military utilized a strategy of establishing emirates in conquered territories. These emirates were governed by emirs, who were either appointed by the Sultan or were local rulers who had submitted to the Caliphate's authority. This strategy helped in maintaining control over the vast territories of the Caliphate. 1105: 1461:, for instance, was a significant center of the Caliphate in this region. The Sokoto Caliphate extended its influence into the northern areas of present-day Benin, which borders Nigeria to the west. The process of expansion into these regions was similar to that within Nigeria. The Caliphate launched military campaigns against local rulers, often exploiting internal conflicts and divisions. Upon conquering an area, the Caliphate would typically establish an emirate, appointing an emir to govern on behalf of the Sultan of Sokoto. The new rulers were expected to enforce Islamic law and pay tribute to the Sultan. 114: 1442: 2055: 1316:. Dan Fodio and his lieutenants led a series of jihads, framed as a battle against un-Islamic practices. The success of these jihads was due not only to military prowess, but he appealed to the Fulani through the desire for conquest and enslavement of the polytheists. The Fulani were instrumental in the expansion of the Caliphate. The final stage (1815-1840) involved further consolidation and minor campaigns against resistant elements. By this time, the Caliphate had grown into one of the largest empires in Africa, extending over present-day 1039: 100: 2339: 1300: 1579: 525: 539: 1511: 1351:. This religious influence continues to shape the socio-cultural dynamics of the region. Moreover, the Caliphate's administrative and social structures were imposed on conquered territories. The Caliphate established a system of emirates, with appointed emirs overseeing local governance. The social hierarchy saw the Sultan and the ruling elite at the top, followed by free Muslims, non-Muslims, and slaves. This system significantly altered the political fabric of the region. 1378:. The Nupe Kingdom, under the rule of Etsu Majiya II, was a prosperous state known for its military prowess. However, the kingdom was internally divided due to succession disputes and other political tensions. Abdullahi dan Fodio exploited these internal divisions and launched a military campaign against the Nupe Kingdom. Despite the initial resistance, the Nupe Kingdom was eventually defeated. Etsu Majiya II was killed in battle, and the kingdom fell to the Sokoto forces 704: 2498: 7226: 2687:, also emerged from the Kanuri community. Their ideology criticized the established Islamic tradition of the Sokoto Caliphate, considering it impure and in need of reform. They sought to return to what they perceived as more orthodox practices based on Salafi thought, rejecting the Maliki law and Sufi influences of the Sokoto Caliphate. Influential Salafi scholars in Nigeria critique Boko Haram, highlighting their leaders' lack of proper education in 2126: 2236:. Abdullahi dan Fodio, the previous Grand Vizier, refused to relinquish the position even though Sultan Bello chose Gidado but he later formally recognised Gidado as the new vizier after his reconciliation with Muhammad Bello, giving Gidado his robes in token. As Vizier, Gidado had considerable freedom of judgement. He retired the Emir of Daura, Ishaq, and appointed his son, Zubair bin Ishaq which was later approved by Sultan Bello. 2256:

practically rules the Fulah Empire' and holds 'all the real power, the Sultans being completely hedged in by formalities'. Though these impressions are exaggerated, the Vizier did appear to have the whole civil service under his control. The vizierate never rivalled the Caliph's position. The Vizier was the chief supporter, adviser and friend to the Caliph, and in that position was able to reassert the Islamic tradition in Sokoto.

2265: 718: 7215: 2420: 1429:, located in present-day southwestern Nigeria, was one of the most powerful kingdoms in West Africa during the 18th century. However, by the early 19th century, the Oyo Empire was in decline due to internal conflicts, succession disputes, and pressures from external enemies. The Sokoto Caliphate, on the other hand, was on the rise. The Sokoto Caliphate's main involvement with the Oyo Empire was through 483: 1477:, but the jihadist movements of the 19th century certainly had an impact on it. The empire was weakened by internal conflicts, as well as by external threats, including the expansion of the Sokoto Caliphate and the encroachment of other jihadist groups. The Fulani jihadists, under Usman dan Fodio's banner tried to conquer Borno, who was governed by 1064:) by his followers, marking the beginning of the Sokoto state. Usman dan Fodio then created a number of flag bearers amongst those following him, creating an early political structure of the empire. Declaring a jihad against the Hausa kings, dan Fodio rallied his primarily Fulani "warrior-scholars" against Gobir. Despite early losses at the 2794:. "The most important of these revivalist states, the enormous Sokoto caliphate, illustrates the general pattern. It was founded by Usuman dan Fodio (1754-1817), an inspiring Muslim teacher who first won zealous followers among both the Fulani herders and Hausa peasants in the Muslim state of Gobir in the northern Sudan." p. 736. 1275:. It became one of the largest states in Africa, stretching from modern-day Burkina Faso to Cameroon and including most of northern Nigeria and southern Niger. At its height, the Sokoto state included over 30 different emirates under its political structure. The political structure of the state was organized with the 982: 2554:

wrote: "In this space is also the prison, a building of about eighty feet long, and nearly the same in breadth, covered at top with a flat clay roof, overlaid with boughs. Inside is a deep pit, where those who have committed the greatest crimes are confined. No person is put in prison for debt ;

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Although veiling was practiced, it did not stop women from being educated in the caliphate. Many of the women around Shaikh Uthman dan Fodio, like his wives and daughters, were also his students and attained great learning. Slaves were encouraged to become Muslims and their children were given Muslim

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The first pillar is an upright wazir (vizier) over the wilaya who wakens if he sleeps and gives him sight if he cannot see and reminds him if he is heedless. The greatest catastrophe which could befall the wilaya and its subjects is to be deprived of good wazirs and helpers. One of the requirements

2100:, to which every successive sultan of Sokoto was an adherent, provided a group linking the distinct emirates to the authority of the sultan. Scholars Burnham and Last claim that this Islamic scholarship community provided an "embryonic bureaucracy" which linked the cities throughout the Sokoto state. 2034:

The caliphate absorbed many of the structures of governments of their Hausa predecessors which they had conquered. It ruled under Islamic law with powers falling to the emirates which made up the caliphate. A large number of emirs and senior officials were Fulani clerics and scholars who participated

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Considerable numbers of scholars and the poor depended on the "great houses" for basic amenities like food and clothing. Food was prepared in the houses, which then acted like communal canteens. Clothing came largely from the payments from the other emirates in the caliphate and was redistributed to

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Additionally, the Caliphate's military strategy involved a system of alliances with local rulers. In some cases, these rulers were allowed to maintain their positions under the condition that they pledged allegiance to the Caliphate and adopted Islam. This strategy helped to solidify the Caliphate's

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to turn the conflict in their favor, and gathered support from the civilian population, which had come to resent the despotic rule and high taxes of the Hausa kings. Even some non-Muslim Fulani started to support dan Fodio. The war lasted from 1804 until 1808 and resulted in thousands of deaths. The

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or owned by the entire community. However, the Sultan allocated land to individuals or families, as could an emir. Such land could be inherited by family members but could not be sold. Exchange was based largely on slaves, cowries or gold. Major crops produced included cotton, indigo, kola and shea

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as part of the consolidation policy of Muhammed Bello, the second Sultan. Ribats were established, founding a number of new cities with walled fortresses, schools, markets, and other buildings. These proved crucial in expansion through developing new cities, settling the pastoral Fulani people, and

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Despite their eventual dissolution, these jihadist states played a significant role in the spread of Islam and shaping of West Africa. They marked a crucial phase in the regional spread of Islam and a turbulent period in the region's indigenous political and social structures. Many of the jihadist

881:. Slaves worked plantations and much of the population converted to Islam despite being encouraged not to. By 1900, Sokoto had "at least 1 million and perhaps as many as 2.5 million slaves" second only to the American South (which had four million in 1860) in size among all modern slave societies. 2563:

In the early 20th-century, the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria inherited one of the biggest slave populations in the world, one to two and a half million slaves, a flourishing slave trade supplied by slave raids and thousands of slaves given as tributes to the Sultan of Sokoto and his emirs. The

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described him as being 'more powerful than the Sultan himself' since 'nothing is done except by his advice'; Staudinger reported that he was the most powerful of ministers, almost more so than the Sultan, since all government business went through him; William Wallace found that 'the grand Vizier

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The early rulers of Sokoto, dan Fodio and Bello, abolished systems of hereditary succession, preferring leaders to be appointed by virtue of their Islamic scholarship and moral standing. Emirs were appointed by the sultan; they traveled yearly to pledge allegiance and deliver taxes in the form of

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The expansion of the Sokoto Caliphate had significant impacts on local populations. In many cases, conquered peoples were assimilated into the Caliphate, adopting Islam and becoming part of the Caliphate's political and social structures. In other cases, communities resisted the Caliphate's rule,

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in a 1903 colonial account wrote thusly about conditions: "I visited the dungeon myself. A small doorway 2 feet 6 inches by 1 foot 6 inches gives access into it. The interior is divided (by a thick mud wall with a similar hole through it) into two compartments, each 17 feet by 7 feet and 11 feet

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During and subsequent to the 18th century, the Wolof people were significantly affected by the tumultuous jihads spreading across West Africa. These militant Islamic campaigns faced heavy resistance from the Wolof kingdoms. However, in the 19th century, as the French colonial forces began taking

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Much of the population had converted to Islam in the centuries before; however, local pagan beliefs persisted in many areas, especially in the aristocracy. In the end of the 1700s, an increase in Islamic preaching occurred throughout the Hausa kingdoms. A number of the preachers were linked in a

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were examples of states established through similar processes of Islamic reform and military expansion. The Massina Empire, also known as the Diina of Hamdullahi, was an early 19th-century Fulani Jihad state centered in the Inner Niger Delta area of present-day Mali. This West African state was

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The expansion of the Sokoto Caliphate can be understood as a three-stage process. Initially, from 1804 to 1808, the consolidation of power occurred in Gobir and the neighboring Hausa states. The successful military campaigns against these rulers won him considerable support, establishing the

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Although European colonists abolished the political authority of the caliphate, the title of sultan was retained and remains an important religious position for Sunni Muslims in the region to the current day. Usman dan Fodio's jihad provided the inspiration for a series of related

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in 1886 says the Vizier had considerable 'house-power' ('eine ziemliche Hausmacht'), having a hundred gunmen in his following. He had several estates and villages under him but their inhabitants are often scattered and distant from Sokoto only joining him for a major expedition.

1433:, a northern Yoruba vassal state of the Oyo Empire. The Ilorin, backed by the Sokoto Caliphate, launched a series of attacks against the Oyo Empire. These attacks, combined with internal conflicts, led to the final collapse of the Oyo Empire by the mid-19th century. 2283:

The Sokoto Caliphate relied heavily on the use of cavalry in its military campaigns. The Fulani horsemen, renowned for their equestrian skills, formed the core of the Caliphate's cavalry. They were instrumental in the rapid expansion of the Caliphate's territories.

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devoted significant time to chronicling histories, writing poetry, and Islamic studies. A number of manuscripts are available, and they provide crucial historical information and important spiritual texts. This role did diminish after the reign of Bello and Atiku.

2118:(Waziris) as they are called in the Caliphate. Those Viziers mostly came from the most learned families in Sokoto, learned not only in the legal and political aspects of Islam but also in its mystical side. The classical vizierate is based on some verses from the 1005:

of Islamic study. Maliki scholars were invited or traveled to the Hausa lands from the Maghreb and joined the courts of some sultanates such as in Kano. These scholars preached a return to adherence to Islamic tradition. The most important of these scholars is

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taking over administration of the Sokoto Sultanate. The Emir at Gwandu retained allegiance to the Sokoto Sultanate and spiritual guidance from the sultan, but the emir managed the separate emirates under his supervision independently from the sultan.

