2004:
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832:. Unlike other minority nationalities, the Poles, in the eyes of the Tsar, were a direct threat to the empire's stability. After the rebellion was crushed, the government implemented policies to reduce Polish cultural influences. In the 1870s the government began to distrust German elements on the western border. The Russian government felt that the unification of Germany would upset the power balance among the great powers of Europe and that Germany would use its strength against Russia. The government thought that the borders would be defended better if the borderland were more "Russian" in character. The culmination of cultural diversity created a cumbersome nationality problem that plagued the Russian government in the years leading up to the revolution.
238:
679:
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760:", were in decline. Although cultivated acreage had increased in the last half century, the increase had not been proportionate to the growth of the peasant population, which had doubled. "There was general agreement at the turn of the century that Russia faced a grave and intensifying agrarian crisis due mainly to rural overpopulation with an annual excess of fifteen to eighteen live births over deaths per 1,000 inhabitants." The investigations revealed many difficulties but the committees could not find solutions that were both sensible and "acceptable" to the government.
1548:
1480:
1335:
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44:
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an earthquake-like effect on the peasant collective as well. Seeing an opening in the autocracy's waning authority thanks to the
Manifesto, the peasants, with a political organisation, took to the streets in revolt. In response, the government exerted its forces in campaigns to subdue and repress both the peasants and the workers. Consequences were now in full force: with a pretext in their hands, the government spent the month of December 1905 regaining the level of authority once lost to
1799:
1544:. The mutineers eventually surrendered the battleship to Romanian authorities on 8 July in exchange for asylum, then the Romanians returned her to Imperial Russian authorities on the following day. Some sources claim over 2,000 sailors died in the suppression. The mutinies were disorganised and quickly crushed. Despite these mutinies, the armed forces were largely apolitical and remained mostly loyal, if dissatisfied—and were widely used by the government to control the 1905 unrest.
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higher property qualification, excluding industrial workers. Both sides—the opposition and the conservatives—were not pleased with the results. Another attempt in August 1905 was almost successful, but that too died when
Nicholas insisted on the Duma's functions be relegated to an advisory position. The October Manifesto, aside from granting the population the freedom of speech and assembly, proclaimed that no law would be passed without examination and approval by the
1669:
292:
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174:
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and plants. Despite these labour protections, the workers believed that the laws were not enough to free them from unfair and inhumane practices. At the start of the 20th century, Russian industrial workers worked on average 11-hours per day (10 hours on
Saturday), factory conditions were perceived as grueling and often unsafe, and attempts at independent unions were often not accepted. Many workers were forced to work beyond the maximum of
1879:
1017:, which led to a two-year closure of the university. The consequent conflict with the state was an important factor in the chronic student protests over subsequent decades. The atmosphere of the early 1860s gave rise to political engagement by students outside universities that became a tenet of student radicalism by the 1870s. Student radicals described "the special duty and mission of the student as such to spread the new word of
262:
250:
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2824:. In Courland, the peasants seized or surrounded several towns. In Livonia, the fighters controlled the Rūjiena-Pärnu railway line. Martial law was declared in Courland in August 1905, and in Livonia in late November. Special punitive expeditions were dispatched in mid-December to suppress the movement. They executed 1170 people without trial or investigation and burned 300 peasant homes. Thousands were exiled to
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power to censor provocative material. This opportunity allowed the press to address the tsar, and government officials, in a harsh, critical tone previously unheard of. The freedom of speech also opened the floodgates for meetings and organised political parties. In Moscow alone, over 400 meetings took place in the first four weeks. Some of the political parties that came out of these meetings were the
2554:
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forces. The structure of the Duma was changed, becoming a lower chamber below the
Council of Ministers, and was half-elected, half-appointed by the Tsar. Legislations had to be approved by the Duma, the council, and the Tsar to become law. The Fundamental State Laws were the "culmination of the whole sequence of events set in motion in October 1905 and which consolidated the new
4898:, Revolutionary History Vol 9 No 1 (Editorial: Pete Glatter; Introduction; The Road to Bloody Sunday (Introduced by Pete Glatter); A Revolution Takes Shape (Introduced by Pete Glatter); The Decisive Days (Introduced by Pete Glatter and Philip Ruff); Rosa Luxemburg and the 1905 Revolution (Introduced by Mark Thomas); Mike Haynes, Patterns of Conflict in the 1905 Revolution)
808:. Like other minorities in Russia, the Jews lived "miserable and circumscribed lives, forbidden to settle or acquire land outside the cities and towns, legally limited in attendance at secondary school and higher schools, virtually barred from legal professions, denied the right to vote for municipal councilors, and excluded from services in the Navy or the Guards".
2105:, it was a watershed period of time: nearly 50 of the unions in St. Petersburg came under Soviet control, while in Moscow, the Soviets had around 80,000 members. This large sector of power allowed the Soviets enough clout to form their own militias. In St. Petersburg alone, the Soviets claimed around 6,000 armed members with the purpose of protecting the meetings.
3582:"A prolific writer and a spellbinding orator, he was a central figure in the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the October Revolution of 1917, the organizer and leader of the Red Army in the Russian Civil War, the heir apparent to Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin, and the arch enemy and then vanquished foe of Joseph Stalin in the succession struggle after Lenin's death".
931:, head of the Moscow security department, "police socialism" planned to have workers form workers' societies with police approval to "provide healthful, fraternal activities and opportunities for cooperative self-help together with 'protection' against influences that might have inimical effect on loyalty to job or country". Some of these groups organised in
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prison while it took place. The events in 1905 demonstrated the precarious position in which the Tsar found himself. As a result, Tsarist Russia did not undergo sufficient reform, which had a direct impact on the radical politics brewing in the
Russian Empire. Although the radicals were still in the minority of the populace, their momentum was growing.
1610:, and included officials, chiefs of government factories, and private factory owners. It was also meant to have included workers' delegates elected according to a two-stage system. Elections of the workers delegates were, however, blocked by the socialists who wanted to divert the workers from the elections to the armed struggle. On 5 March [
816:', despite the decades of restrictions on that ethnic group, regularly spoke of individuals 'of Polish descent' or, alternatively, 'of Russian descent', making identity a function of birth." This policy only succeeded in producing or aggravating feelings of disloyalty. There was growing impatience with their inferior status and resentment against "
1995:, the advisory body, into a second chamber with legislative powers "equal to those of the Duma". Not only did this transformation violate the Manifesto, but the Council became a buffer zone between the tsar and Duma, slowing whatever progress the latter could achieve. Even three days before the Duma's first session, on 24 April 1906, the
619:. Despite popular participation in the Duma, the parliament was unable to issue laws of its own, and frequently came into conflict with Nicholas. The Duma's power was limited and Nicholas continued to hold the ruling authority. Furthermore, he could dissolve the Duma, which he did three times in order to get rid of the opposition.
1025:'s phrase 'apostles of knowledge'." During the next two decades, universities produced a significant share of Russia's revolutionaries. Prosecution records from the 1860s and 1870s show that more than half of all political offences were committed by students despite being a minute proportion of the population. "The tactics of the
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problem surfaced in the conscience of
Nicholas himself: Witte said in 1911 that the manifesto was written only to get the pressure off the monarch's back, that it was not a "voluntary act". In fact, the writers hoped that the Manifesto would sow discord into "the camp of the autocracy's enemies" and bring order back to Russia.
2574:'s industrial workers went on strike. The first phase of the revolution consisted primarily of mass strikes, rallies, demonstrations—later this evolved into street skirmishes with the police and army as well as bomb assassinations and robberies of transports carrying money to tsarist financial institutions.
