25:
3215:
1097:
494:, a language with two phonemic lengths, indicates the stress by adding allophonic length, which gives four distinctive lengths and five physical lengths: short and long stressed vowels, short and long unstressed vowels, and a half-long vowel, which is a short vowel found in a syllable immediately preceded by a stressed short vowel:
1167:). The usual long-short pairings for RP are /iː + ɪ/, /ɑː + æ/, /ɜ: + ə/, /ɔː + ɒ/, /u + ʊ/, but Jones omits /ɑː + æ/. This approach is not found in present-day descriptions of English. Vowels show allophonic variation in length and also in other features according to the context in which they occur. The terms
1589:
In the teaching of
English, vowels are commonly said to have a "short" and a "long" version. The terms "short" and "long" are not accurate from a linguistic point of view—at least in the case of Modern English—as the vowels are not actually short and long versions of the same sound; the terminology
412:
Many languages do not distinguish vowel length phonemically, meaning that vowel length does not change meaning. However, the amount of time a vowel is uttered can change based on factors such as the phonetic characteristics of the sounds around it, for instance whether the vowel is followed by a
3270:"OB-UGRIC LANGUAGES: CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURES, LEXICON, CONSTRUCTIONS, CATEGORIES TRANSLITERATION TABLES FOR NORTHERN MANSI : Counterparts of Cyrillic, FUT Counterparts of Cyrillic, FUT Cyrillic, FUT and IPA characters and IPA characters and IPA characters for Northern Mansi"
1834:). When a laryngeal sound followed a vowel, it was later lost in most Indo-European languages, and the preceding vowel became long. However, Proto-Indo-European had long vowels of other origins as well, usually as the result of older sound changes, such as
1861:. An alternative pathway to the phonemicization of allophonic vowel length is the shift of a vowel of a formerly-different quality to become the short counterpart of a vowel pair. That too is exemplified by Australian English, whose contrast between
1778:
Similarly, the short vowel letters are rarely represented in teaching reading of
English in the classroom by the symbols ă, ĕ, ĭ, ŏ, o͝o, and ŭ. The long vowels are more often represented by a horizontal line above the vowel: ā, ē, ī, ō, o͞o, and ū.
579:
is essentially similar to long vowels. Some old
Finnish long vowels have developed into diphthongs, but successive layers of borrowing have introduced the same long vowels again so the diphthong and the long vowel now again contrast
1266:
variation in vowel length depending on the value of the consonant that follows it: vowels are shorter before voiceless consonants and are longer when they come before voiced consonants. Thus, the vowel in
1019:
Vowel length contrasts with more than two phonemic levels are rare, and several hypothesized cases of three-level vowel length can be analysed without postulating this typologically unusual configuration.
1327:. The vowel sound in "beat" is generally pronounced for about 190 milliseconds, but the same vowel in "bead" lasts 350 milliseconds in normal speech, the voiced final consonant influencing vowel length.
3255:
3079:
Odden, David (2011). The
Representation of Vowel Length. In Marc van Oostendorp, Colin J. Ewen, Elizabeth Hume, & Keren Rice (eds.) The Blackwell Companion to Phonology. Wiley-Blackwell, 465-490.
1151:
In many varieties of
English, vowels contrast with each other both in length and in quality, and descriptions differ in the relative importance given to these two features. Some descriptions of
1895:, has a rare phenomenon in which allophonic length variation has become phonemic after the deletion of the suffixes causing the allophony. Estonian had already inherited two vowel lengths from
2506:, as evidenced by the name itself. This is the convention of the Listuguj orthography (Miꞌgmaq), and a common substitution for the acute accent (Míkmaq) of the Francis-Smith orthography.
2280:
and other
Germanic languages, including English. The system is somewhat inconsistent, especially in loanwords, around consonant clusters and with word-final nasal consonants. Examples:
2268:
Estonian also has a rare "overlong" vowel length but does not distinguish it from the normal long vowel in writing, as they are distinguishable by context; see the example below.
1163:
proposed that phonetically similar pairs of long and short vowels could be grouped into single phonemes, distinguished by the presence or absence of phonological length (
1903:
caused the preceding vowels to be articulated shorter. After the deletion of the marker, the allophonic length became phonemic, as shown in the example above.
2610:), while short vowels are typically omitted entirely. Most of these scripts also have optional diacritics that can be used to mark short vowels when needed.
3269:
1772:
2900:". However, some long vowels are written with additional vowel characters, as with hiragana, with the distinction being orthographically significant.
2983:, also based on syllabic characters, long vowels in monosyllabic roots were generally written with word-final syllabic signs ending in the vowel -
1858:
2186:, with a e i o u. (In traditional spelling, is è and is ò as in gnè, pòcaid, Mòr (personal name), while is é and is ó, as in dé, mór.)
2924:, 'foster parent' . They are usually identical in normal speech, but when enunciated a distinction may be made with a pause or a
3376:
1159:
group all non-diphthongal vowels into the categories "long" and "short", convenient terms for grouping the many vowels of
English.
1849:
quality of a single vowel phoneme, which may have then become split in two phonemes. For example, the
Australian English phoneme
1791:. In Australian English, the second element of a diphthong has assimilated to the preceding vowel, giving the pronunciation of
1044:"get+(infinitive)". As for languages that have three lengths, independent of vowel quality or syllable structure, these include
1071:
Four-way distinctions have been claimed, but these are actually long-short distinctions on adjacent syllables. For example, in
504:
Among the languages with distinctive vowel length, there are some in which it may occur only in stressed syllables, such as in
1028:, as it has developed from the allophonic variation caused by now-deleted grammatical markers. For example, half-long 'aa' in
3332:
3113:
436:. However, languages with two vowel lengths may permit words in which two adjacent vowels are of the same quality: Japanese
89:
1115:
1107:
3348:
1570:
1455:
61:
3231:
3208:
2176:, a system where inherited lengths are marked with the circumflex and new lengths with the macron is occasionally used.
