36:
358:
7862:
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8602:
7529:
351:
9805:
9735:
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369:
917:) served to fan the fears of a "technology gap" with Japan. After the Sputnik crisis, leaders exploited an "awe doctrine" to organize learning "around a strong model of educational national security: with math and science serving for supremacy in science and engineering, foreign languages and cultures for potential espionage, and history and humanities for national self-definition". US leaders were not able to exploit the image of Japan as effectively, despite its representations of super-smart students and a strong economy.
8747:
7553:
544:
8281:
9321:
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9936:
9924:
9352:
9154:
7874:
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882:, a Republican US representative from Michigan, had stated, "We Middle Westerners are sometimes called isolationists. I don't agree with the label; but there can be no isolationists anywhere when a thermonuclear warhead can flash down from space at hypersonic speed to reach any spot on Earth minutes after its launching". Former US Rear Admiral Rawson Bennett, chief of naval operations, stated that Sputnik was a "hunk of iron almost anybody could launch", while former US Army general
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8348:
8336:
8324:
8305:
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871:. Kennedy claimed, "If the Soviets control space they can control the earth, as in past centuries the nation that controlled the seas dominated the continents." Eisenhower disagreed with Kennedy's goal and referred to it as a "stunt". Kennedy had privately acknowledged that the space race was a waste of money, but he knew there were benefits from a frightened electorate. The Space Race was less about its intrinsic importance and more about prestige and calming the public.
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Russians. He remarked, "we need scientists in the ten years ahead...scrutinize your school's curriculum and standards. Then decide for yourselves whether they meet the stern demands of the era we are entering." His ability to project confidence about the situation was limited because his confidence was based on clandestine reconnaissance, so he failed to quell the fears that there was a shift in power between the
Americans and Soviets. The launch of
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9479:
8882:
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364:
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7707:
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749:, the Soviet leader, reflected on the event by saying, "It always sounded good to say in public speeches that we could hit a fly at any distance with our missiles. Despite the wide radius of destruction caused by our nuclear warheads, pinpoint accuracy was still necessary – and it was difficult to achieve". At the time, Khrushchev stated that "our potential enemies cringe in fright". The political analyst
20:
8397:
824:(NDEA). It was a four-year program that poured billions of dollars into the US education system. In 1953, the government spent $ 153 million, and colleges took $ 10 million of that funding, but by 1960, the combined funding grew almost six-fold because of the NDEA. After the initial public shock, the
893:
in 1957, recalled that it had received funding mostly from philanthropists. "The week after
Sputnik went up, we were digging ourselves out of this avalanche of money that suddenly descended" from the federal government, he said. By the mid-1960s, NASA was providing almost 10% of the federal funds for
729:
was a major global propaganda and prestige triumph for
Russian communism. Further, Fred Hechinger, a noted American journalist and education editor, reported, “hardly a week passed without several television programs examining education". It was after the people of the United States were exposed to a
467:
flights over the Soviet Union provided intelligence that the US held the advantage in nuclear capability. However, an education gap was identified when studies conducted between 1955 and 1961 reported that the Soviet Union was training two to three times as many scientists per year as the US. The
742:
national security advisers overestimated the
Soviets' current and potential rocket strength, which alarmed portions of Congress and the executive branch. When these estimations were released, Eisenhower was forced into an accelerated missile race to appease those concerned with America's safety.
519:
technology to launch
Sputnik into space, which gave them two propaganda advantages over the US at once: the capability to send the satellite into orbit and proof of the distance capabilities of their missiles. That proved that the Soviets had rockets capable of sending nuclear weapons to Western
527:
A contributing factor to the
Sputnik crisis was that the Soviets had not released a photograph of the satellite for five days after the launch. Until then, its appearance remained a mystery to Americans. Another factor was its weight of 184 pounds (83 kg), compared to US plans to launch a
698:
Eisenhower followed this statement by saying that the United States needed to meet these challenges with "resourcefulness and vigor". The president also noted the importance of education for the
Russians in their recent scientific and technological progress, and for America's response to the
676:
Eisenhower made the argument that
Sputnik was only a scientific achievement and not a military threat or change in world power. He believed that Sputnik's weight "was not commensurate with anything of great military significance, and that was also a factor in putting it in perspective".
730:
multitude of news reports that it became a "nation in shock". The media not only reported public concern but also created the hysteria. Journalists greatly exaggerated the danger of the Soviet satellite for their own benefit. On
October 9, 1957, science fiction writer and scientist
472:
suggested that the Soviet Union had made a substantial leap in technology, which was interpreted as a serious threat to US national security, spurring the US to boost federal investment in research and development, education, and national security. The
564:
563:
912:
According to Marie
Thorsten, Americans experienced a "techno-other void" after the Sputnik crisis and still express longing for "another Sputnik" to boost education and innovation. In the 1980s, the rise of Japan (both its car industry and its
7224:
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737:
Politicians used the event to bolster their ratings in polls. Research and development was used as a propaganda tool, and Congress spent large sums of money on the perceived problem of US technological deficiency. After the launch of
672:
addressed the American people. After being asked by a reporter on security concerns about the Soviet satellite, Eisenhower said, "Now, so far as the satellite itself is concerned, that does not raise my apprehensions, not one iota."
536:
into space produced almost 1,000,000 pounds-force (4,400,000 N) of thrust. All of those factors contributed to the Americans' perception that they were greatly behind the Soviets in the development of space technologies.
6424:
9896:
7362:
7147:
620:
within a month of the satellite launch helped to dispel some of the fears created by the Sputnik launch. However, Sputnik was not part of an organized effort to dominate space according to a Soviet space scientist.
939:
predicted that "The result will be a new drive to catch up and pass the Russians in the sphere of space exploration. Never doubt for a moment that America will be successful". The crisis contributed to the
8611:
793:, which launched the first American satellite into orbit on January 31, 1958. In February 1958, Eisenhower authorized formation of the Advanced Research Projects Agency, which was later renamed to the
386:
859:
than the Soviets had at the time. Though Kennedy did not favor a massive US crewed space program when he was in the US Senate during Eisenhower's term, public reaction to the Soviet's launch of the
528:
satellite of 21.5 pounds (9.8 kg). The Soviet claim seemed outrageous to many American officials, who doubted its accuracy. US rockets then produced 150,000 pounds-force (670,000 N) of
9212:
5799:
889:
The Sputnik crisis also spurred substantial transformation in the US science policy, which provided much of the basis for modern academic scientific research. Astronomer John Jefferies, at the
753:
conducted research on public opinion about Sputnik and found "no evidence at all of any panic or hysteria in the public's reaction", which confirmed that it was an elite, not a popular, panic.
562:
532:, and US officials presumed that the Soviet rocket that launched Sputnik into space must have produced 200,000 pounds-force (890,000 N) of thrust. In fact, the R-7 rocket that launched
7367:
Various conventions, treaties, agreements, memorandums, charters or declarations establishing and governing intergovernmental organisations or inter-agency bodies dealing with space affairs
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9541:
9129:
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If the Soviets became the first to achieve significantly superior military capability in outer space and created an imbalance of power, they could pose a direct military threat to the US.
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560:
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9940:
7067:
9901:
7152:
6464:
909:(NSF) appropriation for 1959 to $ 134 million, almost $ 100 million higher than the year before. By 1968, the NSF budget stood at nearly $ 500 million.
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9483:
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1403:
Herold, J. (1974). SPUTNIK IN AMERICAN EDUCATION: A HISTORY AND REAPPRAISAL. McGill Journal of Education / Revue Des Sciences De l’éducation De McGill, 9(002)
9551:
8156:
8029:
7172:
3699:
393:
1279:"Korolev's Triple Play: Sputniks 1, 2, and 3, adapted from James J. Harford, Korolev: How One Man Masterminded the Soviet Drive to Beat America to the Moon"
610:
computer to calculate the satellite orbit from this data. The programming and calculation was completed in less than two days. The rapid publication of the
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1303:
Peoples, Columba (2008). "Sputnik and 'Skill Thinking' Revisited: Technological Determinism in American Responses to the Soviet Missile Threat".
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posed. The United States, a land with a history of geographical security from European wars because of its distance, suddenly seemed vulnerable.
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of its oceanic defenses. The Soviets had demonstrated that capability on 21 August by a 6,000-kilometer (3,700 mi) test flight of the
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The Sputnik crisis sparked the American drive to retake the lead in space exploration from the Soviets, and it fueled its drive to
317:
305:
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5758:
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72:
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6429:
6405:
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5385:
4843:
3115:
452:, which mentioned the satellite in 279 articles between October 6, 1957, and October 31, 1957 (more than 11 articles per day).
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The media stirred a moral panic by writing sensational pieces on the event. In the first and second days following the event,
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878:. American officials had a variety of opinions at the time, some registering alarm and others dismissing the satellite.
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If the Soviets maintained that superiority, they might use it as a means to undermine America's prestige and leadership.
35:
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The launch spurred a series of US initiatives ranging from defense to education. Increased emphasis was placed on the
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2003:
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In Britain, the launch of the first Sputnik provoked surprise, combined with elation at experiencing the dawn of the
632:
launch attempts greatly accentuated the US perception of a threat from the Soviet Union that had persisted since the
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67:
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The week after Sputnik went up, we were digging ourselves out of this avalanche of money that suddenly descended.
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1982:
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Further expansion was made in the funding and research of space weapons and missile defense in the form of
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9871:
9854:
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Bruccoli, Matthew J.; Bondi, Victor; Baughman, Judith (1994). Layman, Richard; Tompkins, Vincent (eds.).
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Geiger, Roger (1997). "What Happened After Sputnik? Shaping University Research in the United States".
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Kaiser, David (2006). "The Physics of Spin: Sputnik Politics and American Physicists in the 1950s".
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Sputnik provoked Congress into taking action on improving the US standing in the fields of science.
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was ready to launch in 1956, but that fact was classified and unknown to the public. The Army's
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867:, on April 12, 1961, led Kennedy to raise the stakes of the Space Race by setting the goal of
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said that the day that Sputnik orbited around the Earth, the US became a second-rate power.
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to launch an American satellite into orbit. There was a renewed interest in the existing
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1723:. Contributions in Military Studies. New York: Greenwood Press. pp. 199–201, 238.
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McQuaid, Kim (2007). "Sputnik Reconsidered: Image and Reality in the Early Space Age".
