422:
287:
32:
409:
sulfur smell. Boulders measuring 300–500 kg (660–1,100 lb) were thrown from a fissure uphill from the monastery and village. The cloud rose above Mount Ararat's summit while another dark red-luminous dust cloud raced down the slope at high speed, destroying the village and killing many people. Trees in the village garden were burnt and uprooted. These descriptions were interpreted as the eruption of Mount Ararat and a
39:
436:
The earthquake and explosive eruption destabilized and damaged the upper slopes of the mountain. It detached and collapsed down the slope, through the canyon, disintegrating and moving at great velocity. In 2006, an academic study estimated 3 × 10 m of volcanic material and glacial melt flowed down
440:
The landslide consisted of blue liquid mud and large stones which traveled at high speed. An intense smell accompanied the landslide. The flow traveled more than 7 km (4.3 mi), creating a dam at the canyon. Large volumes of partially-melted ice, mud, rocks and water collected behind the
408:
said immediately after the earthquake, a large cloud reminiscent of a smoke column appeared over the canyon at Mount Ararat's northern slope. The village of Akori and Saint Hakob monastery were located at the canyon. A bright-red and blue light illuminated inside the cloud. There was an intense
433:. It destroyed the Saint Hakob of Akori monastery and Akory. Movement ceased at an elevation of 900 m (3,000 ft) where a natural dam formed. The dam was breached several days later, flooding and destroying the nearby villages. Additional landslides also caused flooding.
598:
Karakhanian, A.S.; Trifonov, V.G.; Philip, H.; Avagyan, A.; Hessami, K.; Jamali, F.; Bayraktutan, M. S.; Bagdassarian, H.; Arakelian, S.; Davtian, V.; Adilkhanyan, A. (2004). "Active faulting and natural hazards in
Armenia, Eastern Turkey and North-Western Iran".
294:
As many as 10,000 people died in the earthquake and the associated effects, including 1,900 inhabitants from Akory. An estimated 4,000 people died from the secondary effects. The earthquake and lahar killed all 1,000 residents and monks of Akory
678:"Recent Earthquake-Triggered Landslide Events in Central Asia, Evidence of Seismic Landslides in the Lesser Caucasus and the Carpathians. In: Towhata, I., Wang, G., Xu, Q., Massey, C. (eds) Coseismic Landslides"
727:
Karakhanian, A.; Djrbashian, R.; Trifonov, V.; Philip, H.; Arakelian, S.; Avagian, A. (2002). "Holocene–Historical
Volcanism and Active Faults as Natural Risk Factor for Armenia and Adjacent Countries".
456:
were destroyed, along with some
Russian military installations. The landslide also dammed the Karasu River. The debris flowed into fields, destroying the grain and fruit supply.
2013:
452:
River valley, spreading 12 km (7.5 mi) across before drying up. The landslide deposits contained boulders and a thick band of blue clay. Several villages including
319:
and landslides occurred in the areas further away from Mount Ararat. Liquefaction destroyed many villages including
Karakhasanlou, Alesher and Karachalou. Sand erupted from
278:
was associated with the shock. Rupture occurred along the
Gailatu–Siah Cheshmeh–Khoy Fault—large earthquakes along the fault also occurred in 139 (M 7.0) and 1319 (M 7.4).
338:
districts, at least 7,821 homes and 24 places of worship were destroyed. Approximately 49 people died and 30 were injured in Russia. The slide also temporarily dammed the
445:, 55 km (34 mi) from Mount Ararat, the smell of sulfur was intense. Fractures that formed in the canyon ejected murky water with a strong sulfur smell.
2271:
339:
765:
Roberto Sergio Azzoni; Davide
Fugazza; Carlo Alberto Garzonio; Kathleen Nicoll; Guglielmina Adele Diolaiuti; Manuela Pelfini; Andrea Zerboni (2019).
1826:
1934:
1314:
730:
2261:
942:
311:, Pambukh, and Gailatu were devastated; nearly every single village was wiped out. Many homes collapsed and a castle was left in ruins at
2023:
1598:
1678:
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1276:
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542:
Bayrak, Yusuf; Öztürk, Serkan; Çınar, Hakan; Kalafat, Doğan; Tsapanos, Theodoros M.; Koravos, G. Ch.; Leventakis, G.-A. (2009).
