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640:, the public Muslim call to prayer. Kashmir had also now begun to attract European visitors, several of whom wrote of the abject poverty of the vast Muslim peasantry and of the exorbitant taxes under the Sikhs. High taxes, according to some contemporary accounts, had depopulated large tracts of the countryside, allowing only one-sixteenth of the cultivable land to be cultivated. Many Kashmiri peasants migrated to the plains of the Punjab. However, after a famine in 1832, the Sikhs reduced the land tax to half the produce of the land and also began to offer interest-free loans to farmers; Kashmir became the second highest revenue earner for the Sikh Empire. During this time
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by
Afghanistan to the northwest. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, ... The southern and southeastern portions constitute the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. The Indian- and Pakistani-administered portions are divided by a "line of control" agreed to in 1972, although neither country recognizes it as an international boundary. In addition, China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and since 1962 has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region)."
910:; it had been created rather off-handedly by the British after the first defeat of the Sikhs in 1846, as a reward to a former official who had sided with the British. The Himalayan kingdom was connected to India through a district of the Punjab, but its population was 77 per cent Muslim and it shared a boundary with Pakistan. Hence, it was anticipated that the maharaja would accede to Pakistan when the British paramountcy ended on 14–15 August. When he hesitated to do this, Pakistan launched a guerrilla onslaught meant to frighten its ruler into submission. Instead the Maharaja appealed to
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system, and were forced into labor without any wages. Conditions in the princely state caused a significant migration of people from the
Kashmir Valley to the Punjab of British India. For almost a century, until the census, a small Hindu elite had ruled over a vast and impoverished Muslim peasantry. Driven into docility by chronic indebtedness to landlords and moneylenders, having no education besides, nor awareness of rights, the Muslim peasants had no political representation until the 1930s.
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5142:, p. 274: The Hindu Pandits, a small but influential elite community who had secured a favourable position, first under the maharajas, and then under the successive Congress regimes, and proponents of a distinctive Kashmiri culture that linked them to India, felt under siege as the uprising gathered force. Of a population of some 140,000, perhaps 100,000 Pandits fled the state after 1990; their cause was quickly taken up by the Hindu right.
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1322:, and flows northwest to run a course through the entire Ladakh and Gilgit-Baltistan. Almost all the rivers originating in these region are part of the Indus river system. After reaching the end of the Great Himalayan range, the Indus turns a corner and flows southwest into the Punjab plains. The Jhelum and Chenab rivers also follow a course roughly parallel to this, and join the Indus river in southern Punjab plains in Pakistan.
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5106:, p. 318: Since a majority of the landlords were Hindu, the (land) reforms (of 1950) led to a mass exodus of Hindus from the state. ... The unsettled nature of Kashmir's accession to India, coupled with the threat of economic and social decline in the face of the land reforms, led to increasing insecurity among the Hindus in Jammu, and among Kashmiri Pandits, 20 per cent of whom had emigrated from the Valley by 1950.
2311:
651:, which had been on the ascendant after the decline of the Mughal Empire, came under the sway of the Sikhs in 1770. Further in 1808, it was fully conquered by Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Gulab Singh, then a youngster in the House of Jammu, enrolled in the Sikh troops and, by distinguishing himself in campaigns, gradually rose in power and influence. In 1822, he was anointed as the Raja of Jammu. Along with his able general
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division of the region. Pakistan was left with territory that, although basically Muslim in character, was sparsely populated, relatively inaccessible, and economically underdeveloped. The largest Muslim group, situated in the Valley of
Kashmir and estimated to number more than half the population of the entire region, lay in India-administered territory, with its former outlets via the
2713:. According to a number of authors, approximately 100,000 of the total Kashmiri Pandit population of 140,000 left the valley during that decade. Other authors have suggested a higher figure for the exodus, ranging from the entire population of over 150 thousand, to 190 thousand of a total Pandit population of 200 thousand (200,000), to a number as high as 300 thousand (300,000).
2287:
receive much of their precipitation from the wind currents of the
Arabian Sea. The Himalayan slope and the Pir Panjal witness greatest snow melting from March until June. These variations in snow melt and rainfall have led to destructive inundations of the main valley. One instance of such Kashmir flood of a larger proportion is recorded in the 12th-century book
4077:: "Kashmiri histories emphasize the wretchedness of life for the common Kashmiri during Sikh rule. According to these, the peasantry became mired in poverty and migrations of Kashmiri peasants to the plains of the Punjab reached high proportions. Several European travelers' accounts from the period testify to and provide evidence for such assertions."
751:(i.e. West Punjab) handed over to the British, as equivalent for one crore indemnity, the hill countries between the rivers Beas and Indus; by the second the British made over to Gulab Singh for 75 lakhs all the hilly or mountainous country situated to the east of the Indus and the west of the Ravi i.e. the Vale of Kashmir.
3451:
C. E Bosworth, University of
Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partlv by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in
2697:
In the 1911 Census of the
British Indian Empire, the total population of Kashmir and Jammu had increased to 3,158,126. Of these, 2,398,320 (75.94%) were Muslims, 696,830 (22.06%) Hindus, 31,658 (1%) Sikhs, and 36,512 (1.16%) Buddhists. In the last census of British India in 1941, the total population
831:
journalist wrote: "The poverty of the Muslim masses is appalling. ... Most are landless laborers, working as serfs for absentee landlords ... Almost the whole brunt of official corruption is borne by the Muslim masses." Under Hindu rule, Muslims faced hefty taxation and discrimination in the legal
628:
regime. As the
Kashmiris had suffered under the Afghans, they initially welcomed the new Sikh rulers. However, the Sikh governors turned out to be hard taskmasters, and Sikh rule was generally considered oppressive, protected perhaps by the remoteness of Kashmir from the capital of the Sikh Empire in
3299:
Quote: "The
Himalayan region of Kashmir has been a flashpoint between India and Pakistan for over six decades. Since India's partition and the creation of Pakistan in 1947, the nuclear-armed neighbours have fought three wars over the Muslim-majority territory, which both claim in full but control in
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Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent. It is bounded by the Uygur
Autonomous Region of Xinjiang to the northeast and the Tibet Autonomous Region to the east (both parts of China), by the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the south, by Pakistan to the west, and
2274:
Kashmir has a different climate for every region owing to the great variation in altitude. The temperatures ranges from the tropical heat of the Punjab summer to the intensity of the cold which keeps the perpetual snow on the mountains. Jammu
Division, excluding the upper parts of the Chenab Valley,
528:
The Government of India and Indian sources refer to the territory under Pakistan control as "Pakistan-occupied Kashmir" ("POK"). The Government of Pakistan and Pakistani sources refer to the portion of Kashmir administered by India as "Indian-occupied Kashmir" ("IOK") or "Indian-held Kashmir" (IHK);
994:
Although there was a clear Muslim majority in Kashmir before the 1947 partition and its economic, cultural, and geographic contiguity with the Muslim-majority area of the Punjab (in Pakistan) could be convincingly demonstrated, the political developments during and after the partition resulted in a
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The eastern region of the former princely state of Kashmir is also involved in a boundary dispute that began in the late 19th century and continues into the 21st. Although some boundary agreements were signed between Great Britain, Afghanistan and Russia over the northern borders of Kashmir, China
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of Ladhakh and Gilgit only 94 out of every 10,000 persons (0.94%)." In the same Census of 1901, in the Kashmir Valley, the total population was recorded to be 1,157,394, of which the Muslim population was 1,083,766, or 93.6% and the Hindu population 60,641. Among the Hindus of Jammu province, who
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The southwestern Kashmir which includes much of the Jammu province and Muzaffarabad falls within the reach of Indian monsoon. The Pir Panjal Range acts as an effective barrier and blocks these monsoon tracts from reaching the main Kashmir Valley and the Himalayan slopes. These areas of the region
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agreed on the condition that the ruler accede to India. Indian soldiers entered Kashmir and drove the Pakistani-sponsored irregulars from all but a small section of the state. The United Nations was then invited to mediate the quarrel. The UN mission insisted that the opinion of Kashmiris must be
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The geographical features of the Kashmir region differ considerably from one part to another. The lowest part of the region consists of the plains of Jammu at the southwestern corner, which continue into the plains of Punjab at an elevation of below 1000 feet. Mountains begin at 2000 feet, then
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Paramountcy was the 'vague and undefined' feudatory system whereby the British, as the suzerain power, dominated and controlled India's princely rulers. ... These 'loyal collaborators of the Raj' were 'afforded protection in exchange for helpful behavior in a relationship of tutelage, called
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passes, whilst Pakistan controls the lower territory just southwest of the Saltoro Ridge. India controls 101,338 km (39,127 sq mi) of the disputed territory, Pakistan controls 85,846 km (33,145 sq mi), and the People's Republic of China controls the remaining
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It was emperor Akbar who brought an end to indigenous Kashmiri Muslim rule that had lasted 250 years. The watershed in Kashmiri history is not the beginning of the Muslim rule as is regarded in the rest of the subcontinent but the changeover from Kashmiri rule to a non-Kashmiri
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Though these regions are in practice administered by their respective claimants, neither India nor Pakistan has formally recognised the accession of the areas claimed by the other. India claims those areas, including the area "ceded" to China by Pakistan in the
2705:, the only Hindus of the Kashmir valley, who had stably constituted approximately 4 to 5% of the population of the valley during Dogra rule (1846–1947), and 20% of whom had left the Kashmir valley to other parts of India in the 1950s, underwent a complete
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of Kashmir and Jammu (which as a result of the Second World War, was estimated from the 1931 census) was 3,945,000. Of these, the total Muslim population was 2,997,000 (75.97%), the Hindu population was 808,000 (20.48%), and the Sikh 55,000 (1.39%).
755:
Drafted by a treaty and a bill of sale, and constituted between 1820 and 1858, the Princely State of Kashmir and Jammu (as it was first called) combined disparate regions, religions, and ethnicities: to the east, Ladakh was ethnically and culturally
1326:
raising to 3000–4000 feet in the "Outer Hills", a rugged country with ridges and long narrow valleys. Next within the tract lie the Middle Mountains which are 8000–10,000 feet in height with ramifying valleys. Adjacent to these hills are the lofty
3409:... the problem of the 'princely states'. These states had accepted the tutelage of the British Crown under the terms of the doctrine of 'paramountcy' under which they acknowledged the Crown as the 'paramount' authority in the subcontinent.
2428:
and high altitude meadows in Gilgit-Baltistan and Ladakh. The Kashmir region has four well defined zones of vegetation in the tree growth, due to the difference in elevation. The tropical forests up to 1500 m, are known as the Phulai
6147:
Irfani, Suroosh, ed "Fifty Years of the Kashmir Dispute": Based on the proceedings of the International Seminar held at Muzaffarabad, Azad Jammu and Kashmir 24–25 August 1997: University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, AJK,
2670:, the population of the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu was 2,905,578. Of these, 2,154,695 (74.16%) were Muslims, 689,073 (23.72%) Hindus, 25,828 (0.89%) Sikhs, and 35,047 (1.21%) Buddhists (implying 935 (0.032%) others).
2719:
The population of India-administered union territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh combined is 12,541,302; that of Pakistan-administered territory of Azad Kashmir is 4,045,366; and that of Gilgit-Baltistan is 1,492,924.
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mountains. To the northwest lies the Hindu Kush mountain range. The upper Indus River separates the Himalayas from the Karakoram. The Karakoram is the most heavily glaciated part of the world outside the polar regions. The
4874:
822:
In the British census of India of 1941, Kashmir registered a Muslim majority population of 77%, a Hindu population of 20% and a sparse population of Buddhists and Sikhs comprising the remaining 3%. That same year,
6548:
1239:. These river basins divide the region into three valleys separated by high mountain ranges. The Indus valley forms the north and north-eastern portion of the region which include bare and desolate areas of
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in 1963, are a part of its territory, while Pakistan claims the entire region excluding Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract. The two countries have fought several declared wars over the territory. The
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Kashmir is referred as a beauty spot of the medicinal and herbaceous flora in the Himalayas. There are hundreds of different species of wild flowers recorded in the alpine meadows of the region. The
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which, as of 8 October 2005, resulted in over 70,000 deaths in the Pakistan-administered territory of Azad Kashmir and around 1,500 deaths in the India-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir.
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1118:. It is under Indian administration and was part of the state of Jammu and Kashmir until 2019. It is one of the most sparsely populated regions in the area and is mainly inhabited by people of
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During both Sikh and Dogra rule, heavy taxation, forced work without wages (begār), discriminatory laws, and rural indebtedness were widespread among the largely illiterate Muslim population.