2031:, and slaves. When a sultan died or retired from the office, an appointment council made up of the emirs would select a replacement. Direct lines of succession were largely not followed, although each sultan claimed direct descent from dan Fodio. 1946:

used rivalries between many of the emirs in the south and the central Sokoto administration to prevent any defense as he marched toward the capital, while the Germans conquered Adamawa. As the British approached the city of Sokoto, the new Sultan

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European attention had been focusing on the region for colonial expansion for much of the last part of the 19th century. The French in particular had sent multiple exploratory missions to the area to assess colonial opportunities after 1870.

1533:, founded by Samori Ture, was a significant Islamic state during this period. Located in what is now Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Ivory Coast. The Wassoulou Empire was known for its strict implementation of Islam and enslavement of polytheists. 2691:(Islamic jurisprudence) and their misinterpretation and misuse of Salafi texts. This is in contrast to the Sokoto jihad leaders who were renowned Maliki scholars, with Usman and Abdullahi already being respected scholars prior to the jihad. 1541:

movements began with the overthrow of traditional rulers who were accused of un-Islamic practices. These rulers were often replaced with leaders who had led the jihad and who sought to establish governance in diverse communities such as the

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in 1591 to Morocco also had freed much of the central Bilad as-Sudan, and a number of Hausa sultanates led by different Hausa aristocracies had grown to fill the void. Three of the most significant to develop were the sultanates of

2636:, can be described as part of the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries Islamic world's "conservative orientation towards intellectual innovation". The three leaders of the jihad, namely Usman, Abdullahi and Bello, drew heavily from 1035:. A large number of people left Gobir to join dan Fodio, who also began to gather new supporters from other regions. Feeling threatened by his former teacher, Sultan Yunfa declared war on dan Fodio on February 21, 1804. 1978:

The now shattered Caliphate was partitioned by Britain and Germany. On March 13, 1903, at the grand market square of Sokoto, the last Vizier of the Caliphate officially conceded to British Rule. The British appointed

921:, writing more than three hundred books combined on a wide variety of topics including logic, tafsir, mathematics, governance, law, astronomy, grammar, medicine and so on. Some other famous scholars of that era were 978:, all in present-day Nigeria. These kingdoms engaged in regular warfare against each other, especially in conducting slave raids. In order to pay for the constant warfare, they imposed high taxes on their citizens. 2505:

After the establishment of the Caliphate, there were decades of economic growth throughout the region, particularly after a wave of revolts in 1816–1817. They had significant trade over the trans-Saharan routes.

2073:, but the sultan ended these by granting the leaders titles to land. There were multiple crises that arose during the 19th century between the Sokoto Sultanate and many of the subservient emirates: notably, the 3917:

Journal of a second expedition into the interior of Africa : from the Bight of Benin to Soccatoo : to which is added the Journal of Richard Lander from Kano to the sea-coast, partly by a more eastern

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The jihad had created "a new slaving frontier on the basis of rejuvenated Islam." By 1900, the Sokoto state had "at least 1 million and perhaps as many as 2.5 million slaves", second only to the United States

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The 19th century was a period of significant Islamic reform and jihads in West Africa, and the Sokoto Caliphate was just one of several powerful states that emerged during this time. In present-day Mali, the

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far beyond the borders of what is now Nigeria that led to the foundation of Islamic states in the regions that are now in modern-day Senegal, Mali, Ivory Coast, Chad, the Central African Republic, and Sudan.

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The administrative structure of loose allegiances of the emirates to the sultan did not always function smoothly. There was a series of revolutions by the Hausa aristocracy in 1816–1817 during the reign of

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along with Muhammad bin Anabwani organized a quick defense of the city and fought the advancing British-led forces. The British force quickly won, sending Attahiru I and thousands of followers on a

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and al-Kanemi during the jihad, reflecting their differing perspectives. While the Sokoto Caliphate had limited success in fully subjugating Bornu, it is worth noting that Boko Haram, founded by

1741: 851:, the state reached its maximum extent, covering a large swath of West Africa. In 1903, the twelfth and last caliph Attahiru was assassinated by British forces, marking the end of the caliphate. 2304:

and culture in the region. The Caliphate's rule also resulted in changes in local governance systems and the economy, with the introduction of new administrative structures and trade networks.

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The Sokoto state was largely organized around a number of largely independent emirates pledging allegiance to the sultan of Sokoto. The administration was initially built to follow those of

1027:, an Islamic scholar and an urbanized Fulani, had been actively educating and preaching in the city of Gobir with the approval and support of the Hausa leadership of the city. However, when 3094: 1751: 1726: 4327: 3455: 2300:

control over conquered territories. The military expansion of the Sokoto Caliphate had significant social, political, and economic impacts. It led to the spread of Islam and the

5206: 858:, at its peak, the caliphate linked over 30 different emirates and 10–20+ million people in the largest independent polity in the continent at the time. According to historian 1588: 1367:, was conquered by the Sokoto Caliphate in the early 19th century as part of its expansionist campaigns. The Sokoto forces, under the leadership of Usman dan Fodio's brother, 2628:'s legacy to justify their actions, presenting their struggle as a continuation of the original jihad, there are fundamental differences between the two jihadist movements. 3179:

Swindell, Kenneth (1986). "Population and Agriculture in the Sokoto-Rima Basin of North-West Nigeria: A Study of Political Intervention, Adaptation and Change, 1800–1980".

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as the flag-bearer for that city but was given wide independence and autonomy. Much of the growth of the state occurred through the establishment of an extensive system of

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This expansion led to profound changes on local populations. The spread of Islam was a significant outcome, transforming the religious landscape of the region.

8886: 6215: 725: 656: 297: 1902: 387: 8911: 6832: 2042:. In 1815, Usman dan Fodio retired from the administrative business of the state and divided the area taken over during the Fulani War with his brother 1660: 1650: 946:. However, revolutions and the rise of new powers decreased the power of the Bornu empire and by 1759 its rulers had lost control over the oasis town of 2590:

Although it has lost its former political power, the Sokoto Sultanate Council continues to exist, and the Sokoto Sultans are still "leading figures in

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texts, with connections to wider Islamic intellectual networks. In contrast, Boko Haram operates in a globalized world and draws influences from

1927:, defeating Argungu the next year. Monteil claimed that Fulani power was tottering because of the war and the accession of the unpopular Caliph 3982: 862:, Sokoto was the most developed state of pre-modern Subsaharan Africa. The caliphate was a loose confederation of emirates that recognized the 7613: 113: 5211: 2219: 954:. Vassal cities of the empire gradually became autonomous, and the result by 1780 was a political array of independent states in the region. 2525:

Its commercial prosperity was also based on Islamic traditions, market integration, internal peace and an extensive export-trade network.

6862: 5501: 1031:, a former student of dan Fodio, became the sultan of Gobir, he restricted dan Fodio's activities, eventually forcing him into exile in 8901: 6936: 6852: 5278: 4289: 1895: 8891: 6953: 4578: 2023:

in "The Ordinances of Government". The Hausa kingdoms prior to Usman dan Fodio had been run largely through hereditary succession.

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foundation for the forthcoming expansion. The second stage (1809-1815) marked the eastward and southward expansion, reaching the

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De Saint-Louis a Tripoli par le Lac Tchad : voyage au travers du Soudan et du Sahara accompli pendant les années 1890-91-92

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Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 37-38

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was largely populated with the Fulani, the Hausa, and other ethnic groups that had immigrated to the area such as the Tuareg.

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Salau, Mohammed Bashir (2006). "Ribats and the Development of Plantations in the Sokoto Caliphate: A Case Study of Fanisau".

2916: 2889: 2791: 2736: 811:. It was dissolved when the British, French and Germans conquered the area in 1903 and annexed it into the newly established 5141: 4363:

Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 25

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Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 37

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Parts of present-day Niger, particularly the regions bordering Nigeria, were conquered by the Sokoto Caliphate. The town of

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and actively opposed the encroachment and ideology of the caliphate. There were intense debates and correspondence between

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attempted to assassinate Usman dan Fodio in 1802. In order to escape persecution, Usman and his followers migrated towards

8472: 2659:, and it is indeed important to acknowledge the historical context of the state, which is the central fragment of the old 847:). By 1808, the Sokoto Caliphate had gained control over Hausaland and several surrounding states. Under the sixth caliph 8827: 8798: 4960: 4813: 2869: 2550:

Indeed the incorrigible slave would have the worst treatment visited upon them by the state slave prison system. In 1829

2461: 2448: 913:. The Sokoto era produced some of the most renowned writers in West Africa with the three main reformist leaders, Usman, 8786: 8618: 7618: 4730: 2556: 1984: 1943: 807:. By 1837, the Sokoto state had a population of around 10-20 plus million people, becoming the most populous empire in 7262: 6719: 6673: 6333: 6327: 5454: 5201: 4975: 4848: 4591: 4547: 4156: 4089: 3776: 3701: 3659: 3416: 3359: 2985: 1271:

From 1808 until the mid-1830s, the Sokoto state expanded, gradually annexing the plains to the west and key parts of

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Foreign visitors between 1880 and 1890 often saw the position as all-powerful. The Scottish geologist and explorer

1125: 3454:

salau, mohammed bashir salaumohammed bashir (1 January 2011), Akyeampong, Emmanuel K.; Gates, Henry Louis (eds.),

8881: 8244: 7084: 6890: 5494: 1417:. The Sokoto Caliphate also established new trade routes and markets in the region, leading to economic changes. 7406: 3215:

Chafe, Kabiru Sulaiman (1994). "Challenges to the Hegemony of the Sokoto Caliphate: A Preliminary Examination".

2754:"Intellectual Discourse in the Sokoto Caliphate: The Triumvirate's Opinions on the Issue of Ransoming, ca. 1810" 2276:

The military, which was commanded by the Sarkin Yaki (war commander) the title still held by the descendants of

1938:, the British had expanded into Southern Nigeria, and by 1901 had begun to move into the Sokoto Caliphate while 1665: 99: 7149: 6697: 6595: 5329: 4725: 3155:

Maishanu, Hamza Muhammad; Isa Muhammad Maishanu (1999). "The Jihad and the Formation of the Sokoto Caliphate".

1595: 929:. All of these scholars are still being widely studied around West Africa and some as far as the Middle East. 8682: 6507: 6266: 5943: 5307: 5166: 5146: 5095: 4933: 4843: 4823: 4745: 4740: 1992: 1635: 812: 683: 4421:"Intellectual Traditions, Education, and Jihad: The (Non)Parallels between the Sokoto and Boko Haram Jihads" 3270:

Burnham, Peter; Murray Last (1994). "From Pastoralist to Politician: The Problem of a Fulbe "Aristocracy"".

2609:

has vowed to revive the Sokoto Caliphate in order to restore the "lost dignity of Muslims in black Africa".

2206:. He was described as a 'helper' to the Shaikh, the most important of his helpers. The 2nd Grand Vizier was 8677: 8561: 7069: 7046: 6656: 6512: 6502: 6408: 6061: 5228: 5191: 5155: 4970: 4955: 4938: 4911: 4715: 4571: 2620:, promotes an extremist interpretation of Islam and seeks to establish an Islamic state governed by strict 2081:. A serious revolt occurred in 1836 in the city-state of Gobir, which was crushed by Muhammed Bello at the 1098: 1068:

and elsewhere, the forces of dan Fodio began taking over some key cities starting in 1805. The Fulani used

8749: 8687: 7724: 7171: 7036: 6842: 6610: 6403: 5780: 5334: 5258: 5119: 5062: 4833: 4808: 4198:

Stilwell, Sean (2000). "Power, Honour and Shame: The Ideology of Royal Slavery in the Sokoto Caliphate".