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and to end
Russification. The radical views were publicly welcomed and in December 1905, martial law was declared in Tallinn. A total of 160 manors were looted, resulting in ca. 400 workers and peasants being killed by the army. Estonian gains from the revolution were minimal, but the tense stability
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Despite what seemed to be a moment for celebration for Russia's population and the reformists, the
Manifesto was rife with problems. Aside from the absence of the word "constitution", one issue with the manifesto was its timing. By October 1905, Nicholas was already dealing with a revolution. Another
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turned against the Duma when the issue of land appropriation came up. The issue of land appropriation was the most contentious of the Duma's appeals. The Duma proposed that the government distribute its treasury, "monastic and imperial lands", and seize private estates as well. The Duma, in fact, was
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in
November 1902. Daily meetings of 15,000 to 20,000 heard openly revolutionary appeals for the first time, before a massacre defeated the strikes. But reaction to the massacres brought political demands to purely economic ones. Luxemburg described the situation in 1903 by saying: "the whole of South
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came to power. Alexander abolished serfdom and enacted fundamental reforms in the legal and administrative structure of the
Russian empire, which were revolutionary for their time. He lifted many restrictions on universities and abolished obligatory uniforms and military discipline. This ushered in a
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Because the Russian economy was tied to European finances, the contraction of Western money markets in 1899–1900 plunged Russian industry into a deep and prolonged crisis; it outlasted the dip in European industrial production. This setback aggravated social unrest during the five years preceding the
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The Constitution did not mention any of the provisions of the October Manifesto. While it did enact the provisions laid out previously, its sole purpose seems again to be the propaganda for the monarchy and to simply not fall back on prior promises. The provisions and the new constitutional monarchy
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Perhaps empowered in their newfound window of opportunity, the St. Petersburg Soviets, along with other socialist parties, called for armed struggles against the Tsarist government, a war call that no doubt alarmed the government. Not only were the workers motivated, but the Days of Freedom also had
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The attacks on the Duma were not confined to its legislative powers. By the time the Duma opened, it was missing crucial support from its populace, thanks in no small part to the government's return to Pre-Manifesto levels of suppression. The Soviets were forced to lay low for a long time, while the
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were on strike. These were not the first illegal strikes in the country's history but their aims, and the political awareness and support among workers and non-workers, made them more troubling to the government than earlier strikes. The government responded by closing all legal organisations by the
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factories. Employment of children aged 12 to 15 was prohibited on Sundays and holidays. Workers had to be paid in cash at least once a month, and limits were placed on the size and bases of fines for tardy workers. Employers were prohibited from charging workers for the cost of lighting of the shops
883:
through taxing peasants forced millions of peasants to work in towns. The "peasant worker" saw his labor in the factory as the means to consolidate his family's economic position in the village and played a role in determining the social consciousness of the urban proletariat. The new concentrations
638:
Many historians contend that the 1905 revolution set the stage for the 1917 Russian Revolutions, which saw the monarchy abolished and the Tsar executed. Calls for radicalism were present in the 1905 revolution, but many of the revolutionaries who were in a position to lead were either in exile or in
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13 January], Russian army troops opened fire on demonstrators killing 73 and injuring 200 people. During the middle of 1905, the focus of revolutionary events moved to the countryside with mass meetings and demonstrations. 470 new parish administrative bodies were elected in 94% of the parishes
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Ironically, the writers of the October Manifesto were caught off guard by the surge in revolts. One of the main reasons for writing the October Manifesto bordered on the government's "fear of the revolutionary movement". In fact, many officials believed this fear was practically the sole reason for
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for Russian industries (especially heavy industry), an increase in exports, currency stabilization, and encouragement of foreign investments. His plan was successful and during the 1890s "Russian industrial growth averaged 8 percent per year. Railroad mileage grew from a very substantial base by 40
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There had been earlier attempts in establishing a Russian Duma before the October Manifesto, but these attempts faced dogged resistance. One attempt in July 1905, called the Bulygin Duma, tried to reduce the assembly into a consultative body. It also proposed limiting voting rights to those with a
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The Minister of the Interior, Plehve, designated schools as a pressing problem for the government, but he did not realize it was only a symptom of antigovernment feelings among the educated class. Students of universities, other schools of higher learning, and occasionally of secondary schools and
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From 1900 to 1903, the period of industrial depression caused many firm bankruptcies and a reduction in the employment rate. Employees were restive: they would join legal organisations but turn the organisations toward an end that the organisations' sponsors did not intend. Workers used legitimate
1958:
Following the Revolution of 1905, the Tsar made last attempts to save his regime, and offered reforms similar to most rulers when pressured by a revolutionary movement. The military remained loyal throughout the Revolution of 1905, as shown by their shooting of revolutionaries when ordered by the
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One should not think that the tsar issued this manifesto under the pressure of the revolution, it was an act of goodwill, that's what Guchkov said: «the agreement between the historical government and the Russian Octobrism was tacit, but solemn loyalty. The manifesto of October 17 seemed to be a
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were proclaimed (tsarist control was later restored in these areas when martial law was introduced). Until November 1905, Poland was at the vanguard of the revolutionary movement in the Russian Empire despite the vast military numbers thrown against it; even when the upheaval began its downfall,
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14 May: Workers' delegates are elected. Svirskii had suggested they do so, as he wanted people to negotiate with. A mass meeting is held in Administration Square. Svirskii tells them the mill owners will not meet their demands but will negotiate with elected mill delegates, who will be immune to
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One immediate effect it did have, for a while, was the start of the Days of Freedom, a six-week period from 17 October to early December. This period witnessed an unprecedented level of freedom on all publications—revolutionary papers, brochures, etc.—even though the tsar officially retained the
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as the liberal Witte's replacement. Much to Nicholas's chagrin, Stolypin attempted to bring about acts of reform (land reform), while retaining measures favorable to the regime (stepping up the number of executions of revolutionaries). After the revolution subsided, he was able to bring economic
4125:, Vol VII, p. 574. Springfield, Massachusetts: The C. A. Nicholson Co., Publishers. (The original source for this information, according to the book, was Professor Maksim Kovalevsky, who presented these figures in the Duma on 2 May 1906, "in the presence of M. Stolypin, who did not contest it".)
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The number of prisoners throughout the Russian Empire, which had peaked at 116,376 in 1893, fell by over a third to a record low of 75,009 in January 1905, chiefly because of several mass amnesties granted by the Tsar; the historian S G Wheatcroft has wondered what role these released criminals
1306:
massacre of protesters that took place in January 1905 in St. Petersburg sparked a spate of civil unrest in the Russian Empire. Lenin urged Bolsheviks to take a greater role in the events, encouraging violent insurrection. In doing so, he adopted SR slogans regarding "armed insurrection", "mass
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students proved to be remarkably effective, far beyond what any of the students would have dreamed. Sensing that neither the university administrations nor the government possessed the will or authority to enforce regulations, radicals simply went ahead with their plans to turn the schools into
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was published on the eve of the convocation of the First Duma. The new Fundamental Law was enacted to institute promises of the October Manifesto as well as add new reforms. The Tsar was confirmed as absolute leader, with complete control of the executive, foreign policy, church, and the armed
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Nicholas II remained wary of having to share power with reform-minded bureaucrats. When the pendulum in 1906 elections swung to the left, Nicholas immediately ordered the Duma's dissolution just after 73 days. Hoping to further squeeze the life out of the assembly, he appointed a tougher prime
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Among all the groups that benefited most from the Days of Freedoms were the labour unions. In fact, the Days of Freedom witnessed unionisation in the history of the Russian Empire at its apex. At least 67 unions were established in Moscow, as well as 58 in St. Petersburg; the majority of both
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further limited the assembly's movement by giving the tsar the sole power to appoint/dismiss ministers. Adding insult was the indication that the Tsar alone had control over many facets of political reins—all without the Duma's expressed permission. The trap seemed perfectly set for the
537:
1605:
5 February] 1905. He appointed a government commission "to enquire without delay into the causes of discontent among the workers in the city of St Petersburg and its suburbs" in view of the strike movement. The commission was headed by Senator NV Shidlovsky, a member of the
713:
Every year, thousands of nobles in debt mortgaged their estates to the noble land bank or sold them to municipalities, merchants, or peasants. By the time of the revolution, the nobility had sold off one-third of its land and mortgaged another third. The peasants had been freed by the
2055:, the minister of Russia, frustratedly argued with the Tsar that an immediate implementation of reforms was needed to retain order in the country. It was only after the Revolution started picking up steam that Nicholas was forced to make concessions by writing the October Manifesto.
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unsuspecting Duma: by the time the assembly convened in 27 April, it quickly found itself unable to do much without violating the Fundamental Laws. Defeated and frustrated, the majority of the assembly voted no confidence and handed in their resignations after a few weeks on 13 May.
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Even after Bloody Sunday and defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, Nicholas II had been slow to offer a meaningful solution to the social and political crisis. At this point, he became more concerned with his personal affairs such as the illness of his son, whose struggle with
2489:, an anarchist, noted that official statistics excluded executions conducted during punitive expeditions, especially in Siberia, Caucasus and the Baltic provinces. By 1906 some 4,509 political prisoners were incarcerated in Russian Poland, 20 percent of the empire's total.
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The government's treatment of Jews, although considered a separate issue, was similar to its policies in dealing with all national and religious minorities. Historian Theodore Weeks notes: "Russian administrators, who never succeeded in coming up with a legal definition of
520:
726:. A peasant could not sell or mortgage this land, so in practice he could not renounce his rights to his land, and he would be required to pay his share of redemption dues to the village commune. This plan was intended to prevent peasants from becoming part of the
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and strikes. Dissatisfaction turned into despair for many impoverished workers, which made them more sympathetic to radical ideas. These discontented, radicalized workers became key to the revolution by participating in illegal strikes and revolutionary protests.
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Their earnings were often so small that they could neither buy the food they needed nor keep up the payment of taxes and redemption dues they owed the government for their land allotments. By 1903 their total arrears in payments of taxes and dues was 118 million
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and thus betray the revolution; instead he argued that the proletariat would have to build an alliance with the peasantry to overthrow the Tsarist regime and establish the "provisional revolutionary democratic dictatorship of the proletariat and the peasantry."
446:
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terror", and "the expropriation of gentry land", resulting in Menshevik accusations that he had deviated from orthodox Marxism. In turn, he insisted that the Bolsheviks split completely with the Mensheviks; many Bolsheviks refused, and both groups attended the
2156:
The Russian language is the common language of the state, and its use is compulsory in the army, the navy and all state and public institutions. The use of local (regional) languages and dialects in state and public institutions are determined by special
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This petition asked for "an eight-hour day, a minimum daily wage of one ruble (fifty cents), a repudiation of bungling bureaucrats, and a democratically elected Constituend Assembly to introduce representative government into the empire." R.R. Palmer,
887:
Industrial workers began to feel dissatisfaction with the Tsarist government despite the protective labour laws the government decreed. Some of those laws included the prohibition of children under 12 from working, with the exception of night work in
879:. "Besides dangerously concentrating a proletariat, a professional and a rebellious student body in centers of political power, industrialization infuriated both these new forces and the traditional rural classes." The government policy of financing
718:, but their lives were generally quite limited. The government hoped to develop the peasants as a politically conservative, land-holding class by enacting laws to enable them to buy land from nobility by paying small installments over many decades.
2521:
15 May: Svirskii tells the strikers they can negotiate only about each factory in turn, but they can hold elections wherever. The strikers elect delegates to represent each mill while they are still out in the streets. Later the delegates elect a
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growth back to Russia's industries, a period which lasted until 1914. But Stolypin's efforts did nothing to prevent the collapse of the monarchy, nor seemed to satisfy the conservatives. Stolypin died from a bullet wound, fired by a revolutionary,
755:
These violent outbreaks caught the attention of the government, so it created many committees to investigate the causes. The committees concluded that no part of the countryside was prosperous; some parts, especially the fertile areas known as the
792:
Russia was a multi-ethnic empire. Nineteenth-century Russians saw cultures and religions in a clear hierarchy. Non-Russian cultures were tolerated in the empire but were not necessarily respected. Culturally, Europe was favored over Asia, as was
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and his realisation that there was insufficient military force available to pursue alternative options. He regretted signing the document, saying that he felt "sick with shame at this betrayal of the dynasty ... the betrayal was complete".