2903:
Some analyses make a distinction between a long vowel and a succession of two identical vowels, citing pairs such as
1133:
108:
358:. Some languages in the past likely had the distinction even though their descendants do not, with an example being
68:
3212:
2499:
2483:
1922:
46:
75:
3369:
2463:
1937:) is used for both vowel and consonant length. This may be doubled for an extra-long sound, or the top half (
1763:), "long" vowel letters may be marked with a macron; for example, ⟨ā⟩ may be used to represent the IPA sound
42:
2515:
Some languages make no distinction in writing. This is particularly the case with ancient languages such as
1187:
2950:
2939:
2794:
2790:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2599:
2595:
2583:
2579:
2567:
2528:
2524:
2442:
2438:
2389:
2374:
2362:
2331:
2324:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2262:
2255:
1938:
1926:
1882:
1870:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1764:
1742:
1737:
1718:
1713:
1694:
1689:
1670:
1665:
1646:
1641:
1622:
1617:
1556:
1552:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1481:
1465:
1448:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1342:
1334:
1278:
1271:
1238:
1228:
1218:
1208:
1195:
1191:
1065:
1005:
1000:
986:
981:
974:
969:
964:
959:
947:
942:
935:
930:
925:
920:
832:
827:
812:
807:
799:
794:
782:
777:
769:
764:
656:
644:
632:
246:
187:
130:
2046:
57:
1788:
1160:
531:
In some languages, vowel length is sometimes better analyzed as a sequence of two identical vowels. In
2140:, which was a light acute accent that was angled lower and aligned with a letter's right, was used in
1979:
Although not phonemic, a half-long distinction can also be illustrated in certain accents of
English:
1464:. The distinction between and exists only word-internally before consonants other than intervocalic
671:
distinction between long and short vowels. Some families have many such languages, examples being the
1453:
559:. In non-initial syllables, it is ambiguous if long vowels are vowel clusters; poems written in the
3556:
3362:
2962:
alphabet, vowel length is not distinguished in normal writing. Some dictionaries use a double dot,
2531:
in spelling, with words like 'span' or 'can' having different pronunciations depending on meaning.
1807:
1760:
458:, "inviolable". Some languages that do not ordinarily have phonemic vowel length but permit vowel
3296:
1815:
35:
2058:
2053:. While not part of their standard orthography, the macron is used as a teaching aid in modern
1803:
1255:
1152:
1835:
1075:, there is , , , "hit", "dry", "bite", "we have chosen for everyone and are still choosing".
1060:. An example from Mixe is "guava", "spider", "knot". In Dinka the longest vowels are three
706:
In Latin and
Hungarian, some long vowels are analyzed as separate phonemes from short vowels:
343:
3548:
2556:
2248:
2199:
1896:
676:
390:
331:
486:
is often reinforced by allophonic vowel length, especially when it is lexical. For example,
335:
3572:
3487:
3442:
2731:
syllabary, long vowels are usually indicated by adding a vowel character after. For vowels
2516:
2503:
2431:
2070:
2038:
1583:
483:
459:
406:
351:
2496:, a more common variant in the Americanist tradition, also used in language orthographies.
1410:
as or . The contrast between the two diphthongs is phonetic rather than phonemic, as the
1333:
features short and long varieties of the closing diphthong . The short corresponds to RP
315:
82:
8:
2193:
2092:
2088:
1819:
672:
536:
416:
Languages that do distinguish vowel length phonemically usually only distinguish between
386:
323:
3199:. Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466). Cambridge University Press.
3176:
Vowel-length Differences Before Voiced and Voiceless Consonants: An Auditory Explanation
2467:
1818:
were formed from short vowels, followed by any one of the several "laryngeal" sounds of
1414:
can be restored in formal speech: etc., which suggests that the underlying form of is
429:
359:
3613:
3515:
3505:
3424:
3404:
3047:
3042:
2721:
2520:
2173:
2114:
2110:
2010:
1576:
1061:
378:
339:
307:
2156:. The circumflex is occasionally used as a surrogate for the macrons, particularly in
355:
3577:
3328:
3109:
2220:
2165:
2157:
2042:
2018:
1953:
1888:
1548:
1156:
1021:
692:
684:
467:
425:
382:
363:
2014:
1810:
or even an approximant, as the English 'r'. A historically-important example is the
563:
often syllabicate between the vowels, and an (etymologically original) intervocalic
3495:
3200:
2544:
2404:
2277:
2228:
2224:
2137:
2026:
1811:
1310:
1287:
1259:
1072:
1057:
1053:
532:
521:
505:
491:
424:. Very few languages distinguish three phonemic vowel lengths; some that do so are
394:
370:
347:
2857:), ousama, "king") depending on etymological, morphological, and historic grounds.
1899:, but a third one was then introduced. For example, the Finnic imperative marker *
1571:"Long" and "short" vowel letters in spelling and the classroom teaching of reading
3618:
3538:
3500:
3414:
2561:
2552:
2548:
2475:
2471:
2400:
2386:
2366:
2236:
2232:
2203:
2183:
2169:
2141:
2130:
2122:
2106:
2074:
2062:
2050:
2034:
2022:
1930:
1892:
1768:
1330:
696:
688:
680:
525:
513:
509:
487:
369:
While vowel length alone does not change word meaning in most dialects of modern
319:
2634:
also had distinct vowel signs, but only for some long vowels; the vowel letters
314:
factor, meaning vowel length can change the meaning of the word, for example in
3462:
2455:
2415:
2240:
2153:
2125:(for long ó, é, as opposed to è, ò) and pre-20th-century transcriptions of
2118:
2102:
2066:
1839:
1591:
1582:"Short a" redirects here. For the classification in Minor League Baseball, see
1346:
1190:, there is contrastive vowel length in closed syllables between long and short
1045:
1025:
560:
517:
398:
327:
2489:
1418:(John Wells says that the vowel is equally correctly transcribed with ⟨
3607:
3587:
3562:
3467:
3409:
3204:
3192:
2654:) originally represented long forms of the vowels represented by the letters
2631:
2625:
1338:
1049:
858:
727:
448:
433:
3437:
3432:
2925:
2591:
2179:
2161:
2098:
1199:
552:
1590:
is a historical holdover due to their arising from proper vowel length in
3567:
3477:
3472:
2980:
2614:
2539:
In non-Latin writing systems, a variety of mechanisms have also evolved.