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Due to its impact, the Sokoto Caliphate is also revered by Islamists in modern Nigeria. For example, the

1567: 1340: 2709: 8906: 8781: 6921: 6804: 6321: 5740: 5487: 5408: 5072: 4858: 3440: 3383: 2668: 1999:". In June 1903, the British defeated the remaining forces of Attahiru I in an engagement where he was 1405:

and pay tribute to the Sultan. The conquest of the Nupe Kingdom had significant impacts on the region.

8866: 8645: 7793: 7357: 7014: 7001: 6702: 6531: 6227: 5949: 5912: 5339: 5161: 5009: 4997: 4818: 2543:

Slavery remained a large part of the economy, although its operation had changed with the end of the

2538: 2252: 1928: 1398: 1276: 1104: 871: 3518: 1578: 8603: 8578: 8428: 8087: 8082: 7166: 6885: 6709: 6482: 5962: 5016: 4777: 4765: 4720: 2633: 2585: 1996: 1670: 1655: 1640: 20: 8670: 8551: 8092: 8045: 7988: 7687: 7631: 7379: 7024: 5835: 5428: 5373: 5268: 5253: 5181: 5151: 5090: 5052: 4943: 4923: 4906: 4772: 4750: 4564: 4539: 2441: 1645: 859: 5989: 2386: 1537:

territory in West Africa, the Wolof resisted French rule and increasingly turned towards Islam.

8916: 8742: 8692: 8593: 8588: 8276: 8224: 8144: 8077: 7981: 7966: 7859: 7626: 7580: 7421: 7308: 7181: 7110: 7079: 7009: 5933: 5928: 5846: 5615: 5565: 5216: 5047: 5042: 4948: 4452: 4420: 4261:

Journal of a Second Expedition into the Interior of Africa, from the Bight of Benin to Soccatoo

2660: 558: 374: 4476:"Contradictions in Creating a Jihadi Capital: Sokoto in the Nineteenth Century and Its Legacy" 2243:

in 1826 speaks of 'a numerous train of attendants on horseback and on foot'; another explorer

8876: 8623: 8583: 8396: 8271: 7335: 7325: 7284: 7255: 7127: 7105: 5856: 5733: 5363: 5171: 5136: 5057: 4965: 3766: 3691: 3651: 3505: 2285: 1980: 1920: 922: 8511: 1545:

Kingdoms, based on their new rules. The jihads often led to shifts in the social hierarchy.

8716: 8546: 8516: 8391: 8322: 8293: 8212: 7546: 7384: 7374: 6784: 6691: 6636: 5590: 5570: 5525: 5238: 5196: 5105: 5085: 5004: 4928: 4791: 4053:"Transformation of Sokoto Caliphate by Sheik Usman Danfodiyo: A Social Thought Perspective" 4009: 3805: 3467: 2617: 2595: 2544: 2296:

raise "an army of forty thousand men, half of whom were cavalry, to lay siege to Argungu."

1948: 816: 446: 253: 8496: 4312: 3095:"Interview: Why every Nigerian should be proud of the Sokoto Caliphate — Prof Murray Last" 8: 8408: 8288: 8254: 8156: 7976: 7971: 7783: 7502: 7438: 7313: 7298: 7019: 6895: 6789: 6605: 6044: 5841: 5555: 5413: 5393: 5263: 5243: 5131: 4894: 4875: 3056: 2881: 2473: 2406: 2214:. All subsequent 'Grand Vizier of Sokoto' came from his family, with his great-grandson, 2203: 2199: 2109: 2043: 1368: 1143: 1059: 1007: 951: 914: 867: 838: 628: 284: 265: 219: 8124: 8114: 4013: 3677:

Shi'i Cosmopolitanisms in Africa: Lebanese Migration and Religious Conversion in Senegal

1441: 8521: 8501: 8484: 8435: 8300: 8109: 8060: 7993: 7911: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7798: 7768: 7660: 7558: 7426: 7401: 7186: 7100: 7031: 6941: 6877: 6685: 6661: 6338: 6316: 6276: 6118: 6021: 5972: 5938: 5829: 5447: 5423: 5355: 5273: 5248: 5100: 5030: 4918: 4760: 4665: 4599: 4511: 4503: 4456: 4448: 4299: 4259: 4215: 4176: 4114: 4052: 4033: 3976: 3613: 3434: 3377: 3314: 3076: 3037: 2765: 2434: 2353: 2092:

community throughout the region proved crucial in the administration of the state. The

2082: 1824: 1446: 1113: 905:'s teachings has left a lasting impact on the region's history, including contemporary 711: 6184: 3915: 3533: 1038: 19:

This article is about the 19th century state. For the Nigerian traditional state, see

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Brenner, Louis. "The Shehus of Kukawa: A history of the al-Kanemi dynasty of Bornu".

3605: 3539: 3471: 3422: 3412: 3365: 3355: 3080: 3041: 2981: 2935: 2912: 2885: 2787: 2732: 2672: 2629: 2396: 2391: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2194:

of a wazir is that he should truly be benevolent and kind-hearted towards the people.

2182: 2054: 2012: 1935: 1523: 1499: 1478: 1394: 1344: 1069: 1065: 488: 4436: 1473:

in 1846. The Sokoto Caliphate did not directly overthrow the dynasty that ruled the

8808: 8803: 8266: 8261: 8217: 8204: 8134: 8102: 8097: 7961: 7956: 7938: 7899: 7832: 7815: 7756: 7746: 7741: 7682: 7638: 7608: 7568: 7551: 7534: 7497: 7248: 7191: 7176: 6926: 6631: 6353: 6291: 6281: 6271: 6256: 5907: 5879: 5767: 5710: 5645: 5560: 5463: 5403: 5398: 5378: 5293: 5288: 5176: 4735: 4630: 4487: 4432: 4386: 4207: 4017: 3768:

The diplomacy of partition: Britain, France, and the creation of Nigeria, 1890-1898

3693:

The diplomacy of partition: Britain, France, and the creation of Nigeria, 1890-1898

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The last major expansion of the Fulani jihadists was their part in the fall of the

1458: 1348: 1317: 890: 530: 2576:

became the language of administration and main medium of poetry in the caliphate.

2218:, continuing the tradition of being the 'helper' to a Head of State by serving as 8871: 8697: 8665: 8538: 8506: 8489: 8445: 8440: 8418: 8413: 8371: 8364: 8339: 8199: 8194: 8035: 7916: 7810: 7805: 7773: 7598: 7588: 7482: 7475: 7470: 7455: 7411: 7293: 7279: 7117: 6814: 6759: 6559: 6245: 6205: 6094: 6050: 5824: 5715: 5670: 5665: 5383: 4980: 4803: 4655: 4625: 4529: 3411:. H. Bobboyi, Mahmood Yakubu (1st ed.). Kaduna, Nigeria: Arewa House. 2006. 2906: 2726: 2684: 2645: 2625: 2551: 2465: 2289: 2240: 2074: 1972: 1924: 1844: 1784: 1470: 1299: 1279:

ruling from the city of Sokoto (and for a brief period under Muhammad Bello from

1224: 1212: 1160: 1155: 1024: 902: 776: 753: 502: 240: 72: 8119: 2786:

8th edition. Volume C - From 1775 to the Present. 2009 by Bedford/St. Martin's.

2612:

The influence of the Sokoto Caliphate can also be seen in extremist groups like

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Lovejoy, Paul E. (1978). "Plantations in the Economy of the Sokoto Caliphate".

2676: 2573: 2572:

The Fulani ruling class engaged in marriage alliances with Hausa families. The

2477: 2469: 2211: 2070: 2047: 2039: 1975:

towards to Burmi, a military station on the far-eastern border of the Empire.

1968: 1600: 1495: 1430: 1246: 1202: 1182: 1148: 1086: 958: 926: 918: 855: 827: 784: 697: 180: 50: 4390: 4211: 3354:. Nehemia Levtzion, Randall Lee Pouwels. Athens: Ohio University Press. 2000. 3033: 2481: 2233: 8860: 8842: 8829: 8765: 8721: 8608: 8403: 8376: 8349: 8327: 8305: 8072: 8055: 8040: 7884: 7837: 7825: 7751: 7643: 7517: 7512: 7487: 7369: 7132: 6959: 6809: 6348: 6311: 6286: 6123: 5625: 5530: 4697: 4660: 4499: 4444: 4282:

Plantation Slavery in the Sokoto Caliphate A Historical and Comparative Study

4235:

Plantation Slavery in the Sokoto Caliphate A Historical and Comparative Study

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ideology and is connected and influenced by global Salafi jihadist networks.

2637: 2522:

the community. This system helped Sokoto maintain a large scholar community.

2301: 2293: 1956: 1874: 1854: 1829: 1698: 1450: 1414: 1236: 1192: 1109: 967: 670: 614: 586: 348: 185: 8149: 8129: 4099: 3369: 8613: 8354: 8344: 8310: 8239: 8234: 8161: 7951: 7933: 7894: 7889: 7869: 7864: 7736: 7729: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7603: 7541: 7522: 7507: 7443: 7219: 7144: 6794: 6646: 6524: 6240: 6089: 6074: 5788: 5705: 5600: 5580: 5550: 4635: 3122:

Arabic Literature of Africa: The writings of Central Sudanic Africa. Vol. 2

2424: 2215: 2078: 1939: 1864: 1859: 1814: 1809: 1789: 1688: 1620: 1615: 1474: 1410: 1386: 1360: 1309: 1258: 1253: 1219: 1172: 1119: 1082: 943: 848: 796: 544: 147: 119: 3807:

The Fortunes of Africa: A 5000 Year History of Wealth, Greed and Endeavour

3755:"Conquest and Construction: Palace Architecture in Northern Cameroon" p.15 3283: 3192: 942:

The major power in the region in the 17th and 18th centuries had been the

8332: 8317: 8166: 7879: 7788: 7778: 7704: 7352: 7347: 6771: 6261: 6169: 6069: 5956: 5630: 5620: 4868: 4863: 4853: 4838: 3538:. Cambridge, UK ; New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 65. 2939: 2656: 2223: 1849: 1839: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1703: 1390: 1364: 1043: 990: 910: 877:

An estimated 1 to 2.5 million non-Muslim slaves were captured during the

808: 780: 772: 765: 600: 322: 198: 4507: 4491: 4475: 4237:. Rochester, New York: University of Rochester Press. pp. 106–107. 3617: 3593: 3318: 2769: 2753: 2497: 2171: 1923:

visited Sokoto in 1891 and noted that the Caliphate was at war with the

1510: 8359: 8176: 8050: 8010: 7943: 7074: 6156: 6113: 6084: 5575: 4645: 4037: 3997: 3498: 3072: 2621: 2613: 2510: 2020: 1869: 1834: 1819: 1542: 1504: 1482: 1426: 1313: 1272: 1019: 971: 878: 863: 837:

in February 1804. Usman's followers pledged allegiance to Usman as the

788: 335: 1339:

was imposed, affecting local customs and norms, especially concerning

1292:

supporting the growth of plantations which were vital to the economy.