1865:, by April 1906, more than 14,000 people had been executed and 75,000 imprisoned. Historian Brian Taylor states the number of deaths in the 1905 revolution was in the "thousands" and notes one source that puts the figure at over 13,000 deaths.
1168:), nominally celebrating the 40th anniversary of the liberal court statutes, but actually an attempt to circumvent laws against political gatherings. The banquets resulted in calls for political reforms and a constitution. In November 1904 a
630:
had succeeded in partially industrializing Russia but failed to adequately meet the needs of the population. Tsar Nicholas II and the monarchy narrowly survived the Revolution of 1905, but its events foreshadowed what was to come in the 1917
850:
dropped, and Russia's foreign debt and need for imports grew. War and military preparations continued to consume government revenues. At the same time, the peasant taxpayers' ability to pay was strained to the utmost, leading to widespread
2051:. Nicholas also refused to believe that the population was demanding changes in the autocratic regime, seeing "public opinion" as mainly the "intelligentsia" and believing himself to be the patronly 'father figure' to the Russian people.
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new freedom in the content and reading lists of academic courses. In turn, that created student subcultures, as youth were willing to live in poverty in order to receive an education. As universities expanded, there was a rapid growth of
823:
Besides the imposition of a uniform Russian culture throughout the empire, the government's pursuit of Russification, especially during the second half of the nineteenth century, had political motives. After the emancipation of the
655:
Many factors contributed to unrest across the Russian Empire of 1905. Newly emancipated peasants earned too little and were not allowed to sell or mortgage their allotted land. Ethnic and national minorities resented the policy of
1988:. The Manifesto also extended the suffrage to universal proportions, allowing for greater participation in the Duma, though the electoral law in 11 December still excluded women. Nevertheless, the tsar retained the power of veto.
549:
486:
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in 1902, thousands of them, ignoring restraints and authority, burst out in a rebellious fury that led to extensive destruction of property and looting of noble homes before troops could be brought to subdue and punish them."
434:
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carried out many assassinations targeting civil servants and police, and robberies. Between 1906 and 1909, revolutionaries killed 7,293 people, of whom 2,640 were officials, and wounded 8,061. Notable victims included:
1648:
11 and 12 May] 1905, about 300 Zemstvo and municipal representatives held three meetings in Moscow, which passed a resolution, asking for popular representation at the national level. On 6 June [
418:
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The government was alarmed by these communities, and in 1861 tightened restrictions on admission and prohibited student organisations; these restrictions resulted in the first ever student demonstration, held in
2942:
was the third novel of Gaston Leroux's popular Rouletabille detective series set in 1905 during the revolution and drew upon Leroux's own experience reporting on the event as a journalist for France's Le Matin
1226:
12 December] 1904, the Emperor issued a manifesto promising the broadening of the zemstvo system and more authority for local municipal councils, insurance for industrial workers, the emancipation of
1424:
and beyond. In March, all higher academic institutions were forcibly closed for the remainder of the year, adding radical students to the striking workers. A strike by railway workers on 21 October [
503:
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1971:, also known as the Fundamental Laws, set up a multiparty system and a limited constitutional monarchy. The revolutionaries were quelled and satisfied with the reforms, but it was not enough to prevent the
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Such land, known as "allotment land", would not be owned by individual peasants but by the community of peasants; individual peasants would have rights to strips of land to be assigned to them under the
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agitation for more political democracy and limits to Tsarist rule in Russia, and an increase in strikes by workers against employers for radical economic demands and union recognition, (especially in
532:
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society, a treaty of loyalty, a mutual act of trust in the people on the part of the supreme power; Octobrism was a response on the part of the people - a response of faith in the supreme power."
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They took up problems that were unrelated to their "proper employment", and displayed defiance and radicalism by boycotting examinations, rioting, arranging marches in sympathy with strikers and
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capitalist policies, but this strategy largely failed to gain traction within the Russian economy until the 1890s. Meanwhile, "agricultural productivity stagnated, while international prices for
2142:". The introduction of The Russian Constitution of 1906 was not simply an institution of the October Manifesto. The introduction of the constitution states (and thus emphasizes) the following:
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The events in St. Petersburg provoked public indignation and a series of massive strikes that spread quickly throughout the industrial centers of the Russian Empire. Polish socialists—both the
2570:
The 1905–1907 revolution was at the time the largest wave of strikes and widest emancipatory movement Poland had ever seen, and it would remain so until the 1970s and 1980s. In 1905, 93.2% of
1251:, where commercial workers gained a reduction in the working day, and were joined by factory workers. In 1904, massive strike waves broke out in Odessa in the spring, in Kyiv in July, and in
413:
1350:(a railway and artillery supplier) in St. Petersburg. Sympathy strikes in other parts of the city raised the number of strikers to 150,000 workers in 382 factories. By 21 January [
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or Navy, and limiting their attendance in schools. A nascent industrial working class resented the government for doing too little to protect them, as it banned strikes and organizing into
441:
429:
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was recorded as killed. Far more violence was inflicted on peasants outside the commune: 50 deaths were recorded. Anti-tsarist protests displaced onto Jewish communities in the October
1009:. The 1860s was a time when the emergence of a new public sphere was created in social life and professional groups. This created the idea of their right to have an independent opinion.
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Issued on 17 October 1905, the Manifesto stated that the government would grant the population reforms such as the right to vote and to convene in assemblies. Its main provisions were:
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in 1861, the Russian state was compelled to take into account public opinion, but the government failed to gain the public's support. Another motive for Russification policies was the
1174:
911:, mistakes in their work, or absence. Russian industrial workers were also the lowest-wage workers in Europe. Although the cost of living in Russia was low, "the average worker's 16
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was also offered. The concessions came hand-in-hand with renewed, and brutal, action against the unrest. There was also a backlash from the conservative elements of society, with
2953:
820:". Russification is cultural assimilation definable as "a process culminating in the disappearance of a given group as a recognizably distinct element within a larger society".
2284:
The years of revolution were marked by a dramatic rise in the numbers of death sentences and executions. Different figures on the number of executions were compared by Senator
626:, which ended in the same year. Calls for revolution were intensified by the growing realisation by a variety of sectors of society of the need for reform. Politicians such as
1849:
22 and 24 November], there was a general strike by Russian workers. The government sent troops on 7 December, and a bitter street-by-street fight began. A week later, the
1464:
13 October] 1905, over 2 million workers were on strike and there were almost no active railways in all of Russia. Growing inter-ethnic confrontation throughout the
1129:, when collective strike activity was met with what is perceived as repression from an autocratic state, economic and political demands grew into and reinforced each other.
372:
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and deputy minister of the interior. Trepov urged Nicholas II to stick to the principles in the Manifesto, for "every retreat ... would be hazardous to the dynasty".
1317:
544:
498:
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broke out in March 1902. Strikes on the railways, originating from pay disputes, took on other issues and drew in other industries, culminating in a general strike at
1125:
698:
had said in 1903 that, after the agrarian problem, the most serious issues plaguing the country were those of the Jews, the schools, and the workers, in that order.
515:
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and prepared for upcoming Duma elections, radical socialists and revolutionaries denounced the elections and called for an armed uprising to destroy the Empire.
1389:
481:
1460:, who felt a strong connection to the Bolsheviki, had not given up a compromise but spearheaded strike action in over 200 factories. By 26 October [
4672:
668:. University students developed a new consciousness after discipline was relaxed in the institutions, and as increasingly radical ideas gained attention.
5228:
2565:
1397:
401:
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means to organise strikes or to draw support for striking workers outside these groups. A strike that began in 1902 by workers in the railroad shops in
1255:
in December. This all set the stage for the strikes in St. Petersburg in December 1904 to January 1905 seen as the first step in the 1905 revolution.
3608:"He emerged from the revolution having acquired an enormous degree of popularity, whereas neither Lenin nor Martov had effectively gained any at all"
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described Poland as "one of the most explosive centres of the revolutionary movement" which "in 1905 marched at the head of the Russian Revolution".
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preparing to alienate some of its more affluent supporters, a decision that left the assembly without the necessary political power to be efficient.
1169:
1077:
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also did not stop students. "In fact, when the official decision to overhaul the whole educational system was finally made, in 1904, and to that end
365:
1377:, and at some point, troops opened fire on the demonstrators, causing between 200 (according to Witte) and 1,000 deaths. The event became known as
3347:
Staliūnas, Darius (2007). "Between Russification and Divide and Rule: Russian Nationality Policy in the Western Borderlands in Mid-19th Century".
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in August 1905. Certain groups took the opportunity to settle differences with each other rather than the government. Some nationalists undertook
1566:. The Poles, Finns, and the Baltic provinces all sought autonomy, and also freedom to use their national languages and promote their own culture.
5138:
2170:
The years 1906 and 1907 saw a decline of mass movements, strikes and protests, and a rise of overt political violence. Combat groups such as the
2153:, while comprising an inseparable part of the Russian State, is governed in its internal affairs by special decrees based on special legislation.
1428:
8 October] 1905 quickly developed into a general strike in Saint Petersburg and Moscow. This prompted the setting up of the short-lived
701:
Any residual popular loyalty to Tsar Nicholas II was lost on 22 January 1905, when his soldiers fired upon a crowd of protesting workers, led by
5243:
5238:
466:
1021:. Students were called upon to extend their freedoms into society, to repay the privilege of learning by serving the people, and to become in
660:" of the Empire: this represented discrimination and repression against national minorities, such as banning them from voting, serving in the
1469:
461:
871:
percent between 1892 and 1902." Ironically, Witte's success in implementing this program helped spur the 1905 revolution and eventually the
358:
4290:
Kropotkin, G. M. (Spring 2008). "The Ruling Bureaucracy and the 'New Order' of Russian Statehood After the Manifesto of 17 October 1905".