2084:
1946:
1446:
915:
853:
759:
722:
295:
238:
591:
In Japanese, most long vowels are the results of the phonetic change of
3528:
3300:
3070:(revised 9th ed. with supplement). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p.1
3037:
2621:
2378:
2149:
1878:
993:
863:
819:
732:
462:
may similarly exhibit sequences of identical vowel phonemes that yield
374:
254:
195:
138:
2423:
703:
which have phonemic vowel length but no descendants that preserve it.
667:
As noted above, only a relatively few of the world's languages make a
3457:
3391:
2435:
2347:
orthography uses consonant doubling in closed short syllables, e.g.,
2244:
1846:
1802:
Another common source is the vocalization of a consonant such as the
1263:
954:
789:
592:
576:
402:
1594:. The phonetic values of these vowels are shown in the table below.
679:. Other languages have fewer relatives with vowel length, including
24:
3582:
3523:
3447:
3399:
2871:
2861:
2728:
2519:. Modern edited texts often use macrons with long vowels, however.
2344:
2126:
2030:
1164:
544:
440:
311:
3354:
2875:
631:. The change also occurred after the loss of intervocalic phoneme
2715:
2673:
2661:
2617:
2369:
because of the preservation and the generalization of a historic
668:
3104:
Jones, Daniel; Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John (2011).
1341:), whereas the long corresponds to the non-prevocalic sequence
3452:
2973:
2959:
2189:
2422:
is used for the long U sound, and the character is known as a
1853:
was created by the incomplete application of a rule extending
1316:
1293:
1183:) are alternative terms that do not directly refer to length.
3592:
2897:
2768:
2709:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2635:
2575:
2080:
2054:
1942:
700:
640:
303:
2628:, there are different vowel signs for short and long vowels.
2029:
and many transcription schemes, including romanizations for
1857:
before certain voiced consonants, a phenomenon known as the
528:, vowel length is distinctive also in unstressed syllables.
3007:, however, the word-final vowel for indicating length was -
2705:
2607:
2144:. (However, for I, a taller ꟾ was sometimes used instead.)
1551:) mainly in length. In broad Cockney, the contrast between
1767:. This is sometimes used in dictionaries, most notably in
2641:
2555:, long vowels are written with consonant letters (mostly
2385:
letter lengthens other vowels as well, e.g., in the name
1941:) may be used to indicate that a sound is "half long". A
1036:"send (saatta-) +(imperative)", and the overlong 'aa' in
3305:
1929:(not a colon, but two triangles facing each other in an
1567:(cf. the near-RP form , with a wide closing diphthong).
1468:. In the morpheme-final position only occurs (with the
409:, which do not have phonemic vowel length distinctions.
3174:
Kluender, Keith; Diehl, Randy; Wright, Beverly (1988).
1575:"Short i" redirects here. For the Cyrillic letter, see
1437:
is often restored before a word-initial vowel, so that
3103:
2919:
2743:, the corresponding independent vowel is added. Thus:
2761:(i), にいがた "Niigata", city in northern Japan (usually
2718:), could represent either short or long vowel phones.
1313:
1290:
535:, such as Finnish, the simplest example follows from
3349:
Some Features of the Vernacular Finnish of Jyväskylä
3015:- "to count; to honour, to sanctify" was written as
1319:
1296:
3173:
1488:vowels can occur, depending on morphology (compare
1484:is the banned diphthong, though here either of the
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2061:textbooks. Macron is also used in modern official
1398:The difference is lost in running speech, so that
2373:spelling, which originally represented the sound
1795:as , creating a contrast with the short vowel in
1452:) is somewhat more likely to contain the lateral
452:
310:. In some languages vowel length is an important
306:sound: the corresponding physical measurement is
3605:
2864:syllabary are written with a special bar symbol
2466:, and used in orthographies based on it such as
1064:long, and so are best analyzed as overlong e.g.
1024:has three distinctive lengths, but the third is
2913:
2904:
2888:
2879:
2865:
2852:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2688:"). The other vowel letters of Ancient Greek,
1759:In some types of phonetic transcription (e.g.
1349:). The following are minimal pairs of length:
490:long vowels are always in stressed syllables.
470:
438:
3370:
3003:). If the nucleus of the syllable was itself
2083:(ă) are used to mark short vowels in several
543:. In some cases, it is caused by a following
3327:, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press,
3106:The Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary
2991:"basket", with a long vowel, was written as
2967:
1254:In most varieties of English, for instance
1146:
3377:
3363:
3256:"Short Vowels and Long Vowels Lesson Plan"
3093:. Cambridge University Press. p. 119.
2065:orthographies of some minority languages (
1249:
575:"of the sky"). Morphological treatment of
567:is seen in that and some modern dialects (
401:. It also plays a lesser phonetic role in
3158:
3108:(18th ed.). Cambridge. p. vii.
2430:"horse". (It actually developed from the
1337:in morphologically closed syllables (see
1134:Learn how and when to remove this message
691:. There are also older languages such as
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2534:
1845:Vowel length may also have arisen as an
1499:In Cockney, the main difference between
662:
393:, and in a few rhotic dialects, such as
3322:
3311:
3133:(3rd ed.). Longman. p. xxiii.