31:
2251:
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714:
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An aftershock on 6 July caused a dam breach, releasing accumulated debris up to 21 km (13 mi) away. It reached the
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1603:
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1927:
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1623:
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2018:
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that buried villages. The lahar and landslide deposited near the base of the volcano creating a large alluvial fan. A
95:
1793:
1352:
1146:
935:
859:
A. Karakhanian; R. Jrbashyan; V. Trifonov; H. Philip; S. Arakelian; A. Avagyan; H. Baghdassaryan; V. Davtian (2006).
677:
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216:
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642:. Nuclear Science and Technology Series. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
1573:
259:. Being at the junction of three tectonic plates, the region is prone to large shallow earthquakes, mainly of the
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1246:
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544:"Estimating earthquake hazard parameters from instrumental data for different regions in and around Turkey"
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that destroyed villages. An estimated 10,000 people were killed by the earthquake and its damaging
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985:
180:
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1005:
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767:"Geomorphological effects of the 1840 Ahora Gorge catastrophe on Mount Ararat (Eastern Turkey)"
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2003:
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822:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia: Earth Sciences
8:
2103:
1861:
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880:
786:
743:
614:
563:
421:
274: earthquake occurred along the flanks of Mount Ararat. A 72 km (45 mi)
798:
429:
A large landslide occurred on the northeastern flank of the volcano, forming the Ahora
324:
176:
902:
751:
888:
829:
802:
710:
653:
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390:
382:
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in the ground. Some fissures extended up to 1 km (0.62 mi) along the Aras,
884:
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394:
312:
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2210:
833:
657:
379:
252:
110:
97:
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316:
264:
192:
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occurred on Mount Ararat on the day the earthquake struck. It generated a
1804:
355:
343:
260:
1912:
1292:
861:"Historical volcanoes of Armenia and adjacent areas: What is revisited?"
639:
Earthquake catalogue for the former Soviet Union and borders up to 1988
204:
920:
521:
304:
200:
188:
453:
872:
820:[Catastrophic eruption of volcano Ararat on 2 july 1840]].
778:
726:
635:
555:
232:
196:
510:"National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS)"
385:
was triggered, melting the glacier on the summit, resulting in a
359:
347:
320:
597:
507:
817:
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dam. Bright blue-colored rain fell from the eruption cloud. At
367:
363:
335:
308:
184:
709:
University of
California Press, Berkeley, California. 551 pp.
290:
Saint Hakob of Akori monastery was destroyed by the earthquake
818:"Катастрофическое извержение вулкана Арарат 2 июля 1840 года"
430:
386:
351:
541:
247:. These three features mark the plate boundaries of the
593:
591:
589:
587:
585:
583:
581:
516:. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information.
425:
The gorge on Mount Ararat where the landslide occurred
720:
578:
809:
437:the gorge at 175 m (574 ft) per second.
2208:
699:
905:. The South Australian. 25 June 1841. p. 3
705:Siebert, L., T. Simkin, and P. Kimberly (2010)
687:. Springer Natural Hazards. Springer: 115–141.
406:Ararat Diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Church
401:along the upper northern flank of the volcano.
865:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
731:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
636:Nikolai V. Shebalin; Günter Leydecker (1997).
1928:
1820:
1308:
936:
38:
2272:19th-century disasters in the Ottoman Empire
815:
671:
669:
667:
852:
1935:
1921:
1834:
1827:
1813:
1315:
1301:
943:
929:
1942:
1322:
664:
508:National Geophysical Data Center (1972).
79:
675:
420:
285:
235:lies near the triple junction where the
950:
629:
2209:
514:Global Significant Earthquake Database
503:
501:
1916:
1808:
1296:
924:
758:
535:
307:caused severe damage. The regions of
2262:1840 disasters in the Russian Empire
840:from the original on 7 December 2015
373:
16:Violent earthquake in eastern Turkey
498:
13:
14:
2288:
217:Modified Mercalli intensity scale
903:"The earthquake at Mount Ararat"
889:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.04.008
207:. Earthquake catalogs place the
37:
30:
895:
707:Volcanoes of the world, 3rd ed.
137:
1102:1968 Dasht-e Bayaz and Ferdows
795:10.1016/j.geomorph.2019.02.001
486:List of earthquakes in Armenia
466:List of historical earthquakes
301:Saint Hakob of Akori monastery
1:
752:10.1016/s0377-0273(01)00264-5
491:
481:List of earthquakes in Russia
476:List of earthquakes in Turkey
327:, Akhourian and Arpa rivers.
315:. Few homes remained intact.
1794:2023 Gaziantep–Kahramanmaraş
1599:1944 Gulf of Edremit–Ayvacik
816:Haroutiunian, R. A. (2005).