2756:
in which about 8 000–10 000 people participated, killing 94 and injuring over 200. The October Manifesto was supported in Estonia and the
1373:
9 January] 1905. The troops guarding the Palace were ordered to tell the demonstrators not to pass a certain point, according to
643:, a revolutionary himself, would later say that the Revolution of 1905 was "The Great Dress Rehearsal", without which the "victory of the
1900:
1707:
4474:
4406:
2597:
Due to its reach, violence, radicalism, and effects, some Polish historians even consider the events of the 1905 revolution in Poland a
1400:). Half of European Russia's industrial workers went on strike in 1905, and 93.2% in Poland. There were also strikes in Finland and the
1100:). As an example, Trotsky who would assume a central role in the 1905 revolution, would write several proclamations urging for improved
5233:
3981:
3695:
The beginning of the revolutionary upsurge could be dated back a little earlier, to the Rostov-on-Don general strike in November 1902 .
2514:
13 May: 40,000 workers assemble before the Administration Building to give Svirskii, the regional factory inspector, a list of demands.
3628:
2828:. Many Latvian intellectuals only escaped by fleeing to Western Europe or US. In 1906, the revolutionary movement gradually subsided.
3417:
Perrie, Maureen (November 1972). "The Russian Peasant Movement of 1905–1907: Its Social Composition and Revolutionary Significance".
2335:
2211:
1615:
1080:, head of General Staff Academy, was selected as Minister of Education, the students had grown bolder and more resistant than ever."
1614:
20 February] 1905, the commission was dissolved without having started work. Following the assassination of his uncle, the
1354:
8 January] 1905, the city had no electricity and newspaper distribution was halted. All public areas were declared closed.
5223:
4135:
Sohrabi, Nader (May 1995). "Historicizing Revolutions: Constitutional Revolutions in the Ottoman Empire, Iran, Russia, 1905–1908".
862:, a crash governmental program was proposed to promote industrialization. His policies included heavy government expenditures for
3586:"Trotsky and Trotskyism" in The Cambridge History of Communism: Volume 1, World Revolution and Socialism in One Country 1917–1941
1991:
Propositions for restrictions to the Duma's legislative powers remained persistent. A decree on 20 February 1906 transformed the
1231:
and the abolition of censorship. The crucial demand—that for a representative national legislature—was missing in the manifesto.
2882:
were written under the impression of the 1905 Revolution. The same authors depicted it in their later works: Andrei Bely in his
2082:
1187:)—a gathering of zemstvo delegates representing all levels of Russian society—called for a constitution, civil liberties and a
1152:
208:
3443:
976:
5208:
5203:
5064:
5040:
5021:
4999:
4980:
4954:
4925:
4838:
4785:
4680:
4187:
3870:
3638:
3593:
3187:
3154:
2303:
739:
The situation worsened as masses of hungry peasants roamed the countryside looking for work and sometimes walked hundreds of
422:
5093:
1776:
When the manifesto was proclaimed, there were spontaneous demonstrations of support in all the major cities. The strikes in
1699:
but with consultative powers only. When its slight powers and limits on the electorate were revealed, unrest redoubled. The
927:
The government responded by arresting labour agitators and enacting more "paternalistic" legislation. Introduced in 1900 by
5213:
2812:
in Latvia. The Congress of Parish Representatives was held in Riga in November. In autumn 1905, armed conflict between the
1703:
was formed and called for a general strike in October, refusal to pay taxes, and the en masse withdrawal of bank deposits.
671:
Significantly, this was a period of disaffection in the Russian military. Soldiers returning from a bloody and disgraceful
3297:
Conroy, Mary (2006). "Civil Society in Late Imperial Russia". In Henry, Laura; Sundstrom, Lisa; Evans Jr., Albert (eds.).
5178:
5173:
1215:
863:
583:, began on 22 January 1905. A wave of mass political and social unrest then began to spread across the vast areas of the
213:
4908:
3730:
2633:
5132:
3822:
2764:
used the new political freedoms to widen the rights of Estonians by establishing the first Estonian political party –
1959:
Tsar, making overthrow difficult. These reforms were outlined in a precursor to the Constitution of 1906 known as the
1853:
was deployed, and used artillery to break up demonstrations and to shell workers' districts. On 18 December [
840:
The economic situation in Russia before the revolution presented a grim picture. The government had experimented with
5218:
4811:
4620:
4551:
4048:
3977:
3681:
3090:
1926:
2500:
was known as the 'Russian Manchester' for its textile mills. In 1905, its local revolutionaries were overwhelmingly
1908:
1538:
4585:
2779:
could not agree about how to continue with the revolution, and only agreed that both wanted to limit the rights of
2307:
2062:
The granting of the population "inviolable personal rights" including freedom of conscience, speech, and assemblage
1992:
1857:
5 December], with around a thousand people dead and parts of the city in ruins, the workers surrendered. After
1696:
1607:
1321:, published in August 1905. Here, he predicted that Russia's liberal bourgeoisie would be sated by a transition to
5129:
An article on the events of 1905 from an anarchist perspective (Anarcho-Syndicalist Review, no. 42/3, Winter 2005)
2578:
2535:
break up a workers' meeting, arresting over 20 men. Workers start sabotaging telephone wires and burn down a mill.
2508:
11 May 1905: The 'Group', the revolutionary leadership, called for the workers at all the textile mills to strike.
1715:
3794:
852:
694:
The Tsarist government did recognise some of these problems, albeit shortsightedly. The Minister of the Interior
17:
2594:
larger strikes happened more often in Poland than they did in other parts of the Empire in the years 1906–1907.
453:
4803:
4452:
3676:. Volume 131 of Princeton Legacy Library. Princeton: Princeton University Press (published 2014). p. 167.
2925:
1904:
1571:
884:
and flows of peasants spread urban ideas to the countryside, breaking down isolation of peasants on communes.
622:
The 1905 revolution was set off by the international humiliation that resulted from the Russian defeat in the
4436:
4432:
3965:
2808:
2749:
2705:
2641:
2311:
2269:
2256:
2243:
2229:
2215:
2201:
2187:
1854:
1846:
1765:
1750:
1729:
1692:
1657:
1649:
1645:
1623:
1619:
1611:
1602:
1578:
1518:
1461:
1425:
1409:
1370:
1351:
1223:
1192:
1141:
203:
5168:
2134:
1996:
1968:
678:
616:
101:
4098:"Radical socialists and revolutionaries denounce Duma elections, call for armed uprising against - YTread"
1644:
for the Polish minority) and a reduction in the peasants' redemption payments. On 24 and 25 May [
2252:
2183:
2094:
1484:
715:
608:
107:
5102:
2792:
2784:
that prevailed between 1905 and 1917 allowed Estonians to advance the aspiration of national statehood.
5183:
5050:
4747:
4000:
3711:
3658:
2973:
2065:
Giving the population who were previously cut off from doing so participation in the newly formed Duma
963:
created such a response that by the next summer, 225,000 in various industries in southern Russia and
5193:
4723:
2935:
2585:
was also an active centre of resistance, particularly in terms of strikes, whereas further south the
2118:
2086:
1753:
1 October]. It closely followed the demands of the Zemstvo Congress in September, granting basic
1594:
1165:
1140:
in 1904, which called for a constitutional monarchy. Russian socialists formed two major groups: the
266:
1764:
The Tsar waited and argued for three days, but finally signed the manifesto on 30 October [
1416:
a few days later over 100 strikers were shot on the streets. By February, there were strikes in the
406:
5188:
2724:
with a general strike, but the mutiny was quelled within 60 hours by loyal troops and ships of the
2698:
2598:
2318:
2078:
1889:
1660:
and Mr Fyodrov, the Tsar confirmed his promise to convene an assembly of people's representatives.
2162:
did not satisfy Russians and Lenin. The Constitution lasted until the fall of the empire in 1917.
5198:
3549:
2939:
2890:
2821:
2525:
17 May: The meetings are moved to the bank of the Talka River, on suggestion by the police chief.
2221:
1893:
1858:
1700:
1673:
1598:
1552:
1429:
1322:
1115:
Many socialists view this as a period when the rising revolutionary movement was met with rising
804:
had been considered a special problem. Jews constituted only about 4% of the population but were
794:
661:
510:
382:
188:
4858:; Cambridge Russian, Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995
3082:
Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015
2803:
Following the shooting of demonstrators in St. Petersburg, a wide-scale general strike began in
1861:, the uprisings ended in December 1905. According to figures presented in the Duma by Professor
5108:
3179:
2913:
2817:
2737:
2629:
2171:
2150:
1839:
1835:
1563:
1385:
1006:
603:
was forced to go back on his earlier authoritarian stance and enact some reform (issued in the
5081:
4038:
3080:
866:
and operations, subsidies and supporting services for private industrialists, high protective
4478:
4410:
2694:
2225:
2197:
1723:
1366:
1219:
1160:
695:
600:
493:
242:
143:
90:
3144:
3118:
2775:
was founded as well. The moderate supporters of Tõnisson and the more radical supporters of
2541:
12 June: All prisoners are released. Most mill owners flee to Moscow. Neither side gives in.
1498:
1361:, who headed a police-sponsored workers' association, led a huge workers' procession to the
2968:
2850:
2741:
2690:
2645:
2110:
1850:
1830:
railroad fell into the hands of striker committees and demobilised soldiers returning from
1785:
1514:
1378:
1339:
1308:
1303:
1200:
396:
49:
4663:
Bleiere, Daina; Ilgvars Butulis; Antonijs Zunda; Aivars Stranga; Inesis Feldmanis (2006).