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and support was dramatically increased for scientific research. Congress increased the
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In 1958, Eisenhower declared three "stark facts" the United States needed to confront:
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Space Race: The Epic Battle Between America and The Soviet Union for Dominion of Space
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2324:
2159:
2059:
2040:
2021:
2013:
1999:
1978:
1972:
1957:
1938:
1932:
1917:
1894:
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1832:
1825:
1809:
1790:
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1734:
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1390:
1324:
1177:
1109:
1068:
1047:
994:
852:
746:
669:
603:
444:
between the two superpowers. The satellite was launched on October 4, 1957, from the
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182:
115:
90:
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2490:
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1993:
1668:
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1378:
1312:
1232:
1218:
1097:
1035:
790:
786:
731:
629:
616:
437:
248:
1806:
Red Moon Rising : Sputnik and the Hidden Rivalries that Ignited the Space Age
9782:
7957:
7759:
7490:
7478:
7289:
6792:
6720:
6554:
6096:
6066:
5925:
5890:
5547:
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4939:
4795:
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4735:
4710:
4655:
4420:
4388:
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4240:
4002:
3997:
3937:
3878:
3610:
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3315:
3280:
3188:
3183:
2907:
2801:
2475:
2408:
2398:
2363:
2319:
2306:
2258:
2130:
2037:
Astronautics: A Historical Perspective of Mankind's Efforts to Conquer the Cosmos
1664:
1039:
848:
641:
170:
2902:
1278:
485:
from which Juno was derived had been shelved on the orders of Defense Secretary
9570:
9232:
8102:
7991:
7873:
7754:
7414:
7383:
6592:
6193:
6106:
6101:
5862:
5409:
4765:
4690:
4680:
4675:
4535:
4275:
4064:
3987:
3715:
3620:
3370:
3310:
2942:
2860:
2763:
2693:
2593:
2548:
2039:. Vol. Book 1 — Dawn of the Space Age. Burlington, Ontario: Apogee Books.
1846:
883:
868:
833:
599:
482:
1316:
1197:
King, I. R.; McVittie, G. C.; Swenson, G. W.; Wyatt, S. P. (9 November 1957).
703:
also impacted Eisenhower's ratings in his polls, but he eventually recovered.
10077:
7977:
7902:
7885:
7807:
7766:
7448:
7426:
6559:
6489:
5573:
5564:
5369:
4929:
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4635:
4620:
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4122:
3952:
3690:
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3463:
3443:
3330:
3091:
3069:
3034:
2613:
2608:
2563:
2485:
2445:
2194:
1738:
1339:"Dwight Eisenhower - Speech to the Nation on the Future of American Security"
935:
750:
415:
187:
9911:
8024:
8019:
7952:
7915:
7162:
6255:
5913:
5035:
5025:
4715:
4665:
4595:
4585:
4439:
4427:
4414:
4220:
4047:
3548:
2796:
2646:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2201:
1440:(Oral history). Interviewed by Spencer Weart. American Institute of Physics
901:
proposals. Education programs were initiated to foster a new generation of
875:
864:
649:
637:
494:
461:
419:
411:
4978:
1721:
The Long Wait: the Forging of the Anglo-American Nuclear Alliance, 1945–58
1382:
1101:
10061:
10035:
9141:
7682:
7670:
7658:
7521:
7468:
7248:
6774:
6380:
6274:
6071:
5896:
5748:
5553:
5400:
4760:
4365:
4335:
4190:
4180:
4079:
3942:
3735:
3224:
3054:
3039:
2850:
2698:
2666:
2553:
2368:
2273:
2212:
879:
844:
806:
653:
498:
219:
1672:
1646:"Russia Wins Space Race: The British Press and the Sputnik Moment, 1957"
7972:
5800:
European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites
5483:
5102:
5075:
4519:
4230:
4200:
4154:
4069:
4037:
4029:
3972:
3660:
3375:
3064:
2952:
2558:
1916:. Foreword by Sergei Krushchev. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic.
1549:
1478:
825:
685:
583:
520:
Europe and even North America. That was the most immediate threat that
478:
441:
3173:
9715:
9703:
9667:
9368:
8933:
8559:
8547:
7528:
7192:
7055:
6916:
6830:
6153:
5741:
5124:
4815:
4660:
4509:
4482:
4295:
4250:
4159:
4127:
4107:
4099:
3428:
3218:
2056:
Superhuman Japan: Knowledge, Nation and Culture in US-Japan Relations
1995:
The Race: The Uncensored Story of How America Beat Russia to the Moon
1223:
1198:
933:. The crisis soon became part of the broader Cold War narrative. The
926:
837:
711:
611:
424:
5783:
European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
1912:
Epic Rivalry: The Inside Story of the Soviet and American Space Race
644:
anywhere in the world in a matter of minutes, which would strip the
7730:
7694:
7576:
6924:
5709:
European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities
5498:
5422:
5234:
4394:
4235:
4132:
4007:
3826:
3730:
2870:
2728:
2182:
958:
902:
886:
described it as "the most significant military event of our time".
860:
829:
633:
607:
433:
3514:
Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union
1502:
1456:
1454:
1169:
Eisenhower's Sputnik Moment: The Race for Space and World Prestige
9198:
8827:
7790:
7600:
6929:
5997:
5432:
5351:
4340:
4225:
4215:
4164:
3705:
2450:
782:
448:. This created a crisis reaction in national newspapers such as
16:
United States reaction to the 1957 launch of the Soviet satellite
7814:
7742:
7706:
7634:
7588:
7552:
7540:
7402:
6168:
5593:
4408:
4210:
4149:
3084:
1451:
820:
Less than a year after the Sputnik launch, Congress passed the
529:
474:
688:" in scientific and technological advancements in outer space.
19:
9928:
9814:
7838:
7826:
7718:
7646:
7564:
7390:
7045:
6786:
5885:
Creation of the British National Committee for Space Research
5583:
5320:
European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications
4893:
4849:
American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation
4355:
4138:
2217:
1514:
236:
1627:
1625:
1466:
9392:
9134:
8660:
8297:
7850:
7612:
7153:
International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board
5787:
4433:
4315:
2207:
2151:
856:
516:
231:
6815:
5699:
Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications
4888:
4868:
4863:
1622:
1026:
Kay, Sean (April–May 2013). "America's Sputnik Moments".
1907:
1761:
1484:
1196:
656:
five days later and was widely reported in other media.
7267:
International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement
7158:
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
5778:
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
1852:
A Man on the Moon: The Voyages of the Apollo Astronauts
1490:
684:
The Soviets had surpassed America and the rest of the "
668:, the world's first artificial satellite, US President
5737:
AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe
1951:
8030:
Students for the Exploration and Development of Space
7173:
Regional African Satellite Communication Organization
640:. The same rocket that launched Sputnik could send a
5827:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
1431:
1429:
1172:. United States: Cornell University Press. pp.
2112:
2096:
1952:Ordway III, Frederick I.; Sharpe, Mitchell (2007).
1872:
Sputnik/Explorer 1 : The Race to Conquer Space
1460:
715:
Soviet stamp depicting Sputnik's orbit around Earth
8037:Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies
7148:International Space Exploration Coordination Group
5817:European Telecommunications Satellite Organization
5795:European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment
1909:
1824:
1763:
1534:
414:about the perceived technological gap between the
7278:International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'
7138:International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'
1575:Minerva: A Review of Science, Learning and Policy
1426:
1418:DeGroot, Gerard (December 2007). "Sputnik 1957".
1239:
1060:
706:
628:and then the subsequent failure of the first two
10075:
8132:
7133:Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee
4834:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States
1787:This New Ocean: The Story of the First Space Age
1614:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1596:. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013
7261:International Cospas-Sarsat Programme Agreement
5788:European Telecommunications Standards Institute
5662:European GNSS Supervisory Authority (2004–2010)
3271:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972
2678:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
1128:"The Leak Prosecution That Lost the Space Race"
931:decline in the British Empire's world influence
6545:Re-establishment of the National Space Council
5330:Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility
5286:European Cooperation for Space Standardization
2034:
1121:
1119:
10050:Timeline of first orbital launches by country
8118:
7096:Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
7068:Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
5903:Creation of the British National Space Centre
5291:European Space Research and Technology Centre
5201:
5191:
4994:
2167:
1803:
1590:"The Effects of the Cold War on us Education"
1526:
1199:"Further observations of the first satellite"
987:"Some History of the Department of Astronomy"
387:
5342:European Space Security and Education Centre
4910:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
2461:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council
2020:. Gainesville: University of Florida Press.
1934:Von Braun: Dreamer of Space, Engineer of War
1687:
432:. The crisis was a significant event in the
7183:Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization
7143:International Mobile Satellite Organization
7023:Politics of the International Space Station
5658:EU Commission DG Defence Industry and Space
5008:
3771:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
2079:
2053:
1991:
1869:
1631:
1496:
1472:
1165:
1116:
1009:"various articles, see link for the search"
477:rocket that carried the first US satellite
410:was a period of public fear and anxiety in
8125:
8111:
7178:Arab Satellite Communications Organization
7168:Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group
6515:Development of the Commercial Crew Program
5932:Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015
5255:European Launcher Development Organisation
5001:
4987:
4874:United States involvement in regime change
2429:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
2174:
2160:
2131:"Sputnik and the Origins of the Space Age"
2012:
1930:
1893:. New York: The Berkley Publishing Group.
1888:
1845:
1784:
1520:
1508:
1245:
1125:
991:University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
593:University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
394:
380:
7255:Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space
7101:Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
7041:International Civil Aviation Organization
6583:International Traffic in Arms Regulations
6480:Launch of the Space Launch System program
6475:Cancellation of the Constellation program
2073:
1977:. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press.
1822:
1712:
1435:
1222:
795:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
10139:October 1957 events in the United States
6635:Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society
1970:
710:
659:
18:
7284:Cape Town Treaty, Space Assets protocol
6406:2002 National missile defense directive
5759:Council of European Aerospace Societies
5641:Western European Union Satellite Centre
3000:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)
2128:
1831:. New York: Harper Collins Publishers.
1770:. Vol. 6. Detroit: Gale Research.
1643:
1417:
1368:
1302:
1276:
1270:
1246:Isachenkov, Vladimir (1 October 2007).
602:to measure signals from the satellite.
10076:
8057:International Astronautical Federation
6838:
6366:Launch of the Mars Exploration Program
5774:European Committee for Standardization
5386:Future Launchers Preparatory Programme
4844:Russian espionage in the United States
3116:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
2018:Sputnik and the Soviet Space Challenge
1587:
1572:
1087:
8106:
8052:International Academy of Astronautics
7273:International Docking System Standard
7118:International Cospas-Sarsat Programme
7111:International Planetary Data Alliance
7018:International Space Station programme
6740:Fractional Orbital Bombardment System
6650:Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society
5942:UK Global Navigation Satellite System
5704:European Union Aviation Safety Agency
5381:Space Situational Awareness Programme
4982:
4839:Soviet espionage in the United States
2995:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966
2774:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
2439:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
2155:
2135:Sputnik and The Dawn of the Space Age
1956:. Burlington, Ontario: Apogee Books.
1718:
1588:Totten, Michael (26 September 2013).
1568:
1566:
1544:(1958 ed.). Harper. p. 18.
1413:
1411:
1409:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1190:
1161:
10089:Soviet Union–United States relations
8047:Coalition for Deep Space Exploration
6062:Cancellation of Man in Space Soonest
5269:European Space Research Organisation
4915:Soviet Union–United States relations
3266:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China
1908:Hardesty, Von; Eisman, Gene (2007).