2673:
The Hindus were found mainly in Jammu, where they constituted a little less than 60% of the population. In the Kashmir Valley, the Hindus represented "524 in every 10,000 of the population (
6541:
1055:: Pakistan controls the northwest portion (Northern Areas and Kashmir), India controls the central and southern portion (Jammu and Kashmir) and Ladakh, and the People's Republic of
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was exported to other regions and nations (exports have ceased due to decreased abundance of the cashmere goat and increased competition from China). Kashmiris are well adept at
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4864:
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3040:. Traditionally the staple crop of the valley was rice, which formed the chief food of the people. In addition, Indian corn, wheat, barley and oats were also grown. Given its
3585:
4247:
Viscount Louis Mountbatten, the last Viceroy of British India, stayed on in independent India from 1947 to 1948, serving as the first Governor-General of the Union of India.
3048:, artichoke, seakale, broad beans, scarletrunners, beetroot, cauliflower and cabbage. Fruit trees are common in the valley, and the cultivated orchards yield pears, apples,
529:
The terms "Pakistan-administered Kashmir" and "India-administered Kashmir" are often used by neutral sources for the parts of the Kashmir region controlled by each country.
3948:
3805:
6296:
1251:. High altitude lakes are frequent at high elevations. Lower down in the Vale of Kashmir there are many freshwater lakes and large areas of swamplands which include
5990:
Zutshi, Chitraleka (2008), "Shrines, Political Authority, and Religious Identities in Late-Nineteenth and Early-Twentieth-century Kashmir", in Rao, Aparna (ed.),
4499:
5939:
Kaw, Mushtaq A. (2008), "Land Rights in Rural Kashmir: A Study in Continuity and Change from Late-Sixteenth to Late-Twentieth Centuries", in Rao, Aparna (ed.),
5948:
Khan, Mohammad Ishaq (2008), "Islam, State and Society in Medieval Kashmir: A Revaluation of Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani's Historical Role", in Rao, Aparna (ed.),
2716:
People in Jammu speak Hindi, Punjabi and Dogri, the Kashmir Valley people speak Kashmiri, and people in the sparsely inhabited Ladakh speak Tibetan and Balti.
2283:
features a semi-Tibetan climate. While as the other parts of Gilgit-Baltistan and Ladakh have Tibetan climate which is considered as almost rainless climate.
764:; to the south, Jammu had a mixed population of Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs. In the heavily populated central Kashmir valley, the population was overwhelmingly
6247:. First published as a four-part series, March 2002 – April 2003, in 'Prakash', a review of the Jagat Guru Bhagavaan Gopinath Ji Charitable Foundation.
3827:
2999:
978:
878:, who had ascended the throne of Kashmir in 1925, was the reigning monarch in 1947 at the conclusion of British rule of the subcontinent and the subsequent
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1099:, the Northern Areas cover an area of 72,971 square kilometres (28,174 sq mi) and have an estimated population approaching 1 million (10
1359:
4896:
2481:
are found at higher elevations. The temperate zone between (1,500–3,500 m) is referred as the Chir Pine (Finns longifolia). This zone is dominated by
1204:. It has an area of 68,000 sq mi (180,000 km). It is bordered to the north and east by China (Xinjiang and Tibet), to the northwest by
4589:
3491:
Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."
6213:
Travels in the Himalayan Provinces of Hindustan and the Panjab; in Ladakh and Kashmir, in Peshawar, Kabul, Kunduz, and Bokhara... from 1819 to 1825
911:
6222:. 18th Edition. Civil and Military Gazette, Ltd., Lahore. (The date of this edition is unknown – but the 16th edition was published in 1938).
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line that started in October 2009, and was last extended in 2013 and connects Baramulla, in the western part of Kashmir, to Srinagar and
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demanded by the UN was never conducted, relations between India and Pakistan soured, and eventually led to two more wars over Kashmir in
721:
1909 Map of the Princely State of Kashmir and Jammu. The names of regions, important cities, rivers, and mountains are underlined in red.
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Lahore. The Sikhs enacted a number of anti-Muslim laws, which included handing out death sentences for cow slaughter, closing down the
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numbered 626,177 (or 90.87% of the Hindu population of the princely state), the most important castes recorded in the census were "
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established the rough boundaries of today, with Pakistan holding roughly one-third of Kashmir, and India one-half, with a dividing
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grow 300 breeds of flora and 60 varieties of tulips respectively. The later is considered as the largest Tulip Garden of Asia.
1295:
at 63 km (39 mi) rank as the world's second and third longest glaciers outside the polar regions. Karakoram has four
1075:, and are under Indian and Pakistani control respectively. These are populous regions. Gilgit-Baltistan, formerly known as the
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3874:
South Asia: fourth report of session 2006–07 by Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Foreign Affairs Committee page 37
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and Ladakh. The upper portion of the Jhelum valley forms the proper Vale of Kashmir surrounded by high mountain ranges. The
744:
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forms the southern portion of the Kashmir region with its denuded hills towards the south. It includes almost all of the
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ascertained, while India insisted that no referendum could occur until all of the state had been cleared of irregulars.
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Where Three Empires Meet: A Narrative of Recent Travel in: Kashmir, Western Tibet, Gilgit, and the adjoining countries
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Transport is predominantly by air or road vehicles in the region. Kashmir has a 135 km (84 mi) long modern
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from that of the Indus. Beyond this range lies a wide tract of mountainous country of 17000–22000 feet in Ladakh and
142:
105:
41:
3197:
1130:, Aksai Chin is referred to as the Soda Plain. The region is almost uninhabited, and has no permanent settlements.
845:
151:
6201:. Keynote speech delivered at the "Global Discourse on Kashmir 2008." European Parliament, Brussels, 1 April 2008.
4930:"Pragmatic management increases a flagship species, the Himalayan brown bears, in Pakistan's Deosai National Park"
7505:
6144:
Hussain, Ijaz. 1998. "Kashmir Dispute: An International Law Perspective", National Institute of Pakistan Studies.
3300:
part. Today it remains one of the most militarised zones in the world. China administers parts of the territory."
1059:
controls the northeastern portion (Aksai Chin and the Trans-Karakoram Tract). India controls the majority of the
731:
6557:
6189:
6141:
Evans, Alexander. Why Peace Won't Come to Kashmir, Current History (Vol 100, No 645) April 2001 p. 170–175.
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2658:. At least 711 bird species are recorded in the valley alone with 31 classified as globally threatened species.
2571:
Kashmir region is home to rare species of animals, many of which are protected by sanctuaries and reserves. The
1028:. India's belated discovery of this road led to border clashes between the two countries that culminated in the
477:
is an archaic spelling of modern Kashmir, and in some countries it is still spelled this way. Kashmir is called
5003:
3202:
2294:
1036:
3108:
6781:
6674:
5263:"Gilgit-Baltistan: Districts & Places - Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information"
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India has control of about half the area of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, which comprises
6204:
4903:
3212:
1306:
1005:
6526:
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7356:
6136:
The Northern Barrier of India: a popular account of the Jammoo and Kashmir Territories with Illustrations
2412:. The forests vary according to the climatic conditions and the altitude. Kashmir forests range from the
2386:
A female snow leopard which was rescued in 2012 from a partly frozen river stream in the Wadkhun area of
1009:
542:
170:. The term has since come to encompass a larger area that includes the India-administered territories of
3824:"Pakistani flag hoisted, pro-freedom slogans chanted in Indian Occupied Kashmir – Daily Pakistan Global"
2993:
A group of Pandits, or Brahmin priests, in Kashmir, photographed by an unknown photographer in the 1890s
7008:
5969:
Reynolds, Nathalène (2008), "Revisiting Key Episodes in Modern Kashmir History", in Rao, Aparna (ed.),
5522:
5292:
3136:. It is expected to link Kashmir to the rest of India after the construction of the railway line from
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occur at elevations between 2,800 and 3,500 m. The Birch (Betula utilis) Zone has Herbaceous genera of
2404:
Kashmir has a recorded forest area of 20,230 square kilometres (7,810 sq mi) along with some
1148:
1140:
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mountain range in the north and the main Great Himalayas to the south. Capital towns of the region are
928:
853:
796:
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986:
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5293:"Local Transport in Kashmir – Means of Transportation Kashmir – Mode of Transportation Kashmir India"
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915:
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was populated mostly by Muslims of a different ethnicity than that of the Kashmir valley. After the
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An Army; Its Role & Rule (A History of the Pakistan Army from Independence to Kargil 1947–1999)
6151:
3137:
3129:
2391:
800:
450:
22:
3905:
Quote: "A succession of Hindu dynasties ruled Kashmir until 1346, when it came under Muslim rule."
3397:, Seattle and New Delhi: University of Washington Press, and Oxford University Press, p. 22,
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of the Kashmir region. The river enters the region in Ladakh at its southeastern corner from the
1025:
996:
26:
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5344:
Sharma, Sunil (12 May 2017). "At the threshold of paradise: Kashmir in Mughal Persian poetry".
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of salt that reaches altitudes up to 5,000 metres (16,000 ft). Geographically part of the
652:
630:
388:
6229:, 2 vols. London, A. Constable & Co. Ltd. 1900. Reprint, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, 1979.
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never accepted these agreements, and China's official position has not changed following the
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191:
6239:
Norelli-Bachelet, Patrizia. "Kashmir and the Convergence of Time, Space and Destiny", 2004;
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2293:. A single cloudburst in July 1935 caused the upper Jehlum river level to rise 11 feet. The
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In the first half of the first millennium, the Kashmir region became an important centre of
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891:
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244:
6138:; 1st edition: Edward Stanford, London. Reprint: Light & Life Publishers, Jammu. 1971.
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560:. During the 7th-14th centuries, the region was ruled by a series of Hindu dynasties, and
8:
6175:. Longmans, Green, and Co., London. Reprint: Ch'eng Wen Publishing Company, Taipei. 1971.
4751:"Geophysical upheavals and evolutionary diversification of plant species in the Himalaya"
3775:
3061:
2599:
2409:
1193:
1189:
155:
5960:(2008), "Kashmir, Kashmiris, Kashmiriyat: An Introductory Essay", in Rao, Aparna (ed.),
5861:
4945:
4726:
Tourism Potential in Ecological Zones and Future Prospects of Tourism: in Kashmir Valley
977:. They formed a single state until 5 August 2019, when the state was bifurcated and its
6760:
6510:
6191:
The Kashmir Problem between Law and Realpolitik. Reflections on a Negotiated Settlement
6081:
6073:
6033:
5957:
4785:
4750:
2710:
1282:
To the north and northeast, beyond the Great Himalayas, the region is traversed by the
1201:
1197:
1119:
923:
In the last days of 1948, a ceasefire was agreed under UN auspices. However, since the
879:
538:
268:
231:
in Kashmir, the ninth-highest mountain on Earth, is the western anchor of the Himalayas
6248:
5824:
5435:
5151:
2275:
features a humid subtropical climate. The Vale of Kashmir has a moderate climate. The
7231:
6265:
6240:
6099:
6085:
6043:
6008:
5905:
5878:
5832:
5800:
5768:
5736:
5713:
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5646:
5613:
5607:
5590:
5571:
5550:
5526:
5514:
5496:
5475:
5469:
5443:
5422:
5396:
5390:
5157:
5086:
4977:
Making a Difference: Dossier on Community Engagement on Nature Based Tourism in India
4957:
4832:
4790:
4772:
4729:
4692:
4461:
4407:
4344:
4281:
4264:
4201:
3919:
3783:
3734:
3695:
3656:
3614:
3575:
3537:
3469:
3429:
3398:
3310:
3278:
3095:
3041:
2421:
1064:
887:
748:
740:
660:
573:
546:
513:
6056:
Singh, Bawa Satinder (1971), "Raja Gulab Singh's Role in the First Anglo-Sikh War",
3154:
7565:
6871:
6829:
6462:
6065:
5897:
5540:
5345:
5078:
5034:
4949:
4780:
4762:
3158:
Large Kashmir Durbar Carpet (detail), 2021 photo. "Durbar", in this context, means
3027:
2872:
2643:
2583:
2477:
2447:
2280:
1296:
1220:
1107:
1072:
1052:
958:
841:
776:
765:
761:
656:
561:
506:
224:
202:
183:
167:
116:
79:
6249:
Kashmir and the Convergence of Time Space and Destiny by Patrizia Norelli Bachelet
5947:
4445:
7036:
6455:
6445:
6354:
6255:
6208:
6198:
6165:
6037:
6002:
5899:
5872:
5826:
5794:
5762:
5730:
5707:
5675:
5640:
5603:
5510:
5437:
5410:
5121:
4953:
4869:
4686:
4631:
4372:
4324:
4195:
4121:
3809:
2702:
2655:
2509:
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inundated the Kashmir city of Srinagar and submerged hundreds of other villages.