1814:, which states that long vowels in the
1433:). Furthermore, a vocalized word-final
547:, which is etymologically a consonant:
3606:
2999:"sky", with a short vowel, written as
2928:inserted between two identical vowels.
2101:(á), used to indicate a long vowel in
2013:(ā), used to indicate a long vowel in
1559:is also mainly one of length; compare
843:
711:
3358:
3191:
3187:
3185:
3143:
3128:
3088:
3066:Liddell, H. G., and R. Scott (1996).
2276:after short vowels is very common in
2210:
2087:transcription systems, as well as in
1155:and more widely some descriptions of
862:
857:
3178:. Journal of Phonetics. p. 153.
2334:'a comb' (but the verb 'to comb' is
1787:Vowel length may often be traced to
1773:Pronunciation respelling for English
1090:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
3384:
3148:(9th ed.). Heffer. p. 63.
2091:and Alvarez-Hale's orthography for
1472:vowel being realized as ), so that
478:
13:
3182:
3161:English phonology: an introduction
2987:rather than an echo-vowel. Hence,
1426:⟩, not to be confused with
1106:tone or style may not reflect the
14:
3630:
3341:
2510:
1911:
413:voiced or a voiceless consonant.
3131:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
2839:), "meirei", command/order) and
2566:in Modern Arabic the long vowel
2523:does not distinguish the vowels
1523:is length, not quality, so that
1351:
1309:
1286:
1204:
1116:guide to writing better articles
1095:
23:
3290:
3262:
3248:
3224:
3146:An Outline of English Phonetics
2815:), neesan, "elder sister") and
2502:(straight apostrophe), used in
2484:International Phonetic Alphabet
1923:International Phonetic Alphabet
373:, it is said to do so in a few
34:needs additional citations for
3167:
3163:. Cambridge. p. para 3.3.
3152:
3137:
3122:
3097:
3082:
3073:
3060:
2449:
1081:
1032:comes from the agglutination *
1:
3053:
2570:is represented by the letter
2559:letters) in a process called
2464:Americanist phonetic notation
2239:, and in closed syllables in
2004:
1086:
302:is the perceived length of a
1906:
1732:
1708:
1684:
1660:
1636:
1612:
1274:is longer than the vowel in
475:, "you will facilitate it".
7:
3031:
2920:
2543:In abjads derived from the
10:
3635:
3323:Labrune, Laurence (2012),
2789:), dragon. The mid-vowels
2710:
2700:
2690:
2656:
2646:
2636:
2168:, or in transcriptions of
1581:
1574:
1480:. Before the intervocalic
524:, some Irish dialects and
453:
3547:
3514:
3486:
3423:
3390:
3325:The Phonology of Japanese
3277:Babel.gwi.uni-muenchen.de
2968:
2914:
2905:
2889:
2880:
2866:
2853:
2847:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2763:
2757:
2751:
2745:
2361:is used to mark the long
2152:(â), used for example in
1952:Estonian has a three-way
1934:
1877:) was brought about by a
1822:(conventionally written h
1782:
997:
872:
869:
852:
850:
836:
823:
803:
773:
731:
726:
721:
718:
643:) has undergone a shift:
471:
281:
268:
263:
253:
244:
237:
222:
209:
204:
194:
185:
180:
165:
152:
147:
137:
128:
123:
16:Duration of a vowel sound
3232:"Guide to Pronunciation"
3205:10.1017/CBO9780511611759
2860:Most long vowels in the
2418:, the additional letter
2206:to indicate long vowels.
2196:to indicate long vowels.
1808:voiced palatal fricative
1761:pronunciation respelling
1476:is always distinct from
1147:Contrastive vowel length
3068:A Greek-English Lexicon
3023:"appetite", written as
2478:. The triangular colon
2407:spelling, e.g., German
2219:, used consistently in
2172:. In transcriptions of
1816:Indo-European languages
1250:Allophonic vowel length
516:. In languages such as
3159:Giegerich, H. (1992).
3144:Jones, Daniel (1967).
3089:Wells, John C (1982).
2434:"uo", which noted the
2399:is frequently used in
1916:
1804:voiced velar fricative
1256:Received Pronunciation
1153:Received Pronunciation
635:. For example, modern
439:
399:Northern Irish English
2755:, "okaasan", mother;
2557:approximant consonant
2535:Other writing systems
677:Finno-Ugric languages
663:Phonemic vowel length
647:. Another example is
466:long vowels, such as
391:South African English
332:Finno-Ugric languages
3129:Wells, J.C. (2008).
2797:may be written with
2680:", by contrast with
2441:until it shifted to
2039:Hepburn romanization
1949:vowel or consonant.
1584:Class A Short Season
1422:⟩ or ⟨
1402:falls together with
1198:. The following are
1034:saa+tta+k */sɑːtˑɑk/
588:"diplomatic note").
407:varieties of Chinese
43:improve this article
2887:"maker" instead of
2676:– literally "small
2602:are represented by
2586:are represented by
2251:. Example: Finnish
1963:"to get" (overlong)
1945:is used to mark an
1820:Proto-Indo-European
847:
715:
673:Dravidian languages
584:"musical note" vs.
537:consonant gradation
387:New Zealand English
362:and its descendent
324:Dravidian languages
3197:Accents of English
3091:Accents of English
3048:Mora (linguistics)
3043:Length (phonetics)
2931:In transcription:
2912:'sugar shop' vs.
2722:Japanese phonology
2664:, literally "bare
2594:), and the vowels
2521:Australian English
2486:derives from this.
2274:Consonant doubling
2211:Additional letters
2174:Middle High German
1577:Short I (Cyrillic)
1188:Australian English
1179:(corresponding to
1171:(corresponding to
845:
713:
657:/seuneɴ/→/sjoːneɴ/
405:, unlike in other
379:Australian English
377:dialects, such as
3601:
3600:
3334:978-0-19-954583-4
3314:, pp. 45–46.