1695:"THE NATION: Red Moon Over the U.S."
1248:"Secrets of Sputnik Launch Revealed"
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
981:
979:
843:Campaigning in 1960 on closing the "
6906:United Rocket and Space Corporation
6560:Launch of the Lunar Gateway project
6440:Launch of the Constellation program
6164:Launch of the Space Shuttle Program
4879:Soviet involvement in regime change
2120:. New York: History Channel. 2012.
2104:. New York: History Channel. 2012.
1371:Canadian Review of American Studies
1126:Macdougall, Ian (August 15, 2016).
1025:
511:Sputnik 1 § Launch and mission
123:34th President of the United States
13:
8000:Air & Space Forces Association
6640:Antennas & Propagation Society
5848:Indian Human Spaceflight Programme
5769:European Civil Aviation Conference
4920:Soviet Union–United States summits
2394:1947 Polish parliamentary election
2279:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
1563:
1406:
1355:
1285:
1254:. Associated Press. Archived from
964:Timeline of events in the Cold War
811:National Aeronautics and Space Act
809:. On July 29, 1958, he signed the
542:
84:Supreme Allied Commander in Europe
14:
10150:
7073:General Assembly Fourth Committee
7061:Space Generation Advisory Council
6495:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
5669:EU Agency for the Space Programme
5418:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
5391:Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle
5218:Chinese Lunar Exploration Program
5160:Two Bombs, One Satellite doctrine
3681:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
3616:United States invasion of Grenada
2886:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
2827:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania
2147:
2080:DeNooyer, Rushmore (2007-11-06).
1891:Sputnik: The Shock of the Century
1532:
1138:
1019:
976:
920:
422:caused by the Soviets' launch of
10029:
10017:
10005:
9993:
9981:
9969:
9946:
9934:
9922:
9822:
9803:
9776:
9764:
9745:
9733:
9709:
9697:
9685:
9673:
9661:
9638:
9626:
9614:
9600:
9588:
9576:
9564:
9525:
9513:
9501:
9489:
9477:
9465:
9453:
9441:
9429:
9417:
9398:
9386:
9374:
9362:
9350:
9338:
9319:
9307:
9295:
9283:
9271:
9257:
9245:
9152:
9082:
9063:
9044:
9025:
9006:
8987:
8975:
8963:
8951:
8939:
8927:
8904:
8892:
8880:
8868:
8856:
8844:
8821:
8809:
8780:
8768:
8745:
8733:
8709:
8697:
8685:
8673:
8654:
8600:
8577:
8553:
8541:
8484:
8472:
8443:
8431:
8419:
8407:
8395:
8370:
8358:
8346:
8334:
8322:
8303:
8291:
8279:
8245:
8233:
8221:
8209:
8190:
8178:
8062:International Astronomical Union
7884:
7872:
7860:
7849:
7837:
7825:
7813:
7789:
7765:
7753:
7741:
7729:
7717:
7705:
7693:
7681:
7669:
7657:
7645:
7633:
7611:
7599:
7587:
7575:
7563:
7551:
7539:
7527:
7425:
7413:
7401:
7389:
6885:Medvedev modernisation programme
6588:Full-spectrum dominance doctrine
6256:1985 anti-satellite missile test
5920:Space Innovation and Growth Team
5665:European GNSS Agency (2010–2021)
5347:European Space Operations Centre
5308:ESA Centre for Earth Observation
3756:United States invasion of Panama
3606:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War
3246:1971 Turkish military memorandum
3209:Communist insurgency in Thailand
3179:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
3111:Communist insurgency in Malaysia
2938:Assassination of John F. Kennedy
2866:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
2384:Restatement of Policy on Germany
2141:from the original on 2012-09-17.
2124:from the original on 2012-10-09.
2108:from the original on 2012-10-08.
2092:from the original on 2012-10-09.
1789:. New York: The Modern Library.
1697:TIME. 1957-10-14. Archived from
1067:. Psychology Press. p. 55.
929:. It was also a reminder of the
915:5th generation computing project
838:first humans to land on the Moon
761:
582:Problems playing this file? See
558:
367:
362:
356:
349:
34:
10099:1957 in international relations
7311:Astronomical naming conventions
6236:Strategy of Technology doctrine
6008:Establishment of Cape Canaveral
5926:Creation of the UK Space Agency
5376:European Space Policy Institute
5336:European Space Astronomy Centre
4476:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
3857:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
3786:Fall of the inner German border
3686:1988 Black Sea bumping incident
3336:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
3326:Spanish transition to democracy
3286:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency
2913:Communist insurgency in Sarawak
2419:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948
2300:Occupation of the Baltic states
1749:
1637:
1581:
1397:
1331:
830:first human launched into space
595:Astronomy Department rigged an
338:Presidential library and museum
8042:British Interplanetary Society
8005:Alliance for Space Development
7128:Global Standards Collaboration
7051:Office for Outer Space Affairs
6578:China exclusion policy of NASA
6246:Space Station Freedom proposal
6159:Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law
5229:Planetary Exploration of China
5053:Planetary protection principle
3256:Four Power Agreement on Berlin
2891:Mozambican War of Independence
2330:Indonesian National Revolution
1974:Eisenhower and the Missile Gap
1644:Barnett, Nicholas (May 2013).
1537:War And Peace In The Space Age
1436:Jefferies, John (1977-07-29).
1081:
1054:
1001:
954:International Geophysical Year
942:US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement
822:National Defense Education Act
707:Media and political influences
664:Five days after the launch of
606:and Jim Snyder programmed the
554:Beeps transmitted by Sputnik 1
1:
10129:October 1957 events in Europe
7225:US-USSR Cooperation Agreement
6555:Launch of the Artemis program
6485:Redesign of the Orion program
6401:Aerospace Industry Commission
6097:Launch of the Mariner program
5822:European Southern Observatory
5522:Horizon 2000 Plus (1995–2015)
4854:CIA and the Cultural Cold War
3869:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
3822:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident
3544:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts
3509:Seven Days to the River Rhine
3241:Corrective Revolution (Egypt)
2528:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état
2456:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état
2114:"October 4: Sputnik launched"
1937:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
1559:– via Internet Archive.
969:
652:. The event was announced by
455:
8134:Public-sector space agencies
7306:Extraterrestrial real estate
6846:Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
6746:Soviet crewed lunar programs
6655:Vehicular Technology Society
6645:Broadcast Technology Society
6420:Vision for Space Exploration
6337:Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
6295:Space Exploration Initiative
6241:Strategic Defense Initiative
6194:Launch of the Viking program
6107:Launch of the Apollo program
6102:Launch of the Gemini project
5954:Defence in a Competitive Age
5891:Start of the Ariel programme
5805:European Patent Organisation
3847:Fall of communism in Albania
3817:Mongolian Revolution of 1990
3766:Polish Round Table Agreement
3106:1968 Polish political crisis
2923:Eritrean War of Independence
2689:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
2584:East German uprising of 1953
2516:Chinese Communist Revolution
2181:
1931:Neufeld, Michael J. (2007).
1804:Brzezinski, Matthew (2007).
1785:Burrows, William E. (1999).
1665:10.1080/13688804.2013.791419
1485:Layman & Tompkins (1994)
1040:10.1080/00396338.2013.784470
591:Hours after the launch, the
7:
7123:Group on Earth Observations
7106:Committee on Space Research
6550:Creation of the Space Force
6470:Kennedy Space Center speech
6113:We choose to go to the Moon
6044:Introduction to Outer Space
5764:European Broadcasting Union
3721:Korean Air Lines Flight 007
3449:Korean Air Lines Flight 902
3194:Corrective Movement (Syria)
3158:New People's Army rebellion
3153:Sino-Soviet border conflict
2881:Angolan War of Independence
2744:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
2624:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
2269:Jamaican political conflict
1874:. New York: Chelsea House.
1766:American Decades: 1950–1959
1166:Mieczkowski, Yanek (2013).
947:
907:National Science Foundation
851:, promised to deploy 1,000
847:", Eisenhower's successor,
756:
10:
10155:
8072:Space Exploration Alliance
7301:Common heritage of mankind
7219:Space Liability Convention
6991:North Korean space program
6917:2015 Creation of Roscosmos
6381:Launch of the X-37 program
6231:Citizens' Advisory Council
5325:European Data Relay System
5296:Concurrent Design Facility
5041:Space Debris Working Group
3917:Sino-Indian border dispute
3746:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
3676:1987–1989 JVP insurrection
3434:1976 Argentine coup d'état
3346:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
3296:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état
2980:1964 Brazilian coup d'état
2948:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964
2637:First Taiwan Strait Crisis
2404:Asian Relations Conference
2137:. Washington, D.C.: NASA.
2129:Launius, Roger D. (2005).
1719:Botti, Timothy J. (1987).
1061:Bradley Lightbody (1999).
508:
10104:1957 in the United States
10044:
9961:
9837:
9795:
9653:
9231:
9113:
9106:
8919:
8836:
8760:
8592:
8533:
8517:
8510:
8385:
8271:
8264:
8170:
8147:
8140:
8015:Space Frontier Foundation
7990:
7901:
7510:
7501:
7442:Launch market competition
7374:
7191:
7081:
7033:
7013:Ugandan space initiatives
6948:
6898:
6877:
6829:
6808:
6761:
6713:
6689:
6676:
6669:
6573:
6533:
6453:
6389:
6318:
6283:
6219:
6202:
6177:
6142:
6122:
6085:
6067:Launch of Project Mercury
6016:
5974:
5965:
5873:
5835:
5727:
5631:
5563:
5521:
5445:
5364:Ariane launcher programme
5303:European Astronaut Centre
5261:Europa launcher programme
5245:
5202:
5192:
5148:
5093:
5081:The Spaceguard Foundation
5016:
4953:
4902:
4824:
4801:William Appleman Williams
4746:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
4528:
4500:
4449:
4381:
4374:
4308:
4173:
4098:
4028:
4021:
3930:
3877:
3809:
3522:
3261:Bangladesh Liberation War
3251:1971 Sudanese coup d'état
3166:
3138:1969 Sudanese coup d'état
3126:1968 Peruvian coup d'état
2789:
2564:Arab Cold War (1952–1979)
2541:
2251:
2189:
2035:Spitzmiller, Ted (2006).
1870:Crompton, Samuel (2007).
1823:Cadbury, Deborah (2006).
1808:. New York: Times Books.