776:
ideology of the time, the group labelled "Russians" includes not only what are considered
8:
2898:
2745:
2674:
2481:
These numbers reflect only executions of civilians, and do not include a large number of
2331:
1633:
1526:
1381:, and is considered by many scholars as the start of the active phase of the revolution.
1204:
1199:
passed a resolution demanding the establishment of an elected national legislature, full
1137:
675:
found inadequate factory pay, shortages, and general disarray, and organized in protest.
471:
218:
3673:
Workers, Strikes, and Pogroms: The Donbass-Dnepr Bend in Late Imperial Russia, 1870–1905
5054:
4969:
4431:
683 executions by sentences of Field Courts Martial, acting from 1 September [
4307:
4160:
4152:
4020:
3172:
2884:
2721:
2709:
2338:
Chief Prison Administration, at the International Prison Congress in Washington, 1910.
1758:
1510:
1494:
1312:
1207:. Similar resolutions and appeals from other city dumas and zemstvo councils followed.
1057:
1034:
1026:
805:
773:
672:
644:
632:
623:
612:
556:
527:
476:
4870:
1905 : La première révolution russe (Actes du colloque sur la révolution de 1905)
4097:
3440:
1547:
1479:
1334:
5117:
5060:
5036:
5017:
4995:
4976:
4950:
4921:
4918:
Barricades and Banners: The Revolution of 1905 and the Transformation of Warsaw Jewry
4834:
4807:
4799:
4781:
4686:
4676:
4616:
4547:
4311:
4183:
4164:
4044:
3973:
3866:
3762:
3677:
3634:
3589:
3183:
3150:
3086:
2903:
2670:
2659:
2482:
2285:
1960:
1951:
1862:
1792:
1742:
1637:
1628:
989:
919:
would buy for him." Furthermore, the same labour laws prohibited the organisation of
880:
723:
604:
561:
96:
4903:
4753:
4299:
4144:
3952:
3422:
3032:
3016:
2325:
2265:
2205:
2179:
2102:
2008:
1777:
1688:
1677:
1502:
1449:
1196:
1180:
998:
829:
193:
158:
4778:
The history of Russia, which was ordered to be forgotten. Nicholas II and his time
4662:
4512:
2954:
Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War § The Revolution of 1905
2761:
1392:—called for a general strike. By the end of January 1905, over 400,000 workers in
5097:
5090:
5009:
4935:
4572:
3671:
3611:
3447:
3174:
States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and China
2978:
2919:
2874:
2853:
published their works dedicated to the 1905 Revolution in the satirical magazine
2842:
2752:
16 October], the Russian army opened fire in a meeting on a street market in
2686:
2654:
2617:
2571:
2486:
2239:
1972:
1734:
1711:
1681:
1641:
1393:
1097:
1093:
1048:
This disturbed the government, but it believed the cause was lack of training in
872:
163:
5091:
Russian Chronology 1904–1914, including the Revolution of 1905 and its aftermath
2504:. It was the first Bolshevik branch in which workers outnumbered intellectuals.
1710:
in which peasants seized land and tools. Disturbances in the Russian-controlled
743:
to find it. Desperate peasants proved capable of violence. "In the provinces of
730:. However, the peasants were not given enough land to provide for their needs:
4303:
3328:
Weeks, Theodore (December 2004). "Russification: Word and Practice 1863–1914".
2864:
2838:
2813:
2780:
2637:
2606:
2602:
2122:
1757:, allowing the formation of political parties, extending the franchise towards
1622:
4 February] 1905, the Tsar made new concessions. On 2 March [
1421:
1120:
1109:
1022:
1014:
1002:
928:
876:
640:
584:
301:
261:
249:
198:
153:
133:
128:
74:
5126:
4501:
Feliks Dzierzynsky and the SDKPiL: A study of the Origins of Polish Communism,
2068:
Ensuring that no law would be passed without the consent of the Imperial Duma.
1818:, was directed against the government, while some was undirected. It included
907:
hours per day. Others were still subject to arbitrary and excessive fines for
43:
5162:
5121:
4964:
4931:
3904:
Feliks Dzierzynski and the SDKPiL: A Study of the Origins of Polish Communism
2757:
2748:, for universal suffrage, and for national autonomy. On 29 October [
2031:
2026:
1985:
1964:
1815:
1798:
1559:
1445:
1401:
1362:
1239:
1105:
1101:
964:
960:
842:
817:
813:
592:
178:
4690:
3426:
1247:(where separate wage struggles culminated in a citywide general strike) and
772:
French ethnic map of European Russia from 1898. In accordance with official
5112:
5085:
4891:
4882:
2846:
2776:
2725:
2678:
2052:
1827:
1754:
1746:
1506:
1457:
1374:
1358:
1073:
859:
801:
702:
665:
627:
296:
284:
254:
4638:"Rosa Luxemburg, Her Family and the Origins of her Polish-Jewish Identity"
4439:
20 April] 1907 were listed separately and not subdivided by year.
4182:. New York: The Overlook Press, Peter Mayer Publishers, Inc. p. 171.
2557:
1749:
and Alexis Obolenskii, was presented to the Tsar on 14 October [
1668:
1581:, possibly with government aid, and in total over 3,000 Jews were killed.
350:
4729:
4719:
4392:
Galina Mikhaĭlovna Ivanova, Carol Apollonio Flath and Donald J. Raleigh,
3508:
Heralds of Revolution: Russian Students and the Mythologies of Radicalism
2958:
2879:
2869:
2717:
2117:
the Manifesto's creation in the first place. Among those more scared was
2044:
1802:
A locomotive overturned by striking workers at the main railway depot in
1653:
1597:
as governor in St Petersburg and dismissed the Minister of the Interior,
1575:
1530:
1347:
1211:
1116:
1065:
1061:
956:
920:
781:
727:
5142:
3670:
Wynn, Charters (1992). "The Revolutionary Surge: 1903 to October 1905".
3659:
Chapter 4, "The Interaction of the Political and the Economic Struggle."
4877:
Mutiny amid Repression: Russian Soldiers in the Revolution of 1905–1906
4516:
4156:
3920:
2963:
2907:
2649:
2260:
2255: – the commander of the Black Sea Fleet. Killed 24 July [
2090:
1943:
1811:
1522:
1497:(1904–1905) there was unrest in army reserve units. On 2 January 1905,
1437:
1433:
1188:
1089:
1049:
1042:
785:
4872:, Publications de la Sorbonne et Institut d'Études Slaves, Paris, 1986
1838:. The Tsar had to send a special detachment of loyal troops along the
4743:
2622:
2501:
1831:
1819:
1534:
1228:
994:
908:
757:
740:
2708:
17 July] 1906, Russian artillerymen and military engineers
1878:
1656:
had received a Zemstvo deputation. Responding to speeches by Prince
1030:
centres of political activity for students and non-students alike."
4148:
2713:
2532:
2485:
by punitive army detachments and executions of military mutineers.
2233:
2191:
2048:
2017:
1954:
by Nicholas II, which led to the granting of the 1906 Constitution.
1823:
1769:
1719:
1473:
1465:
1417:
1235:
1158:
In late 1904 liberals started a series of banquets (modeled on the
1145:
1053:
1038:
944:
777:
5153:
4774:История России, которую приказали забыть. Николай II и его время;
4394:
Labour camp socialism: the Gulag in the Soviet totalitarian system
3997:
Politics and the Russian Army: Civil-Military Relations, 1689–2000
2511:
12 May: The strike begins. Strike leaders meet in the local woods.
1939:
915:
per month could not buy the equal of what the French worker's 110
4611:
Tych, Feliks (2018). "Przedmowa". In Wielgosz, Przemysław (ed.).
4542:
Tych, Feliks (2018). "Przedmowa". In Wielgosz, Przemysław (ed.).
2825:
2797:
2753:
2664:
2497:
2247:
1781:
1780:
and elsewhere officially ended or quickly collapsed. A political
1567:
1521:
23 August] 1905). In 1905, there were naval mutinies at
1218:
as Minister of the Interior after the July 1904 assassination of
1149:
1133:
1018:
948:
748:
744:
148:
1483:
Artistic impression of the mutiny by the crew of the battleship
768:
705:, who were marching to present a petition at the Winter Palace.
4868:
François-Xavier Coquin and Céline Gervais-Francelle (Editors);
4381:
The Ruling Bureaucracy and the "New Order" of Russian Statehood
4326:
The Ruling Bureaucracy and the "New Order" of Russian Statehood
3854:
2922:
which takes place from the years between 1902 and World War II.
2855:
2582:
1978:
1803:
1413:
1248:
932:
867:
596:
4887:
Thou Shalt Kill: Revolutionary Terrorism in Russia, 1894–1917.
4831:
Union on October 17th. Russia's Political Class: Rise and Fall
3712:
Chapter 3, "Development of the Mass Strike Movement in Russia"
2816:
nobility and the Latvian peasants began in the rural areas of
2553:
1214:
made a move to meet many of these demands, appointing liberal
1761:, and establishing the Duma as the central legislative body.
1501:
was lost; in February 1905, the Russian army was defeated at
1453:
1441:
1069:
936:
916:
912:
889:
847:
825:
683:
5147:
5143:
Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University
1318:
Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Democratic Revolution
1056:. Therefore, the curriculum was "toughened up" to emphasize
951:, but these groups and the idea of police socialism failed.
4827:Союз 17 октября. Политический класс России: взлет и падение
4668:
2804:
2273:
1632:, which promised the formation of a consultative assembly,
1505:, losing almost 80,000 men. On 27–28 May 1905, the Russian
1405:
1252:
1244:
940:
588:
65:(2 years, 4 months, 3 weeks and 4 days)
4375:
4373:
3948:
Red Mutiny: Eleven Fateful Days on the Battleship Potemkin
3934:
Red Mutiny: Eleven Fateful Days on the Battleship Potemkin
3782:
1302:
Another contributing factor behind the revolution was the
4272:
4270:
3890:, second edition, Alfred A. Knopf (New York) 1960, p. 715
3708:
The Mass Strike, the Political Party and the Trade Unions
3655:
The Mass Strike, the Political Party and the Trade Unions
2242: – former war minister. Killed 5 December [
2200: – Minister of Interior. Killed 10 August [
591:, the nobility, and the ruling class. It included worker
1768:
17 October] 1905, citing his desire to avoid a
1551:
A barricade erected by revolutionaries in Moscow during
4994:. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge.