3237:. Merriam-Webster
3115:978-0-521-15255-6
2964:⟨:⟩
2494:⟨ꞏ⟩
2480:⟨ː⟩
2460:⟨꞉⟩
2319:Inconsistent use:
1975:"hundred" (short)
1954:phonemic contrast
1757:
1756:
1549:cure-force merger
1396:
1395:
1247:
1246:
1157:English phonology
1144:
1143:
1136:
1110:used on Knowledge
1108:encyclopedic tone
1017:
1016:
1013:
1012:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
846:Hungarian vowels
841:
840:
645:/kjauto/→/kjoːto/
383:Lunenburg English
364:Romance languages
292:
291:
233:
232:
176:
175:
119:
118:
111:
93:
3626:
3496:Secondary stress
3379:
3372:
3365:
3356:
3355:
3337:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3274:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3236:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3189:
3180:
3179:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3071:
3064:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2952:
2941:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2908:
2907:
2892:
2891:
2883:
2882:
2872:vertical writing
2869:
2868:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2775:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2713:
2712:
2703:
2702:
2693:
2692:
2659:
2658:
2649:
2648:
2639:
2638:
2601:
2597:
2585:
2581:
2569:
2545:Aramaic alphabet
2530:
2526:
2495:
2481:
2461:
2444:
2440:
2391:
2376:
2364:
2333:
2326:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2264:
2257:
2164:romanization of
1940:
1936:
1928:
1884:
1872:
1864:
1856:
1852:
1836:Szemerényi's law
1812:laryngeal theory
1766:
1744:
1739:
1720:
1715:
1696:
1691:
1672:
1667:
1648:
1643:
1624:
1619:
1597:
1596:
1558:
1554:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1487:
1483:
1471:
1467:
1459:
1450:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1352:
1344:
1336:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1280:
1273:
1260:General American
1240:
1230:
1220:
1210:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1139:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1119:
1118:for suggestions.
1114:See Knowledge's
1099:
1098:
1091:
1067:
1007:
1002:
988:
983:
976:
971:
966:
961:
949:
944:
937:
932:
927:
922:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
848:
844:
834:
829:
814:
809:
801:
796:
784:
779:
771:
766:
716:
712:
709:
708:
658:
646:
634:
533:Finnic languages
506:Alemannic German
479:Related features
474:
473:
456:
455:
444:
395:Scottish English
285:
277:
272:
249:
248:
235:
234:
226:
218:
213:
190:
189:
178:
177:
169:
161:
156:
133:
132:
121:
120:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3543:
3539:Extra-shortness
3510:
3501:Vowel reduction
3482:
3419:
3415:Vowel reduction
3386:
3385:Suprasegmentals
3383:
3353:
3344:
3335:
3319:
3318:
3310:
3306:
3299:on the Italian
3295:
3291:
3281:
3279:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3216:
3190:
3183:
3172:
3168:
3157:
3153:
3142:
3138:
3127:
3123:
3116:
3102:
3098:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3034:
2979:In the Classic
2963:
2562:mater lectionis
2537:
2513:
2493:
2492:or half-colon,
2479:
2459:
2452:
2351:'language' and
2294:'to change' vs
2286:Consistent use:
2213:
2184:Scottish Gaelic
2182:(à) is used in
2170:Old High German
2142:Classical Latin
2123:Scottish Gaelic
2007:
1931:hourglass shape
1919:
1914:
1909:
1893:Finnic language
1881:of the earlier
1833:
1829:
1825:
1785:
1769:Merriam-Webster
1587:
1580:
1573:
1485:
1469:
1427:
1331:Cockney English
1312:
1308:
1289:
1285:
1281:. Also compare
1252:
1149:
1140:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1113:
1104:This section's
1100:
1096:
1089:
1084:
1078:
697:Biblical Hebrew
689:Scottish Gaelic
665:
526:Classical Latin
514:Egyptian Arabic
510:Scottish Gaelic
481:
283:
275:
270:
245:
224:
216:
211:
186:
167:
159:
154:
129:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3632:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3553:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3520:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3492:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3463:Tone terracing
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3429:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3396:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3359:
3352:
3351:
3345:
3343:
3342:External links
3340:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3317:
3316:
3312:Labrune (2012)
3304:
3289:
3261:
3247:
3223:
3193:Wells, John C.
3181:
3166:
3151:
3136:
3121:
3114:
3096:
3081:
3072:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3028:
2977:
2966:, for example
2958:In the Korean
2956:
2955:
2954:
2929:
2901:
2858:
2821:(o) , or with
2719:
2629:
2611:
2578:), the vowels
2536:
2533:
2512:
2511:No distinction
2509:
2508:
2507:
2497:
2487:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2412:
2393:
2381:, a following
2356:
2340:
2339:
2327:'a field' and
2316:
2282:
2281:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2217:Vowel doubling
2212:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2197:
2187:
2177:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2121:, traditional
2096:
2078:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1977:
1976:
1970:
1969:"send!" (long)
1964:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1912:Latin alphabet
1910:
1908:
1905:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1784:
1781:
1755:
1754:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1592:Middle English
1572:
1569:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1347:l-vocalization
1251:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1236:
1234:
1225:
1224:
1216:
1214:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1103:
1101:
1094:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1026:suprasegmental
1015:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1003:
998:
996:
990:
989:
984:
979:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
951:
950:
945:
940:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
912:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
875:
874:
871:
867:
866:
861:
856:
851:
842:
839:
838:
835:
830:
825:
822:
816:
815:
810:
805:
802:
797:
792:
786:
785:
780:
775:
772:
767:
762:
756:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
736:
735:
730:
725:
720:
664:
661:
561:Kalevala meter
480:
477:
447:"phoenix", or
290:
289:
286:
279:
278:
273:
266:
265:
261:
260:
257:
251:
250:
242:
241:
231:
230:
227:
220:
219:
214:
207:
206:
202:
201:
198:
192:
191:
183:
182:
174:
173:
170:
163:
162:
157:
150:
149:
145:
144:
141:
135:
134:
126:
125:
117:
116:
99:September 2015
58:"Vowel length"
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3631:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3588:Prosodic unit
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3563:Pitch contour
3561:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3468:Floating tone
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3410:Metrical foot
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3380:
3375:
3373:
3368:
3366:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3336:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3320:
3313:
3308:
3302:
3298:
3293:
3278:
3271:
3265:
3257:
3251:
3233:
3227:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3186:
3177:
3170:
3162:
3155:
3147:
3140:
3132:
3125:
3117:
3111:
3107:
3100:
3092:
3085:
3076:
3069:
3063:
3059:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2974:Daikon radish
2961:
2957:
2949:
2947:
2938:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2922:
2911:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2886:
2877:
2873:
2870:(vertical in
2863:
2859:
2783:"ryuu" (usu.