1327:
1319:
1288:
1163:
1144:
1127:
1088:
1060:
1029:
974:
907:
828:
824:
664:
280:
163:
6185:
2380:
6959:
6913:
6569:
6417:
6412:
6349:
6182:. Richard Bentley, London. Reprint 1998: Asian Educational Services, New Delhi.
5978:
5857:
4655:
4639:
4635:
4551:
4368:
4316:
3053:
2793:
2771:
2627:
2497:
2459:
2441:
2435:
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1315:
1248:
1219:
The topography of Kashmir is mostly mountainous. It is traversed mainly by the
808:
757:
676:
648:
625:
597:
593:
581:
369:
272:
248:
206:
159:
6069:
5082:
4809:
4124:, International Affairs and Defence, House of Commons Library, United Kingdom.
3098:, wood-carving, and the weaving of silk. The economy was badly damaged by the
866:
7559:
7335:
6515:
6482:
5671:
5636:
5488:
5177:"South Asia :: India — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency"
5097:
5090:
4961:
4776:
4092:
3072:
2503:
2425:
2370:
2317:
2289:
2276:
1292:
1244:
953:, while Pakistan controls a third of the region, divided into two provinces,
883:
788:
706:
641:
621:
613:
577:
446:
434:
362:
56:
43:
5968:
5109:
2333:
870:
The prevailing religions by district in the 1901 Census of the Indian Empire
803:, in which Kashmir sided with the British, and the subsequent assumption of
418:
349:
The word has been referenced to in a Hindu scripture mantra worshipping the
7161:
6625:
6556:
6440:
6381:
6377:
6339:
6095:
Languages of Belonging: Islam, Regional Identity, and the Making of Kashmir
6055:
5981:(2008), "The Kashmiri Pandits: Their Early History", in Rao, Aparna (ed.),
5726:
5563:
5386:
5069:
Brush, J. E. (1949). "The Distribution of Religious Communities in India".
5004:"Jammu and Kashmir bird checklist - Avibase - Bird Checklists of the World"
4794:
4315:
Kashmir. (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 27 March 2007, from
3167:
3159:
2850:
2595:
2576:
2550:
2522:
2491:
1335:
1331:
1236:
1232:
1224:
1170:
1041:
954:
895:
783:
had a population ethnically related to that of Ladakh, but which practised
769:
668:
609:
442:
240:
228:
179:
5930:
Evans, Alexander (2008), "Kashmiri Exceptionalism", in Rao, Aparna (ed.),
5210:
2433:) and Olive (Olea cuspid ata) Zone. There occur semi-deciduous species of
313:
259:, became the new ruler of Kashmir. The rule of his descendants, under the
7525:
7518:
7469:
7369:
7320:
7272:
7244:
7182:
7167:
7153:
7139:
6951:
6815:
6808:
5382:
4928:
Nawaz, Muhammad Ali; Swenson, Jon E.; Zakaria, Vaqar (1 September 2008).
4611:
4080:
3936:
3172:
3037:
3009:
2667:
2611:
2542:
2417:
1303:, the second highest peak in the world at 8,611 m (28,251 ft).
1228:
1205:
804:
743:(1846), when he appeared as a useful mediator and the trusted advisor of
702:
605:
601:
438:
430:
426:
413:
276:
256:
236:
5874:
Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir
5642:
The Challenge in Kashmir: Democracy, Self-Determination and a Just Peace
5546:
The Indian Princes and their States (The New Cambridge History of India)
4865:"Around the world, tulips turn hillsides into colorful patchwork quilts"
3395:
Fearful Symmetry: India-Pakistan Crises in the Shadow of Nuclear Weapons
644:
became known worldwide, attracting many buyers, especially in the West.
6739:
6593:
6565:
6385:
5956:
5670:
5163:
4767:
4151:
4138:
4007:
3465:
Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M
3181:
2907:
2615:
2530:
1252:
1092:
1017:
932:
924:
875:
812:
784:
537:
For a history of the region including the pre-19th century period, see
187:
6077:
5992:
The Valley of Kashmir: The Making and Unmaking of a Composite Culture?
5983:
The Valley of Kashmir: The Making and Unmaking of a Composite Culture?
5977:
5971:
The Valley of Kashmir: The Making and Unmaking of a Composite Culture?
5962:
The Valley of Kashmir: The Making and Unmaking of a Composite Culture?
5950:
The Valley of Kashmir: The Making and Unmaking of a Composite Culture?
5941:
The Valley of Kashmir: The Making and Unmaking of a Composite Culture?
5932:
The Valley of Kashmir: The Making and Unmaking of a Composite Culture?
5901:
The Valley of Kashmir: The Making and Unmaking of a Composite Culture?
1008:
that established the People's Republic of China. By the mid-1950s the
772:, however, there was also a small but influential Hindu minority, the
7414:
7314:
7097:
6718:
6561:
6344:
6334:
6318:
4403:
Himalayan Fermented Foods: Microbiology, Nutrition, and Ethnic Values
3207:
3045:
2603:
2546:
2340:
1339:
1283:
1240:
1178:
1084:
1080:
816:
780:
717:
672:
396:
354:
327:
264:
3691:
Kashmir and Its People: Studies in the Evolution of Kashmiri Society
385:
7462:
7427:
7259:
7188:
7104:
6944:
6877:
6863:
6835:
6794:
6787:
6687:
6638:
6158:
6154:
Lost Rebellion: Kashmir in the Nineties (Penguin, New Delhi, 1999).
5796:
Incomplete Partition: The Genesis of the Kashmir Dispute, 1947–1948
4285:
3185:
3094:, too, is grown in Kashmir. Srinagar is known for its silver-work,
3080:
3076:
2845:
2748:
2742:
2565:
2538:
2518:
2363:
1270:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1209:
1021:
557:
553:
456:
399:(3.102, 4.44). Kashmir is also believed to be the country meant by
331:
308:
292:
217:
5929:
5870:
5127:
1079:, is a group of territories in the extreme north, bordered by the
334:
who is believed to have settled people in this land. Accordingly,
213:
158:. Until the mid-19th century, the term "Kashmir" denoted only the
7476:
7293:
7118:
7091:
6745:
6680:
6168:
31 Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 31, p. 495 (1994).
6000:
5938:
3133:
3091:
2683:
2619:
2607:
2534:
2526:
2514:
2321:
773:
569:
565:
400:
33:
4728:. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing (April 22, 2016). p. 48.
2310:
1223:. The Himalayas terminate in the western boundary of Kashmir at
906:
Kashmir was neither as large nor as old an independent state as
7490:
7455:
7441:
7406:
7376:
7341:
7300:
7265:
7251:
7216:
7202:
7125:
7077:
7028:
7000:
6993:
6979:
6926:
6905:
6884:
6850:
6752:
6731:
6710:
6703:
6666:
6659:
6613:
6424:
5570:, New Delhi and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pp. xiv, 432,
5519:
A Concise History of Modern India (Cambridge Concise Histories)
5059:. 1908. Oxford University Press, Oxford and London. pp. 99–102.
3386:
3065:
3013:
3005:
2815:
2736:
2691:
2687:
2651:
2639:
2635:
2623:
2344:
1123:
1115:
1096:
966:
950:
679:. He became a wealthy and influential noble in the Sikh court.
617:
421:
during the 5th century BC. Pāṇini called the people of Kashmir
326:
An alternative etymology derives the name from the name of the
175:
6091:
6032:
5635:
5609:
Shameful Flight: The Last Years of the British Empire in India
5395:, London and New York: Routledge, 2nd edition. Pp. xiii, 304,
5115:
5103:
4098:
4070:
4032:
3995:
3850:"Pakistani flag hoisted once again in Indian Occupied Kashmir"
3364:. 1908. Oxford University Press, Oxford and London. pp. 93–95.
3345:—Pakistan cedes the Trans-Karakoram Tract of Kashmir to China.
3340:—China defeats India in a short war for control of Aksai Chin.
1159:
425:. Some other early references to Kashmir can also be found in
134:
97:
7511:
7497:
7448:
7420:
7399:
7392:
7362:
7348:
7327:
7286:
7237:
7223:
7195:
7174:
7146:
7070:
7063:
7049:
7042:
7021:
7014:
6972:
6965:
6938:
6919:
6898:
6892:
6856:
6842:
6802:
6773:
6766:
6724:
6652:
6631:
6606:
6599:
5549:, Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 324,
5133:
4641:
Studies on the ice age in India and associated human cultures
4552:"Indus River | Definition, Length, Map, History, & Facts"
3087:
3083:
3049:
2902:
2766:
2631:
1213:
1056:
970:
634:
580:
from 1586 to 1751, and thereafter, until 1820, of the Afghan
459:, the Buddhist scholar and Chinese traveller, called Kashmir
350:
288:
284:
4282:"Article 370: What happened with Kashmir and why it matters"
4134:
4132:
4130:
5152:
Malik, Kashmir: Ethnic Conflict, International Dispute 2005
5052:
5050:
5048:
5046:
4656:"India Pakistan floods: Kashmir city of Srinagar inundated"
3972:
3970:
3367:
3057:
2387:
1330:
ranges (14000–15000 feet) which divide the drainage of the
1100:
463:, while some other Chinese accounts referred to Kashmir as
6227:
Kalhaṇa's Rājataraṅgiṇī–A Chronicle of the Kings of Kaśmīr
5792:
5705:
5474:, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 250 pages,
1016:
By 1956–57 they had completed a military road through the
125:
91:
5725:
5612:, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. 272,
4685:
Dar, Ghulam Hassan; Khuroo, Anzar A. (26 February 2020).
4630:
4127:
3610:
India and Central Asia: Classical to Contemporary Periods
2954:
2553:
are prevalent in alpine grasslands at 3,500 m and above.
2482:
1111:
940:
243:, annexed Kashmir. In 1846, after the Sikh defeat in the
122:
88:
6215:, Vol. II. Reprint: New Delhi, Sagar Publications, 1971.
5439:
The Princes of India in the Endgame of Empire, 1917–1947
5043:
3967:
1122:
and Tibetan descent. Aksai Chin is a vast high-altitude
1040:
A white border painted on a suspended bridge delineates
3335:—China gradually occupies eastern Kashmir (Aksai Chin).
1300:
1275:
1174:
1151:
resulted in a stalemate and a UN-negotiated ceasefire.
5392:
Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy
3502:"A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages"
1095:
ranges. With its administrative centre in the town of
6220:
The Tourist's Guide to Kashmir, Ladakh, Skardo &c
5471:
The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan
4814:. Kashmir Pratap Stream Press,srinagar. pp. vii.
4749:
Manish, Kumar; Pandit, Maharaj K. (7 November 2018).
4688:
Biodiversity of the Himalaya: Jammu and Kashmir State
4311:
4309:
4307:
3727:
Toshakhānī, Śaśiśekhara; Warikoo, Kulbhushan (2009).
3184:
societies", conveying the idea that it was a kind of
739:
Gulab Singh contrived to hold himself aloof till the
407:. The earliest text which directly mentions the name
143:
119:
106:
85:
6159:
The Kashmir Dispute: A Plan for Regional Cooperation
4897:"MANAGEMENT PLAN (2011-2016) DACHIGAM NATIONAL PARK"
3428:, Scholastic Library Publishing, 2006, p. 328,
1212:(Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab) and to the south by
6127:Blank, Jonah. "Kashmir–Fundamentalism Takes Root",
4927:
4231:
4229:
3357:
3355:
3353:
2590:is designated to protect the largest population of
1051:The region is divided amongst three countries in a
131:
128:
94:
82:
6284:United Nations Military Observers Group in Kashmir
6004:The Limits of Influence: America's Role in Kashmir
4304:
3768:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3071:Historically, Kashmir became known worldwide when
2575:in the Valley holds the last viable population of
1278:map of Kashmir and its surrounding area and rivers
6232:Younghusband, Francis and Molyneux, Edward 1917.