572:10.1016/j.enggeo.2009.02.004
416:
404:Historical archive from the
171:occurred on 2 July at 16:00
7:
693:10.1007/978-981-19-6597-5_5
623:10.1016/j.tecto.2003.09.020
471:List of earthquakes in Iran
459:
245:Zagros fold and thrust belt
10:
2293:
2247:1840 in the Ottoman Empire
1847:602 Surb Karapet Monastery
1554:1935 Erdek–Marmara Islands
226:
2183:
2137:
1986:
1950:
1842:
1526:
1330:
1277:2022–2023 West Azerbaijan
1044:
958:
281:
157:
136:
126:
89:
73:
65:
50:
26:
2252:History of Ağrı Province
2175:2017 Komandorski Islands
342:River. Cities including
215: 7.4 and maximum
195:, where it triggered an
187:. The earthquake had an
2019:February 1923 Kamchatka
1057:1923 Torbat-e Heydarieh
676:Havenith, H.B. (2022).
181:Eastern Anatolia Region
2267:1840 disasters in Asia
2257:1840 natural disasters
2222:Earthquakes in Armenia
2196:Kuril–Kamchatka Trench
1836:Earthquakes in Armenia
1679:1976 Çaldıran–Muradiye
426:
291:
209:surface-wave magnitude
2227:Earthquakes in Russia
2217:Earthquakes in Turkey
2191:Kamchatka earthquakes
1944:Earthquakes in Russia
1584:1943 Adapazarı–Hendek
1324:Earthquakes in Turkey
443:Etchmiadzin Cathedral
424:
289:
237:North Anatolian Fault
169:1840 Ahora earthquake
54:2 July 1840
22:1840 Ahora earthquake
2029:1926 Kars earthquake
2024:April 1923 Kamchatka
1282:2024 Razavi Khorasan
1257:2019 East Azerbaijan
1217:2012 East Azerbaijan
685:Coseismic Landslides
241:East Anatolian Fault
2232:Earthquakes in Iran
2064:1952 Severo-Kurilsk
1418:1668 North Anatolia
1398:1509 Constantinople
1252:2018 Sarpol-e Zahab
952:Earthquakes in Iran
881:2006JVGR..155..338K
787:2019Geomo.332...10A
744:2002JVGR..113..319K
615:2004Tectp.380..189K
564:2009EngGe.105..200B
548:Engineering Geology
270:The magnitude 7.4 M
107: /
23:
2160:2007 Kuril Islands
2155:2006 Kuril Islands
2119:1994 Kuril Islands
2074:1963 Kuril Islands
2014:1918 Kuril Islands
1498:1899 Aydın–Denizli
1373:557 Constantinople
1358:447 Constantinople
1147:1990 Manjil–Rudbar
427:
292:
21:
2204:
2203:
1910:
1909:
1802:
1801:
1709:1998 Adana–Ceyhan
1624:1953 Yenice–Gönen
1579:1942 Niksar–Erbaa
1408:1598 Amasya–Çorum
1290:
1289:
1167:2002 Bou'in-Zahra
715:978-0-520-26877-7
391:phreatic eruption
383:phreatic eruption
374:Volcanic eruption
231:Ağrı Province in
165:
164:
2284:
2277:Floods in Turkey
2237:1840 earthquakes
2184:Related articles
2170:2013 Okhotsk Sea
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1930:
1923:
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1913:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1806:
1805:
1734:2004 Doğubayazıt
1604:1946 Varto–Hınıs
1594:1944 Bolu–Gerede
1589:1943 Tosya–Ladik
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1212:2010 Hosseinabad
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609:(3–4): 189–219.
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1857:735 Vayots Dzor
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1784:2020 Aegean Sea
1759:2017 Aegean Sea
1754:2014 Aegean Sea
1522:
1353:262 SW Anatolia
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1122:1977 Bob–Tangol
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1994:1902 Turkestan
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1619:1952 Hasankale
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1574:1941 Van–Erciş
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1202:July 2010 Iran
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1062:1929 Kopet Dag
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1021:1871–72 Quchan
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824:(in Russian).
808:
757:
738:(1): 319–344.
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602:Tectonophysics
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257:Eurasian Plate
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131:Ottoman Empire
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1534:1924 Pasinler
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1092:1957 Farsinaj
1090:
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1080:
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1077:1948 Ashgabat
1075:
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1072:1947 Dustabad
1070:
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1052:1909 Borujerd
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219:assigned IX (
218:
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199:and caused a
198:
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177:Ağrı Province
174:
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111:39.6°N 44.1°E
92:
88:
85:
76:
72:
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64:
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49:
33:
25:
19:
2242:Mount Ararat
2138:21st century
2049:1946 Chatkal
2034:1927 Crimean
1999:1907 Qaratog
1987:20th century
1962:
1886:
1882:1679 Armenia
1872:1269 Cilicia
1867:906 K'argop'
1744:2011 Kütahya
1694:1986 Malatya
1684:1983 Erzurum
1649:1967 Mudurnu
1629:1957 Fethiye
1544:1929 Suşehri
1527:Contemporary
1518:1919 Ayvalık
1508:1912 Mürefte
1483:1893 Malatya
1463:1872 Antioch
1453:1859 Erzurum
1437:
1433:1766 Marmara
1393:1269 Cilicia
1383:847 Damascus
1242:2014 Murmuri
1232:2013 Saravan
1227:2013 Bushehr
1207:2010 Damghan
1177:2004 Baladeh
1157:1997 Ardabil
1152:1997 Bojnurd
1132:1979 Ghaenat
1026:1879 Bozqush
1010:
986:1679 Yerevan
907:. Retrieved
897:
868:
864:
854:
842:. Retrieved
828:(1): 27–35.