981: 8776: 8249: 8020: 7904: 7874: 7655: 7529: 7320: 6779: 6210: 6152: 6099: 5967: 4702: 4119:(in French). Smithsonian Libraries. Paris : F. Alcan. p. 8. 3310: 2649: 2641: 2321: 2125: 2097: 1605: 1231: 1167: 994: 768: 572: 208: 5479: 4329:

Colonial Reports – Annual No. 409. Northern Nigeria. Report for 1902

4021: 3862:

The Sword of Truth; the Life and times of the Shehu Usuman Dan Fodio

2292:

who visited the caliphate in 1890, claimed that he witnessed Sultan

7650: 7433: 7391: 7330: 7122: 6618: 6476: 6428: 6222: 6128: 6079: 5807: 4556: 4374: 4284:. Rochester, New York: University of Rochester Press. p. 108. 2602: 2313: 2277: 2239:

The position had a 'considerable following'. The Scottish explorer

1325: 792: 1964: 8813: 8734: 7563: 7492: 7448: 7303: 7137: 6733: 6421: 6301: 6179: 6174: 6161: 6145: 6138: 6133: 5865: 4680: 4587: 4379:

Slavery & Abolition a Journal of Slave and Post-Slave Studies

2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2591: 2264: 1708: 1074: 975: 906: 820: 804: 7364: 4060:

International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention

3998:"Notes on a Journey through the Sokoto Empire and Borgu in 1894" 1085:

in 1807, and finally conquered Gobir in 1809. In the same year,

1056:

Usman dan Fodio was elected as the "Commander of the Faithful" (

7396: 7271: 6651: 6625: 6584: 6545: 6462: 6375: 6296: 6198: 6108: 6039: 6034: 5801: 5725: 5685: 5655: 5605: 5520: 4670: 4535: 2606: 2115: 2093: 2016: 1693: 1515: 1402: 1336: 1284: 1090: 1002: 451: 436: 215: 174: 155: 140: 3057:"The legacies of the Sokoto Caliphate in contemporary Nigeria" 2958: 8030: 6900: 6725: 6679: 6667: 6469: 6455: 6414: 6191: 6029: 5886: 5872: 5793: 5756: 5700: 5650: 5610: 5585: 5540: 4675: 4173:"Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History" 3154: 2831:"Usman dan Fodio: Sokoto Caliphate founder – DW – 02/24/2020" 2119: 2038:

The major administrative division was between Sokoto and the

2028: 1952: 1406: 1329: 1321: 1288: 1280: 1078: 1028: 963: 947: 894: 886: 830: 800: 516: 441: 312: 2977:

A History of World Societies, Volume 2: Since 1450, Volume 2

2782:

McKay, Hill, Buckler, Ebrey, Beck, Crowston, Weisner-Hanks.

6566: 6538: 6488: 6435: 6380: 5893: 5535: 4685: 3409:

The Sokoto Caliphate : history and legacies, 1804-2004

2688: 2514: 2269: 2089: 1385:. After the conquest, the Sokoto Caliphate established the 1032: 834: 133: 7240: 4335:. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. 30–31. 1481:, in 1808. They partly succeeded. They burnt the capital, 791:. The boundaries of the caliphate are part of present-day 4149:

A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present

3592:

MAISHANU, HAMZA MUHAMMAD; MAISHANU, ISA MUHAMMAD (1999).

2464:

was a crucial aspect of the Caliphate from its founding.

2189:

justifies the existence of the position in the caliphate:

2185:

version of the position. Shaikh Uthman dan Fodio's book,

3727:. London: Cambridge University Press. 1985. p. 276. 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 1120:

Notable Flag-Bearers of the Caliphate and their Emirates

2758:

The International Journal of African Historical Studies

2046:

ruling in the west with the Gwandu Emirate and his son

2003:; by 1906, armed resistance to British rule had ended. 1488: 1073:

forces of dan Fodio were able to capture the states of

4397: 4200:

Africa: Journal of the International African Institute

1963:

Muslim supporters and officials moved from Hausaland,

3594:"THE JIHĀD AND THE FORMATION OF THE SOKOTO CALIPHATE" 3227: 1389:

in the Nupe Kingdom. The Caliphate appointed a local

2501:

Photo of residents of Kano, Sokoto Caliphate in 1900

1266: 1057: 842: 388:

Proclamation of the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria

1283:). The leader of each emirate was appointed by the 1010:, who brought the Maliki jurisprudence to Nigeria. 3269: 2731:(9th ed.). London: Times Books. p. 265. 2114:The Caliphate and its resulting emirates each had 4375:"Concubinage in the Sokoto caliphate (1804–1903)" 4082:Warfare and diplomacy in pre-colonial West Africa 3764: 3689: 2930: 2928: 854:Developed in the context of multiple independent 8858: 4326:Lugard, Frederick John Dealtry (December 1903). 3591: 2632:'s intellectual thought, according to historian 1987:abolished the Caliphate, but retained the title 1940:simultaneous German efforts occurred in Cameroon 1485:and defeated the main army of the Mai of Borno. 1436: 1093:, which became the capital of the Sokoto state. 3883:. New York: Humanities Press. pp. 146–147. 3833:Fulani Hegemony in Yola (Old Adamawa) 1809-1902 3118: 2557:Frederick John Dealtry Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard 2268:A Sokoto cavalryman carrying a large shield of 4607: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2925: 1991:as a symbolic position in the newly organized 1464: 8887:States and territories disestablished in 1903 8750: 7256: 5741: 5495: 4572: 4075: 4073: 3850:. New York: Humanities Press. pp. 74–75. 2946:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress 2442: 2220:Secretary to the Government of the Federation 1896: 1101:) in size among all modern slave societies. 8713:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 3745:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. 2325: 2124: 1089:, the son of dan Fodio, founded the city of 118:Sokoto Sultanate during the reign of Sultan 64: 4151:. Cambridge University Press. p. 323. 4146: 3736: 3734: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 2994: 2006: 425:2,200,000 km (850,000 sq mi) 39: 8912:States and territories established in 1804 8757: 8743: 7263: 7249: 5748: 5734: 5502: 5488: 4579: 4565: 4257: 4136:. New York: Humanities Press. p. 234. 4070: 3981:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3966: 3956:. New York: Humanities Press. p. 224. 3931: 3913: 3903:. New York: Humanities Press. p. 153. 3725:The Cambridge History of Africa: 1870-1905 3683: 3499:"A History of the Nupe, c. 1068–1810 A.D." 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 2940:"Usman dan Fodio and the Sokoto Caliphate" 2671:, had a history of resistance against the 2624:. While they have occasionally referenced 2449: 2435: 1903: 1889: 1529:Though not strictly a jihadist state, the 1397:, as the emir, who ruled on behalf of the 112: 4531:Boko Haram: Nigeria's Islamist Insurgency 4418: 3810:. New York: Public Affairs. p. 166. 3674: 2974:McKay, John P.; Hill, Bennett D. (2011). 2973: 2751: 2181:The vizierate in Sokoto was based on the 5302: 4197: 4191: 3803: 3731: 3645: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3178: 3167: 3129: 3119:John O. Hunwick, Razaq Abubakre (1995). 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2496: 2263: 2053: 1509: 1440: 1354: 1298: 1103: 1037: 980: 66:دَوْلَةُ الخِلَافَة فَي بِلَاد السُودَان 16:Islamic state in West Africa (1804–1903) 8537: 4527: 4403: 4372: 4113:Monteil, P.-L. (Parfait-Louis) (1895). 4112: 3995: 3576: 3558: 3254: 3248: 3019: 2728:The Times Complete History of the World 2518:nuts, grain, rice, tobacco, and onion. 901:The legacy of the Sokoto Caliphate and 8859: 4325: 4275: 4273: 4271: 3830: 3824: 3740: 3579:A History of African Societies to 1870 3531: 2904: 2847: 2841: 2814: 2535:History of slavery in the Muslim world 2513:, all land in the empire was declared 1420: 1409:became the dominant religion, and the 8738: 7244: 6986: 6754: 6370: 5729: 5509: 5483: 4560: 4414: 4412: 4279: 4232: 4079: 3945: 3943: 3892: 3890: 3872: 3870: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3572: 3570: 3453: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3296: 3290: 3214: 3199: 2797: 2724: 2232:was married to the Shaikh's daughter 2157:and grant me a helper from my family, 2140:وَٱجْعَل لِّى وَزِيرًۭا مِّنْ أَهْلِى 1413:was introduced for writing the local 6755: 6371: 4586: 4473: 4129: 3949: 3896: 3876: 3845: 3496: 3468:10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001 3054: 2934: 2908:Africans: The History of a Continent 2867: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2707: 2131: 2103: 1489:Influence on other Fula Jihad states 1371:, advanced towards the Nupe Kingdom 81:Dawlatu'l-Khilāfah fī Bilād as-Sūdān 8799:Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists 4268: 4264:. London: John Murray. p. 210. 4050: 3864:. New York: Oxford UP, 1973. Print. 3743:Colonialism and Violence in Nigeria 3633:(Oxford Studies in African Affairs) 3630: 2326: 2155:so people may understand my speech, 1401:. The emir was expected to enforce 1363:, historically a powerful state in 757: 65: 13: 8764: 5324:Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria 4409: 4226: 3940: 3921:. London: Frank Cass. p. 177. 3887: 3867: 3792: 3567: 3390: 3325: 2882:10.1093/oso/9780197532768.003.0040 2874:The Oxford World History of Empire 2489:education and were taught Arabic. 1303:A Fulani from the Sokoto Caliphate 14: 8933: 8902:1903 disestablishments in Nigeria 3971:(in German). Berlin. p. 365. 2856: 2655:Boko Haram operates primarily in 1267:Expansion of the Sokoto Caliphate 7225: 7224: 7213: 6734:Schools of islamic jurisprudence 5924:Timeline of the history of Islam 5755: 4175:. Britannica.com. Archived from 4084:(2nd ed.). London: Currey. 2850:Historical Dictionary of Nigeria 2817:Historical Dictionary of Nigeria 2418: 2337: 1995:. This remnant became known as " 1727:Pacification of Northern Nigeria 1577: 1126:Emirates of the Sokoto Caliphate 826:The caliphate emerged after the 730: 716: 702: 688: 663: 649: 635: 621: 607: 593: 579: 565: 551: 537: 523: 509: 495: 481: 98: 8892:Countries in precolonial Africa 7085:List of ex-Muslim organisations 4467: 4453:10.14321/jwestafrihist.4.1.0075 4437:10.14321/jwestafrihist.4.1.0075 4425:Journal of West African History 4366: 4357: 4348: 4339: 4319: 4280:Salau, Mohammed Bashir (2018). 4251: 4233:Salau, Mohammed Bashir (2018). 4165: 4140: 4123: 4106: 4044: 3989: 3960: 3925: 3907: 3854: 3839: 3758: 3749: 3717: 3668: 3639: 3624: 3585: 3552: 3525: 3490: 3460:Dictionary of African Biography 3447: 3112: 3087: 3048: 2905:Iliffe, John (25 August 1995). 2387:Umayyad Caliphate in al-Andalus 2096:brotherhoods, most notably the 1199:Musa ibn Suleiman Ibn Muhammad 1013: 4258:Clapperton, Bain Hugh (1829). 3561:Historical Dictionary of Niger 3559:Idrissa, Abdourahmane (2012). 3352:The History of Islam in Africa 3022:The Journal of African History 2911:. Cambridge University Press. 2898: 2852:. Lanham, Md: Scarecrow Press. 2823: 2819:. Lanham, Md: Scarecrow Press. 2776: 2745: 2718: 2701: 2307: 42:دَوْلَارْ خَلِيفرْ سَݣَُوتُواْ 1: 8897:1804 establishments in Africa 5320:Communal conflicts in Nigeria 5279:Sustainable Development Goals 4080:Smith, Robert Sydney (1989). 2868:Last, Murray (3 March 2021). 2784:A History of World Societies. 2694: 2059: 1993:Northern Nigeria Protectorate 1437:Into other parts of Hausaland 1379: 1372: 1047: 937: 813:Northern Nigeria Protectorate 684:Northern Nigeria Protectorate 7070:Apostasy in Islam by country 6937:Liberalism and progressivism 4419:Lofkrantz, Jennifer (2018). 3497:Sidi, Tiwugi Sheshi (2014). 2752:Lofkrantz, Jennifer (2012). 2725:Overy, Richard, ed. (2015). 985:The Sokoto-Rima river system 758:دولة الخلافة في بلاد السودان 7: 8922:Nigerian traditional states 7270: 5284:Water supply and sanitation 3969:Im Herzen der Haussa Länder 3679:. Indiana University Press. 3675:Leichtman, Mara A. (2015). 3646:Gritzner, Janet H. (2000). 3577:Isichei, Elizabeth (1997). 3462:, Oxford University Press, 3272:Cahiers d'Études Africaines 3181:Cahiers d'Études Africaines 2598:have sought their support. 2259: 2019:, but also the theories of 1465:Into the Kanem-Bornu empire 1099:which had 4 million in 1860 1081:, the important kingdom of 1058: 843: 10: 8938: 6987: 4528:Comolli, Virginia (2015). 4311:value: invalid character ( 3934:Im Herzen der Haussaländer 3831:Njeuma, Martin Z. (2012). 3771:. Springer. p. 37ff. 3765:Claire Hirshfield (1979). 3696:. Springer. p. 37ff. 3690:Claire Hirshfield (1979). 2980:. Macmillan. p. 755. 2583: 2567: 2532: 2528: 2492: 2311: 2208:Waziri Gidado bin Abu Bakr 2163:and let him share my task 2161:Strengthen me through him, 2107: 1548: 1123: 1017: 932: 18: 8772: 8706: 8658: 8175: 7579: 7278: 7208: 7093: 7060: 7000: 6996: 6982: 6909: 6876: 6848:Geography and cartography 6823: 6770: 6766: 6750: 6576: 6498: 6445: 6394: 6390: 6366: 6236: 6060: 6020: 5903: 5855: 5779: 5775: 5764: 5517: 5441: 5354: 5224:Female genital mutilation 5127: 5118: 5038: 5029: 4934:Federal Executive Council 4902: 4893: 4799: 4790: 4711: 4598: 4391:10.1080/01440399008575005 4373:Lovejoy, Paul E. (1990). 4212:10.3366/afr.2000.70.3.394 3996:Wallace, William (1896). 3967:Staudinger, Paul (1889). 3932:Staudinger, Paul (1889). 3914:Clapperton, Hugh (1966). 3804:Meredith, Martin (2014). 3034:10.1017/s0021853700016200 2579: 2539:Trans-Saharan slave trade 2327: 2146:وَأَشْرِكْهُ فِىٓ أَمْرِى 2137: 1929:Abderrahman dan Abi Bakar 1514:View of the outskirts of 1447:Sultan Abdur Rahman Atiku 839:Commander of the Faithful 460: 429: 419: 414: 410: 397: 384: 371: 358: 345: 332: 328: 318: 308: 304: 291: 278: 274: 264: 260: 247: 234: 230: 214: 204: 194: 167: 126: 111: 95: 90: 41: 40: 30: 7167:Islamic view of miracles 4976:House of Representatives 4907:Administrative divisions 4002:The Geographical Journal 3299:African Economic History 2944:Nigeria: A Country Study 2586:Sokoto Sultanate Council 2474:Emir Abdullahi dan Fodio 2222:under the government of 2135: 2007:Administrative structure 1997:Sokoto Sultanate Council 59:Daular Khalifar Sakkwato 21:Sokoto Sultanate Council 8782:Imamah (Shi'a doctrine) 6922:Creationism (evolution) 4540:Oxford University Press 2616:. Boko Haram, based in 1934:However, following the 989:The region between the 8882:19th century in Africa 7182:Persecution of Muslims 7080:List of former Muslims 5929:Succession to Muhammad 5217:Oodua Peoples Congress 4480:African Studies Review 4051:Sheriff, Vaffi Foday. 3741:Falola, Toyin (2009). 3532:Falola, Toyin (2008). 3513:Cite journal requires 3439:: CS1 maint: others ( 3382:: CS1 maint: others ( 3099:www.premiumtimesng.com 2876:. pp. 1082–1110. 2870:"The Sokoto Caliphate" 2848:Falola, Toyin (2009). 2815:Falola, Toyin (2009). 2502: 2466:Sultan Usman dan Fodio 2273: 2200:Grand Vizier of Sokoto 2196: 2153: 2144:ٱشْدُدْ بِهِۦٓ أَزْرِى 2129: 2065: 1519: 1454: 1304: 1209:Ibrahim Zakiyul Kalbi 1168:Suleiman dan Abu Hamma 1116: 1053: 986: 889:in other parts of the 559:Sultanate of Damagaram 401:Second Battle of Burmi 375:Revolt of Abd al-Salam 144:(1804–1850, 1851–1902) 8683:Medieval great powers 6966:Conversion to mosques 6833:Alchemy and chemistry 5335:Niger Delta conflicts 4881:Wildlife conservation 4756:Military dictatorship 4474:Last, Murray (2013). 4393:– via ACADEMIA. 4291:13: 978-1-58046-938-8 4130:Last, Murray (1967). 3950:Last, Murray (1967). 3897:Last, Murray (1967). 3877:Last, Murray (1967). 3846:Last, Murray (1967). 3652:Ohio University Press 3284:10.3406/cea.1994.2055 3193:10.3406/cea.1986.2167 3055:Buba, Malami (2018). 2596:Presidents of Nigeria 2500: 2478:Sultan Abu Bakr Atiku 2470:Sultan Muhammed Bello 2286:Parfait-Louis Monteil 2267: 2234:Nana Asma'u dan Fodio 2212:Sultan Muhammad Bello 2191: 2187:Bayan wujab al-hijra, 2128: 2057: 1981:Muhammadu Attahiru II 1921:Parfait-Louis Monteil 1606:Kwararafa Confederacy 1513: 1479:Mai Dunama IX Lefiami 1444: 1355:Into the Nupe Kingdom 1302: 1107: 1041: 984: 760:), also known as the 168:Common languages 8843:13.06722°N 5.24778°E 8693:European colonialism 8678:Ancient great powers 6692:Ma malakat aymanukum 6267:Association football 6166:Moderate Kharijites 4829:Environmental issues 4147:Baten, Jörg (2016). 4133:The Sokoto Caliphate 3953:The Sokoto Caliphate 3900:The Sokoto Caliphate 3880:The Sokoto Caliphate 3848:The Sokoto Caliphate 3535:A History of Nigeria 2714:. Humanities Press. 2711:The Sokoto Caliphate 2618:northeastern Nigeria 2552:Bain Hugh Clapperton 2545:Atlantic slave trade 1949:Muhammadu Attahiru I 1449:taking a leave from 1110:Sultan Umaru bin Ali 817:Senegambia and Niger 783:after defeating the 775:. It was founded by 726:Sultanate of Maiurno 657:Sultanate of Zamfara 503:Sultanate of Katsina 447:Maria Theresa thaler 298:Muhammadu al-Bukhari 8839: / 8688:Modern great powers 5330:Islamist insurgency 4492:10.1017/asr.2013.38 4179:on 30 December 2007 4014:1896GeogJ...8..211W 2594:society". Even the 2462:Islamic scholarship 2407:Sharifian Caliphate 2381:Parallel caliphates 2224:General Sani Abacha 2204:Abdullahi dan Fodio 2138:يَفْقَهُوا۟ قَوْلِى 2110:Sokoto Grand Vizier 2044:Abdullahi dan Fodio 2035:in the Fulani War. 2015:during his time in 1983:as the new Caliph. 1636:Protectorate Period 1421:Into the Oyo Empire 1369:Abdullahi dan Fodio 1144:Abdullahi dan Fodio 1131: 1044:Fulani jihad states 1008:Muhammad al-Maghili 952:Trans-Saharan trade 779:in 1804 during the 762:Sultanate of Sokoto 629:Sultanate of Agadez 531:Sultanate of Zazzau 285:Abdullahi dan Fodio 7187:Quran and miracles 7101:Criticism of Islam 6805:Geometric patterns 6657:Gender segregation 6228:Non-denominational 5626:Mahdiyya caliphate 5167:Child sexual abuse 5147:Capital punishment 5096:Telecommunications 3835:. Cameroon: Langa. 3073:10.1111/hic3.12482 2936:Metz, Helen Chapin 2661:Kanem-Bornu empire 2503: 2354:Rashidun Caliphate 2274: 2159:Aaron, my brother. 