5071:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
3991:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3726:
1071:Jammu and Azad Kashmir lie south and west of the
201:Political map of the Kashmir region, showing the
7557:
5207:"India, Jammu and Kashmir population statistics"
4582:"Climatological Information for Srinagar, India"
4226:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4016:
3350:
1832:
1367:
1349:
747:. Two treaties were concluded. By the first the
357:and is mentioned to have resided in the land of
5828:Kashmir: Ethnic Conflict, International Dispute
5735:(second ed.), Princeton University Press,
5487:
5415:Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy
3378:, Manchester University Press, pp. 12–13,
3229:
247:, and upon the purchase of the region from the
6042:, London and New York: I. B. Taurus & Co,
5589:, Cambridge University Press. Pp. xviii, 206,
5509:
5233:"Census 2017: AJK population rises to over 4m"
5139:
4443:
3982:
3655:. Partridge Publishing Singapore. p. 11.
3525:
3523:
3392:
1227:. Kashmir is traversed by three rivers namely
1012:had entered the north-east portion of Ladakh.
361:, or which might have been a reference to the
186:, and the Chinese-administered territories of
6542:
6304:
4367:
4193:
4163:
4013:
4001:
3376:Independent Kashmir: An incomplete aspiration
2537:interspersed with dry dwarf alpine scrubs of
2495:spp. The Blue Pine (Finns excelsa) Zone with
1020:area to provide better communication between
6180:Diary of a Pedestrian in Cashmere and Thibet
5350:. Harvard South Asia Institute. p. 45.
5164:Madan, Kashmir, Kashmiris, Kashimiriyat 2008
4748:
4170:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
4152:Bose, Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace 2003
4139:Bose, Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace 2003
4051:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
4008:Madan, Kashmir, Kashmiris, Kashimiriyat 2008
3455:
3176:is credited with having made Kashmir (spelt
7581:Kashmiri-speaking countries and territories
5584:
5033:Lawrence, Walter R. (Walter Roper) (1895).
4644:. Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1939.
4610:
4235:
3947:, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 43–45,
3520:
3273:
3271:
323:is that it is land desiccated from water.
178:, the Pakistan-administered territories of
6549:
6535:
6319:Regions and administrative territories of
6311:
6297:
5677:Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace
5319:"How to Reach Kashmir by Train, Air, Bus?"
4439:
4437:
4435:
3613:. Concept Publishing Company. p. 64.
3393:Ganguly, Sumit; Hagerty, Devin T. (2005),
2424:throughout the Vale of Kashmir and to the
1188:The Kashmir region lies between latitudes
5904:, Manohar Publishers & Distributors,
5381:
4784:
4766:
4723:
4684:
4492:"Longest non polar glaciers in the world"
4334:
4332:
4200:. Harvard University Press. p. 211.
4164:Amin, Tahir; Schofield, Victoria (2009),
4109:
4107:
4044:
3826:. En.dailypakistan.com.pk. Archived from
3765:P. iv 'Kashmir Today' by Government, 1998
3720:
3644:
3642:
3536:, Oxford University Press, pp. 22–,
3461:
2981:, 1867, chromolithograph, William Simpson
1068:37,555 km (14,500 sq mi).
787:. To the north, also sparsely populated,
5856:
5539:
5495:, 4th edition. Routledge, Pp. xii, 448,
5032:
4400:Tamang, Jyoti Prakash (17 August 2009).
4255:
4253:
4187:
4086:
3649:Raina, Mohini Qasba (13 November 2014).
3504:. Dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu. Archived from
3468:, Taylor & Francis, pp. 1191–,
3414:
3268:
3153:
3032:Jammu and Kashmir (state) § Economy
2256:Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
1810:Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
1305:
1269:
1169:
1158:
1035:
865:
716:
697:
223:
212:
196:
6131:, 78.6 (November/December 1999): 36–42.
5602:
5128:Rai, Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects 2004
4824:
4432:
4363:
4361:
4359:
3774:
3529:
3373:
1147:established by the United Nations. The
779:. To the northeast, sparsely populated
283:, now administered by three countries:
7558:
5585:Talbot, Ian; Singh, Gurharpal (2009),
5343:
5273:from the original on 20 September 2022
5057:Imperial Gazetteer of India, volume 15
5039:. London: H. Frowde. pp. 106–160.
4831:. Arihant Publications India limited.
4399:
4329:
4263:. Oxford University Press. 432 pages.
4104:
3979:. 1908. "Kashmir: History". pp. 94–95.
3977:Imperial Gazetteer of India, volume 15
3885:"Kashmir: region, Indian subcontinent"
3639:
3606:
3362:Imperial Gazetteer of India, volume 15
3244:"Kashmir: region, Indian subcontinent"
2977:A Muslim shawl-making family shown in
941:Current status and political divisions
7009:South Tibet/Part of Arunachal Pradesh
6988:Sixty-Four Villages East of the River
6530:
6292:
6120:
5764:Kashmir: A Disputed Legacy, 1846–1990
5562:
5409:
5068:
5062:
4691:. Springer Nature. pp. 193–200.
4666:from the original on 11 November 2020
4472:from the original on 28 December 2017
4462:"Western Himalayas | mountains, Asia"
4450:. London: Raithby, Lawrence & Co.
4420:from the original on 28 December 2022
4250:
3782:. HarperCollins India. pp. 2–3.
3730:Cultural Heritage of Kashmiri Pandits
3648:
3118:Srinagar, the largest city of Kashmir
2694:(48,000) and the Thakkars (93,000)."
307:is thought to have been derived from
6021:from the original on 17 January 2023
5918:from the original on 17 January 2023
5845:from the original on 17 January 2023
5813:from the original on 17 January 2023
5781:from the original on 17 January 2023
5760:
5749:from the original on 17 January 2023
5694:from the original on 17 January 2023
5659:from the original on 17 January 2023
5467:
5456:from the original on 17 January 2023
5014:from the original on 22 October 2020
4984:from the original on 17 January 2023
4877:from the original on 2 November 2020
4845:from the original on 17 January 2023
4811:Forest Products Of Jumma and Kashmir
4807:
4705:from the original on 17 January 2023
4502:from the original on 31 October 2020
4381:from the original on 17 January 2023
4356:
4338:
4292:from the original on 29 October 2021
4214:from the original on 17 January 2023
3951:from the original on 17 January 2023
3935:
3821:
3747:from the original on 17 January 2023
3708:from the original on 17 January 2023
3669:from the original on 17 January 2023
3627:from the original on 17 January 2023
3588:from the original on 17 January 2023
3567:
3550:from the original on 17 January 2023
3482:from the original on 17 January 2023
3442:from the original on 17 January 2023
3052:, and cherries. The chief trees are
3036:Kashmir's economy is centred around
1183:second highest mountain in the world
7546:1: Divided among multiple claimants
6504:Proposed administrative territories
6264:. Pittsburgh: Rosedog Books, 2005.
5799:, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
5116:Bose, The Challenge in Kashmir 1997
5104:Zutshi, Languages of Belonging 2004
4574:
4099:Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict 2003
4071:Zutshi, Languages of Belonging 2004
4033:Zutshi, Languages of Belonging 2004
3996:Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict 2003
3895:from the original on 13 August 2019
3687:
3652:Kashur The Kashmiri Speaking People
3533:Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris
3254:from the original on 13 August 2019
1291:at 76 km (47 mi) and the
572:ruler of Kashmir, inaugurating the
417:written by the Sanskrit grammarian
13:
6364:Current administrative territories
5628:
5374:
5354:from the original on 10 April 2022
5187:from the original on 18 March 2021
4724:Bari Naik, Abdul (22 April 2016).
4045:Amin, Tahir; Schofield, Victoria.
4038:
3929:
3180:in the poem) "a household term in
2666:In the 1901 Census of the British
2300:
1208:(Wakhan Corridor), to the west by
694:Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)
682:
376:, which has been identified with
14:
7597:
6476:Former administrative territories
6277:
6098:, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers,
5243:from the original on 12 June 2018
4828:Know Your State Jammu and Kashmir
4592:from the original on 6 April 2012
4176:from the original on 20 June 2018
3321:from the original on 22 July 2016
3289:from the original on 16 July 2015
2877:~2 million (2 million)
2855:~4 million (4 million)
2798:~3 million (3 million)
2776:~4 million (4 million)
2602:in Ladakh. The region is home to
2598:are found in high density In the
2586:in Asia. In Gilgit-Baltistan the
1314:The Indus River system forms the
687:
7524:
7517:
7510:
7496:
7489:
7475:
7468:
7461:
7454:
7447:
7440:
7426:
7419:
7405:
7398:
7391:
7375:
7368:
7361:
7347:
7340:
7326:
7319:
7299:
7292:
7285:
7271:
7264:
7250:
7243:
7236:
7222:
7215:
7201:
7194:
7187:
7173:
7166:
7152:
7145:
7138:
7124:
7117:
7103:
7096:
7076:
7069:
7062:
7048:
7041:
7027:
7020:
7013:
6999:
6992:
6978:
6971:
6964:
6950:
6943:
6925:
6918:
6904:
6897:
6883:
6876:
6862:
6855:
6841:
6834:
6814:
6807:
6793:
6786:
6772:
6765:
6751:
6744:
6730:
6723:
6709:
6702:
6686:
6679:
6665:
6658:
6651:
6637:
6630:
6612:
6605:
6598:
5299:from the original on 17 May 2020
4902:. jkwildlife.com. Archived from
4825:Experts, Arihant (4 June 2019).
4620:. Kamala Dara. pp. 257–269.
3733:. Pentagon Press. pp. 2–3.
3198:1941 Census of Jammu and Kashmir
3107:
2998:
2986:
2970:
2895:
2838:
2759:
2636:Himalayan yellow-throated marten
2379:
2362:
2332:
2309:
846:Timeline of the Kashmir conflict
835:
675:(1840), thereby surrounding the
616:, thus ending four centuries of
604:to the conquering armies of the
319:. A popular local etymology of
152:northernmost geographical region
115:
78:
6007:, Brookings Institution Press,
5369:
5337:
5311:
5285:
5255:
5225:
5199:
5169:
5026:
4996:
4968:
4921:
4889:
4857:
4818:
4801:
4742:
4717:
4678:
4648:
4624:
4604:
4562:from the original on 7 May 2020
4544:
4532:from the original on 3 May 2017
4514:
4484:
4454:
4393:
4341:Ladakh: The Land and the People
4274:
4241:
4157:
4144:
4064:
3908:
3877:
3868:
3842:
3822:Zain, Ali (13 September 2015).
3815:
3796:
3759:
3681:
3600:
3561:
2661:
1216:(Himachal Pradesh and Punjab).
791:was an area of diverse, mostly
732:The Imperial Gazetteer of India
596:passed from the control of the
6218:Neve, Arthur. (Date unknown).
6178:Knight, William, Henry. 1863.
5866:, London: Martin Hopkinson Ltd
5491:; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004),
5442:, Cambridge University Press,
4374:Jummoo and Kashmir Territories
4317:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
4115:"Kashmir." Research Paper 4/28
3780:Kashmir: The Unwritten History
3494:
3462:Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan (2003),
3303:
3203:Human rights abuses in Kashmir
3044:, it is suited for crops like
2582:and the largest population of
2416:in the foothills of Jammu and
2264:Precipitation totals in inches
760:and its inhabitants practised
523:
1:
6960:Parigas region/Demchok sector
4526:www.earthobservatory.nasa.gov
3812:, The Hindu, 27 January 2014.
3607:Kumāra, Braja Bihārī (2007).
3530:Snedden, Christopher (2015),
3374:Sneddon, Christopher (2021),
3279:"Kashmir territories profile"
3223:
3143:
2820:~0.25 million (250,000)
633:in Srinagar, and banning the
576:. The region was part of the
516:, Kashmir itself is known as
338:would be derived from either
7571:Disputed territories in Asia
6236:. A. & C. Black, London.
6092:Zutshi, Chitralekha (2004),
6001:Schaffer, Howard B. (2009),
5680:, Harvard University Press,
5321:. Baapar.com. Archived from
4954:10.1016/j.biocon.2008.06.012
4617:Ancient Geography Of Kashmir
4089:, p. 10–11, 14–34.
3568:Khan, Ruhail (6 July 2017).
3213:List of territorial disputes
3123:
2677:5.24%), and in the frontier
1154:
1006:communist revolution of 1949
713:, which was founded in 1846.
587:
298:
7:
5831:, Oxford University Press,
5767:, Oxford University Press,
3191:
3064:or plane, maple, birch and
3028:Azad Kashmir § Economy
886:into the newly independent
655:, he conquered and subdued
543:History of Gilgit-Baltistan
314:
10:
7602:
6740:Jiangxinpo/Northern Kachin
5523:Cambridge University Press
5521:, Cambridge and New York:
5140:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006
4377:. Stanford. pp. 3–6.
3311:"Kashmir profile—timeline"
3147:
3025:
3021:
2979:Cashmere shawl manufactory
2594:in the western Himalayas.