4896:
The Russian Revolution of 1905: Change Through Struggle
4370:
3205:
4447:
4445:
4267:
4070:
Paul Barnes, R. Paul Evans, Peris Jones-Evans (2003).
3860:
3053:
1513:. Witte was dispatched to make peace, negotiating the
4615:. Instytut Wydawniczy „Książka i Prasa”. p. 11.
3542:
3540:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3099:
2101:
combined were formed in November 1905 alone. For the
1826:, and was only suppressed after a fierce battle. The
1408:, 130 protesters were killed on 26 January [
4546:. Instytut Wydawniczy „Książka i Prasa”. p. 9.
2007:
Speech by Emperor Nicholas II on the opening of the
1315:. Lenin presented many of his ideas in the pamphlet
1243:
Russia in May, June and July was aflame", including
4442:
3569:
3567:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3394:
3392:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3222:
3220:
4968:
4819:The Revolution of 1905, vol. 2: Authority Restored
4796:The Revolution of 1905, vol. 1: Russia in Disarray
3959:
3537:
3514:
3364:
3362:
3283:
3281:
3178:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.
3171:
2771:Another, more radical political organisation, the
2720:), Helsinki. The Finnish Red Guards supported the
2685:: the revolution resulted in the abolition of the
4575:, Encyklopedia Interia, retrieved on 8 April 2008
4143:(6). The University of Chicago Press: 1424–1425.
3330:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
1791:While the Russian liberals were satisfied by the
27:Political and social unrest in the Russian Empire
5160:
4017:Challenging Traditional Views of Russian History
3564:
3483:
3467:
3453:
3389:
3305:
3247:
3229:
3217:
2681:, leader of the constitutionalists, crafted the
2640:of 1905 (30 October – 6 November [
985:theological seminaries were part of this group.
587:. The unrest was directed primarily against the
5139:Russian Graphic Art and the Revolution of 1905.
4947:Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary
4278:Russia: A 1,000 Year Chronicle of the Wild East
4262:Russia: A 1,000 Year Chronicle of the Wild East
4249:Russia: A 1,000 Year Chronicle of the Wild East
4180:Russia: A 1,000 Year Chronicle of the Wild East
3359:
3278:
2658:, written by Finnish politician and journalist
2581:, but unrest happened in many other areas too.
2577:One of the major events of that period was the
2566:Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–1907)
2544:27 June: Workers agree to stop striking 1 July.
2528:27 May: The delegates' meeting house is closed.
2128:
1398:Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–1907)
780:today (here called "Great Russians"), but also
4749:Kino: A History of the Russian and Soviet Film
3510:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 20.
3074:
3072:
3070:
3068:
2697:. It also resulted in a temporary halt to the
1822:, worker strikes, peasant unrest and military
1064:in secondary schools, but defiance continued.
971:
5133:Estonia during the Russian Revolution of 1905
4920:, Stanford University Press, Stanford, 2012.
4879:; Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1985
4798:; Stanford University Press, Stanford, 1988;
4435:19 August] 1906, to 3 May [
4230:
4228:
4201:
4199:
3991:
3989:
2165:
1674:Soviet of Workers' Deputies of St. Petersburg
366:
4901:
4856:Russian Rightists and the Revolution of 1905
4011:
4009:
3299:Russian Civil Society: A Critical Assessment
1979:Creation of Duma and appointment of Stolypin
1626:18 February] 1905 he published the
1440:headed by Khrustalev-Nossar and despite the
682:Subdivisions of the Russian Empire in 1897 (
4851:; Stanford University Press, Stanford, 2004
4821:; Stanford University Press, Stanford, 1994
4718:
4037:Allen, Rowan; Rose, Denny (28 March 2018).
3609:
3588:. Cambridge University Press. p. 189.
3272:A Concise History of the Russian Revolution
3149:. Stanford University Press. pp. 1–2.
3065:
2760:was displayed publicly for the first time.
2297:Number of executions by different accounts
1975:that would later topple the Tsar's regime.
1907:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1663:
1558:Nationalist groups had been angered by the
1489:against the ship's officers on 14 June 1905
1472:, heavily damaging the cities and the Baku
1346:In December 1904, a strike occurred at the
380:
5229:Naval battles involving the Russian Empire
5035:. Critical Lives. London: Reaktion Books.
4780:] (in Russian). St. Petersburg: Вече.
4565:
4563:
4225:
4196:
4064:
3986:
3898:
3896:
3558:The Revolution of 1905: Russia in Disarray
3146:The Revolution of 1905: Russia in Disarray
3078:
2906:originally intended this film to be a pro-
1329:
607:). This took the form of establishing the
373:
359:
5008:
4742:
4703:
4665:History of Latvia : the 20th century
4289:
4036:
4006:
3848:
3816:
3752:
3610:Lunacharsky, Anatoly Vasilievich (1968).
3583:
3560:. Stanford University Press. p. 202.
3505:
3499:
3346:
3340:
3136:
2910:narrative of the 1905 Russian Revolution.
2773:Estonian Social Democratic Workers' Union
2228:of Finland. Killed 19 February [
2212:Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia
2146:The Russian State is one and indivisible.
1950:Russians celebrating the granting of the
1927:Learn how and when to remove this message
1810:Some of the November uprising of 1905 in
1132:Russian progressives formed the Union of
1083:
988:Student radicalism began around the time
345:17,000 civilian killed by revolutionaries
4824:
4771:
4712:
4704:Клейман, Наум И.; Левина, К. Б. (eds.).
4177:
3626:
3584:Patenaude, Betrand (21 September 2017).
3105:
3059:
2791:
2616:
2552:
2002:
1938:
1797:
1728:
1667:
1546:
1478:
1333:
975:
767:
677:
5049:
4930:
4849:The Revolution of 1905: A Short History
4560:
4134:
3893:
3840:
3828:
3808:
3788:
3768:
3744:
3736:
3725:The Revolution of 1905: A Short History
3169:
3163:
2518:prosecution, according to the governor.
1593:On 12 January 1905, the Tsar appointed
1432:of Workers' Delegates, an admixture of
806:concentrated in the western borderlands
14:
5161:
4708:. Шедевры советского кино. p. 24.
4635:
4573:Rewolucja 1905–07 Na Ziemiach Polskich
3555:
3416:
3410:
3296:
3290:
3142:
2796:Bloody Sunday Monument in Riga on the
1737:, during the December uprising of 1905
1695:18 February] to the creation of a
1588:
1570:groups were also active, founding the
1311:, held in London in April 1905 at the
1153:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
1144:(founded in 1902), which followed the
763:
599:. In response to the public pressure,
209:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
5244:Labour disputes in the Russian Empire
5239:Rebellions against the Russian Empire
4963:
4736:
4178:Sixsmith, Martin (31 December 2013).
4072:GCSE History for WJEC Specification A
3832:
3800:
3772:
3327:
3321:
3301:. New York: M. E. Sharpe. p. 12.
3269:
3263:
3211:
2831:
2268: – Killed 22 December [
2214: – Killed 17 February [
1814:, headed by retired naval Lieutenant
1788:on strikers, left-wingers, and Jews.
1585:played in the 1905–06 social unrest.
858:In the 1890s, under Finance Minister
647:in 1917 would have been impossible".
354:
4989:
4944:
4629:
4610:
4541:
3844:
3836:
3812:
3804:
3776:
3748:
3740:
3669:
3349:Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas
2693:, and to the creation of the modern
2218:4 February] 1905 in Moscow.
2037:
2011:of the Russian Empire, 27 April 1906
1905:adding citations to reliable sources
1872:
1676:in 1905, Trotsky in the center. The
5030:
3756:
1845:Between 5 and 7 December [
1216:Pyotr Dmitrievich Sviatopolk-Mirsky
1136:Constitutionalists in 1903 and the
708:
337:1 battleship surrendered to Romania
24:
4940:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
3450:", Spartacus Educational, undated.
1412:13 January] 1905, and in
1104:, political rights and the use of
204:Party of Socialist Revolutionaries
25:
5255:
5234:Revolutions in the Russian Empire
5075:
4971:The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919
4863:1905, La Révolution russe manquée
4725:Sergei M. Eisenstein: a biography
4407:"Article Death penalty in Russia"
4043:. UK: ED-Tech Pres. p. 167.
3627:Thatcher, Ian D. (27 June 2005).
2701:that Russia had started in 1899.
2652:. During the general strike, the
2579:insurrection in Łódź in June 1905
2560:monument to the 1905 insurrection
2538:9 June: The police chief resigns.
2492:
1708:there were many peasant uprisings
1493:With the unsuccessful and bloody
835:
4902:Pete Glatter (17 October 2005).
4865:; Editions Complexe, Paris, 1999
3970:The History of the Baltic States
1877:
1697:State Duma of the Russian Empire
1616:Grand Duke Sergei Aleksandrovich
1369:on Sunday, 22 January [
1195:30 November] 1904, the
290:
278:
260:
248:
236:
172:
127:
42:
5224:Naval battles involving Romania
5082:1905 Russian Revolution Archive
4904:"1905 The consciousness factor"
4697:
4656:
4604:
4578:
4535:
4530:The Russian Revolution of 1905,
4522:
4506:
4493:
4467:
4425:
4399:
4386:
4357:
4344:
4331:
4318:
4283:
4254:
4241:
4212:
4171:
4128:
4115:
4090:
4077:
4030:
3940:
3925:
3909:
3879:
3861:Salisbury, Harrison E. (1981).