2130: 2083:Battle of Gawakuke 2066: 2058:Sokoto Caliphate, 1942:. British General 1520: 1455: 1305: 1130: 1117: 1054: 987: 950:and access to the 712:French West Africa 671:Sultanate of Yauri 517:Sultanate of Gobir 254:Muhammadu Attahiru 8907:Sahelian kingdoms 8848:13.06722; 5.24778 8822: 8821: 8732: 8731: 8654: 8653: 8619:Polish–Lithuanian 7794:Gurjara-Pratihara 7238: 7237: 7204: 7203: 7200: 7199: 7172:Domestic violence 7162:Islamic terrorism 7157:Islamic extremism 6978: 6977: 6974: 6973: 6746: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6532:Marriage contract 6362: 6361: 6322:Political aspects 6051:Story of Prophets 5820:Prophets of Islam 5723: 5722: 5511:Sahelian kingdoms 5477: 5476: 5437: 5436: 5389:List of Nigerians 5350: 5349: 5229:Gender inequality 5192:Domestic violence 5156:Girl child labour 5114: 5113: 5025: 5024: 4988:Political parties 4971:National Assembly 4956:Human trafficking 4939:Foreign relations 4889: 4888: 4786: 4785: 4244:978-1-58046-938-8 3817:978-1-61039-459-8 3545:978-0-521-86294-3 3477:978-0-19-538207-5 2918:978-0-521-48422-0 2891:978-0-19-753276-8 2792:978-0-312-68298-9 2738:978-0-00-795956-3 2708:Last, M. (2021). 2683:and later led by 2459: 2458: 2397:Almohad Caliphate 2392:Fatimid Caliphate 2369:Ottoman Caliphate 2364:Abbasid Caliphate 2359:Umayyad Caliphate 2183:Abbasid Caliphate 2179: 2178: 2104:Viziers of Sokoto 1936:Berlin Conference 1913: 1912: 1524:Toucouleur Empire 1500:Toucouleur Empire 1264: 1263: 1070:guerrilla warfare 1066:Battle of Tsuntua 746: 745: 742: 741: 738: 737: 676: 675: 489:Sultanate of Kano 293:• 1886–1903 280:• 1804–1817 249:• 1902–1903 236:• 1804–1817 8929: 8867:Sokoto Caliphate 8854: 8853: 8851: 8850: 8849: 8844: 8840: 8837: 8836: 8835: 8832: 8809:Islamic monarchy 8804:Islamic republic 8759: 8752: 8745: 8736: 8735: 8535: 8534: 8200:Austro-Hungarian 7900:Chagatai Khanate 7265: 7258: 7251: 7242: 7241: 7228: 7227: 7220:Islam portal 7218: 7217: 7216: 6998: 6997: 6990: 6984: 6983: 6825:Medieval science 6768: 6767: 6758: 6752: 6751: 6409:Economic history 6392: 6391: 6368: 6367: 6354:Islam by country 6139:Bektashi Alevism 5777: 5776: 5768:Outline of Islam 5750: 5743: 5736: 5727: 5726: 5504: 5497: 5490: 5481: 5480: 5457: 5450: 5300: 5299: 5125: 5124: 5081: 5063:Economic history 5036: 5035: 4900: 4899: 4797: 4796: 4746:Southern Nigeria 4741:Northern Nigeria 4736:Colonial Nigeria 4605: 4604: 4581: 4574: 4567: 4558: 4557: 4553: 4520: 4519: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4416: 4407: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4370: 4364: 4361: 4355: 4352: 4346: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4323: 4317: 4316: 4310: 4305: 4303: 4295: 4277: 4266: 4265: 4255: 4249: 4248: 4230: 4224: 4223: 4195: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4169: 4163: 4162: 4144: 4138: 4137: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4110: 4104: 4103: 4077: 4068: 4067: 4057: 4048: 4042: 4041: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3980: 3972: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3947: 3938: 3937: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3911: 3905: 3904: 3894: 3885: 3884: 3874: 3865: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3801: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3762: 3756: 3753: 3747: 3746: 3738: 3729: 3728: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3574: 3565: 3564: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3529: 3523: 3522: 3516: 3511: 3509: 3501: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3438: 3430: 3405: 3388: 3387: 3381: 3373: 3348: 3323: 3322: 3311:10.2307/25427025 3294: 3288: 3287: 3278:(133): 313–357. 3267: 3252: 3246: 3225: 3224: 3212: 3197: 3196: 3176: 3165: 3164: 3152: 3127: 3126: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3017: 2992: 2991: 2971: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2932: 2923: 2922: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2865: 2854: 2853: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2812: 2795: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2705: 2669:Shaikh al-Kanemi 2667:. Bornu, led by 2630:The Sokoto Jihad 2451: 2444: 2437: 2425:Islam portal 2423: 2422: 2421: 2402:Sokoto Caliphate 2341: 2332: 2331: 2329: 2318: 2317: 2147: 2132: 2064: 2061: 2001:killed in action 1944:Frederick Lugard 1919:French explorer 1905: 1898: 1891: 1581: 1571: 1570:Northern Nigeria 1553: 1552: 1531:Wassoulou Empire 1399:Sultan of Sokoto 1384: 1381: 1377: 1374: 1349:criminal justice 1318:northern Nigeria 1277:Sultan of Sokoto 1225:Adamawa Lamidate 1179:Yaqubu dan Dadi 1132: 1129: 1063: 1060:Amir al-Mu'minin 1052: 1049: 1046:of West Africa, 957:The fall of the 891:Sudanian Savanna 872:Sultan of Sokoto 868:Amir al-Mu'minin 846: 844:Amīr al-Muʾminīn 759: 750:Sokoto Caliphate 734: 733: 720: 719: 706: 705: 692: 691: 680: 679: 667: 666: 653: 652: 643:Tuareg Oligarchy 639: 638: 625: 624: 611: 610: 597: 596: 583: 582: 569: 568: 555: 554: 541: 540: 527: 526: 513: 512: 499: 498: 485: 484: 478: 477: 462: 461: 362:Fall of Alkalawa 341:21 February 1804 116: 102: 82: 77: 76: 68: 67: 60: 55: 54: 46: 45: 43: 32:Sokoto Caliphate 28: 27: 8937: 8936: 8932: 8931: 8930: 8928: 8927: 8926: 8857: 8856: 8847: 8845: 8841: 8838: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8826: 8825: 8823: 8818: 8814:Islamic emirate 8768: 8763: 8733: 8728: 8717:American Empire 8702: 8698:African empires 8650: 8533: 8225:Central African 8171: 7989:Romano-Germanic 7575: 7309:Middle Assyrian 7282: 7274: 7269: 7239: 7234: 7214: 7212: 7196: 7118:Cultural Muslim 7089: 7056: 7002:Other religions 6992: 6988: 6970: 6905: 6872: 6819: 6762: 6760:Islamic studies 6756: 6738: 6572: 6517: 6494: 6441: 6386: 6385: 6358: 6307:Moral teachings 6250: 6232: 6206:Nation of Islam 6119:Twelver Shi'ism 6056: 6022:Religious texts 6016: 5934:Early conquests 5917: 5899: 5851: 5771: 5760: 5754: 5724: 5719: 5513: 5508: 5478: 5473: 5460: 5453: 5446: 5433: 5409:Public holidays 5346: 5313: 5312: 5298: 5110: 5079: 5021: 4961:Law enforcement 4885: 4804:Adamawa Plateau 4782: 4778:Fourth Republic 4766:Second Republic 4707: 4619: 4618: 4594: 4585: 4550: 4524: 4523: 4472: 4468: 4417: 4410: 4402: 4398: 4371: 4367: 4362: 4358: 4353: 4349: 4344: 4340: 4332: 4324: 4320: 4308: 4306: 4297: 4296: 4292: 4278: 4269: 4256: 4252: 4245: 4231: 4227: 4196: 4192: 4182: 4180: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4159: 4145: 4141: 4128: 4124: 4111: 4107: 4092: 4078: 4071: 4055: 4049: 4045: 4022:10.2307/1774182 3994: 3990: 3974: 3973: 3965: 3961: 3948: 3941: 3930: 3926: 3912: 3908: 3895: 3888: 3875: 3868: 3859: 3855: 3844: 3840: 3829: 3825: 3818: 3802: 3793: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3763: 3759: 3754: 3750: 3739: 3732: 3723: 3722: 3718: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3688: 3684: 3673: 3669: 3662: 3644: 3640: 3629: 3625: 3598:Islamic Studies 3590: 3586: 3575: 3568: 3557: 3553: 3546: 3530: 3526: 3514: 3512: 3503: 3502: 3495: 3491: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3452: 3448: 3432: 3431: 3419: 3407: 3406: 3391: 3375: 3374: 3362: 3350: 3349: 3326: 3295: 3291: 3268: 3255: 3247: 3228: 3213: 3200: 3187:(101): 75–111. 3177: 3168: 3157:Islamic Studies 3153: 3130: 3117: 3113: 3103: 3101: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3061:History Compass 3053: 3049: 3018: 2995: 2988: 2972: 2959: 2949: 2947: 2933: 2926: 2919: 2903: 2899: 2892: 2866: 2857: 2846: 2842: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2813: 2798: 2781: 2777: 2750: 2746: 2739: 2723: 2719: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2626:Usman dan Fodio 2605:militant group 2588: 2582: 2570: 2541: 2531: 2495: 2455: 2419: 2417: 2412: 2411: 2382: 2374: 2373: 2349: 2348:Main caliphates 2324: 2316: 2310: 2302:Fulani language 2290:french explorer 2262: 2245:Paul Staudinger 2241:Hugh Clapperton 2165: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2150: 2145: 2143: 2142:هَـٰرُونَ أَخِى 2141: 2139: 2112: 2106: 2075:Adamawa Emirate 2062: 2009: 1985:Fredrick Lugard 1925:Emir of Argungu 1909: 1880: 1879: 1780: 1772: 1771: 1722: 1714: 1713: 1684: 1676: 1675: 1631:Colonial Period 1591: 1569: 1562: 1551: 1491: 1471:Sayfawa dynasty 1467: 1439: 1423: 1382: 1375: 1365:Central Nigeria 1357: 1341:property rights 1269: 1213:Katagum Emirate 1161:Katsina Emirate 1128: 1122: 1050: 1025:Usman dan Fodio 1022: 1016: 940: 935: 923:Shaikh Dan Tafa 903:Usman dan Fodio 777:Usman dan Fodio 731: 717: 703: 689: 664: 650: 636: 622: 608: 594: 587:Kebbi Sultanate 580: 566: 552: 538: 524: 510: 496: 482: 456: 422: 403: 390: 377: 364: 351: 338: 294: 281: 250: 241:Usman dan Fodio 237: 221: 190: 163: 159: 150: 143: 136: 122: 107: 104: 103: 86: 85: 80: 70: 63: 58: 48: 38: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8935: 8925: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8820: 8819: 8817: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8795: 8794: 8789: 8779: 8773: 8770: 8769: 8766:Islamic states 8762: 8761: 8754: 8747: 8739: 8730: 8729: 8727: 8726: 8725: 8724: 8719: 8710: 8708: 8704: 8703: 8701: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8674: 8673: 8662: 8660: 8656: 8655: 8652: 8651: 8649: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8627: 8626: 8616: 8611: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8570: 8569: 8564: 8554: 8549: 8543: 8541: 8532: 8531: 8530: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8499: 8494: 8493: 8492: 8482: 8477: 8476: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8455: 8450: 8449: 8448: 8443: 8433: 8432: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8411: 8401: 8400: 8399: 8394: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8368: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8337: 8336: 8335: 8330: 8320: 8315: 8314: 8313: 8308: 8298: 8297: 8296: 8291: 8281: 8280: 8279: 8274: 8264: 8259: 8258: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8227: 8222: 8221: 8220: 8215: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8181: 8179: 8173: 8172: 8170: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8153: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8112: 8107: 8106: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8070: 8069: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 8002: 8001: 7996: 7986: 7985: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7930: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7909: 7908: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7856: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7830: 7829: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7803: 7802: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7760: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7739: 7734: 7733: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7697: 7696: 7695: 7690: 7680: 7679: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7653: 7648: 7647: 7646: 7636: 7635: 7634: 7629: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7585: 7583: 7581:Post-classical 7577: 7576: 7574: 7573: 7572: 7571: 7561: 7556: 7555: 7554: 7549: 7539: 7538: 7537: 7527: 7526: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7479: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7453: 7452: 7451: 7446: 7436: 7431: 7430: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7399: 7394: 7389: 7388: 7387: 7382: 7380:Middle Kingdom 7377: 7367: 7362: 7361: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7340: 7339: 7338: 7336:Neo-Babylonian 7333: 7328: 7326:Old Babylonian 7318: 7317: 7316: 7311: 7301: 7296: 7290: 7288: 7276: 7275: 7268: 7267: 7260: 7253: 7245: 7236: 7235: 7233: 7232: 7222: 7209: 7206: 7205: 7202: 7201: 7198: 7197: 7195: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7153: 7152: 7142: 7141: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7120: 7115: 7114: 7113: 7108: 7097: 7095: 7094:Related topics 7091: 7090: 7088: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7066: 7064: 7058: 7057: 7055: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7028: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7006: 7004: 6994: 6993: 6980: 6979: 6976: 6975: 6972: 6971: 6969: 6968: 6963: 6956: 6951: 6950: 6949: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6913: 6911: 6907: 6906: 6904: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6882: 6880: 6874: 6873: 6871: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6829: 6827: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6776: 6774: 6764: 6763: 6748: 6747: 6744: 6743: 6740: 6739: 6737: 6736: 6731: 6730: 6729: 6717: 6715:Sources of law 6712: 6707: 6706: 6705: 6695: 6688: 6683: 6676: 6671: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6622: 6615: 6614: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6593: 6588: 6580: 6578: 6574: 6573: 6571: 6570: 6563: 6556: 6549: 6542: 6535: 6528: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6499: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6492: 6485: 6480: 6473: 6466: 6459: 6451: 6449: 6443: 6442: 6440: 6439: 6432: 6425: 6418: 6411: 6406: 6400: 6398: 6388: 6387: 6384: 6383: 6378: 6372: 6364: 6363: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6339:Social welfare 6336: 6331: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6253: 6251: 6249: 6248: 6243: 6237: 6234: 6233: 6231: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6219: 6218: 6208: 6203: 6202: 6201: 6196: 6195: 6194: 6189: 6188: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6164: 6150: 6149: 6148: 6143: 6142: 6141: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6111: 6106: 6105: 6104: 6103: 6102: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6066: 