2414:tropical deciduous forests
2260:
2252:
1835:
1822:
1818:Precipitation totals in mm
1814:
1806:
1345:
1149:Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
1141:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947
854:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947
839:
811:of Kashmir came under the
795:groups, and, to the west,
691:
536:
532:
31:
20:
7542:
7315:Parangcho / Dingyan Islet
6698:Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island
6584:
6581:
6576:
6503:
6475:
6433:
6400:
6370:
6363:
6327:
6254:28 September 2007 at the
6070:10.1017/s0026749x00002845
5898:Rao, Aparna, ed. (2008),
5209:. GeoHive. Archived from
5083:10.1080/00045604909351998
4339:Jina, Prem Singh (1996),
3916:The wonder that was India
3803:The enigma of terminology
3140:to Banihal is completed.
2950:
2893:
2836:
2757:
2564:of Srinagar built in the
2396:Naltar Wildlife Sanctuary
467:(or Chipin or Jipin) and
271:in 1947, when the former
7385:Senkaku/Diaoyu/Tiaoyutai
5793:Lamb, Alastair (2002) ,
5761:Lamb, Alastair (1991) ,
3218:
2709:in the 1990s due to the
2392:Karakoram mountain range
2343:is a breed of horse in
914:for assistance, and the
874:Ranbir Singh's grandson
801:Indian Rebellion of 1857
729:broke out. According to
663:(1821), Suru valley and
451:Vishnudharmottara Purana
32:Not to be confused with
23:Kashmir (disambiguation)
6225:Stein, M. Aurel. 1900.
6164:17 January 2023 at the
5706:Keenan, Brigid (2013),
5419:Oxford University Press
5417:, Oxford and New York:
5347:The Arts and South Asia
4934:Biological Conservation
4556:Encyclopedia Britannica
4522:"The Eight-Thousanders"
4466:Encyclopedia Britannica
4447:Wild flowers of Kashmir
4444:B. O. Coventry (1923).
4323:13 January 2008 at the
4236:Talbot & Singh 2009
3941:"5000 Years of Kashmir"
3889:Encyclopædia Britannica
3808:16 October 2015 at the
3248:Encyclopædia Britannica
3100:2005 Kashmir earthquake
987:Encyclopædia Britannica
346:(Kashyapa's Mountain).
311:and was referred to as
27:Kasmir (disambiguation)
5587:The Partition of India
4194:Sumantra Bose (2013).
3426:Encyclopedia Americana
3170:'s 1817 romantic poem
3163:
3086:, silk carpets, rugs,
2573:Dachigam National Park
2347:, well adapted to the
1311:
1310:The Indus River system
1279:
1185:
1167:
1106:Ladakh is between the
1048:
1034:
1001:
921:
871:
807:by Great Britain, the
753:
722:
714:
653:Zorawar Singh Kahluria
389:Stephanus of Byzantium
232:
221:
210:
7058:Trans-Karakoram Tract
6392:Trans-Karakoram Tract
6134:Drew, Federic. 1877.
5877:, C. Hurst & Co,
5825:Malik, Iffat (2005),
5645:, SAGE Publications,
5468:Khan, Yasmin (2007),
5436:Copland, Ian (2002),
5267:www.citypopulation.de
5036:The valley of Kashmír
4586:Hong Kong Observatory
4259:Stein, Burton. 2010.
4120:26 March 2009 at the
3914:Basham, A. L. (2005)
3157:
3026:Further information:
2592:Himalayan brown bears
1309:
1273:
1173:
1162:
1136:Trans-Karakoram Tract
1039:
1014:
992:
904:
869:
850:1947 Poonch Rebellion
840:Further information:
737:
720:
701:
342:(Kashyapa's Lake) or
277:British Indian Empire
263:(or tutelage) of the
255:, the Raja of Jammu,
227:
216:
200:
192:Trans-Karakoram Tract
6558:Territorial disputes
6197:2 April 2010 at the
6171:Knight, E. F. 1893.
6058:Modern Asian Studies
5295:. Bharatonline.com.
5183:. 14 February 2022.
4808:Kaul, S. N. (1928).
4662:. 7 September 2014.
4528:. 17 December 2013.
4343:, Indus Publishing,
4113:Bowers, Paul. 2004.
3918:, Picador. Pp. 572.
3776:Snedden, Christopher
3150:Kashmiri handicrafts
3016:, in local costumes
2953:Statistics from the
2648:Himalayan mouse-hare
2588:Deosai National Park
2466:Terminalia bellirica
2351:Kashmiri environment
2324:in the northwestern
1299:mountain peaks with
1063:area, including the
969:are administered by
892:Dominion of Pakistan
862:1947 Mirpur massacre
858:1947 Jammu massacres
727:First Anglo-Sikh War
433:and in puranas like
382:Hecataeus of Miletus
245:First Anglo-Sikh War
21:For other uses, see
16:Region in South Asia
7162:Ieodo / Suyan Islet
7113:Bạch Long Vĩ Island
6039:Kashmir in Conflict
6034:Schofield, Victoria
5871:Rai, Mridu (2004),
5525:. Pp. xxxiii, 372,
5008:avibase.bsc-eoc.org
4946:2008BCons.141.2230N
3856:. 11 September 2015
3830:on 18 November 2015
3688:Kaw, M. K. (2004).
3571:Who Killed Kasheer?
2600:Hemis National Park
2369:Shepherding in the
2295:2014 Kashmir floods
1836:Imperial conversion
1053:territorial dispute
267:, lasted until the
156:Indian subcontinent
53: /
7576:Historical regions
6647:Bhutanese exclaves
6585:Islands and waters
6511:Karakoram Province
6205:Moorcroft, William
6121:Historical sources
5994:, pp. 235–258
5973:, pp. 563–604
5943:, pp. 207–234
5934:, pp. 713–741
5712:, Hachette India,
5709:Travels in Kashmir
5568:A History of India
5515:Metcalf, Thomas R.
5493:A History of India
5362:– via Issuu.
5239:. 26 August 2017.
4909:on 22 January 2021
4768:10.7717/peerj.5919
4261:A History of India
4197:Transforming India
3694:. APH Publishing.
3508:on 5 February 2016
3317:. 5 January 2012.
3285:. 4 January 2012.
3164:
2711:Kashmir insurgency
2640:long-tailed marmot
2316:Alpine flowers at
2279:and some parts of
1312:
1280:
1186:
1168:
1049:
872:
745:Sir Henry Lawrence
723:
715:
539:History of Kashmir
372:called the region
281:disputed territory
269:Partition of India
253:Treaty of Amritsar
233:
222:
211:
209:or Vale of Kashmir
7553:
7552:
7537:
7536:
7357:Scarborough Shoal
7232:Macclesfield Bank
7134:Dokdo / Takeshima
6695:Part of Heixiazi/
6622:Jammu and Kashmir
6524:
6523:
6494:Jammu and Kashmir
6488:Jammu and Kashmir
6471:
6470:
6408:Jammu and Kashmir
6105:978-1-85065-700-2
6014:978-0-8157-0370-9
5952:, pp. 97–198
5911:978-81-7304-751-0
5838:978-0-19-579622-3
5774:978-0-19-577423-8
5732:Danger in Kashmir
5719:978-93-5009-729-8
5687:978-0-674-01173-1
5652:978-0-8039-9350-1
5619:978-0-19-515198-5
5596:978-0-521-76177-2
5577:978-0-19-565446-2
5556:978-0-521-03989-5
5541:Ramusack, Barbara
5532:978-0-521-68225-1
5502:978-0-415-32920-0
5481:978-0-300-12078-3
5449:978-0-521-89436-4
5428:978-0-19-873113-9
5421:. Pp. xiii, 474,
5402:978-0-415-30787-1
4838:978-93-131-6916-1
4698:978-981-329-174-4
4498:. 25 April 2017.
4413:978-1-4200-9325-4
4350:978-81-7387-057-6
4288:. 6 August 2019.
4269:978-1-4051-9509-6
4207:978-0-674-72820-2
4057:on 20 June 2018.
3543:978-1-84904-342-7
3475:978-0-415-93922-5
3435:978-0-7172-0139-6
3068:, apple, cherry.
3042:temperate climate
2966:
2965:
2426:alpine grasslands
2422:temperate forests
2272:
2271:
2268:
2267:
1827:
1826:
1221:Western Himalayas
1196:, and longitudes
1046:Jammu and Kashmir
975:union territories
963:Jammu and Kashmir
947:Jammu and Kashmir
888:Dominion of India
741:battle of Sobraon
711:Jammu and Kashmir
671:(1834–1840), and
574:Kashmir Sultanate
568:became the first
547:History of Ladakh
514:Kashmiri language
501:in Romanian, and
172:Jammu and Kashmir
7593:
7529:
7528:
7522:
7521:
7515:
7514:
7506:Tsushima/Daemado
7501:
7500:
7494:
7493:
7480:
7479:
7473:
7472:
7466:
7465:
7459:
7458:
7452:
7451:
7445:
7444:
7431:
7430:
7424:
7423:
7410:
7409:
7403:
7402:
7396:
7395:
7380:
7379:
7373:
7372:
7366:
7365:
7352:
7351:
7345:
7344:
7331:
7330:
7324:
7323:
7304:
7303:
7297:
7296:
7290:
7289:
7276:
7275:
7269:
7268:
7255:
7254:
7248:
7247:
7241:
7240:
7227:
7226:
7220:
7219:
7206:
7205:
7199:
7198:
7192:
7191:
7178:
7177:
7171:
7170:
7157:
7156:
7150:
7149:
7143:
7142:
7129:
7128:
7122:
7121:
7108:
7107:
7101:
7100:
7081:
7080:
7074:
7073:
7067:
7066:
7053:
7052:
7046:
7045:
7032:
7031:
7025:
7024:
7018:
7017:
7004:
7003:
6997:
6996:
6983:
6982:
6976:
6975:
6969:
6968:
6955:
6954:
6948:
6947:
6930:
6929:
6923:
6922:
6909:
6908:
6902:
6901:
6888:
6887:
6881:
6880:
6872:Limbang District
6867:
6866:
6860:
6859:
6846:
6845:
6839:
6838:
6830:Gilgit-Baltistan
6819:
6818:
6812:
6811:
6798:
6797:
6791:
6790:
6777:
6776:
6770:
6769:
6756:
6755:
6749:
6748:
6735:
6734:
6728:
6727:
6714:
6713:
6707:
6706:
6691:
6690:
6684:
6683:
6670:
6669:
6663:
6662:
6656:
6655:
6642:
6641:
6635:
6634:
6617:
6616:
6610:
6609:
6603:
6602:
6579:
6578:
6551:
6544:
6537:
6528:
6527:
6490:(princely state)
6463:Gilgit-Baltistan
6368:
6367:
6313:
6306:
6299:
6290:
6289:
6115:
6114:
6112:
6088:
6052:
6029:
6028:
6026:
5995:
5986:
5985:, pp. 37–96
5974:
5965:
5953:
5944:
5935:
5926:
5925:
5923:
5894:
5893:
5891:
5867:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5722:
5702:
5701:
5699:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5622:
5604:Wolpert, Stanley
5599:
5580:
5559:
5535:
5511:Metcalf, Barbara
5505:
5484:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5431:
5411:Brown, Judith M.
5405:
5364:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5341:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5330:
5315:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5289:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5278:
5259:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5248:
5229:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5218:
5213:on 19 April 2015
5203:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5192:
5173:
5167:
5161:
5155:
5149:
5143:
5137:
5131:
5125:
5119:
5113:
5107:
5101:
5095:
5094:
5066:
5060:
5054:
5041:
5040:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5000:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4989:
4972:
4966:
4965:
4940:(9): 2230–2241.
4925:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4914:
4908:
4901:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4882:
4861:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4822:
4816:
4815:
4805:
4799:
4798:
4788:
4770:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4721:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4682:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4652:
4646:
4645:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4608:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4597:
4578:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4548:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4518:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4458:
4452:
4451:
4441:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4365:
4354:
4353:
4336:
4327:
4313:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4278:
4272:
4257:
4248:
4245:
4239:
4233:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4161:
4155:
4154:, pp. 15–17
4148:
4142:
4141:, pp. 15–17
4136:
4125:
4111:
4102:
4096:
4090:
4084:
4078:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4053:. Archived from
4042:
4036:
4035:, pp. 39–41
4030:
4011:
4005:
3999:
3993:
3980:
3974:
3965:
3964:
3958:
3956:
3933:
3927:
3912:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3819:
3813:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3772:
3766:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3646:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3574:. Notion Press.