2770:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2707:
2697:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2643:
2633:
2632:Ancient Greek
2630:
2627:
2626:Thai alphabet
2623:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2593:
2589:
2577:
2573:
2565:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2532:
2522:
2518:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2372:
2368:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2205:
2202:(ä), used in
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:(ą), used in
2191:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2059:Ancient Greek
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1932:
1924:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1876:
1868:
1860:
1859:bad–lad split
1848:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1780:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1762:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1613:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1585:
1578:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1479:
1475:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1444:
1440:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1340:
1339:thought split
1332:
1328:
1324:
1307:
1301:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1243:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1200:minimal pairs
1189:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1138:
1135:
1127:
1117:
1111:
1109:
1102:
1093:
1092:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1069:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1009:
1004:
999:
995:
992:
991:
985:
980:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
956:
953:
952:
946:
941:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
917:
914:
913:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
876:
868:
865:
860:
855:
849:
831:
826:
821:
818:
817:
811:
806:
798:
793:
791:
788:
787:
781:
776:
768:
763:
761:
758:
757:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
737:
734:
729:
724:
717:
714:Latin vowels
710:
707:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
660:
654:
650:
642:
638:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
589:
587:
583:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
502:
500:
499:
493:
489:
485:
476:
469:
465:
461:
457:
450:
449:Ancient Greek
446:
443:
442:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
287:
280:
274:
267:
262:
258:
256:
252:
243:
240:
236:
228:
221:
215:
208:
203:
199:
197:
193:
184:
179:
171:
164:
158:
151:
146:
142:
140:
136:
127:
122:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3534:Vowel length
3533:
3438:Pitch accent
3433:Tone contour
3324:
3307:
3292:
3280:. Retrieved
3276:
3264:
3250:
3239:. Retrieved
3226:
3213:0-52128540-2
3196:
3175:
3169:
3160:
3154:
3145:
3139:
3130:
3124:
3105:
3099:
3090:
3084:
3075:
3067:
3062:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2945:
2943:
2934:
2932:
2926:glottal stop
2909:
2893:
2884:
2874:), called a
2803:(e) (rare) (
2685:
2681:
2677:
2669:
2665:
2603:
2587:
2571:
2560:
2538:
2514:
2427:
2419:
2408:
2396:
2395:A following
2382:
2370:
2358:
2352:
2348:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2318:
2309:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2285:
2273:
2259:
2252:
2249:West Frisian
2216:
2180:Grave accent
2162:Kunrei-shiki
2099:Acute accent
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1951:
1920:
1900:
1897:Proto-Finnic
1887:
1874:
1866:
1844:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1789:assimilation
1786:
1777:
1758:
1751:
1747:
1727:
1723:
1703:
1699:
1679:
1675:
1655:
1651:
1631:
1627:
1588:
1564:
1560:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1535:differ from
1532:
1528:
1524:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1477:
1473:
1461:
1442:
1438:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1329:
1305:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1253:
1241:
1231:
1221:
1211:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1161:Daniel Jones
1150:
1130:
1124:October 2018
1121:
1105:
1077:
1070:
1041:
1040:comes from *
1037:
1033:
1029:
1018:
705:
666:
652:
648:
636:
628:
627:is becoming
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
590:
585:
581:
572:
568:
564:
556:
553:Proto-Uralic
548:
540:
530:
503:
497:
495:
482:
464:phonetically
463:
451:
437:
421:
418:short vowels
417:
415:
411:
368:
300:vowel length
299:
293:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3568:Pitch reset
3478:Tone letter
3473:Tone sandhi
3297:Carlo Porta
2981:Maya script
2942:'moon' vs.
2615:South-Asian
2517:Old English
2450:Other signs
2258:'wind' vs.
2160:and in the
2071:Kildin Sami
1947:extra-short
1840:Stang's law
1775:for more).
1515:as well as
1356:fort/fought
1262:, there is
1202:of length:
1082:By language
541:haka → haan
422:long vowels
296:linguistics
239:Extra-short
3608:Categories
3557:Intonation
3529:Gemination
3301:Wikisource
3241:2018-10-18
3054:References
3038:Gemination
2953:'airflow'.
2684:or "large
2622:Devanagari
2620:, such as
2547:, notably
2403:and older
2379:Low German
2343:Classical
2308:'coma' vs
2301:'tub' and
2194:Lithuanian
2150:Circumflex
2089:Vietnamese
2085:linguistic
2005:Diacritics
1933:; Unicode
1847:allophonic
1447:intrusive
1445:, with an
1264:allophonic
1087:In English
870:unrounded
623:, and now
593:diphthongs
577:diphthongs
472:გააადვილებ
375:non-rhotic
276:̆
255:IPA Number
217:ˑ
196:IPA Number
160:ː
139:IPA Number
69:newspapers
3614:Phonetics
3458:Downdrift
3019:(compare
2995:(compare
2436:diphthong
2365:sound in
2355:'public'.