6064: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6054: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6026: 6024: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6014: 6013: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5965: 5960: 5953: 5946: 5944:Historiography 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5915: 5910: 5904: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5897: 5890: 5883: 5876: 5869: 5861: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5816: 5815: 5805: 5798: 5797: 5796: 5785: 5783: 5773: 5772: 5765: 5762: 5761: 5753: 5752: 5745: 5738: 5730: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5641:Mossi kingdoms 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5596:Hausa kingdoms 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5515: 5514: 5507: 5506: 5499: 5492: 5484: 5475: 5474: 5472: 5471: 5466: 5459: 5458: 5451: 5443: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5360: 5358: 5352: 5351: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5344: 5343: 5342: 5332: 5327: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5304: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5162:Child marriage 5159: 5149: 5144: 5142:Baby factories 5139: 5134: 5128: 5122: 5116: 5115: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5091:Stock Exchange 5088: 5083: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5039: 5033: 5027: 5026: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5019: 5014: 5013: 5012: 5010:Vice-President 5002: 5001: 5000: 4995: 4985: 4984: 4983: 4978: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4952: 4951: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4915: 4914: 4903: 4897: 4891: 4890: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4872: 4871: 4866: 4856: 4851: 4849:National parks 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4819:Climate change 4816: 4811: 4806: 4800: 4794: 4788: 4787: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4780: 4775: 4773:Third Republic 4770: 4769: 4768: 4763: 4753: 4751:First Republic 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4712: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4689: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4651:Hausa kingdoms 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4616: 4613: 4609: 4608: 4602: 4596: 4595: 4584: 4583: 4576: 4569: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4548: 4522: 4521: 4466: 4408: 4406:, p. 103. 4404:Comolli (2015) 4396: 4385:(2): 159–189. 4365: 4356: 4347: 4338: 4318: 4290: 4267: 4250: 4243: 4225: 4206:(3): 394–421. 4190: 4164: 4157: 4139: 4122: 4105: 4090: 4069: 4043: 4008:(3): 211–219. 3988: 3959: 3939: 3936:. p. 365. 3924: 3906: 3886: 3866: 3853: 3838: 3823: 3816: 3791: 3777: 3757: 3748: 3730: 3716: 3702: 3682: 3667: 3660: 3638: 3623: 3604:(1): 119–131. 3584: 3566: 3551: 3544: 3524: 3515:|journal= 3489: 3476: 3456:"Mallam Dendo" 3446: 3417: 3389: 3360: 3324: 3289: 3253: 3249:Comolli (2015) 3226: 3198: 3166: 3128: 3125:. p. 220. 3111: 3086: 3047: 3028:(3): 341–368. 2993: 2986: 2957: 2938:, ed. (1991). 2924: 2917: 2897: 2890: 2855: 2840: 2822: 2796: 2775: 2764:(3): 385–401. 2744: 2737: 2717: 2699: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2681:Muhammad Yusuf 2584:Main article: 2581: 2578: 2574:Hausa language 2569: 2566: 2530: 2527: 2494: 2491: 2457: 2456: 2454: 2453: 2446: 2439: 2431: 2428: 2427: 2414: 2413: 2410: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2376: 2375: 2372: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2350: 2347: 2346: 2343: 2342: 2334: 2333: 2309: 2306: 2261: 2258: 2253:Joseph Thomson 2210:who was under 2177: 2176: 2174: 2167: 2166: 2151: 2108:Main article: 2105: 2102: 2071:Muhammed Bello 2048:Muhammed Bello 2040:Gwandu Emirate 2008: 2005: 1911: 1910: 1908: 1907: 1900: 1893: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1878: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1770: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1752:Historiography 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1716: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1709:Igbirra People 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1685: 1682: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1592: 1587: 1586: 1583: 1582: 1574: 1573: 1564: 1563: 1556: 1550: 1547: 1496:Massina Empire 1490: 1487: 1466: 1463: 1438: 1435: 1422: 1419: 1393:leader, known 1356: 1353: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1256: 1250: 1249: 1247:Ilorin Emirate 1244: 1240: 1239: 1234: 1228: 1227: 1222: 1216: 1215: 1210: 1206: 1205: 1203:Zazzau Emirate 1200: 1196: 1195: 1190: 1186: 1185: 1183:Bauchi Emirate 1180: 1176: 1175: 1170: 1164: 1163: 1158: 1152: 1151: 1149:Gwandu Emirate 1146: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1124:Main article: 1121: 1118: 1087:Muhammed Bello 1018:Main article: 1015: 1012: 959:Songhai Empire 939: 936: 934: 931: 856:Hausa Kingdoms 823:respectively. 785:Hausa Kingdoms 744: 743: 740: 739: 736: 735: 728: 722: 721: 714: 708: 707: 700: 698:German Kamerun 694: 693: 686: 677: 674: 673: 668: 660: 659: 654: 646: 645: 640: 632: 631: 626: 618: 617: 612: 604: 603: 598: 590: 589: 584: 576: 575: 573:Jukun Kingdoms 570: 562: 561: 556: 548: 547: 542: 534: 533: 528: 520: 519: 514: 506: 505: 500: 492: 491: 486: 474: 473: 468: 458: 457: 455: 454: 449: 444: 439: 433: 431: 427: 426: 423: 420: 417: 416: 412: 411: 408: 407: 404: 398: 395: 394: 393:1 January 1897 391: 385: 382: 381: 380:September 1817 378: 372: 369: 368: 367:3 October 1808 365: 359: 356: 355: 352: 346: 343: 342: 339: 333: 330: 329: 326: 325: 320: 319:Historical era 316: 315: 310: 306: 305: 302: 301: 295: 292: 289: 288: 282: 279: 276: 275: 272: 271: 268: 262: 261: 258: 257: 251: 248: 245: 244: 238: 235: 232: 231: 228: 227: 224: 212: 211: 206: 202: 201: 196: 192: 191: 189: 188: 183: 178: 171: 169: 165: 164: 162: 161: 152: 145: 138: 130: 128: 124: 123: 117: 109: 108: 105: 97: 96: 93: 92: 88: 87: 84: 83: 78: 61: 56: 35: 34: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8934: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8917:Hausa history 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8864: 8862: 8855: 8852: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8784: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8774: 8771: 8767: 8760: 8755: 8753: 8748: 8746: 8741: 8740: 8737: 8723: 8722:Soviet empire 8720: 8718: 8715: 8714: 8712: 8711: 8709: 8707:Miscellaneous 8705: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8672: 8669: 8668: 8667: 8664: 8663: 8661: 8657: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8625: 8622: 8621: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8559: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8544: 8542: 8540: 8536: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8504: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8491: 8488: 8487: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8460: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8438: 8437: 8434: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8406: 8405: 8402: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8389: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8342: 8341: 8338: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8325: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8306:German Empire 8304: 8303: 8302: 8299: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8286: 8285: 8282: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8269: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8232: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8210: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8182: 8180: 8178: 8174: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8117: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8075: 8074: 8071: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8048: 8047: 8046:Turco-Persian 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7991: 7990: 7987: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7954: 7953: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7914: 7913: 7910: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7887: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7835: 7834: 7831: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7808: 7807: 7804: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7786: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7744: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7702: 7701: 7698: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7685: 7684: 7681: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7658: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7645: 7642: 7641: 7640: 7637: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7624: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7586: 7584: 7582: 7578: 7570: 7567: 7566: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7544: 7543: 7540: 7536: 7533: 7532: 7531: 7528: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7495: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7458: 7457: 7454: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7441: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7404: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7372: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7345: 7344: 7341: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7323: 7322: 7319: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7306: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7281: 7277: 7273: 7266: 7261: 7259: 7254: 7252: 7247: 7246: 7243: 7231: 7223: 7221: 7211: 7210: 7207: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7151: 7148: 7147: 7146: 7143: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7133:Post-Islamism 7131: 7129: 7126: 7125: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7103: 7102: 7099: 7098: 7096: 7092: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7067: 7065: 7063: 7059: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7026: 7025:Protestantism 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7012: 7011: 7008: 7007: 7005: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6985: 6981: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6961: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6948: 6945: 6944: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6914: 6912: 6908: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6875: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6863:Ophthalmology 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6826: 6822: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6753: 6749: 6735: 6732: 6728: 6727: 6723: 6722: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6704: 6701: 6700: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6693: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6681: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6669: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6627: 6623: 6621: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6611:Death penalty 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6598: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6586: 6582: 6581: 6579: 6577:Other aspects 6575: 6569: 6568: 6564: 6562: 6561: 6557: 6555: 6554: 6550: 6548: 6547: 6543: 6541: 6540: 6536: 6534: 6533: 6529: 6527: 6526: 6522: 6521: 6519: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6500: 6497: 6491: 6490: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6478: 6474: 6472: 6471: 6467: 6465: 6464: 6460: 6458: 6457: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6444: 6438: 6437: 6433: 6431: 6430: 6426: 6424: 6423: 6419: 6417: 6416: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6382: 6381:Jurisprudence 6379: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6329: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6254: 6252: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6235: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6217: 6214: 6213: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6200: 6197: 6193: 6190: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6172: 6171: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6159: 6158: 6154: 6151: 6147: 6144: 6140: 6137: 6136: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6116: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6071: 6068: 6067: 6065: 6063: 6062:Denominations 6059: 6053: 6052: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6019: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5975: 5971: 5970: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5958: 5954: 5952: 5951: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5905: 5902: 5896: 5895: 5891: 5889: 5888: 5884: 5882: 5881: 5877: 5875: 5874: 5870: 5868: 5867: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5854: 5848: 5847:Holiest sites 5845: 5843: 5842:Judgement Day 5840: 5838: 5837: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5814: 5811: 5810: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5792: 5791: 5790: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5769: 5763: 5758: 5751: 5746: 5744: 5739: 5737: 5732: 5731: 5728: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5516: 5512: 5505: 5500: 5498: 5493: 5491: 5486: 5485: 5482: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5456: 5452: 5449: 5445: 5444: 5440: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5419: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5353: 5341: 5340:2016 conflict 5338: 5337: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5325: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5301: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5204: 