3565:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3527:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3498:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3459:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3371:
3365:
3359:
3348:
3347:
3328:
3326:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3275:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3240:
3111:
3002:
2990:
2974:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2873:Gilgit-Baltistan
2844:
2842:
2841:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2723:
2722:
2703:Kashmiri Pandits
2656:Himalayan weasel
2644:Indian porcupine
2558:botanical garden
2478:Pinus roxburghii
2448:Dalbergia sissoo
2383:
2366:
2336:
2313:
2281:Gilgit-Baltistan
2263:
2255:
2246:
2241:
2230:
2215:
2210:
2199:
2184:
2179:
2168:
2153:
2148:
2137:
2122:
2117:
2106:
2091:
2086:
2075:
2060:
2055:
2044:
2029:
2024:
2013:
1998:
1993:
1982:
1967:
1962:
1951:
1936:
1931:
1920:
1905:
1900:
1889:
1833:
1817:
1809:
1800:
1795:
1784:
1769:
1764:
1753:
1738:
1733:
1722:
1707:
1702:
1691:
1676:
1671:
1660:
1645:
1640:
1629:
1614:
1609:
1598:
1583:
1578:
1567:
1552:
1547:
1536:
1521:
1516:
1505:
1490:
1485:
1474:
1459:
1454:
1443:
1368:
1350:
1297:eight-thousander
1177:, a peak in the
1073:Pir Panjal range
1032:of October 1962.
979:limited autonomy
959:Gilgit-Baltistan
916:governor-general
900:History of India
842:Kashmir conflict
777:Kashmiri Pandits
564:arose. In 1320,
562:Kashmir Shaivism
317:
203:Pir Panjal Range
184:Gilgit-Baltistan
168:Pir Panjal Range
147:
141:
140:
137:
136:
133:
130:
127:
124:
121:
109:
104:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
87:
84:
68:
67:
65:
64:
63:
58:
54:
51:
50:
49:
46:
7601:
7600:
7596:
7595:
7594:
7592:
7591:
7590:
7586:Regions of Asia
7556:
7555:
7554:
7549:
7538:
7533:
7523:
7516:
7509:
7495:
7488:
7474:
7467:
7460:
7453:
7446:
7439:
7436:Spratly Islands
7425:
7418:
7404:
7397:
7390:
7386:
7374:
7367:
7360:
7346:
7339:
7325:
7318:
7308:
7298:
7291:
7284:
7281:Paracel Islands
7270:
7263:
7249:
7242:
7235:
7221:
7214:
7200:
7193:
7186:
7172:
7165:
7151:
7144:
7137:
7123:
7116:
7102:
7095:
7085:
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7061:
7047:
7040:
7026:
7019:
7012:
6998:
6991:
6977:
6970:
6963:
6949:
6942:
6924:
6917:
6903:
6896:
6882:
6875:
6861:
6854:
6840:
6833:
6823:
6813:
6806:
6792:
6785:
6782:Khao Phra Wihan
6771:
6764:
6750:
6743:
6729:
6722:
6708:
6701:
6696:
6685:
6678:
6675:Doi Pha Hom Pok
6664:
6657:
6650:
6636:
6629:
6611:
6604:
6597:
6572:
6555:
6525:
6520:
6499:
6467:
6429:
6396:
6359:
6355:Siachen Glacier
6323:
6317:
6280:
6275:
6260:Muhammad Ayub.
6256:Wayback Machine
6209:Trebeck, George
6199:Wayback Machine
6166:Wayback Machine
6129:Foreign Affairs
6123:
6118:
6110:
6108:
6106:
6050:
6024:
6022:
6015:
5979:Witzel, Michael
5964:, pp. 1–36
5921:
5919:
5912:
5889:
5887:
5885:
5858:Panikkar, K. M.
5848:
5846:
5839:
5816:
5814:
5807:
5784:
5782:
5775:
5752:
5750:
5743:
5720:
5697:
5695:
5688:
5662:
5660:
5653:
5631:
5629:Kashmir history
5626:
5620:
5597:
5578:
5557:
5533:
5503:
5482:
5459:
5457:
5450:
5429:
5403:
5377:
5375:General history
5372:
5367:
5357:
5355:
5342:
5338:
5328:
5326:
5325:on 8 March 2016
5317:
5316:
5312:
5302:
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5291:
5290:
5286:
5276:
5274:
5261:
5260:
5256:
5246:
5244:
5231:
5230:
5226:
5216:
5214:
5205:
5204:
5200:
5190:
5188:
5175:
5174:
5170:
5162:
5158:
5150:
5146:
5138:
5134:
5126:
5122:
5114:
5110:
5102:
5098:
5067:
5063:
5055:
5044:
5031:
5027:
5017:
5015:
5002:
5001:
4997:
4987:
4985:
4974:
4973:
4969:
4926:
4922:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4899:
4895:
4894:
4890:
4880:
4878:
4870:Washington Post
4863:
4862:
4858:
4848:
4846:
4839:
4823:
4819:
4806:
4802:
4747:
4743:
4736:
4722:
4718:
4708:
4706:
4699:
4683:
4679:
4669:
4667:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4632:Helmut de Terra
4629:
4625:
4609:
4605:
4595:
4593:
4580:
4579:
4575:
4565:
4563:
4550:
4549:
4545:
4535:
4533:
4520:
4519:
4515:
4505:
4503:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4475:
4473:
4460:
4459:
4455:
4442:
4433:
4423:
4421:
4414:
4398:
4394:
4384:
4382:
4366:
4357:
4351:
4337:
4330:
4325:Wayback Machine
4314:
4305:
4295:
4293:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4258:
4251:
4246:
4242:
4234:
4227:
4217:
4215:
4208:
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4188:
4179:
4177:
4162:
4158:
4149:
4145:
4137:
4128:
4122:Wayback Machine
4112:
4105:
4101:, pp. 6–7.
4097:
4093:
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4069:
4065:
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4014:
4006:
4002:
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3810:Wayback Machine
3801:
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3485:
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3230:
3226:
3221:
3194:
3152:
3146:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3112:
3090:, and pottery.
3034:
3024:
3017:
3003:
2994:
2991:
2982:
2975:
2930:Trans-Karakoram
2896:
2894:
2839:
2837:
2760:
2758:
2726:Administered by
2690:(167,000), the
2686:(186,000), the
2664:
2510:Picea smithiana
2454:Albizia lebbeck
2402:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2384:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2367:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2337:
2329:
2328:
2326:Himalayan range
2314:
2303:
2301:Flora and fauna
2261:
2253:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2226:
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2058:
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2048:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
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1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1815:
1807:
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1801:
1798:
1796:
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1785:
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1777:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1754:
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1749:
1746:
1740:
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1731:
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1726:
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1720:
1718:
1715:
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1703:
1700:
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1591:
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1579:
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1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1554:
1553:
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1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1461:
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1457:
1455:
1452:
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1447:
1444:
1441:
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1436:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1358:Climate chart (
1348:
1328:Great Himalayan
1320:Tibetan Plateau
1289:Siachen Glacier
1164:Topographic map
1157:
1145:line of control
1128:Tibetan Plateau
1061:Siachen Glacier
1030:Sino-Indian War
943:
894:. According to
882:of the British
864:
838:
829:Kashmiri Pandit
825:Prem Nath Bazaz
749:State of Lahore
696:
690:
685:
683:Kashmir dispute
620:rule under the
590:
550:
535:
526:
489:in Portuguese,
301:
218:Pahalgam Valley
164:Great Himalayas
145:
118:
114:
107:
81:
77:
61:
59:
55:
52:
47:
44:
42:
40:
39:
37:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7599:
7589:
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7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7551:
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7548:
7547:
7543:
7540:
7539:
7535:
7534:
7532:
7531:
7503:
7482:
7433:
7412:
7382:
7354:
7333:
7311:
7309:
7307:
7306:
7278:
7257:
7229:
7208:
7180:
7159:
7131:
7110:
7088:
7086:
7084:
7083:
7055:
7034:
7006:
6985:
6957:
6932:
6914:Mainland China
6911:
6890:
6869:
6848:
6826:
6824:
6822:
6821:
6800:
6779:
6758:
6737:
6716:
6693:
6672:
6644:
6619:
6590:
6587:
6586:
6583:
6577:
6574:
6573:
6570:Southeast Asia
6554:
6553:
6546:
6539:
6531:
6522:
6521:
6519:
6518:
6513:
6507:
6505:
6501:
6500:
6498:
6497:
6496:(Indian state)
6491:
6485:
6479:
6477:
6473:
6472:
6469:
6468:
6466:
6465:
6460:
6459:
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6420:
6415:
6404:
6402:
6398:
6397:
6395:
6394:
6389:
6374:
6372:
6365:
6361:
6360:
6358:
6357:
6352:
6350:Kashmir Valley
6347:
6342:
6337:
6331:
6329:
6325:
6324:
6316:
6315:
6308:
6301:
6293:
6287:
6286:
6279:
6278:External links
6276:
6274:
6273:
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6155:
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6139:
6132:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6116:
6104:
6089:
6053:
6049:978-1860648984
6048:
6030:
6013:
5998:
5997:
5996:
5987:
5975:
5966:
5954:
5945:
5936:
5910:
5895:
5884:978-1850656616
5883:
5868:
5854:
5837:
5822:
5805:
5790:
5773:
5758:
5741:
5723:
5718:
5703:
5686:
5672:Bose, Sumantra
5668:
5651:
5637:Bose, Sumantra
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5624:
5618:
5600:
5595:
5582:
5576:
5560:
5555:
5537:
5531:
5507:
5501:
5489:Kulke, Hermann
5485:
5480:
5465:
5448:
5433:
5427:
5407:
5401:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5365:
5336:
5310:
5284:
5254:
5224:
5198:
5168:
5156:
5154:, p. 318.
5144:
5132:
5130:, p. 286.
5120:
5108:
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5061:
5042:
5025:
4995:
4967:
4920:
4888:
4856:
4837:
4817:
4800:
4741:
4735:978-3659878626
4734:
4716:
4697:
4677:
4647:
4636:T. T. Paterson
4623:
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4186:
4156:
4143:
4126:
4103:
4091:
4079:
4063:
4037:
4012:
4000:
3998:, pp. 5–6
3981:
3966:
3928:
3907:
3876:
3867:
3841:
3814:
3795:
3789:978-9350298985
3788:
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2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2772:Kashmir Valley
2769:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2663:
2660:
2628:Himalayan wolf
2498:Cedrus deodara
2460:Garuga pinnata
2442:Acacia catechu
2436:Shorea robusta
2431:Acacia modesta
2406:national parks
2385:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2368:
2361:
2360:
2359:
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2299:
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2250:
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2238:
2235:
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2207:
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2201:
2196:
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2173:
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2142:
2139:
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2128:
2127:
2125:
2119:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2088:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2057:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2026:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1995:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1964:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1933:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1902:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1886:
1883:
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1876:
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1857:
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1399:
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1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1364:
1363:
1355:
1354:
1347:
1344:
1316:drainage basin
1181:range, is the
1156:
1153:
1083:, the western
1077:Northern Areas
999:route blocked.