3717:
3700:
3663:
3647:
3620:
3602:
3576:
3528:
3433:
3401:
3380:
3371:
3274:. New York: Vintage. p. 8.
3196:
2888:(1913/1922) and Maxim Gorky in
2677:, and abolition of censorship.
2288:, and are listed in the table.
1714:culminated in June 1905 in the
595:, peasant unrest, and military
3865:. Da Capo Press. p. 117.
3111:
3026:
3010:
3000:
2991:
2926:Symphony No. 11 (Shostakovich)
2246:22 November] 1905 in
1572:Union of the Muslims of Russia
1517:(signed 5 September [
1357:Controversial Orthodox priest
1088:The events of 1905 came after
1041:, and writing anti-government
86:Democratization of government
63:22 January 1905 – 16 June 1907
13:
1:
4636:Castle, Rory (16 June 2013).
4137:American Journal of Sociology
3888:A History of the Modern World
3633:. Routledge. pp. 1–264.
3046:
2669:demanding dissolution of the
2279:
2272:9 December] 1906 in
2232:6 February] 1905 in
1658:Sergei Nikolaevich Trubetskoy
1539:mutiny aboard the battleship
1444:split would see the likes of
1365:to deliver a petition to the
1142:Socialist Revolutionary Party
5209:Political history of Estonia
5204:Political history of Finland
5148:Revolution of 1905 in Poland
4025:The Pre-Revolutionary Period
3616:. Hill and Wang. p. 61.
2997:The defeat of the Socialists
2648:were formed, led by captain
2321:Military Justice department
2304:Ministry of Internal Affairs
2135:Russian Constitution of 1906
2129:Russian Constitution of 1906
1969:Russian Constitution of 1906
1691:agreed on 2 March [
617:Russian Constitution of 1906
7:
5214:Political history of Latvia
5141:From the collection of the
5014:Conspirator: Lenin in Exile
4992:Lenin: A Revolutionary Life
4975:. London: Collins Harvill.
4123:History for ready reference
2947:
2186:. Killed 30 June [
2184:Governor-General of Finland
2095:Union of the Russian People
1680:were an early example of a
1618:, on 17 February [
1601:, on 18 February [
1537:, peaking in June with the
1222:. On 25 December [
1191:. On 13 December [
972:Educated class as a problem
716:emancipation reform of 1861
10:
5260:
5179:1905 in the Russian Empire
5174:Russian Revolution of 1905
4990:Read, Christopher (2005).
4945:Rice, Christopher (1990).
4772:Borisyuk, Andrei (2023).
4764:
4304:10.2753/RSH1061-1983460401
4292:Russian Studies in History
4001:Cambridge University Press
3921:The Birth of the "Soviets"
3085:. McFarland. p. 340.
2974:Russian Revolution of 1917
2807:. On 26 January [
2731:
2612:
2563:
2314:6 February] 1909
2259:11 July] 1906 in
2204:28 July] 1904 in
2190:17 June] 1904 in
2166:Rise of political violence
1868:
577:Russian Revolution of 1905
37:Russian Revolution of 1905
5016:. New York: Basic Books.
4475:"Death penalty in Russia"
4365:Historicizing Revolutions
4352:Historicizing Revolutions
4339:Historicizing Revolutions
4236:Historicizing Revolutions
4220:Historicizing Revolutions
4207:Historicizing Revolutions
3613:Revolutionary Silhouettes
3506:Morrissey, Susan (1998).
3119:"1906 Russian Duma Meets"
3036:
3020:
2936:Rouletabille chez le Tsar
2787:
2644:17–24 October]). The
2548:
2310:on 19 February [
2306:Police Department to the
2296:
2293:
2119:Dmitri Feodorovich Trepov
2087:Socialist Revolutionaries
1718:. Surprisingly, only one
1595:Dmitri Feodorovich Trepov
1184:
1166:French Revolution of 1848
1001:, and an organisation of
650:
392:
344:
310:
267:Dmitri Feodorovich Trepov
226:
119:
55:
41:
36:
5219:20th-century revolutions
5118:Russia and reform (1907)
5105:by Rosa Luxemburg, 1906.
4861:François-Xavier Coquin;
4826:
4773:
4754:George Allen & Unwin
4586:"Republika Zagłębiowska"
3556:Ascher, Abraham (1994).
3143:Ascher, Abraham (1994).
3037:Первая Русская Революция
2984:
2079:Constitutional Democrats
1664:Height of the revolution
1470:Armenian–Tatar massacres
980:Troops in St. Petersburg
581:First Russian Revolution
462:Armenian–Tatar massacres
5096:5 December 2008 at the
4909:International Socialism
4613:O rewolucji: 1905, 1917
4590:encyklopedia.interia.pl
4544:O rewolucji: 1905, 1917
4015:Wheatcroft, SG (2002).
3441:1905 Russian Revolution
3270:Pipes, Richard (1996).
3170:Skocpol, Theda (1979).
3079:Clodfelter, M. (2017).
2940:The Secret of the Night
2891:The Life of Klim Samgin
2766:National Progress Party
2740:, Estonians called for
2222:Eliel Soisalon-Soininen
2093:, and the far-rightist
2034:, on 5 September 1911.
1859:a final spasm in Moscow
1706:In June and July 1905,
1701:Saint Petersburg Soviet
1652:24 May] 1905,
1599:Pyotr Sviatopolk-Mirsky
1553:Moscow uprising of 1905
1430:Saint Petersburg Soviet
1420:, and by April, in the
1338:Artistic impression of
1330:Start of the revolution
1323:constitutional monarchy
1264:Average annual strikes
1074:forced military service
875:because it exacerbated
830:Polish uprising of 1863
784:("White Russians") and
384:1905 Russian Revolution
319:3,611 killed or wounded
189:Saint Petersburg Soviet
4825:Solovyov, K. (2023).
4706:Броненосец "Потемкин."
4644:. Praktyka Teoretyczna
4642:praktykateoretyczna.pl
4592:. Interia Encyklopedia
4121:Larned, J. N. (1910).
4085:The Russian Revolution
3863:Black Night White Snow
3123:www.historycentral.com
2800:
2738:Governorate of Estonia
2673:, universal suffrage,
2630:Grand Duchy of Finland
2625:
2599:fourth Polish uprising
2591:Republika Zagłębiowska
2561:
2172:SR Combat Organization
2151:Grand Duchy of Finland
2121:, governor general of
2012:
1955:
1840:Trans-Siberian Railway
1807:
1738:
1685:
1555:
1490:
1343:
1234:Worker strikes in the
1112:on behalf of workers.
1084:Rise of the opposition
1007:professional societies
981:
797:over other religions.
789:
737:
687:
227:Commanders and leaders
48:Demonstrations before
5059:. London: Macmillan.
5031:Lih, Lars T. (2011).
4455:. Dwardmac.pitzer.edu
3427:10.1093/past/57.1.123
2795:
2704:On 30 July [
2695:Parliament of Finland
2620:
2587:Republika Ostrowiecka
2556:
2435:Number of executions
2226:Procurator of Justice
2198:Vyacheslav von Plehve
2006:
1942:
1801:
1732:
1671:
1550:
1482:
1337:
1220:Vyacheslav von Plehve
1161:campagne des banquets
979:
795:Orthodox Christianity
771:
732:
696:Vyacheslav von Plehve
681:
311:Casualties and losses
106:Establishment of the
4833:] (in Russian).
4532:pp. 135–137, 335–338
3811:, pp. 168–170;
3803:, pp. 363–364;
3775:, pp. 362–363;
3755:, pp. 117–120;
2969:Bourgeois revolution
2851:Mstislav Dobuzhinsky
2742:freedom of the press
2699:Russification policy
2334:, assistant head of
1901:improve this section
1851:Semyonovsky Regiment
1724:1905 Kishinev pogrom
1515:Treaty of Portsmouth
1396:were on strike (see
1309:Third RSDLP Congress
1201:freedom of the press
788:("Little Russians").
691:Revolution of 1905.
579:, also known as the
102:Constitution enacted
5169:Communism in Russia
5154:The Soviet Archives
4949:. London: Cassell.
4756:. pp. 193–199.
3995:Taylor, BD (2003).
3982:Google Print, p. 58
3972:, Greenwood Press,
3946:Bascomb, N (2007).
3791:, pp. 170–171.
3439:John Simkin (ed), "
3377:Weeks 2004, 475–476
3021:Революция 1905 года
2959:1905 (Trotsky book)
2899:Battleship Potemkin
2712:in the fortress of
2662:, was published in
2414:1,435 + 683 = 2,118
2336:Ministry of Justice
2332:Mikhail Borovitinov
1634:religious tolerance
1589:Government response
1527:Sevastopol Uprising
1205:freedom of religion
1155:(founded in 1898).
1148:tradition, and the
1138:Union of Liberation
1102:economic conditions
1035:political prisoners
764:Nationality problem
219:Union of Liberation
5056:Lenin: A Biography
4854:Donald C. Rawson;
4074:. Heinemann. p. 68
4021:Palgrave Macmillan
3917:Unknown Revolution
3839:, pp. 90–91;
3807:, pp. 89–90;
3771:, pp. 44–45;
3743:, pp. 86–88;
3546:Morrissey 1998, 23
3534:Morrissey 1998, 20
3525:Morrissey 1998, 22
3446:4 May 2012 at the
3214:, pp. 21, 25.
2932:, written in 1957.
2918:, a 1957 novel by
2832:Cultural portrayal
2801:
2722:Sveaborg Rebellion
2683:November Manifesto
2675:political freedoms
2626:
2562:
2498:Ivanovo Voznesensk
2483:summary executions
2013:
1963:which created the
1956:
1842:to restore order.