1317:10.1080/14682740701791334
891:High Altitude Observatory
774:High Altitude Observatory
725:wrote that the launch of
646:Continental United States
624:The successful launch of
504:
197:Interstate Highway System
10109:1957 in the Soviet Union
7968:Reconnaissance satellite
7341:International Designator
7008:Philippine space program
6956:Australian space program
6608:Office of Space Commerce
6598:House Committee on Space
6510:Space Shuttle retirement
6465:2009 Augustine Committee
6300:1990 Augustine Committee
5446:Horizon 2000 (1985–1995)
5031:Space traffic management
3576:1980 Turkish coup d'état
3411:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
3381:1978 Somali coup attempt
3341:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
3306:1973 Chilean coup d'état
3131:Revolutionary Government
3025:South African Border War
2817:1960 Turkish coup d'état
2734:Iraqi 14 July Revolution
2589:1953 Iranian coup d'état
2569:1952 Egyptian revolution
2054:Thorsten, Marie (2012).
1992:Schefter, James (1999).
1755:
1511:, pp. 5–6, 160–162.
1343:www.americanrhetoric.com
828:began, which led to the
244:Civil Rights Act of 1957
43:This article is part of
8082:Space Force Association
8067:Lunar Explorers Society
7237:Registration Convention
7201:Partial Test Ban Treaty
7082:Other intergovernmental
6996:Pakistani space program
6961:Brazilian space program
6331:Faster, better, cheaper
6134:1967 Outer Space Treaty
5937:Space Industry Act 2018
5714:European Defence Agency
5370:Vega launcher programme
5313:Living Planet Programme
5036:Space debris management
5010:Politics of outer space
3781:Fall of the Berlin Wall
3726:People Power Revolution
3711:Central American crisis
3651:1986 Black Sea incident
3301:1973 Afghan coup d'état
3199:Western Sahara conflict
3010:1966 Syrian coup d'état
2933:1963 Syrian coup d'état
2876:Portuguese Colonial War
2839:First Iraqi–Kurdish War
2604:1954 Syrian coup d'état
2481:Annexation of Hyderabad
2424:1947–1949 Palestine war
2098:"July 29: NASA Created"
2058:. Oxon, UK: Routledge.
1998:. New York: Doubleday.
1461:History Channel (2012a)
1277:Harford, James (1997).
869:landing men on the Moon
614:(orbit) in the journal
8010:National Space Society
7911:Space domain awareness
7084:or inter-agency bodies
6986:Lebanese space program
6971:Japanese space program
6912:2014 Military doctrine
6890:2010 Military doctrine
6310:National Space Council
6305:Hubble Space Telescope
6077:Launch of X-15 program
5998:Aerobee rocket program
5948:2021 Integrated Review
5810:European Patent Office
5730:initiatives and bodies
5120:Billionaire space race
5046:Space Debris Committee
4075:Neoclassical economics
3586:Gulf of Sidra incident
3143:1969 Libyan revolution
2834:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
2619:1954 Geneva Conference
2379:Turkish straits crisis
2374:Corfu Channel incident
2082:"Sputnik Declassified"
2074:Other online resources
1889:Dickson, Paul (2003).
1533:Gavin, James Maurice.
899:anti-ballistic missile
861:first human into orbit
779:
716:
547:
343:Tributes and memorials
290:Presidential campaigns
24:
10134:Spaceflight histories
8092:The Planetary Society
7921:Anti-satellite weapon
7316:ITU Radio Regulations
6966:Emirati space program
6697:Operation Osoaviakhim
6565:Executive Order 13959
6445:Operation Burnt Frost
6376:Decadal Planning Team
5858:Indian ASAT programme
5853:Space Activities Bill
5275:European Space Agency
5247:ESA Science Programme
5058:Post-detection policy
4925:Russia–NATO relations
4806:Jonathan Reed Winkler
4090:Democratic capitalism
4085:Supply-side economics
4053:American conservatism
3852:Breakup of Yugoslavia
3741:Bougainville conflict
3656:South Yemen civil war
3591:Martial law in Poland
3454:Nicaraguan Revolution
3429:Dirty War (Argentina)
3236:1971 JVP insurrection
3050:Years of Lead (Italy)
2928:North Yemen civil war
2846:Berlin Crisis of 1961
2822:Albanian–Soviet split
2754:1959 Tibetan uprising
2719:Syrian Crisis of 1957
2574:Iraqi Intifada (1952)
2434:1948 Arab–Israeli War
1971:Roman, Peter (1995).
1383:10.3138/cras.37.3.371
1102:10.1353/sor.2006.0030
855:. That was many more
803:emerging technologies
799:Department of Defense
765:
714:
660:Eisenhower's reaction
574:continued for 22 days
546:
22:
10119:Geopolitical rivalry
10056:Soviet space program
7514:units and formations
7484:Project Harvest Moon
7231:Satellite Convention
7091:African Space Agency
7001:Space programme 2040
6981:Kenyan space program
6976:Kazakh space program
5909:Outer Space Act 1986
5897:Black Arrow launcher
5680:Copernicus programme
5653:EU/ESA Space Council
5281:EU/ESA Space Council
5172:Chinese ASAT program
4346:Non-Aligned Movement
3968:Peaceful coexistence
3922:North Borneo dispute
3837:German reunification
3832:Min Ping Yu No. 5202
3530:Salvadoran Civil War
3479:Grand Mosque seizure
3474:Yemenite War of 1979
3366:Mozambican Civil War
3321:Carnation Revolution
3276:Yemenite War of 1972
3214:1970 Polish protests
3045:1967 Hong Kong riots
3020:Argentine Revolution
2970:Guatemalan Civil War
2898:Cuban Missile Crisis
2812:Bay of Pigs Invasion
2684:1956 Poznań protests
2662:Geneva Summit (1955)
2264:Hukbalahap Rebellion
2243:Non-Aligned Movement
1855:. New York: Viking.
876:land men on the Moon
815:the creation of NASA
797:(DARPA), within the
491:interservice rivalry
487:Charles Erwin Wilson
468:launch and orbit of
460:In the early 1950s,
430:artificial satellite
428:, the world's first
255:Admission of states
103:Surrender of Germany
52:Dwight D. Eisenhower
23:Replica of Sputnik 1
10124:Technological races
10114:1957 in spaceflight
9206:Guiana Space Centre
7948:Kinetic bombardment
7474:Space manufacturing
7464:Space-based economy
7437:Private spaceflight
6857:Shuttle–Mir program
6425:Aldridge Commission
6347:Shuttle–Mir program
6055:Space Act Agreement
5986:Operation Paperclip
5843:Department of Space
5836:Indian space policy
5719:Europe by Satellite
5647:EU Satellite Centre
5359:Guiana Space Centre
5103:Cold War space race
5021:Spacefaring nations
4791:Alex von Tunzelmann
4781:Vladimir Tismăneanu
4706:Thomas J. McCormick
4701:Jack F. Matlock Jr.
4601:Robert Hugh Ferrell
4464:Crusade for Freedom
4261:Illiberal democracy
4145:Ho Chi Minh Thought
3948:Eisenhower Doctrine
3801:Peaceful Revolution
3796:Romanian Revolution
3776:Revolutions of 1989
3761:1988 Polish strikes
3671:Operation INFEKTION
3666:1987 Lieyu massacre
3571:Eritrean Civil Wars
3554:Peruvian Revolution
3504:1979 Herat uprising
3494:Sino-Vietnamese War
3459:Uganda–Tanzania War
3439:Egyptian–Libyan War
3406:Third Indochina War
3401:Sino-Albanian split
3391:Ethiopian Civil War
3291:Eritrean Civil Wars
3231:Ping-pong diplomacy
3204:Cambodian Civil War
3030:Korean DMZ Conflict
3015:Cultural Revolution
2985:Dominican Civil War
2963:Tlatelolco massacre
2749:1959 Mosul uprising
2739:1958 Lebanon crisis
2466:Al-Wathbah uprising
2389:First Indochina War
2359:Iran crisis of 1946
2118:This Day in History
2102:This Day in History
2088:(Transcript). PBS.
1594:Education Space 360
1523:, pp. 213–214.
1258:on 13 February 2014
1215:1957Natur.180..943K
894:academic research.
772:John Jefferies, at
446:Baikonur Cosmodrome
436:that triggered the
208:Eisenhower Doctrine
7963:Military satellite
7801:Ranks and insignia
7296:Space jurisdiction
7243:Bogota Declaration
7207:Outer Space Treaty
6703:list of scientists
5991:list of scientists
5633:EU Space Programme
4945:Russian Revolution
4741:Mary Elise Sarotte
4726:William B. Pickett
4651:Patrick J. Hearden
4631:Gabriel Gorodetsky
4626:Timothy Garton Ash
4611:Anneli Ute Gabanyi
4206:Ethnic nationalism
3958:Hallstein Doctrine
3842:Yemeni unification
3631:1985 Geneva Summit
3596:Casamance conflict
3499:New Jewel Movement
3484:Iranian Revolution
3469:Chadian–Libyan War
3416:Cambodian conflict
3396:Lebanese Civil War
3386:Western Sahara War
3361:June 1976 protests
3356:Cambodian genocide
3121:17 July Revolution
3075:Nigerian Civil War
2990:Rhodesian Bush War
2975:Colombian conflict
2918:Ramadan Revolution
2657:Bandung Conference
2533:Operation Valuable
2414:Partition of India
853:Minuteman missiles
722:The New York Times
717:
548:
450:The New York Times
283:Kennedy transition
96:Operation Overlord
25:
10071:
10070:
9791:
9790:
9102:
9101:
8506:
8505:
8388:and the Caribbean
8260:
8259:
8100:
8099:
7986:
7985:
7978:Satellite jamming
7454:Space advertising
6944:
6943:
6940:
6939:
6825:
6824:
6665:
6664:
6285:George H. W. Bush
5754:Council of Europe
5675:Galileo programme
5627:
5626:
5614:Comet Interceptor
5140:Space competition
4976:
4975:
4963:List of conflicts
4811:Rudolph Winnacker
4756:Giles Scott-Smith
4731:Ronald E. Powaski
4686:Melvyn P. Leffler
4616:John Lewis Gaddis
4591:Robert D. English
4556:Warren H. Carroll
4546:Michael Beschloss
4515:Nuclear arms race
4496:
4495:
4402:Neues Deutschland
4304:
4303:
4286:White nationalism
4256:Liberal democracy
3993:Ulbricht Doctrine
3983:Brezhnev Doctrine
3791:Velvet Revolution
3535:Soviet–Afghan War
3351:Angolan Civil War
3148:Goulash Communism
3005:ASEAN Declaration
2958:Mexican Dirty War
2856:Annexation of Goa
2807:1960 U-2 incident
2781:Sino-Soviet split
2759:Laotian Civil War
2599:Bricker Amendment
2579:Mau Mau rebellion
2523:Malayan Emergency
2511:Chinese Civil War
2471:Tito–Stalin split
2325:Division of Korea
2065:978-0-415-41426-5
2046:978-1-894959-63-6
1963:978-1-894959-82-7
1944:978-0-307-26292-9
1838:978-0-06-084553-7
1796:978-0-375-75485-2
1730:978-0-313-25902-9
1475:, pp. 25–26.
1183:978-0-8014-5150-8
1074:978-0-415-19526-3
1015:. Oct 6–31, 1957.