942:
939:
837:
834:
809:princely state
692:Main article:
689:
688:Princely state
686:
684:
681:
677:Kashmir Valley
649:state of Jammu
642:Kashmir shawls
598:Durrani Empire
594:Kashmir Valley
589:
586:
582:Durrani Empire
534:
531:
525:
522:
370:Ancient Greeks
300:
297:
273:princely state
207:Kashmir Valley
160:Kashmir Valley
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7598:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
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7513:
7507:
7504:
7499:
7492:
7486:
7483:
7478:
7471:
7464:
7457:
7450:
7443:
7437:
7434:
7429:
7422:
7416:
7413:
7408:
7401:
7394:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7371:
7364:
7358:
7355:
7350:
7343:
7337:
7336:Pratas Island
7334:
7329:
7322:
7316:
7313:
7312:
7310:
7302:
7295:
7288:
7282:
7279:
7274:
7267:
7261:
7258:
7253:
7246:
7239:
7233:
7230:
7225:
7218:
7212:
7211:Kuril Islands
7209:
7204:
7197:
7190:
7184:
7181:
7176:
7169:
7163:
7160:
7155:
7148:
7141:
7135:
7132:
7127:
7120:
7114:
7111:
7106:
7099:
7093:
7090:
7089:
7087:
7079:
7072:
7065:
7059:
7056:
7051:
7044:
7038:
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7023:
7016:
7010:
7007:
7002:
6995:
6989:
6986:
6981:
6974:
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6961:
6958:
6953:
6946:
6940:
6936:
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6928:
6921:
6915:
6912:
6907:
6900:
6894:
6891:
6886:
6879:
6873:
6870:
6865:
6858:
6852:
6849:
6844:
6837:
6831:
6828:
6827:
6825:
6817:
6810:
6804:
6801:
6796:
6789:
6783:
6780:
6775:
6768:
6762:
6759:
6754:
6747:
6741:
6738:
6733:
6726:
6720:
6717:
6712:
6705:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6682:
6676:
6673:
6668:
6661:
6654:
6648:
6645:
6640:
6633:
6627:
6623:
6620:
6615:
6608:
6601:
6595:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6588:
6580:
6575:
6571:
6567:
6563:
6559:
6552:
6547:
6545:
6540:
6538:
6533:
6532:
6529:
6517:
6516:Panun Kashmir
6514:
6512:
6509:
6508:
6506:
6502:
6495:
6492:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6483:Gilgit Agency
6481:
6480:
6478:
6474:
6464:
6461:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6443:
6442:
6439:
6438:
6436:
6432:
6426:
6423:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6410:
6409:
6406:
6405:
6403:
6399:
6393:
6390:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6376:
6375:
6373:
6369:
6366:
6362:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6332:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6314:
6309:
6307:
6302:
6300:
6295:
6294:
6291:
6285:
6282:
6281:
6271:
6270:0-8059-9594-3
6267:
6263:
6259:
6257:
6253:
6250:
6246:
6245:0-945747-00-4
6242:
6238:
6235:
6231:
6228:
6224:
6221:
6217:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6203:
6200:
6196:
6193:
6192:
6187:
6186:Köchler, Hans
6184:
6181:
6177:
6174:
6170:
6167:
6163:
6160:
6157:Khan, L. Ali
6156:
6153:
6150:
6146:
6143:
6140:
6137:
6133:
6130:
6126:
6125:
6107:
6101:
6097:
6096:
6090:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6075:
6071:
6067:
6063:
6059:
6054:
6051:
6045:
6041:
6040:
6035:
6031:
6020:
6016:
6010:
6006:
6005:
5999:
5993:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5946:
5942:
5937:
5933:
5928:
5927:
5917:
5913:
5907:
5903:
5902:
5896:
5886:
5880:
5876:
5875:
5869:
5865:
5864:
5859:
5855:
5844:
5840:
5834:
5830:
5829:
5823:
5812:
5808:
5806:9780195797671
5802:
5798:
5797:
5791:
5780:
5776:
5770:
5766:
5765:
5759:
5748:
5744:
5742:9781400875238
5738:
5734:
5733:
5728:
5727:Korbel, Josef
5724:
5721:
5715:
5711:
5710:
5704:
5693:
5689:
5683:
5679:
5678:
5673:
5669:
5658:
5654:
5648:
5644:
5643:
5638:
5634:
5633:
5621:
5615:
5611:
5610:
5605:
5601:
5598:
5592:
5588:
5583:
5579:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5564:Stein, Burton
5561:
5558:
5552:
5548:
5547:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5483:
5477:
5473:
5472:
5466:
5455:
5451:
5445:
5441:
5440:
5434:
5430:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5398:
5394:
5393:
5388:
5387:Jalal, Ayesha
5384:
5380:
5379:
5353:
5349:
5348:
5340:
5324:
5320:
5314:
5298:
5294:
5288:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5258:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5228:
5212:
5208:
5202:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5172:
5166:, p. 25.
5165:
5160:
5153:
5148:
5141:
5136:
5129:
5124:
5118:, p. 71.
5117:
5112:
5105:
5100:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5065:
5058:
5053:
5051:
5049:
5047:
5038:
5037:
5029:
5013:
5009:
5005:
4999:
4983:
4980:. EQUATIONS.
4979:
4978:
4971:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4924:
4905:
4898:
4892:
4876:
4872:
4871:
4866:
4860:
4844:
4840:
4834:
4830:
4829:
4821:
4813:
4812:
4804:
4796:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4745:
4737:
4731:
4727:
4720:
4704:
4700:
4694:
4690:
4689:
4681:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4651:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4633:
4627:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4607:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4577:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4547:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4517:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4487:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4457:
4449:
4448:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4419:
4415:
4409:
4406:. CRC Press.
4405:
4404:
4396:
4380:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4369:Drew Frederic
4364:
4362:
4360:
4352:
4346:
4342:
4335:
4333:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4277:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4256:
4254:
4244:
4237:
4232:
4230:
4213:
4209:
4203:
4199:
4198:
4190:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4160:
4153:
4147:
4140:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4110:
4108:
4100:
4095:
4088:
4087:Panikkar 1930
4083:
4076:
4072:
4067:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4041:
4034:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4009:
4004:
3997:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3978:
3973:
3971:
3963:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3939:(June 2009),
3938:
3932:
3925:
3924:0-330-43909-X
3921:
3917:
3911:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3880:
3871:
3855:
3851:
3845:
3829:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3807:
3804:
3799:
3791:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3771:
3762:
3746:
3742:
3740:9788182743984
3736:
3732:
3731:
3723:
3707:
3703:
3701:9788176485371
3697:
3693:
3692:
3684:
3668:
3664:
3662:9781482899450
3658:
3654:
3653:
3645:
3643:
3626:
3622:
3620:9788180694578
3616:
3612:
3611:
3603:
3587:
3583:
3581:9781947283107
3577:
3573:
3572:
3564:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3535:
3534:
3526:
3524:
3507:
3503:
3497:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3467:
3466:
3458:
3441:
3437:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3410:
3406:
3404:0-295-98525-9
3400:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3381:paramountcy'.
3377:
3370:
3363:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3346:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3272:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3228:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3116:
3110:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3073:Cashmere wool
3069:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3029:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2996:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2973:
2968:
2967:
2959:
2956:
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2933:
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2928:
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2909:
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2892:
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2879:
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2874:
2871:
2870:
2866:
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2860:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
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2835:
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2828:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2756:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2669:
2668:Indian Empire
2659:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2596:Snow leopards
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2562:tulip gardens
2559:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2505:
2504:Abies pindrow
2500:
2499:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2397:
2394:, now in the
2393:
2389:
2382:
2372:
2371:Deosai Plains
2365:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2335:
2327:
2323:
2322:Mount Harmukh
2319:
2318:Gangabal Lake
2312:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2290:Rajatarangini
2284:
2282:
2278:
2277:Astore Valley
2259:
2251:
2219:
2188:
2157:
2126:
2095:
2064:
2033:
2002:
1971:
1940:
1909:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1821:
1813:
1805:
1773:
1742:
1711:
1680:
1649:
1618:
1587:
1556:
1525:
1494:
1463:
1432:
1431:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1308:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1293:Biafo Glacier
1290:
1285:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1245:Chenab valley
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1161:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1066:
1065:Saltoro Ridge
1062:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1000:
998:
997:Jhelum valley
991:
989:
988:
984:According to
982:
981:was revoked.
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
938:
936:
934:
930:
926:
920:
917:
913:
909:
903:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
884:Indian Empire
881:
877:
868:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
836:1947 and 1948
833:
830:
826:
820:
818:
817:British Crown
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
789:Gilgit Agency
786:
782:
778:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
752:
750:
746:
742:
736:
735:
733:
728:
725:In 1845, the
719:
712:
708:
704:
700:
695:
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
645:
643:
639:
638:
632:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
592:In 1819, the
585:
583:
579:
578:Mughal Empire
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
556:and later of
555:
548:
544:
540:
530:
521:
519:
515:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
452:
448:
447:Vishnu Purana
444:
440:
436:
435:Matsya Purana
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
415:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
366:
364:
363:Sharada Peeth
360:
356:
352:
347:
345:
344:kashyapa-meru
341:
337:
333:
329:
324:
322:
318:
316:
310:
306:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
265:British Crown
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
235:In 1820, the
230:
226:
219:
215:
208:
204:
199:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
148:
139:
112:
111:
102:
75:
71:
69:
66:
57:34.5°N 76.5°E
35:
28:
24:
19:
6935:North Borneo
6626:Azad Kashmir
6451:Muzaffarabad
6441:Azad Kashmir
6382:Rutog County
6378:Hotan County
6340:Balawaristan
6320:
6261:
6233:
6226:
6219:
6212:
6190:
6179:
6172:
6152:Joshi, Manoj
6135:
6128:
6111:15 September
6109:, retrieved
6094:
6064:(1): 35–59,
6061:
6057:
6038:
6023:, retrieved
6003:
5991:
5982:
5970:
5961:
5958:Madan, T. N.
5949:
5940:
5931:
5920:, retrieved
5900:
5890:15 September
5888:, retrieved
5873:
5862:
5847:, retrieved
5827:
5815:, retrieved
5795:
5783:, retrieved
5763:
5753:27 September
5751:, retrieved
5731:
5708:
5696:, retrieved
5676:
5661:, retrieved
5641:
5608:
5586:
5567:
5545:
5518:
5492:
5470:
5458:, retrieved
5438:
5414:
5391:
5383:Bose, Sugata
5370:Bibliography
5356:. Retrieved
5346:
5339:
5327:. Retrieved
5323:the original
5313:
5301:. Retrieved
5287:
5275:. Retrieved
5266:
5257:
5245:. Retrieved
5236:
5227:
5215:. Retrieved
5211:the original
5201:
5189:. Retrieved
5180:
5171:
5159:
5147:
5135:
5123:
5111:
5099:
5077:(2): 81–98.
5074:
5070:
5064:
5056:
5035:
5028:
5016:. Retrieved
5007:
4998:
4986:. Retrieved
4976:
4970:
4937:
4933:
4923:
4911:. Retrieved
4904:the original
4891:
4879:. Retrieved
4868:
4859:
4847:. Retrieved
4827:
4820:
4810:
4803:
4758:
4754:
4744:
4725:
4719:
4707:. Retrieved
4687:
4680:
4668:. Retrieved
4659:
4650:
4640:
4626:
4616:
4606:
4594:. Retrieved
4576:
4564:. Retrieved
4555:
4546:
4534:. Retrieved
4525:
4516:
4504:. Retrieved
4495:
4486:
4474:. Retrieved
4465:
4456:
4446:
4422:. Retrieved
4402:
4395:
4383:. Retrieved
4373:
4340:
4294:. Retrieved
4276:
4260:
4243:
4238:, p. 54
4216:. Retrieved
4196:
4189:
4178:, retrieved
4169:
4159:
4146:
4094:
4082:
4066:
4058:
4055:the original
4050:
4040:
4010:, p. 15
4003:
3976:
3960:
3953:, retrieved
3944:
3937:Puri, Balraj
3931:
3915:
3910:
3897:. Retrieved
3888:
3879:
3870:
3858:. Retrieved
3853:
3844:
3832:. Retrieved
3828:the original
3817:
3798:
3779:
3770:
3761:
3749:. Retrieved
3729:
3722:
3710:. Retrieved
3690:
3683:
3671:. Retrieved
3651:
3629:. Retrieved
3609:
3602:
3590:. Retrieved
3570:
3563:
3552:, retrieved
3532:
3510:. Retrieved
3506:the original
3496:
3484:, retrieved
3464:
3457:
3444:, retrieved
3425:
3416:
3408:
3394:
3388:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3361:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3330:
3323:. Retrieved
3314:
3305:
3291:. Retrieved
3282:
3256:. Retrieved
3247:
3177:
3171:
3168:Thomas Moore
3165:
3127:
3096:papier-mâché
3070:
3035:
2978:
2851:Azad Kashmir
2718:
2715:
2700:
2696:
2678:
2674:
2672:
2665:
2662:Demographics
2579:
2577:Kashmir stag
2570:
2555:
2551:Rhododendron
2508:
2502:
2496:
2492:Rhododendron
2490:
2486:
2476:
2472:T. tomentosa
2470:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2430:
2403:
2288:
2285:
2273:
1823:Source: HKO
1324:
1313:
1281:
1249:Jammu region
1225:Nanga Parbat
1218:
1187:
1132:
1105:
1076:
1070:
1050:
1042:Azad Kashmir
1024:and western
1015:
1010:Chinese army
1002:
993:
985:
983:
955:Azad Kashmir
944:
937:
922:
905:
899:
896:Burton Stein
873:
821:
792:
754:
738:
730:
724:
705:, The first
646:
636:
631:Jamia Masjid
610:Ranjit Singh
591:
566:Rinchan Shah
551:
527:
517:
511:
502:
498:
494:
493:in Catalan,
490:
486:
485:in Spanish,
482:
478:
474:
473:
468:
464:
461:kia-shi-milo
460:
455:
443:Padma Purana
422:
412:
408:
404:
392:
377:
373:
367:
358:
348:
343:
340:kashyapa-mir
339:
335:
325:
320:
312:
304:
302:
260:
241:Ranjit Singh
234:
229:Nanga Parbat
180:Azad Kashmir
162:between the
73:
72:
70:
38:
18:
7485:Taiwan Area
7183:James Shoal
5863:Gulab Singh
5277:26 November
5247:26 November
5181:www.cia.gov
4612:Stein M. A.