2315:'to come'
2245:Afrikaans
2115:Hungarian
2111:Old Norse
1925:the sign
1907:Notations
1609:examples
1219:/ˈfeːɹiː/
403:Cantonese
334:(such as
326:(such as
271:(decimal)
212:(decimal)
181:Half-long
155:(decimal)
3583:Loudness
3524:Chroneme
3448:Downstep
3443:Register
3400:Syllable
3195:(1982).
3032:See also
2878:, as in
2862:katakana
2729:hiragana
2618:abugidas
2500:Saltillo
2432:ligature
2426:, e.g.,
2411:'tooth'.
2353:pubblegh
2349:lenguagg
2345:Milanese
2306:/²koːma/
2299:/²bʏtːa/
2292:/²byːta/
2265:'fire'.
2256:/ˈtuːli/
2221:Estonian
2166:Japanese
2158:Hawaiian
2127:Sanskrit
2063:Cyrillic
2043:Japanese
2031:Sanskrit
2019:Hawaiian
1889:Estonian
1879:lowering
1443:thaw out
1439:fall out
1416:/ˈfoːlt/
1209:/ˈfeɹiː/
1165:chroneme
1022:Estonian
873:rounded
693:Sanskrit
685:Japanese
675:and the
669:phonemic
573:taivahan
551:"ice" ←
545:chroneme
468:Georgian
426:Estonian
344:Japanese
340:Estonian
330:), some
312:phonemic
308:duration
282:Unicode
264:Encoding
247:◌̆
223:Unicode
205:Encoding
166:Unicode
148:Encoding
3559:(pitch)
3549:Prosody
3025:si-tz'i
2993:cha-chi
2951:/tuuki/
2921:satooya
2727:In the
2716:upsilon
2674:omicron
2668:") and
2662:epsilon
2624:or the
2504:Miꞌkmaq
2482:in the
2468:Oʼodham
2462:, from
2424:kroužek
2405:Swedish
2332:/ˈkamː/
2325:/ˈfɛlt/
2313:/²kɔma/
2278:Swedish
2263:/ˈtuli/
2229:Lombard
2225:Finnish
2133:, etc.
2093:O'odham
2027:Latvian
1921:In the
1873:(as in
1865:(as in
1603:"short"
1494:aweless
1490:falling
1486:THOUGHT
1470:THOUGHT
1239:/ˈkɐːt/
1073:Kikamba
1058:Wichita
1054:Yavapai
1042:saa+dak
859:Central
837:
824:
804:
774:
728:Central
719:
619:became
611:became
603:became
569:taivaan
522:Finnish
492:Finnish
430:Luiseño
371:English
336:Finnish
269:Entity
210:Entity
153:Entity
83:scholar
3619:Vowels
3578:Rhythm
3573:Stress
3516:Length
3506:Accent
3488:Stress
3453:Upstep
3392:Timing
3331:
3282:30 May
3217:
3211:
3112:
3021:sitz'
3017:tzi-ka
3001:cha-na
2989:chaach
2960:Hangul
2940:/tuki/
2910:satōya
2739:, and
2708:) and
2644:) and
2553:Hebrew
2549:Arabic
2490:Middot
2476:Seneca
2472:Mohawk
2401:German
2390:/kuːs/
2367:German
2247:, and
2237:Somali
2233:Navajo
2204:Aymara
2190:Ogonek
2131:Arabic
2107:Slovak
2081:Breves
2075:Evenki
2051:Korean
2045:, and
2037:, the
2035:Arabic
2023:Samoan
2011:Macron
1935:U+02D0
1869:) and
1783:Origin
1606:"long"
1600:letter
1545:poorly
1537:here's
1408:fought
1391:Walter
1377:Paul's
1229:/ˈkɐt/
1175:) and
699:, and
681:Arabic
649:shōnen
586:nootti
582:nuotti
488:French
484:Stress
460:hiatus
454:ἀάατος
432:, and
389:, and
354:, and
352:Samoan
348:Kyrgyz
316:Arabic
288:U+0306
229:U+02D1
172:U+02D0
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3593:Pausa
3273:(PDF)
3235:(PDF)
3013:tziik
2898:mecha
2876:chōon
2845:(u) (
2827:(i) (
2777:(u),
2769:kanji
2767:, in
2752:おかあさん
2749:(a),
2696:alpha
2682:omega
2652:omega
2527:from
2456:Colon
2416:Czech
2377:. In
2375:/iə̯/
2336:kamma
2310:komma
2296:bytta
2253:tuuli
2241:Dutch
2200:Trema
2154:Welsh
2119:Irish
2103:Czech
2067:Mansi
2055:Latin
2015:Māori
1967:saada
1961:saada
1943:breve
1830:and h
1793:bared
1771:(see
1743:/juː/
1728:wooed
1680:twine
1563:with
1547:(see
1533:Polly
1529:merry
1492:with
1460:than
1458:]
1454:[
1441:(cf.
1431:/ʌʊ/,
1400:fault
1384:water
1370:pause
1363:fault
1345:(see
1343:/ɔːl/
1304:with
1279:/bæt/
1272:/bæd/
1222:fairy
1212:ferry
1181:short
1169:tense
1066:/oːː/
1062:moras
1046:Dinka
1038:saada
1030:saada
904:short
889:short
879:short
854:Front
754:long
751:short
748:long
745:short
742:long
739:short
723:Front
701:Latin
641:Kyoto
637:Kyōto
518:Czech
360:Latin
356:Xhosa
328:Tamil
320:Czech
304:vowel
284:(hex)
225:(hex)
168:(hex)
90:JSTOR
76:books
3425:Tone
3405:Mora
3329:ISBN
3284:2018
3209:ISBN
3110:ISBN
2997:chan
2894:meka
2885:mēkā
2881:メーカー
2848:おうさま
2830:めいれい
2806:ねえさん
2795:/oː/
2793:and
2791:/eː/
2741:/uː/
2737:/iː/
2733:/aː/
2706:iota
2600:/eː/
2598:and
2596:/iː/
2584:/oː/
2582:and
2580:/uː/
2576:Alif
2568:/aː/
2564:e.g.