801:(DoD) to develop
747:Nikita Khrushchev
670:Dwight Eisenhower
604:Donald B. Gillies
565:
515:The Soviets used
404:
403:
116:Crusade in Europe
60:
59:
10146:
10054:Preceded by the
10034:
10033:
10032:
10022:
10021:
10020:
10010:
10009:
10008:
9998:
9997:
9996:
9986:
9985:
9984:
9974:
9973:
9972:
9951:
9950:
9949:
9939:
9938:
9937:
9927:
9926:
9925:
9827:
9826:
9825:
9808:
9807:
9806:
9781:
9780:
9779:
9769:
9768:
9767:
9750:
9749:
9748:
9738:
9737:
9736:
9714:
9713:
9712:
9702:
9701:
9700:
9690:
9689:
9688:
9678:
9677:
9676:
9666:
9665:
9664:
9643:
9642:
9641:
9631:
9630:
9629:
9619:
9618:
9617:
9605:
9604:
9603:
9593:
9592:
9591:
9581:
9580:
9579:
9569:
9568:
9567:
9530:
9529:
9528:
9518:
9517:
9516:
9506:
9505:
9504:
9494:
9493:
9492:
9482:
9481:
9480:
9470:
9469:
9468:
9458:
9457:
9456:
9446:
9445:
9444:
9434:
9433:
9432:
9422:
9421:
9420:
9403:
9402:
9401:
9391:
9390:
9389:
9379:
9378:
9377:
9367:
9366:
9365:
9355:
9354:
9353:
9343:
9342:
9341:
9324:
9323:
9322:
9312:
9311:
9310:
9300:
9299:
9298:
9288:
9287:
9286:
9276:
9275:
9274:
9262:
9261:
9260:
9250:
9249:
9248:
9157:
9156:
9155:
9111:
9110:
9087:
9086:
9085:
9068:
9067:
9066:
9049:
9048:
9047:
9030:
9029:
9028:
9011:
9010:
9009:
8992:
8991:
8990:
8980:
8979:
8978:
8968:
8967:
8966:
8956:
8955:
8954:
8944:
8943:
8942:
8932:
8931:
8930:
8909:
8908:
8907:
8897:
8896:
8895:
8885:
8884:
8883:
8873:
8872:
8871:
8861:
8860:
8859:
8849:
8848:
8847:
8826:
8825:
8824:
8814:
8813:
8812:
8785:
8784:
8783:
8773:
8772:
8771:
8750:
8749:
8748:
8738:
8737:
8736:
8714:
8713:
8712:
8702:
8701:
8700:
8690:
8689:
8688:
8678:
8677:
8676:
8659:
8658:
8657:
8605:
8604:
8603:
8582:
8581:
8580:
8558:
8557:
8556:
8546:
8545:
8544:
8515:
8514:
8489:
8488:
8487:
8477:
8476:
8475:
8448:
8447:
8446:
8436:
8435:
8434:
8424:
8423:
8422:
8412:
8411:
8410:
8400:
8399:
8398:
8375:
8374:
8373:
8363:
8362:
8361:
8351:
8350:
8349:
8339:
8338:
8337:
8327:
8326:
8325:
8308:
8307:
8306:
8296:
8295:
8294:
8284:
8283:
8282:
8269:
8268:
8250:
8249:
8248:
8238:
8237:
8236:
8226:
8225:
8224:
8214:
8213:
8212:
8195:
8194:
8193:
8183:
8182:
8181:
8145:
8144:
8127:
8120:
8113:
8104:
8103:
8087:Space Foundation
8077:Space Fellowship
7889:
7888:
7877:
7876:
7864:
7854:
7853:
7842:
7841:
7830:
7829:
7818:
7817:
7794:
7793:
7770:
7769:
7758:
7757:
7746:
7745:
7734:
7733:
7722:
7721:
7710:
7709:
7698:
7697:
7686:
7685:
7674:
7673:
7662:
7661:
7650:
7649:
7638:
7637:
7616:
7615:
7604:
7603:
7592:
7591:
7580:
7579:
7568:
7567:
7556:
7555:
7544:
7543:
7532:
7531:
7508:
7507:
7459:Space technology
7430:
7429:
7418:
7417:
7406:
7405:
7394:
7393:
7336:COSPAR standards
7213:Rescue Agreement
6836:
6835:
6687:
6686:
6674:
6673:
6033:Project Vanguard
5972:
5971:
5443:
5442:
5428:Aurora programme
5414:Mars and beyond
5205:
5204:
5195:
5194:
5166:Shuguang program
5135:Space propaganda
5062:Asteroid impact
5003:
4996:
4989:
4980:
4979:
4721:David S. Painter
4646:John Earl Haynes
4576:Nicholas J. Cull
4561:Adrian Cioroianu
4541:Thomas A. Bailey
4488:Voice of America
4379:
4378:
4291:White separatism
4271:Social democracy
4266:Guided democracy
4246:Authoritarianism
4196:Ultranationalism
4186:Anti-imperialism
4113:Marxism–Leninism
4026:
4025:
4013:Kinmen Agreement
3978:Johnson Doctrine
3963:Kennedy Doctrine
3879:Frozen conflicts
3862:1991 August Coup
3751:Afghan Civil War
3646:Reykjavík Summit
3641:Somali Rebellion
3581:Ugandan Bush War
3559:Gdańsk Agreement
3080:Protests of 1968
3060:War of Attrition
2769:Cuban Revolution
2705:We will bury you
2672:Cyprus Emergency
2652:Kashmir Princess
2642:Jebel Akhdar War
2491:Western betrayal
2176:
2169:
2162:
2153:
2152:
2142:
2125:
2109:
2093:
2069:
2050:
2031:
2014:Siddiqi, Asif A.
2009:
1988:
1967:
1948:
1927:
1915:
1904:
1885:
1866:
1842:
1830:
1819:
1800:
1781:
1769:
1743:
1742:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1650:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1620:
1619:
1613:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1570:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1543:
1540:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1438:"John Jefferies"
1433:
1424:
1423:
1420:American History
1415:
1404:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1366:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1305:Cold War History
1300:
1283:
1282:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1226:
1224:10.1038/180943a0
1194:
1188:
1187:
1163:
1136:
1135:
1123:
1114:
1113:
1096:(4): 1225–1252.
1085:
1079:
1078:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1005:
999:
998:
993:. Archived from
983:
791:Explorer program
787:Project Vanguard
777:
732:Arthur C. Clarke
636:had begun after
630:Project Vanguard
567:
566:
545:
438:creation of NASA
396:
389:
382:
371:
366:
360:
359:
353:
278:Farewell Address
249:Little Rock Nine
85:
56:
55:
53:
46:
38:
31:
30:
27:
26:
10154:
10153:
10149:
10148:
10147:
10145:
10144:
10143:
10074:
10073:
10072:
10067:
10040:
10030:
10028:
10018:
10016:
10006:
10004:
9994:
9992:
9982:
9980:
9970:
9968:
9957:
9947:
9945:
9935:
9933:
9923:
9921:
9833:
9823:
9821:
9804:
9802:
9787:
9777:
9775:
9765:
9763:
9746:
9744:
9734:
9732:
9710:
9708:
9698:
9696:
9686:
9684:
9674:
9672:
9662:
9660:
9649:
9639:
9637:
9627:
9625:
9615:
9613:
9601:
9599:
9589:
9587:
9577:
9575:
9565:
9563:
9526:
9524:
9514:
9512:
9502:
9500:
9490:
9488:
9478:
9476:
9466:
9464:
9454:
9452:
9442:
9440:
9430:
9428:
9418:
9416:
9399:
9397:
9387:
9385:
9375:
9373:
9363:
9361:
9351:
9349:
9339:
9337:
9320:
9318:
9308:
9306:
9296:
9294:
9284:
9282:
9272:
9270:
9258:
9256:
9246:
9244:
9227:
9153:
9151:
9098:
9083:
9081:
9064:
9062:
9045:
9043:
9026:
9024:
9007:
9005:
8988:
8986:
8976:
8974:
8964:
8962:
8952:
8950:
8940:
8938:
8928:
8926:
8915:
8905:
8903:
8893:
8891:
8881:
8879:
8869:
8867:
8857:
8855:
8845:
8843:
8832:
8822:
8820:
8810:
8808:
8781:
8779:
8769:
8767:
8756:
8746:
8744:
8734:
8732:
8710:
8708:
8698:
8696:
8686:
8684:
8674:
8672:
8655:
8653:
8601:
8599:
8588:
8578:
8576:
8554:
8552:
8542:
8540:
8529:
8502:
8485:
8483:
8473:
8471:
8444:
8442:
8432:
8430:
8420:
8418:
8408:
8406:
8396:
8394:
8387:
8381:
8371:
8369:
8359:
8357:
8347:
8345:
8335:
8333:
8323:
8321:
8304:
8302:
8292:
8290:
8280:
8278:
8256:
8246:
8244:
8234:
8232:
8222:
8220:
8210:
8208:
8191:
8189:
8179:
8177:
8166:
8149:
8136:
8131:
8101:
8096:
7982:
7958:Missile defense
7897:
7883:
7871:
7848:
7836:
7824:
7812:
7788:
7764:
7752:
7740:
7728:
7716:
7704:
7692:
7680:
7668:
7656:
7644:
7632:
7610:
7598:
7586:
7574:
7562:
7550:
7538:
7526:
7513:
7497:
7491:Asteroid mining
7479:Lunar resources
7424:
7412:
7400:
7388:
7370:
7363:ISECG standards
7326:ODCWG standards
7321:CCSDS standards
7290:Artemis Accords
7187:
7083:
7077:
7029:
6936:
6894:
6873:
6821:
6804:
6757:
6752:Voskhod program
6721:Sputnik program
6709:
6681:
6679:
6670:USSR and Russia
6661:
6569:
6536:
6529:
6456:
6449:
6392:
6385:
6321:
6314:
6286:
6279:
6222:
6215:
6205:
6198:
6180:
6173:
6145:
6138:
6125:
6118:
6088:
6081:
6019:
6012:
5977:
5967:US space policy
5961:
5877:space programme
5876:
5869:
5831:
5729:
5723:
5690:EUSST programme
5685:EGNOS programme
5623:
5559:
5548:LISA Pathfinder
5517:
5459:Cassini–Huygens
5441:
5352:ESTRACK network
5241:
5224:Mars and beyond
5151:
5144:
5089:
5012:
5007:
4977:
4972:
4949:
4940:Second Cold War
4898:
4826:
4820:
4796:Odd Arne Westad
4786:Patrick Vaughan
4771:Athan Theoharis
4751:Ellen Schrecker
4736:Yakov M. Rabkin
4711:Timothy Naftali
4656:Tvrtko Jakovina
4641:Jussi Hanhimäki
4524:
4502:
4492:
4470:Paix et Liberté
4445:
4389:Active measures
4370:
4300:
4281:White supremacy
4241:Totalitarianism
4169:
4094:
4017:
4003:Reagan Doctrine
3998:Carter Doctrine
3938:Truman Doctrine
3926:
3873:
3805:
3700:Soviet reaction
3611:Ndogboyosoi War
3518:
3489:Saur Revolution
3316:1973 oil crisis
3281:Munich massacre
3189:Alcora Exercise
3184:Black September
3162:
2908:Sino-Indian War
2802:Simba rebellion
2785:
2629:Capture of the
2537:
2476:Berlin Blockade
2409:May 1947 crises
2399:Truman Doctrine
2364:Greek Civil War
2353:Blacklist Forty
2320:Gouzenko Affair
2307:Cursed soldiers
2259:Morgenthau Plan
2247:
2185:
2180:
2150:
2145:
2076:
2066:
2047:
2028:
2006:
1985:
1964:
1954:The Rocket Team
1945:
1924:
1901:
1882:
1863:
1847:Chaikin, Andrew
1839:
1816:
1797:
1778:
1758:
1752:
1747:
1746:
1731:
1717:
1713:
1704:
1702:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1648:
1642:
1638:
1632:Thorsten (2012)
1630:
1623:
1607:
1606:
1599:
1597:
1586:
1582:
1571:
1564:
1554:
1552:
1541:
1531:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1497:DeNooyer (2007)
1495:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1473:Schefter (1999)
1471:
1467:
1459:
1452:
1443:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1416:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1367:
1356:
1347:
1345:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1301:
1286:
1275:
1271:
1261:
1259:
1244:
1240:
1195:
1191:
1184:
1164:
1139:
1124:
1117:
1090:Social Research
1086:
1082:
1075:
1059:
1055:
1024:
1020:
1007:
1006:
1002:
985:
984:
977:
972:
950:
923:
849:John F. Kennedy
778:
771:
764:
759:
709:
662:
642:nuclear warhead
589:
588:
580:
578:
577:
576:
575:
570:The signals of
568:
559:
556:
549:
543:
513:
507:
458:
412:Western nations
408:Sputnik crisis
400:
357:
354:
347:
329:
328:Post-Presidency
326:
325:
324:
291:
287:
204:
201:
171:Atoms for Peace
162:
159:
124:
121:
87:
83:
80:
77:
73:Military Career
51:
49:
48:
47:
44:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
10152:
10142:
10141:
10136:
10131:
10126:
10121:
10116:
10111:
10106:
10101:
10096:
10091:
10086:
10069:
10068:
10066:
10065:
10058:
10052:
10045:
10042:
10041:
10039:
10038:
10026:
10014:
10002:
9990:
9978:
9965:
9963:
9959:
9958:
9956:
9955:
9943:
9931:
9919:
9914:
9909:
9904:
9899:
9894:
9889:
9884:
9879:
9874:
9869:
9864:
9863:
9862:
9852:
9847:
9841:
9839:
9835:
9834:
9832:
9831:
9819:
9818:
9817:
9799:
9797:
9793:
9792:
9789:
9788:
9786:
9785:
9773:
9761:
9760:
9759:
9742:
9730:
9729:
9728:
9723:
9706:
9694:
9682:
9670:
9657:
9655:
9651:
9650:
9648:
9647:
9635:
9623:
9611:
9610:
9609:
9585:
9573:
9561:
9560:
9559:
9554:
9549:
9544:
9539:
9522:
9510:
9498:
9486:
9474:
9462:
9450:
9438:
9426:
9414:
9413:
9412:
9395:
9383:
9371:
9359:
9347:
9335:
9334:
9333:
9316:
9304:
9292:
9280:
9268:
9267:
9266:
9241:
9239:
9229:
9228:
9226:
9225:
9220:
9215:
9210:
9209:
9208:
9203:
9202:
9201:
9191:
9186:
9181:
9176:
9171:
9166:
9149:
9144:
9139:
9138:
9137:
9127:
9117:
9115:
9108:
9104:
9103:
9100:
9099:
9097:
9096:
9079:
9078:
9077:
9060:
9059:
9058:
9041:
9040:
9039:
9022:
9021:
9020:
9003:
9002:
9001:
8984:
8972:
8960:
8948:
8936:
8923:
8921:
8917:
8916:
8914:
8913:
8901:
8889:
8877:
8865:
8853:
8840:
8838:
8837:Southeast Asia
8834:
8833:
8831:
8830:
8818:
8806:
8805:
8804:
8799:
8794:
8777:
8764:
8762:
8758:
8757:
8755:
8754:
8742:
8730:
8729:
8728:
8723:
8706:
8694:
8682:
8670:
8669:
8668:
8651:
8650:
8649:
8644:
8639:
8638:
8637:
8634:
8629:
8624:
8614:
8596:
8594:
8590:
8589:
8587:
8586:
8574:
8573:
8572:
8567:
8550:
8537:
8535:
8531:
8530:
8528:
8527:
8521:
8519:
8512:
8508:
8507:
8504:
8503:
8501:
8500:
8499:
8498:
8481:
8469:
8468:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8440:
8428:
8416:
8404:
8391:
8389:
8383:
8382:
8380:
8379:
8367:
8355:
8343:
8331:
8319:
8318:
8317:
8300:
8288:
8275:
8273:
8266:
8262:
8261:
8258:
8257:
8255:
8254:
8242:
8230:
8218:
8206:
8205:
8204:
8187:
8174:
8172:
8168:
8167:
8165:
8164:
8159:
8153:
8151:
8142:
8138:
8137:
8130:
8129:
8122:
8115:
8107:
8098:
8097:
8095:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8033:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8012:
8002:
7996:
7994:
7992:Space advocacy
7988:
7987:
7984:
7983:
7981:
7980:
7975:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7944:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7918:
7913:
7907:
7905:
7899:
7898:
7896:
7895:
7894:
7893:
7881:
7879:United Kingdom
7869:
7858:
7846:
7834:
7822:
7808:Space commands
7805:
7804:
7803:
7798:
7786:
7785:
7784:
7779:
7762:
7760:United Kingdom
7750:
7738:
7726:
7714:
7702:
7690:
7678:
7666:
7654:
7642:
7630:
7629:
7628:
7623:
7608:
7596:
7584:
7572:
7560:
7548:
7536:
7518:
7516:
7505:
7503:Militarisation
7499:
7498:
7496:
7495:
7494:
7493:
7488:
7487:
7486:
7476:
7471:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7445:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7422:
7420:United Kingdom
7410:
7398:
7384:Space industry
7380:
7378:
7376:Commercial use
7372:
7371:
7369:
7368:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7349:
7348:
7346:IPDA standards
7343:
7333:
7331:CEOS standards
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7287:
7281:
7275:
7270:
7264:
7258:
7252:
7246:
7240:
7234:
7228:
7222:
7216:
7210:
7204:
7197:
7195:
7189:
7188:
7186:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7114:
7113:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7087:
7085:
7079:
7078:
7076:
7075:
7070:
7065:
7064:
7063:
7058:
7048:
7043:
7037:
7035:
7034:United Nations
7031:
7030:
7028:
7027:
7026:
7025:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7004:
7003:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6952:
6950:
6949:Other policies
6946:
6945:
6942:
6941:
6938:
6937:
6935:
6934:
6933:
6932:
6927:
6925:MARS-500 study
6919:
6914:
6909:
6902:
6900:
6896:
6895:
6893:
6892:
6887:
6881:
6879:
6875:
6874:
6872:
6871:
6870:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6848:
6842:
6840:
6833:
6827:
6826:
6823:
6822:
6820:
6819:
6812:
6810:
6806:
6805:
6803:
6802:
6796:
6790:
6784:
6781:Salyut program
6778:
6772:
6765:
6763:
6759:
6758:
6756:
6755:
6749:
6743:
6737:
6734:Vostok program
6731:
6730:
6729:
6726:Sputnik crisis
6717:
6715:
6711:
6710:
6708:
6707:
6706:
6705:
6693:
6691:
6684:
6671:
6667:
6666:
6663:
6662:
6660:
6659:
6658:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6611:
6610:
6600:
6595:
6593:Budget of NASA
6590:
6585:
6580:
6574:
6571:
6570:
6568:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6541:
6539:
6531:
6530:
6528:
6527:
6525:2015 Space Act
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6461:
6459:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6411:Space Shuttle
6408:
6403:
6397:
6395:
6391:George W. Bush
6387:
6386:
6384:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6371:1998 Space Act
6368:
6363:
6362:
6361:
6360:
6359:
6349:
6339:
6334:
6326:
6324:
6316:
6315:
6313:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6291:
6289:
6281:
6280:
6278:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6261:Space Shuttle
6258:
6253:
6251:1984 Space Act
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6227:
6225:
6217:
6216:
6214:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6200:
6199:
6197:
6196:
6191:
6185:
6183:
6175:
6174:
6172:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6150:
6148:
6140:
6139:
6137:
6136:
6130:
6128:
6120:
6119:
6117:
6116:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6093:
6091:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6058:
6057:
6047:
6040:
6038:Sputnik crisis
6035:
6030:
6024:
6022:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5994:
5993:
5982:
5980:
5969:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5959:
5958:
5957:
5945:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5923:
5917:
5911:
5906:
5900:
5894:
5888:
5881:
5879:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5867:
5866:
5865:
5863:Mission Shakti
5855:
5850:
5845:
5839:
5837:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5813:
5812:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5791:
5790:
5780:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5745:
5744:
5733:
5731:
5728:Other European
5725:
5724:
5722:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5695:
5694:
5693:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5666:
5663:
5655:
5650:
5644:
5637:
5635:
5629:
5628:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5570:
5568:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5557:
5550:
5545:
5538:
5537:
5536:
5525:
5523:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5515:
5508:
5501:
5496:
5489:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5455:
5449:
5447:
5440:
5439:
5438:
5437:
5436:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5423:MARS-500 study
5420:
5412:
5410:ESA Television
5407:
5406:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5393:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5367:
5361:
5356:
5355:
5354:
5344:
5339:
5333:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5316:
5315:
5305:
5300:
5299:
5298:
5288:
5283:
5272:
5266:
5265:
5264:
5251:
5249:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5239:
5238:
5237:
5235:MARS-500 study
5232:
5221:
5215:
5214:
5213:
5208:
5198:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5169:
5163:
5156:
5154:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5110:
5108:Sputnik crisis
5099:
5097:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5083:
5073:
5068:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5049:
5048:
5043:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5006:
5005:
4998:
4991:
4983:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4954:
4951:
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4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4906:
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4900:
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4886:
4881:
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4866:
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4856:
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4846:
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4830:
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4822:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4766:Timothy Snyder
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4696:Vojtech Mastny
4693:
4691:Geir Lundestad
4688:
4683:
4681:Walter Laqueur
4678:
4676:Walter LaFeber
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4606:André Fontaine
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4536:Gar Alperovitz
4532:
4530:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4506:
4504:
4498:
4497:
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4405:
4398:
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4369:
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4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4276:Third-Worldism
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4177:
4175:
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4162:
4157:
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4147:
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4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4104:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4065:Libertarianism
4062:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4045:
4043:Chicago school
4040:
4034:
4032:
4023:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3988:Nixon Doctrine
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3934:
3932:
3931:Foreign policy
3928:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3883:
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3798:
3793:
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3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3716:Operation RYAN
3713:
3708:
3703:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3621:Able Archer 83
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3567:
3566:
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3506:
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3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
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3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3371:Oromo conflict
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3311:Yom Kippur War
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3094:
3089:
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3087:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2943:Aden Emergency
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2861:Papua conflict
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2766:
2764:Kitchen Debate
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2724:Sputnik crisis
2721:
2716:
2708:
2701:
2696:
2694:Polish October
2691:
2686:
2681:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2594:Pact of Madrid
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2549:Bamboo Curtain
2545:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2348:
2340:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2309:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2289:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2198:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2179:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2156:
2149:
2148:External links
2146:
2144:
2143:
2126:
2110:
2094:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2064:
2051:
2045:
2032:
2026:
2010:
2004:
1989:
1983:
1968:
1962:
1949:
1943:
1928:
1922:
1905:
1899:
1886:
1880:
1867:
1861:
1843:
1837:
1820:
1814:
1801:
1795:
1782:
1776:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1729:
1711:
1686:
1659:(2): 182–195.