5203: 5202:Ethnic groups 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5157: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5129: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5117: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5040: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5028: 5018: 5017:Supreme Court 5015: 5011: 5008: 5007: 5006: 5003: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4990: 4989: 4986: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4973: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4950: 4947: 4946: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4913: 4910: 4909: 4908: 4905: 4904: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4892: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4861: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4801: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4789: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4758: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4721:Early history 4719: 4717: 4714: 4713: 4710: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4653: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4614: 4611: 4610: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4582: 4577: 4575: 4570: 4568: 4563: 4562: 4559: 4551: 4549:9781849044912 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4470: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4415: 4413: 4405: 4400: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4369: 4360: 4351: 4342: 4331: 4330: 4322: 4314: 4301: 4293: 4287: 4283: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4263: 4262: 4254: 4246: 4240: 4236: 4229: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4194: 4178: 4174: 4168: 4160: 4158:9781107507180 4154: 4150: 4143: 4135: 4134: 4126: 4118: 4117: 4109: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4091:0-85255-027-8 4087: 4083: 4076: 4074: 4065: 4061: 4054: 4047: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3992: 3984: 3978: 3970: 3963: 3955: 3954: 3946: 3944: 3935: 3928: 3920: 3919: 3910: 3902: 3901: 3893: 3891: 3882: 3881: 3873: 3871: 3863: 3857: 3849: 3842: 3834: 3827: 3819: 3813: 3809: 3808: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3780: 3778:90-247-2099-0 3774: 3770: 3769: 3761: 3752: 3744: 3737: 3735: 3726: 3720: 3705: 3703:90-247-2099-0 3699: 3695: 3694: 3686: 3678: 3671: 3663: 3661:9781438105390 3657: 3653: 3649: 3642: 3634: 3627: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3588: 3580: 3573: 3571: 3562: 3555: 3547: 3541: 3537: 3536: 3528: 3520: 3507: 3500: 3493: 3479: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3450: 3442: 3436: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3418:978-135-166-7 3414: 3410: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3385: 3379: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3361:0-8214-1296-5 3357: 3353: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3305:(34): 23–43. 3304: 3300: 3293: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3251:, p. 15. 3250: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3222: 3218: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3163:(1): 119–131. 3162: 3158: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3124: 3123: 3115: 3100: 3096: 3090: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3067:(8): e12482. 3066: 3062: 3058: 3051: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2989: 2987:9780312666934 2983: 2979: 2978: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2931: 2929: 2920: 2914: 2910: 2909: 2901: 2893: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2851: 2844: 2836: 2832: 2826: 2818: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2779: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2748: 2740: 2734: 2730: 2729: 2721: 2713: 2712: 2704: 2700: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2665:Kanuri people 2662: 2658: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2597: 2593: 2587: 2577: 2575: 2565: 2561: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2546: 2540: 2536: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2499: 2490: 2486: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2452: 2447: 2445: 2440: 2438: 2433: 2432: 2430: 2429: 2426: 2416: 2415: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2384: 2378: 2377: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2351: 2345: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2335: 2323: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2305: 2303: 2297: 2295: 2294:Umaru bin Ali 2291: 2287: 2281: 2279: 2271: 2266: 2257: 2254: 2249: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2235: 2231: 2230:Waziri Gidado 2227: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2195: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2175: 2173: 2169: 2168: 2164: 2152: 2149: 2134: 2133: 2127: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2111: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2056: 2052: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2032: 2030: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1959: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1917: 1906: 1901: 1899: 1894: 1892: 1887: 1886: 1884: 1883: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1782: 1776: 1775: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1724: 1718: 1717: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1699:Kanuri People 1697: 1695: 1694:Fulani People 1692: 1690: 1687: 1686: 1680: 1679: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1611:Sokoto Period 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1585: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1575: 1572: 1566: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1554: 1546: 1544: 1538: 1534: 1532: 1527: 1525: 1517: 1512: 1508: 1506: 1501: 1497: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1462: 1460: 1452: 1451:Antoine Mizon 1448: 1445:A brother of 1443: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1418: 1416: 1415:Nupe language 1412: 1411:Arabic script 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1238: 1237:Gombe Emirate 1235: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1220:Modibbo Adama 1218: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1194: 1193:Daura Emirate 1191: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1137: 1134: 1133: 1127: 1115: 1114:Élisée Reclus 1111: 1108:A brother of 1106: 1102: 1100: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1067: 1062: 1061: 1045: 1040: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1011: 1009: 1004: 998: 996: 992: 983: 979: 977: 974:valley), and 973: 970:(both in the 969: 965: 960: 955: 953: 949: 945: 930: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 899: 896: 892: 888: 882: 880: 875: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 852: 850: 845: 840: 836: 832: 829: 824: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 781:Fulani jihads 778: 774: 770: 767: 763: 755: 751: 729: 727: 724: 723: 715: 713: 710: 709: 701: 699: 696: 695: 687: 685: 682: 681: 678: 672: 669: 662: 661: 658: 655: 648: 647: 644: 641: 634: 633: 630: 627: 620: 619: 616: 615:Dendi Kingdom 613: 606: 605: 602: 599: 592: 591: 588: 585: 578: 577: 574: 571: 564: 563: 560: 557: 550: 549: 546: 543: 536: 535: 532: 529: 522: 521: 518: 515: 508: 507: 504: 501: 494: 493: 490: 487: 480: 479: 476: 475: 472: 469: 467: 464: 463: 459: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 434: 432: 428: 424: 418: 413: 409: 405: 402: 396: 392: 389: 383: 379: 376: 370: 366: 363: 357: 353: 350: 349:Tabkin Kwatto 344: 340: 337: 331: 327: 324: 321: 317: 314: 311: 307: 303: 299: 296: 290: 286: 283: 277: 273: 269: 267: 263: 259: 255: 252: 246: 242: 239: 233: 229: 225: 223: 217: 213: 210: 207: 203: 200: 197: 193: 187: 184: 182: 179: 176: 173: 172: 170: 166: 157: 154:Burmi, (near 153: 149: 146: 142: 139: 135: 132: 131: 129: 125: 121: 115: 110: 101: 94: 89: 79: 74: 62: 57: 52: 37: 36: 29: 26: 22: 8877:Sokoto State 8824: 8479: 8473:Contemporary 8323:Indo-Persian 8311:Nazi Germany 8255:Contemporary 8157:Vijayanagara 8056:Great Seljuk 7967:Thessalonica 7895:Golden Horde 7535:Carthaginian 7314:Neo-Assyrian 7299:Neo-Sumerian 7145:Islamophobia 7010:Christianity 6958: 6891:Contemporary 6785:Architecture 6724: 6690: 6678: 6666: 6624: 6617: 6583: 6565: 6560:Nikah mut'ah 6558: 6551: 6544: 6537: 6530: 6523: 6487: 6475: 6468: 6461: 6454: 6434: 6427: 6420: 6413: 6326: 6049: 6004: 5973: 5955: 5948: 5892: 5885: 5878: 5871: 5864: 5857:Five Pillars 5834: 5800: 5789:God in Islam 5766: 5675: 5429:Video gaming 5374:Coat of arms 5269:Social class 5254:Prostitution 5182:Demographics 5152:Child labour 5053:Central Bank 4944:Human rights 4924:Constitution 4692: 4530: 4483: 4479: 4469: 4431:(1): 75–98. 4428: 4424: 4399: 4382: 4378: 4368: 4359: 4350: 4341: 4328: 4321: 4281: 4260: 4253: 4234: 4228: 4203: 4199: 4193: 4181:. Retrieved 4177:the original 4167: 4148: 4142: 4132: 4125: 4115: 4108: 4081: 4063: 4059: 4046: 4005: 4001: 3991: 3968: 3962: 3952: 3933: 3927: 3916: 3909: 3899: 3879: 3861: 3860:Hiskett, M. 3856: 3847: 3841: 3832: 3826: 3806: 3782:. Retrieved 3767: 3760: 3751: 3742: 3724: 3719: 3707:. Retrieved 3692: 3685: 3676: 3670: 3647: 3641: 3632: 3626: 3601: 3597: 3587: 3578: 3560: 3554: 3534: 3527: 3506:cite journal 3492: 3481:, retrieved 3459: 3449: 3408: 3351: 3302: 3298: 3292: 3275: 3271: 3220: 3216: 3184: 3180: 3160: 3156: 3121: 3114: 3102:. Retrieved 3098: 3089: 3064: 3060: 3050: 3025: 3021: 2976: 2948:. Retrieved 2943: 2907: 2900: 2873: 2849: 2843: 2834: 2825: 2816: 2783: 2778: 2761: 2757: 2747: 2727: 2720: 2710: 2703: 2673:Sokoto jihad 2654: 2634:Michael Cook 2611: 2600: 2589: 2571: 2562: 2549: 2542: 2524: 2520: 2508: 2504: 2487: 2460: 2401: 2298: 2282: 2275: 2250: 2238: 2228: 2216:Gidado Idris 2197: 2192: 2186: 2180: 2154: 2136: 2113: 2087: 2079:Kano Emirate 2067: 2037: 2033: 2029:cowry shells 2025: 2010: 1988: 1977: 1962: 1955: 1933: 1918: 1914: 1737:Demographics 1689:Hausa People 1683:By ethnicity 1671:1999–present 1626:Pre-colonial 1610: 1601:Hausa States 1539: 1535: 1528: 1521: 1492: 1475:Bornu Empire 1468: 1459:Birnin Konni 1456: 1424: 1395:Mallam Dendo 1387:Bida Emirate 1361:Nupe Kingdom 1358: 1334: 1310:Bornu Empire 1306: 1294: 1270: 1259:Nupe Emirate 1254:Mallam Dendo 1243:Shehu Alimi 1173:Kano Emirate 1156:Umar Dallaji 1095: 1055: 1023: 1014:Fulani Jihad 999: 988: 956: 944:Bornu Empire 941: 900: 883: 876: 853: 849:Ahmadu Rufai 825: 797:Burkina Faso 766:Sunni Muslim 761: 749: 747: 601:Nupe Kingdom 545:Bornu Empire 471:Succeeded by 470: 465: 421:• Total 406:29 July 1903 354:21 June 1804 266:Grand Vizier 148:Birnin Konni 120:Ahmadu Rufai 25: 8846: / 8061:Khwarezmian 7994:Carolingian 7799:Rashtrakuta 7503:Shaishunaga 7402:Hellenistic 7385:New Kingdom 7375:Old Kingdom 7015:Catholicism 6910:Other areas 6901:Theological 6896:Eschatology 6853:Mathematics 6790:Calligraphy 6720:Theological 6674:Inheritance 6591:Cleanliness 5963:Shi'a Imams 5957:Ahl al-Bayt 5616:Kanem–Bornu 5566:Futa Jallon 5048:Brain Drain 5043:Agriculture 4949:LGBT rights 4854:Niger Delta 4839:Jos Plateau 4726:before 1500 4636:Kanem-Bornu 4486:(2): 1–20. 4309:|isbn= 4066:(8): 41–47. 2950:2 September 2657:Borno State 2482:Nana Asma'u 2308:Scholarship 2063: 1875 1704:Nupe People 1568:History of 1503:founded by 1403:Islamic law 1383: 1808 1376: 1806 1337:Islamic law 1320:, parts of 1051: 1830 991:Niger River 927:Nana Asma'u 911:West Africa 860:John Iliffe 809:West Africa 773:West Africa 466:Preceded by 323:Fula jihads 309:Legislature 222:al-Mu'minin 199:Sunni Islam 8861:Categories 8834:05°14′52″E 8831:13°04′02″N 8631:Portuguese 8512:Revival Le 8502:Vietnamese 8145:Later Tran 8115:Vietnamese 8011:Singhasari 7999:Holy Roman 7623:Bulgarian 7559:Satavahana 7530:Phoenician 7466:Achaemenid 7427:Indo-Greek 7407:Macedonian 7321:Babylonian 7075:Ex-Muslims 6960:Shu'ubiyya 6954:Psychology 6942:Literature 6932:Inventions 6878:Philosophy 6686:Leadership 6662:Honorifics 6317:Philosophy 6124:Isma'ilism 6085:Maturidism 5968:Caliphates 5939:Golden Age 5830:Revelation 5691:Toucouleur 5591:Great Fulo 5394:Literature 5172:Corruption 5137:Censorship 5080:(currency) 5058:Corruption 4824:Ecoregions 3784:10 October 3709:10 October 2695:References 2622:Sharia law 2614:Boko Haram 2533:See also: 2511:Fulani War 2509:After the 2312:See also: 2198:The first 2021:Al-Mawardi 1596:Prehistory 1505:Seku Amadu 1483:Ngazargamu 1427:Oyo Empire 1314:Yorubaland 1273:Yorubaland 1112:(1888) by 1020:Fulani War 972:Rima River 938:Background 879:Fulani War 864:suzerainty 828:Hausa King 789:Fulani War 205:Government 177:(official) 8777:Caliphate 8624:Couronian 8262:Ethiopian 8250:Manchukuo 8205:Brazilian 8051:Ghaznavid 8021:Srivijaya 7972:Trebizond 7957:Byzantine 7939:North Sea 7934:Norwegian 7922:Almoravid 7905:Ilkhanate 7875:Majapahit 7848:Muromachi 7757:Solomonic 7742:Ethiopian 7656:Caliphate 7589:Aragonese 7417:Ptolemaic 7192:Symbolism 7150:Incidents 7128:Criticism 7020:Mormonism 6917:Astrology 6843:Cosmology 6838:Astronomy 6780:Arabesque 6647:Etiquette 6606:Blasphemy 6396:Economics 6211:Ahmadiyya 6153:Muhakkima 6100:Wahhabism 6090:Mu'tazili 6075:Ash'arism 5711:Wassoulou 5571:Futa Toro 5308:Conflicts 5239:Languages 5197:Education 5106:Transport 5086:Petroleum 5005:President 4929:Elections 4844:Mountains 4792:Geography 4761:Civil War 4731:1500-1800 4703:Kwararafa 4516:201777045 4500:0002-0206 4461:158164424 4445:2327-1868 4300:cite book 4220:145784764 4030:0016-7398 3977:cite book 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