2551:and
2529:/æː/
2443:/uː/
2439:/uo/
2409:Zahn
2387:Kues
2363:/iː/
2322:fält
2303:koma
2289:byta
2260:tuli
2235:and
2138:apex
2057:and
2049:for
2047:Yale
2041:for
2033:and
1989:beat
1984:bead
1973:sada
1891:, a
1875:dark
1871:/aː/
1867:duck
1851:/æː/
1838:and
1765:/eɪ/
1752:cube
1724:wood
1719:/uː/
1704:note
1695:/oʊ/
1676:twin
1671:/aɪ/
1656:Pete
1647:/iː/
1632:mate
1623:/eɪ/
1557:/æʊ/
1555:and
1543:and
1541:Mary
1531:and
1521:/ɔə/
1519:and
1513:/eə/
1511:and
1505:/ɪə/
1503:and
1462:fall
1428:GOAT
1406:and
1404:fort
1335:/ɔː/
1306:need
1283:neat
1258:and
1242:cart
1194:and
1173:long
1056:and
1050:Mixe
1001:/aː/
987:/oː/
975:/øː/
965:/eː/
948:/uː/
936:/yː/
926:/iː/
916:High
909:long
899:long
894:long
884:long
864:Back
833:/aː/
813:/oː/
800:/eː/
783:/uː/
770:/iː/
760:High
733:Back
599:and
571:vs.
557:jäŋe
512:and
434:Mixe
420:and
397:and
338:and
124:Long
62:news
3201:doi
2906:砂糖屋
2812:姉さん
2780:りゅう
2771:);
2698:),
2642:eta
2613:In
2608:yāʼ
2592:wāw
2525:/æ/
2474:or
2428:kůň
2414:In
2329:kam
2136:An
1999:bit
1994:bid
1917:IPA
1883:/ʌ/
1863:/a/
1855:/æ/
1826:, h
1806:or
1797:bed
1748:cub
1738:/ʌ/
1714:/ʊ/
1710:oo
1700:not
1690:/ɒ/
1666:/ɪ/
1652:pet
1642:/ɛ/
1628:mat
1618:/æ/
1565:out
1561:hat
1553:/æ/
1525:his
1517:/ɒ/
1509:/e/
1501:/ɪ/
1496:).
1482:/l/
1474:all
1466:/l/
1449:/r/
1435:/l/
1412:/l/
1276:bat
1269:bad
1232:cut
1196:/ɐ/
1192:/e/
1186:In
1177:lax
1006:/ɒ/
994:Low
982:/o/
970:/ø/
960:/ɛ/
955:Mid
943:/u/
931:/y/
921:/i/
828:/a/
820:Low
808:/ɔ/
795:/ɛ/
790:Mid
778:/ʊ/
765:/ɪ/
655:):
653:boy
633:/h/
565:-h-
549:jää
496:i-s
441:hōō
342:),
294:In
259:505
200:504
143:503
45:by
3610::
3275:.
3207:.
3184:^
3027:).
3011::
2976:".
2969:무:
2948:ki
2944:ts
2937:ki
2933:ts
2918:,
2915:里親
2890:メカ
2854:王様
2836:命令
2764:新潟
2735:,
2724::
2470:,
2458:,
2445:.)
2371:ie
2359:ie
2243:,
2231:,
2227:,
2223:,
2129:,
2117:,
2113:,
2109:,
2105:,
2077:).
2073:,
2069:,
2025:,
2021:,
2017:,
1956::
1901:-k
1885:.
1842:.
1799:.
1750:/
1734:u
1726:/
1702:/
1686:o
1678:/
1662:i
1654:/
1638:e
1630:/
1614:a
1539:,
1527:,
1507:,
1478:or
1424:oʊ
1420:ɔʊ
1317:iː
1294:iː
1068:.
1052:,
1048:,
695:,
687:,
683:,
659:.
625:ei
621:yō
617:eu
615:,
613:yū
609:iu
607:,
601:ou
597:au
595:;
539::
520:,
508:,
501:.
428:,
385:,
381:,
366:.
350:,
346:,
322:,
318:,
298:,
188:◌ˑ
131:◌ː
3378:e
3371:t
3364:v
3286:.
3258:.
3244:.
3220:.
3203::
3118:.
3009:a
3005:i
2985:i
2972:"
2946:ū
2935:u
2896:"
2867:ー
2851:(
2842:う
2833:(
2824:い
2818:お
2809:(
2800:え
2786:竜
2774:う
2758:い
2746:あ
2714:(
2711:υ
2704:(
2701:ι
2694:(
2691:α
2686:o
2678:o
2672:(
2670:ο
2666:e
2660:(
2657:ε
2650:(
2647:ω
2640:(
2637:η
2606:(
2604:ي
2590:(
2588:و
2574:(
2572:ا
2420:ů
2397:h
2392:.
2383:e
2338:)
2095:.
1939:ˑ
1927:ː
1832:3
1828:2
1824:1
1586:.
1579:.
1456:l
1323:/
1320:d
1314:n
1311:/
1300:/
1297:t
1291:n
1288:/
1137:)
1131:(
1126:)
1122:(
1112:.
651:(
639:(
629:ē
605:ō
580:(
555:*
498:o
445:,
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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