1636:
1621:
1580:
1562:
1525:
1521:Dickson (2003)
1513:
1509:Dickson (2003)
1501:
1489:
1487:, p. 190.
1477:
1465:
1450:
1425:
1405:
1396:
1377:(3): 371–401.
1354:
1330:
1284:
1269:
1238:
1189:
1182:
1137:
1115:
1080:
1073:
1053:
1034:(2): 123–146.
1018:
1013:New York Times
1000:
997:on 4 May 2007.
974:
973:
971:
968:
967:
966:
961:
956:
949:
946:
922:
921:United Kingdom
919:
884:James M. Gavin
834:Project Apollo
769:
763:
760:
758:
755:
708:
705:
696:
695:
692:
689:
661:
658:
600:interferometer
579:
569:
557:
552:
551:
550:
541:
540:
539:
509:Main article:
506:
503:
483:PGM-19 Jupiter
457:
454:
402:
401:
399:
398:
391:
384:
376:
373:
372:
348:
346:
345:
340:
335:
327:
323:
322:
321:
320:
310:
309:
308:
303:
301:Draft movement
292:
289:
288:
286:
285:
280:
275:
269:
268:
267:
266:
261:
252:
251:
246:
240:
239:
234:
229:
223:
222:
217:
215:Sputnik crisis
211:
210:
202:
200:
199:
193:
192:
191:
190:
185:
174:
173:
168:
160:
158:
157:
156:
155:
150:
144:Inaugurations
142:
137:
136:
135:
122:
120:
119:
111:
110:
105:
99:
98:
93:
81:
78:
76:
75:
70:
62:
61:
58:
57:
45:a series about
41:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10151:
10140:
10137:
10135:
10132:
10130:
10127:
10125:
10122:
10120:
10117:
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10107:
10105:
10102:
10100:
10097:
10095:
10092:
10090:
10087:
10085:
10082:
10081:
10079:
10064:participation
10063:
10059:
10057:
10053:
10051:
10047:
10046:
10043:
10037:
10027:
10025:
10015:
10013:
10003:
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9898:
9895:
9893:
9890:
9888:
9885:
9883:
9880:
9878:
9875:
9873:
9870:
9868:
9867:Cospas-Sarsat
9865:
9861:
9858:
9857:
9856:
9853:
9851:
9848:
9846:
9843:
9842:
9840:
9836:
9830:
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9816:
9813:
9812:
9811:
9801:
9800:
9798:
9794:
9784:
9774:
9772:
9762:
9758:
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9753:
9743:
9741:
9731:
9727:
9724:
9722:
9719:
9718:
9717:
9707:
9705:
9695:
9693:
9683:
9681:
9671:
9669:
9659:
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9656:
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9624:
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9608:
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9511:
9509:
9499:
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9487:
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9475:
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9463:
9461:
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9449:
9439:
9437:
9427:
9425:
9415:
9411:
9408:
9407:
9406:
9396:
9394:
9384:
9382:
9372:
9370:
9360:
9358:
9348:
9346:
9336:
9332:
9329:
9328:
9327:
9317:
9315:
9305:
9303:
9293:
9291:
9281:
9279:
9269:
9265:
9255:
9254:
9253:
9243:
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9240:
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9234:
9230:
9224:
9221:
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9214:
9211:
9207:
9204:
9200:
9197:
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9160:
9150:
9148:
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9143:
9140:
9136:
9133:
9132:
9131:
9128:
9126:
9122:
9119:
9118:
9116:
9112:
9109:
9105:
9094:
9090:
9080:
9076:
9073:
9072:
9071:
9061:
9057:
9054:
9053:
9052:
9042:
9038:
9035:
9034:
9033:
9023:
9019:
9016:
9015:
9014:
9004:
9000:
8997:
8996:
8995:
8985:
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8973:
8971:
8961:
8959:
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8935:
8925:
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8922:
8918:
8912:
8902:
8900:
8890:
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8866:
8864:
8854:
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8842:
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8835:
8829:
8819:
8817:
8807:
8803:
8800:
8798:
8795:
8793:
8790:
8789:
8788:
8778:
8776:
8766:
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8763:
8759:
8753:
8743:
8741:
8731:
8727:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8718:
8717:
8707:
8705:
8695:
8693:
8683:
8681:
8671:
8667:
8664:
8663:
8662:
8652:
8648:
8645:
8643:
8640:
8635:
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8625:
8623:
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8609:
8608:
8598:
8597:
8595:
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8563:
8562:
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8549:
8539:
8538:
8536:
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8526:
8523:
8522:
8520:
8516:
8513:
8509:
8497:
8494:
8493:
8492:
8482:
8480:
8470:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8452:
8451:
8441:
8439:
8429:
8427:
8417:
8415:
8405:
8403:
8393:
8392:
8390:
8386:Latin America
8384:
8378:
8368:
8366:
8356:
8354:
8344:
8342:
8332:
8330:
8320:
8316:
8313:
8312:
8311:
8301:
8299:
8289:
8287:
8277:
8276:
8274:
8272:North America
8270:
8267:
8263:
8253:
8243:
8241:
8231:
8229:
8219:
8217:
8207:
8203:
8200:
8199:
8198:
8188:
8186:
8176:
8175:
8173:
8169:
8163:
8160:
8158:
8155:
8154:
8152:
8146:
8143:
8139:
8135:
8128:
8123:
8121:
8116:
8114:
8109:
8108:
8105:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
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8055:
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8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
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8035:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8007:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7997:
7995:
7993:
7989:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7942:
7941:United States
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7923:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7908:
7906:
7904:
7903:Space warfare
7900:
7892:
7891:United States
7887:
7882:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7868:
7863:
7859:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7810:
7809:
7806:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7774:
7773:
7772:United States
7768:
7763:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7737:
7732:
7727:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7618:
7614:
7609:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7595:
7590:
7585:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7535:
7530:
7525:
7524:
7523:
7520:
7519:
7517:
7515:
7512:Space forces,
7509:
7506:
7504:
7500:
7492:
7489:
7485:
7482:
7481:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7466:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7449:Space tourism
7447:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7432:United States
7428:
7423:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7386:
7385:
7382:
7381:
7379:
7377:
7373:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7358:GEO standards
7356:
7354:
7353:GSC standards
7351:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7338:
7337:
7334:
7332:
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6793:Buran program
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6769:Soyuz program
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6520:2014 NASA Act
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6500:2010 NASA Act
6498:
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6490:Flexible path
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6435:2005 NASA Act
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6352:ISS programme
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6270:Rogers Report
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6050:1958 NASA Act
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5574:Solar Orbiter
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5565:Cosmic Vision
5562:
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5555:
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5529:ISS programme
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5211:Space station
5209:
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5176:
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5152:space program
5147:
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5128:
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5118:
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4961:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4952:
4946:
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4941:
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4936:
4933:
4931:
4930:War on terror
4928:
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4911:
4908:
4907:
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4901:
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4852:
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4829:
4825:Espionage and
4823:
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4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
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4779:
4777:
4776:Andrew Thorpe
4774:
4772:
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4759:
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4682:
4679:
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4671:Gabriel Kolko
4669:
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4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
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4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4636:Fred Halliday
4634:
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4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4621:Lloyd Gardner
4619:
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4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4581:Norman Davies
4579:
4577:
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4572:
4569:
4567:
4566:John Costello
4564:
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4505:
4501:Technological
4499:
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4406:
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4399:
4397:
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4387:
4386:
4384:
4382:Pro-communist
4380:
4377:
4373:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
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4309:Organizations
4307:
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4148:
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4123:Eurocommunism
4121:
4119:
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4109:
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4101:
4097:
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3991:
3989:
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3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3953:Domino theory
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3923:
3920:
3918:
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3913:
3910:
3908:
3907:South Ossetia
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3884:
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3808:
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3707:
3704:
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3697:
3694:
3692:
3691:8888 Uprising
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3636:Iran–Iraq War
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3601:Falklands War
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
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3572:
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3500:
3497:
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3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3464:NDF Rebellion
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3444:German Autumn
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
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3379:
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3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3331:Metapolitefsi
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
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3282:
3279:
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3269:
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3259:
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3210:
3207:
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3200:
3197:
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3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
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3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3095:
3093:
3092:Prague Spring
3090:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3070:Al-Wadiah War
3068:
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3058:
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3053:
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3048:
3046:
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3041:
3038:
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3035:12-3 incident
3033:
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2617:
2615:
2614:Domino theory
2612:
2610:
2609:Petrov Affair
2607:
2605:
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2600:
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2486:Madiun Affair
2484:
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2469:
2467:
2464:
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2459:
2457:
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2446:Marshall Plan
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2195:United States
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2057:
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2042:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2027:0-8130-2627-X
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2005:0-385-49253-7
2001:
1997:
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1990:
1986:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1936:
1935:
1929:
1925:
1923:9781426201196
1919:
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1906:
1902:
1900:0-425-18843-4
1896:
1892:
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1881:9780791093573
1877:
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1862:0-670-81446-6
1858:
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1815:9780805081473
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1777:0-810-35727-5
1773:
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1715:
1701:on 2009-05-06
1700:
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1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1653:Media History
1647:
1640:
1634:, p. 74.
1633:
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1209:(4593): 943.