825:
821:
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638:
631:
606:
600:
551:
547:
537:
525:. Retrieved
513:
447:
439:
435:
428:
403:
380:Bandai-style
377:
329:
317:Liquefaction
303:. A massive
293:
269:
230:
220:
193:Mount Ararat
175:, affecting
168:
166:
147:
18:
1978:1889 Chilik
1902:1988 Spitak
1852:632 Armenia
1779:2020 Bingöl
1769:2020 Elazığ
1739:2010 Elazığ
1729:2003 Bingöl
1669:1971 Bingöl
1654:1968 Bartın
1639:1964 Manyas
1549:1930 Salmas
1513:1914 Burdur
1458:1866 Bingöl
1423:1688 Smyrna
1413:1653 Smyrna
1403:1513 Marash
1388:1114 Marash
1378:840 Erzurum
1368:528 Antioch
1363:526 Antioch
1343:115 Antioch
1338:AD 17 Lydia
1182:2005 Zarand
1137:1981 Golbaf
1117:1977 Naghan
1112:1977 Khurgu
1087:1957 Alborz
1067:1930 Salmas
1036:1895 Quchan
1031:1893 Quchan
1016:1853 Shiraz
1006:1780 Tabriz
1001:1778 Kashan
996:1727 Tabriz
991:1721 Tabriz
981:1641 Tabriz
971:893 Ardabil
966:856 Damghan
875:: 338–345.
844:26 November
558:: 200–210.
344:Etchmiadzin
332:Nakhichevan
313:Doğubayazıt
267:mechanism.
261:strike-slip
205:aftershocks
161:10,000 dead
114: /
2211:Categories
2145:2003 Altai
2114:1991 Racha
2059:1949 Khait
2009:1911 Sarez
2004:1911 Kebin
1973:1887 Verny
1963:1840 Ahora
1951:Historical
1887:1840 Ahora
1877:1139 Ganja
1789:2022 Düzce
1724:2002 Afyon
1719:1999 Düzce
1714:1999 İzmit
1704:1995 Dinar
1664:1970 Gediz
1644:1966 Varto
1634:1957 Abant
1559:1935 Digor
1478:1883 Çeşme
1473:1881 Chios
1468:1875 Dinar
1443:1855 Bursa
1438:1840 Ahora
1331:Historical
1222:2012 Zohan
1197:2008 Qeshm
1187:2005 Qeshm
1162:1997 Qayen
1142:1981 Sirch
1127:1978 Tabas
1082:1953 Torud
1011:1840 Ahora
959:Historical
492:References
299:) and the
239:meets the
173:local time
158:Casualties
116:39.6; 44.1
58:1840-07-02
1892:1926 Kars
1689:1983 Biga
1674:1975 Lice
1539:1926 Kars
1348:141 Lycia
1262:2020 Khoy
834:0515-961X
803:133968021
781:: 10–21.
658:1018-5593
417:Landslide
305:air blast
297:Yenidoğan
201:landslide
189:epicenter
140:intensity
90:Epicenter
74:Magnitude
1862:893 Dvin
1774:2020 Van
1749:2011 Van
1172:2003 Bam
1107:1972 Qir
909:19 March
873:Elsevier
838:Archived
779:Elsevier
556:Elsevier
527:12 March
460:See also
340:Metsamor
321:fissures
233:Anatolia
197:eruption
146:MMI IX (
877:Bibcode
871:(3–4).
783:Bibcode
740:Bibcode
611:Bibcode
560:Bibcode
554:(3–4).
360:Tbilisi
348:Yerevan
227:Geology
221:Violent
179:in the
148:Violent
102:44°06′E
99:39°36′N
56: (
1045:Modern
832:
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454:Aralık
368:Gyumri
364:Tabriz
336:Sharur
325:Karasu
309:Avajiq
282:Impact
265:thrust
185:Turkey
799:S2CID
681:(PDF)
431:Gorge
397:from
387:lahar
352:Garni
191:near
69:16:00
911:2023
846:2015
830:ISSN
711:ISBN
654:ISSN
644:ISBN
529:2023
450:Aras
366:and
334:and
263:and
255:and
243:and
211:at M
167:The
138:Max.
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