4424:28 December
4296:30 November
4271:. Page 358.
3955:31 December
3860:17 November
3834:17 November
3486:18 December
3446:18 December
3173:Lalla Rookh
3166:Irish poet
3162:or Chiefly.
3079:and making
3056:, firs and
3038:agriculture
3012:, northern
3008:women from
2612:leopard cat
2543:Cotoneaster
2418:Muzafarabad
1360:explanation
1274:Simplified
1206:Afghanistan
912:Mountbatten
805:direct rule
703:Gulab Singh
602:Afghanistan
524:Terminology
481:in French,
439:Vayu Purana
431:Sabha Parva
427:Mahabharata
423:Kashmirikas
414:Ashtadhyayi
261:paramountcy
257:Gulab Singh
237:Sikh Empire
60: /
7560:Categories
6594:Aksai Chin
6386:Aksai Chin
5358:30 January
5329:22 January
5237:The Nation
5191:24 January
5018:20 October
4988:1 November
4913:30 October
4881:29 October
4849:1 November
4709:1 November
4670:1 November
4566:27 October
4536:27 October
4506:27 October
4496:Worldatlas
4476:29 October
4385:1 November
4150:Quoted in
4073:, p.
3854:Dunya News
3751:1 November
3712:1 November
3673:1 November
3631:1 November
3592:1 November
3554:11 October
3224:References
3182:Anglophone
3148:See also:
3144:In culture
2908:Aksai Chin
2732:Population
2616:jungle cat
2584:black bear
2531:Potentilla
2489:spp.) and
1253:Wular Lake
1166:of Kashmir
1120:Indo-Aryan
1093:Hindu Kush
1091:, and the
1018:Aksai Chin
925:plebiscite
876:Hari Singh
813:suzerainty
785:Shia Islam
497:in Latin,
457:Huientsang
393:Kaspatyros
378:Kaspapyros
251:under the
188:Aksai Chin
62:34.5; 76.5
7415:Sir Creek
6719:Hong Kong
6345:Dardistan
6335:Baltistan
6086:145500298
6036:(2003) ,
6025:1 January
5922:1 January
5849:1 January
5817:1 January
5785:1 January
5729:(1966) ,
5698:1 January
5663:1 January
5460:1 January
5091:0004-5608
4962:0006-3207
4777:2167-8359
4761:: e5919.
4166:"Kashmir"
4047:"Kashmir"
3926:, p. 110.
3422:"Kashmir"
3208:Kashmiris
3124:Transport
3046:asparagus
2604:musk deer
2566:Zabarwans
2547:Juniperus
2420:, to the
2341:Zaniskari
1353:Srinagar
1340:Baltistan
1284:Karakoram
1241:Baltistan
1179:Karakoram
1155:Geography
1085:Himalayas
1081:Karakoram
908:Hyderabad
880:partition
781:Baltistan
673:Baltistan
588:Sikh rule
483:Cachemira
479:Cachemire
405:Kaspeiria
397:Herodotus
303:The word
299:Etymology
279:became a
220:, Kashmir
150:) is the
7260:Noktundo
6761:Kalapani
6434:Pakistan
6252:Archived
6211:. 1841.
6195:Archived
6162:Archived
6019:archived
5916:archived
5860:(1930),
5843:archived
5811:archived
5779:archived
5747:archived
5692:archived
5674:(2003),
5657:archived
5639:(1997),
5606:(2006),
5566:(2001),
5543:(2004),
5517:(2006),
5454:archived
5413:(1994),
5389:(2003),
5352:Archived
5303:3 August
5297:Archived
5271:Archived
5241:Archived
5185:Archived
5012:Archived
4982:Archived
4875:Archived
4843:Archived
4795:30425898
4703:Archived
4664:Archived
4660:BBC News
4614:(1899).
4590:Archived
4560:Archived
4530:Archived
4500:Archived
4470:Archived
4418:Archived
4379:Archived
4371:(1875).
4321:Archived
4290:Archived
4286:BBC News
4212:Archived
4174:archived
4118:Archived
3949:archived
3945:Epilogue
3893:Archived
3806:Archived
3778:(2013).
3745:Archived
3706:Archived
3667:Archived
3625:Archived
3586:Archived
3548:archived
3480:archived
3440:archived
3319:Archived
3315:BBC News
3287:Archived
3283:BBC News
3252:Archived
3192:See also
3186:paradise
3178:Cashmere
3081:Pashmina
3077:knitting
2958:In Depth
2846:Pakistan
2753:% other
2749:Buddhist
2692:Khattris
2684:Brahmans
2679:wazarats
2580:(Hangul)
2560:and the
2539:Berberis
2519:Geranium
2410:reserves
1265:Srinagar
1261:Hokersar
1257:Dal Lake
1210:Pakistan
1022:Xinjiang
890:and the
768:—mostly
762:Buddhism
707:Maharaja
667:(1835),
661:Kishtwar
659:(1821),
624:and the
558:Buddhism
554:Hinduism
495:Casmiria
487:Caxemira
475:Cashmeer
469:ache-pin
374:Kasperia
359:kashmira
353:goddess
332:Kashyapa
321:Kashmira
309:Sanskrit
293:Pakistan
239:, under
205:and the
190:and the
166:and the
7566:Kashmir
7387:Islands
7092:Ambalat
6418:Kashmir
6328:Regions
6321:Kashmir
6234:Kashmir
4942:Bibcode
4786:6228543
4218:19 June
4180:19 June
3325:16 July
3293:16 July
3258:16 July
3134:Banihal
3130:railway
3092:Saffron
3050:peaches
3022:Economy
2960:report.
2688:Rajputs
2620:red fox
2608:markhor
2535:Primula
2527:Lloydia
2515:Anemone
2487:Quercus
2390:in the
2349:hypoxic
1346:Climate
815:of the
774:brahmin
758:Tibetan
657:Rajouri
622:Mughals
612:of the
533:History
518:Kasheer
512:In the
507:Occitan
503:Cashmir
491:Caixmir
409:Kashmir
401:Ptolemy
355:Sharada
336:Kashmir
315:káśmīra
305:Kashmir
275:of the
249:British
154:of the
74:Kashmir
48:76°30′E
45:34°30′N
34:Kashmar
6851:Ladakh
6568:, and
6456:Poonch
6446:Mirpur
6425:Ladakh
6268:
6243:
6102:
6084:
6078:311654
6076:
6046:
6011:
5908:
5881:
5835:
5803:
5771:
5739:
5716:
5684:
5649:
5616:
5593:
5574:
5553:
5529:
5499:
5478:
5446:
5425:
5399:
5217:29 May
5089:
4960:
4835:
4793:
4783:
4775:
4732:
4695:
4596:9 June
4410:
4347:
4267:
4204:
3922:
3786:
3737:
3698:
3659:
3617:
3578:
3540:
3512:29 May
3472:
3452:1947";
3432:
3401:
3088:kurtas
3084:shawls
3066:walnut
3062:chenar
3054:deodar
3030:, and
3014:Ladakh
3010:Kargil
3006:Brokpa
2900:
2843:
2816:Ladakh
2764:
2737:Muslim
2707:exodus
2652:langur
2624:jackal
2345:Ladakh
2320:below
2236:
2233:
2225:
2222:
2205:
2202:
2194:
2191:
2174:
2171:
2163:
2160:
2143:
2140:
2132:
2129:
2112:
2109:
2101:
2098:
2081:
2078:
2070:
2067:
2050:
2047:
2039:
2036:
2019:
2016:
2008:
2005:
1988:
1985:
1977:
1974:
1957:
1954:
1946:
1943:
1926:
1923:
1915:
1912:
1895:
1892:
1884:
1881:
1790:
1787:
1779:
1776:
1759:
1756:
1748:
1745:
1728:
1725:
1717:
1714:
1697:
1694:
1686:
1683:
1666:
1663:
1655:
1652:
1635:
1632:
1624:
1621:
1604:
1601:
1593:
1590:
1573:
1570:
1562:
1559:
1542:
1539:
1531:
1528:
1511:
1508:
1500:
1497:
1480:
1477:
1469:
1466:
1449:
1446:
1438:
1435:
1336:Jehlum
1332:Chenab
1237:Chenab
1233:Jehlum
1124:desert
1116:Kargil
1108:Kunlun
1097:Gilgit
1087:, the
967:Ladakh
951:Ladakh
860:, and
766:Muslim
669:Ladakh
665:Kargil
626:Afghan
618:Muslim
614:Punjab
608:under
570:Muslim
545:, and
499:Cașmir
465:ki-pin
419:Pāṇini
411:is in
391:) and
291:, and
176:Ladakh
7037:Susta
6939:Sabah
6893:Macau
6803:Korea
6566:South
6413:Jammu
6401:India
6371:China
6148:1997.
6082:S2CID
6074:JSTOR
4907:(PDF)
4900:(PDF)
4755:PeerJ
3962:rule.
3899:9 May
3333:1950s
3219:Notes
3160:Royal
3138:Katra
3058:pines
2903:China
2858:100%
2794:Jammu
2767:India
2743:Hindu
2632:serow
1263:near
1229:Indus
1214:India
1202:80° E
1194:36° N
1101:lakhs
1089:Pamir
1057:China
1044:from
1026:Tibet
971:India
797:Punch
770:Sunni
606:Sikhs
351:Hindu
330:sage
328:Vedic
289:India
285:China
144:kash-
110:-meer
6582:Land
6562:East
6266:ISBN
6241:ISBN
6207:and
6113:2020
6100:ISBN
6044:ISBN
6027:2017
6009:ISBN
5924:2017
5906:ISBN
5892:2020
5879:ISBN
5851:2017
5833:ISBN
5819:2017
5801:ISBN
5787:2017
5769:ISBN
5755:2016
5737:ISBN
5714:ISBN
5700:2017
5682:ISBN
5665:2017
5647:ISBN
5614:ISBN
5591:ISBN
5572:ISBN
5551:ISBN
5527:ISBN
5497:ISBN
5476:ISBN
5462:2017
5444:ISBN
5423:ISBN
5397:ISBN
5360:2021
5331:2016
5305:2012
5279:2022
5249:2022
5219:2015
5193:2021
5087:ISSN
5020:2020
4990:2020
4958:ISSN
4915:2020
4883:2020
4851:2020
4833:ISBN
4791:PMID
4773:ISSN
4730:ISBN
4711:2020
4693:ISBN
4672:2020
4598:2012
4568:2020
4538:2020
4508:2020
4478:2020
4426:2022
4408:ISBN
4387:2020
4345:ISBN
4298:2020
4265:ISBN
4220:2018
4202:ISBN
4182:2018
3957:2016
3920:ISBN
3901:2022
3862:2015
3836:2015
3784:ISBN
3753:2020
3735:ISBN
3714:2020
3696:ISBN
3675:2020
3657:ISBN
3633:2020
3615:ISBN
3594:2020
3576:ISBN
3556:2016
3538:ISBN
3514:2015
3488:2021
3470:ISBN
3448:2021
3430:ISBN
3399:ISBN
3343:1963
3338:1962
3327:2016
3295:2016
3260:2016
2880:99%
2829:40%
2826:12%
2823:46%
2804:66%
2801:30%
2779:95%
2729:Area
2701:The
2675:i.e.
2654:and
2549:and
2533:and
2523:Iris
2507:and
2483:oaks
2475:and
2469:and
2408:and
2388:Sust
2339:The
1334:and
1259:and
1235:and
1200:and
1192:and
1114:and
965:and
957:and
949:and
933:1999
931:and
929:1965
827:, a
793:Shia
647:The
637:dhan
449:and
445:and
386:apud
368:The
182:and
174:and
146:MEER
108:KASH
25:and
6941:) (
6560:in
6066:doi
5079:doi
4950:doi
4938:141
4781:PMC
4763:doi
2955:BBC
2832:2%
2810:4%
2782:4%
2229:2.1
2198:1.1
2167:1.3
2136:1.1
2074:2.4
2043:1.5
2012:2.7
1981:3.3
1950:4.8
1919:2.7
1888:1.9
1504:121
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