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945:
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936:Daily Express
932:
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812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
775:
768:
762:United States
754:
752:
751:Samuel Lubell
748:
744:
741:
735:
733:
728:
724:
723:
713:
704:
702:
693:
690:
687:
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531:
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416:United States
413:
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397:
392:
390:
385:
383:
378:
377:
375:
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370:
365:
361:
352:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
330:
319:
316:
315:
314:
313:1956 campaign
311:
307:
304:
302:
299:
298:
297:
296:1952 campaign
294:
293:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
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265:
262:
260:
257:
256:
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253:
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225:
224:
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218:
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212:
209:
206:
205:
198:
195:
194:
189:
188:Domino theory
186:
184:
181:
180:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
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164:
163:
154:
151:
149:
146:
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113:
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109:
106:
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74:
71:
69:
66:
65:
64:
63:
54:
40:
37:
33:
32:
29:
28:
21:
10060:Preceded by
9912:Intersputnik
9757:TÜBİTAK UZAY
9218:EUTELSAT IGO
9114:Pan-European
9075:TÜBİTAK UZAY
8534:Central Asia
8150:and pan-Arab
8025:Moon Society
8020:Mars Society
7953:Kill vehicle
7916:Space weapon
7522:Space forces
7163:Intersputnik
6799:Apollo–Soyuz
6725:
6537:space policy
6457:space policy
6412:
6393:space policy
6329:
6322:space policy
6287:space policy
6262:
6223:space policy
6206:space policy
6189:Apollo–Soyuz
6181:space policy
6154:Moon landing
6146:space policy
6126:space policy
6089:space policy
6042:
6037:
6020:space policy
5978:space policy
5952:
5914:Project Juno
5552:
5540:
5510:
5503:
5491:
5485:
5464:
5457:
5257:(1960–1975)
5107:
5026:Space policy
4935:Brinkmanship
4827:intelligence
4716:Marius Oprea
4666:Harvey Klehr
4596:Herbert Feis
4586:Willem Drees
4551:Archie Brown
4468:
4456:
4438:
4428:Trybuna Ludu
4426:
4419:
4415:Radio Moscow
4407:
4400:
4393:
4221:Anti-Zionism
4137:
4060:Keynesianism
4048:Conservatism
3912:Transnistria
3892:China-Taiwan
3549:Gera Demands
3422:
3223:
3098:
2903:El Porteñazo
2797:Congo Crisis
2723:
2712:
2647:Algerian War
2630:
2506:Western Bloc
2501:Eastern Bloc
2496:Iron Curtain
2352:
2344:
2336:
2313:
2293:
2285:
2202:Soviet Union
2200:
2193:
2134:
2117:
2101:
2085:
2055:
2036:
2017:
1994:
1973:
1953:
1933:
1911:
1890:
1871:
1851:
1826:
1805:
1786:
1765:
1750:Bibliography
1720:
1714:
1703:. Retrieved
1699:the original
1689:
1673:10026.1/9394
1656:
1652:
1639:
1598:. Retrieved
1593:
1583:
1574:
1553:. Retrieved
1536:
1528:
1516:
1504:
1492:
1480:
1468:
1442:. Retrieved
1419:
1399:
1374:
1370:
1346:. Retrieved
1342:
1333:
1308:
1304:
1272:
1260:. Retrieved
1256:the original
1251:
1241:
1206:
1202:
1192:
1168:
1132:The Atlantic
1131:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1064:The Cold War
1063:
1056:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1012:
1003:
995:the original
990:
934:
924:
911:
896:
888:
873:
865:Yuri Gagarin
842:
819:
780:
766:
745:
739:
736:
726:
720:
718:
700:
697:
679:
675:
665:
663:
638:World War II
625:
623:
615:
596:
590:
581:
571:
533:
526:
521:
514:
495:US Air Force
469:
462:Lockheed U-2
459:
449:
423:
420:Soviet Union
407:
405:
355:
273:U-2 incident
214:
114:
79:World War II
10062:Interkosmos
10036:Interkosmos
9142:Eurocontrol
8792:Antrix Corp
8148:Pan-African
7688:North Korea
7676:New Zealand
7664:Netherlands
7469:Space trade
7249:Moon Treaty
6908:(2013–2015)
6818:(1986–2001)
6795:(1974–1993)
6789:(1973–1977)
6783:(1971–1986)
6777:(1967–1991)
6775:Interkosmos
6754:(1964–1966)
6748:(1961–1976)
6742:(1960–1982)
6736:(1960–1963)
6275:Ride Report
6072:Missile gap
5944:(2018–2020)
5922:(2009–2010)
5899:(1964–1971)
5749:Eurocontrol
5643:(1992–2002)
5567:(2015–2025)
5554:BepiColombo
5401:Space Rider
5332:(1983–2010)
5271:(1964–1975)
5263:(1962–1973)
5185:Project 921
5168:(1966–1972)
5162:(1966–1976)
5095:Space races
4761:Shen Zhihua
4571:Michael Cox
4503:competition
4450:Pro-Western
4440:Soviet Life
4366:Safari Club
4336:Warsaw Pact
4191:Nationalism
4181:Imperialism
4080:Reaganomics
3943:Containment
3736:Perestroika
3225:Realpolitik
3055:Six-Day War
3040:Greek junta
2851:Berlin Wall
2699:Suez Crisis
2667:Vietnam War
2554:McCarthyism
2369:Baruch Plan
2314:Unthinkable
2274:Dekemvriana
2213:Warsaw Pact
1542:(hardcover)
1262:13 February
880:Gerald Ford
845:missile gap
807:US military
650:R-7 booster
499:PGM-17 Thor
220:Missile gap
203:Second Term
10078:Categories
10048:See also:
8761:South Asia
8365:USSPACECOM
7973:Spaceplane
6714:Khrushchev
6263:Challenger
6018:Eisenhower
5479:Cluster II
5076:Spaceguard
5066:Prediction
4529:Historians
4520:Space Race
4421:Rudé právo
4375:Propaganda
4231:Neo-Nazism
4201:Chauvinism
4155:Trotskyism
4070:Monetarism
4038:Liberalism
4030:Capitalism
4022:Ideologies
3973:Ostpolitik
3696:Solidarity
3661:Toyota War
3564:Solidarity
3421:Operation
3376:Ogaden War
3065:Dhofar War
2953:Shifta War
2711:Operation
2559:Korean War
2351:Operation
2343:Operation
2335:Operation
2312:Operation
2292:Operation
2284:Operation
1984:0801427975
1705:2016-02-24
1550:B000OKLL8G
1444:2023-01-26
1348:2021-11-05
970:References
836:, and the
826:Space Race
686:free world
584:media help
479:Explorer 1
456:Background
442:Space Race
166:Korean War
161:First Term
140:Transition
128:Presidency
68:Early Life
9716:Roscosmos
9704:KazCosmos
9668:ArmCosmos
9369:DTU Space
9331:BIRA-IASB
9278:EU SatCen
9037:KACST-SRI
8934:ArmCosmos
8920:West Asia
8593:East Asia
8560:Roscosmos
8548:KazCosmos
8518:Pan-Asian
7782:Structure
7534:Australia
7193:Space law
7056:UN-SPIDER
6831:Roscosmos
6809:Gorbachev
5742:Eurospace
5178:2007 test
5125:Mars race
5071:Avoidance
4816:Ken Young
4661:Tony Judt
4510:Arms race
4483:Red Scare
4351:NN States
4296:Apartheid
4251:Autocracy
4160:Stalinism
4128:Guevarism
4118:Castroism
4108:Communism
4100:Socialism
3626:Star Wars
3219:Koza riot
2345:Beleaguer
2337:Masterdom
1739:464084495
1681:142319531
1600:15 August
1391:159948737
1325:154436145
1311:: 55–75.
1252:USA Today
1110:141646561
1048:154455156
944:of 1958.
927:Space Age
903:engineers
840:in 1969.
740:Sputnik 1
727:Sputnik 1
701:Sputnik 1
666:Sputnik 1
626:Sputnik 1
612:ephemeris
572:Sputnik 1
534:Sputnik 1
522:Sputnik 1
493:with the
470:Sputnik 1
465:spy plane
425:Sputnik 1
10084:Cold War
9941:UNCOPUOS
9252:DG DEFIS
9213:EUMETSAT
8265:Americas
8171:National
7736:Thailand
7700:Pakistan
7582:Colombia
6878:Medvedev
6867:Politics
6853:(1993–)
6762:Brezhnev
6505:Title 51
6415:disaster
6413:Columbia
6357:Politics
6265:disaster
5671:(2021–)
5589:EnVision
5534:Politics
5505:Herschel
5499:INTEGRAL
5277:(1975–)
5203:Tiangong
5193:Shenzhou
5187:(1992–)
5174:(1964–)
5113:Timeline
4968:Timeline
4958:Category
4903:See also
4395:Izvestia
4236:Islamism
4133:Hoxhaism
4008:Rollback
3887:Abkhazia
3827:Gulf War
3731:Glasnost
3101:incident
2871:Sand War
2729:Ifni War
2238:Rio Pact
2183:Cold War
2139:Archived
2122:Archived
2106:Archived
2090:Archived
2016:(2003).
1849:(1994).
1610:cite web
1555:April 3,
1028:Survival
959:New Math
948:See also
805:for the
770:—
757:Response
634:Cold War
608:ILLIAC I
501:rocket.
440:and the
434:Cold War
318:Election
306:Election
183:New Look
178:Cold War
133:Timeline
10094:Sputnik
9902:ISS MCB
9796:Oceania
9571:PTSPACE
9537:CBK PAN
9199:ESTRACK
9125:CENELEC
8828:SUPARCO
8775:SPARRSO
8612:SASTIND
8329:FAA/AST
8162:Arabsat
7796:Vietnam
7777:History
7606:Germany
6930:ExoMars
6839:Yeltsin
6771:(1967–)
6699:(1946)
6682:program
6620:FAA/AST
6320:Clinton
6124:Johnson
6087:Kennedy
6028:WS-117L
5875:British
5649:(2002–)
5493:Rosetta
5474:Cluster
5466:Huygens
5433:ExoMars
5372:(1998–)
5366:(1973–)
5338:(2005–)
5231:(2016–)
5220:(2003–)
5206:program
5196:program
5150:Chinese
5130:Records
4458:Amerika
4341:Comecon
4226:Fascism
4216:Zionism
4165:Titoism
3706:Contras
3174:Détente
2451:Comecon
1233:4273102
1211:Bibcode
783:US Navy
776:in 1957
9962:Former
9953:UNOOSA
9855:COSPAR
9326:BELSPO
9107:Europe
8899:GISTDA
8875:PhilSA
8740:SaTReC
8642:PLAASF
8310:NESDIS
8240:NASRDA
8157:RASCOM
8141:Africa
7936:Russia
7865:
7820:France
7748:Turkey
7712:Russia
7640:Israel
7594:France
7558:Canada
7546:Brazil
7408:Russia
7292:(2020)
7286:(2012)
7280:(1999)
7269:(1998)
7263:(1988)
7257:(1981)
7251:(1979)
7245:(1976)
7239:(1975)
7233:(1974)
7227:(1972)
7221:(1972)
7215:(1968)
7209:(1967)
7203:(1963)
6801:(1975)
6728:(1957)
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