1836:Russo–Japanese War
1808:
1786:right-wing attacks
1759:universal suffrage
1739:
1686:
1556:
1495:Russo-Japanese War
1491:
1344:
1313:Brotherhood Church
1164:leading up to the
1123:stated in 1906 in
1058:classical language
982:
790:
688:
645:October Revolution
633:Russian Revolution
624:Russo-Japanese War
613:multi-party system
93:retains the throne
5184:Conflicts in 1905
5066:978-0-333-72625-9
5042:978-1-86189-793-0
5023:978-0-465-01395-1
5001:978-0-415-20649-5
4982:978-0-679-73660-8
4956:978-0-304-31814-8
4937:The Life of Lenin
4926:978-0-804763-83-7
4840:978-5-4448-2149-7
4787:978-5-4484-3841-7
4682:978-9984-38-038-4
4528:Solomon Schwarz,
4379:G. M. Kropotkin,
4324:G. M. Kropotkin,
4276:Martin Sixsmith,
4260:Martin Sixsmith,
4247:Martin Sixsmith,
4189:978-1-4683-0501-2
4040:History of Europe
3872:978-0-306-80154-9
3779:, pp. 88–89.
3640:978-1-134-57214-4
3595:978-1-108-21041-6
3189:978-0-521-22439-0
3156:978-0-8047-2327-5
2904:Sergei Eisenstein
2671:Senate of Finland
2621:Demonstrators in
2479:
2478:
2427:
2426:
2286:Nikolai Tagantsev
2038:October Manifesto
1961:October Manifesto
1952:October Manifesto
1937:
1936:
1929:
1863:Maksim Kovalevsky
1793:October Manifesto
1743:October Manifesto
1716:Łódź insurrection
1638:freedom of speech
1562:undertaken since
1342:in St. Petersburg
1300:
1299:
990:Tsar Alexander II
881:industrialization
864:railroad building
800:For generations,
758:black-soil region
724:open field system
673:defeat with Japan
605:October Manifesto
570:
569:
349:
348:
115:
114:
97:October Manifesto
16:(Redirected from
5251:
5194:1900s in Estonia
5070:
5046:
5027:
5010:Rappaport, Helen
5005:
4986:
4974:
4960:
4941:
4913:
4847:Abraham Ascher;
4844:
4817:Abraham Ascher;
4794:Abraham Ascher;
4791:
4758:
4757:
4740:
4734:
4733:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4701:
4695:
4694:
4660:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4608:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4597:
4582:
4576:
4571:
4567:
4558:
4557:
4539:
4533:
4526:
4520:
4510:
4504:
4499:Robert Blobaum:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4477:. Archived from
4471:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4449:
4440:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4409:. Archived from
4403:
4397:
4390:
4384:
4377:
4368:
4361:
4355:
4348:
4342:
4335:
4329:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4287:
4281:
4274:
4265:
4258:
4252:
4245:
4239:
4232:
4223:
4216:
4210:
4203:
4194:
4193:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4132:
4126:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4094:
4088:
4081:
4075:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4034:
4028:
4013:
4004:
3993:
3984:
3963:
3957:
3953:Houghton Mifflin
3944:
3938:
3929:
3923:
3913:
3907:
3902:Robert Blobaum,
3900:
3891:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3858:
3852:
3826:
3820:
3798:
3792:
3786:
3780:
3766:
3760:
3734:
3728:
3723:Abraham Ascher,
3721:
3715:
3706:Rosa Luxemburg,
3704:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3690:
3667:
3661:
3653:Rosa Luxemburg,
3651:
3645:
3644:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3580:
3574:
3573:Harcave 1970, 26
3571:
3562:
3561:
3553:
3547:
3544:
3535:
3532:
3526:
3523:
3512:
3511:
3503:
3497:
3496:Harcave 1970, 25
3494:
3481:
3480:Harcave 1970, 24
3478:
3465:
3464:Harcave 1970, 23
3462:
3451:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3419:Past and Present
3414:
3408:
3407:Skocpol 1979, 92
3405:
3399:
3398:Skocpol 1979, 91
3396:
3387:
3386:Skocpol 1979, 90
3384:
3378:
3375:
3369:
3366:
3357:
3356:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3325:
3319:
3318:Harcave 1970, 22
3316:
3303:
3302:
3294:
3288:
3285:
3276:
3275:
3267:
3261:
3260:Harcave 1970, 21
3258:
3245:
3244:Harcave 1970, 20
3242:
3227:
3226:Harcave 1970, 19
3224:
3215:
3209:
3203:
3202:Harcave 1990, 21
3200:
3194:
3193:
3177:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3076:
3063:
3057:
3040:
3038:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3014:
3008:
3004:
2998:
2995:
2938:, also known as
2689:and of the four
2634:Social Democrats
2429:
2428:
2326:Oscar Gruzenberg
2291:
2290:
2266:Aleksey Ignatyev
2253:Admiral Chukhnin
2206:Saint Petersburg
2180:Nikolai Bobrikov
2083:Social Democrats
2047:was overseen by
2009:First State Duma
1997:Fundamental Laws
1948:17 October 1905.
1932:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1912:
1881:
1873:
1778:Saint Petersburg
1689:Tsar Nicholas II
1640:(in the form of
1629:Bulygin Rescript
1509:was defeated at
1450:Georgi Plekhanov
1258:
1257:
1197:Moscow City Duma
1186:
1178:
1146:Russian populist
906:
905:
901:
898:
709:Agrarian problem
601:Tsar Nicholas II
553:
541:
524:
507:
490:
450:
438:
426:
387:
385:
375:
368:
361:
352:
351:
295:
294:
293:
283:
282:
281:
265:
264:
253:
252:
241:
240:
239:
194:Moscow City Duma
177:
176:
175:
159:Russian nobility
132:
131:
57:
56:
46:
34:
33:
21:
5259:
5258:
5254:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5248:
5189:1905 in Finland
5159:
5158:
5103:The Mass Strike
5098:Wayback Machine
5078:
5073:
5067:
5051:Service, Robert
5043:
5024:
5002:
4983:
4957:
4875:John Bushnell;
4841:
4828:
4788:
4775:
4767:
4762:
4761:
4741:
4737:
4717:
4713:
4702:
4698:
4683:
4661:
4657:
4647:
4645:
4634:
4630:
4623:
4609:
4605:
4595:
4593:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4569:
4568:
4561:
4554:
4540:
4536:
4527:
4523:
4511:
4507:
4498:
4494:
4484:
4482:
4481:on 12 July 2009
4473:
4472:
4468:
4458:
4456:
4451:
4450:
4443:
4430:
4426:
4416:
4414:
4413:on 12 July 2009
4405:
4404:
4400:
4391:
4387:
4378:
4371:
4363:Nader Sohrabi,
4362:
4358:
4354:, pp. 1407–1408
4350:Nader Sohrabi,
4349:
4345:
4337:Nader Sohrabi,
4336:
4332:
4323:
4319:
4288:
4284:
4275:
4268:
4259:
4255:
4246:
4242:
4234:Nader Sohrabi,
4233:
4226:
4218:Nader Sohrabi,
4217:
4213:
4205:Nader Sohrabi,
4204:
4197:
4190:
4176:
4172:
4133:
4129:
4120:
4116:
4106:
4104:
4102:youtuberead.com
4096:
4095:
4091:
4083:Richard Pipes,
4082:
4078:
4069:
4065:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4035:
4031:
4014:
4007:
3994:
3987:
3964:
3960:
3945:
3941:
3930:
3926:
3915:Voline (2004).
3914:
3910:
3901:
3894:
3884:
3880:
3873:
3859:
3855:
3843:, p. 179;
3835:, p. 367;
3827:
3823:
3799:
3795:
3787:
3783:
3767:
3763:
3747:, p. 167;
3735:
3731:
3722:
3718:
3705:
3701:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3668:
3664:
3652:
3648:
3641:
3625:
3621:
3607:
3603:
3596:
3581:
3577:
3572:
3565:
3554:
3550:
3545:
3538:
3533:
3529:
3524:
3515:
3504:
3500:
3495:
3484:
3479:
3468:
3463:
3454:
3448:Wayback Machine
3438:
3434:
3421:(57): 124–125.
3415:
3411:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3390:
3385:
3381:
3376:
3372:
3368:Weeks 2004, 475
3367:
3360:
3345:
3341:
3326:
3322:
3317:
3306:
3295:
3291:
3287:Weeks 2004, 472
3286:
3279:
3268:
3264:
3259:
3248:
3243:
3230:
3225:
3218:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3190:
3168:
3164:
3157:
3141:
3137:
3127:
3125:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3104:
3100:
3093:
3077:
3066:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3043:
3031:
3027:
3015:
3011:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2992:
2987:
2979:Gurian Republic
2950:
2920:Boris Pasternak
2875:The Silver Dove
2843:Boris Kustodiev
2834:
2790:
2734:
2687:Diet of Finland
2655:Red Declaration
2615:
2572:Congress Poland
2568:
2551:
2495:
2487:Peter Kropotkin
2319:Ministry of War
2282:
2240:Viktor Sakharov
2168:
2131:
2040:
1981:
1973:1917 revolution
1933:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1898:
1882:
1871:
1735:Nizhny Novgorod
1712:Congress Poland
1682:workers council
1666:
1642:language rights
1591:
1332:
1172:
1170:Zemsky Congress
1126:The Mass Strike
1098:southern Russia
1086:
1078:Vladimir Glazov
1003:public lectures
974:
903:
899:
896:
894:
877:social tensions
873:1917 revolution
838:
766:
711:
653:
573:
572:
571:
566:
547:
535:
518:
501:
484:
444:
432:
416:
388:
383:
381:
379:
340:
334:38,000 captured
322:
306:
291:
289:
279:
277:
271:
259:
247:
237:
235:
181:
179:Revolutionaries
173:
171:
164:Gentry assembly
136:
126:
77:
64:
47:
28:
23:
22:
18:1905 Revolution
15:
12:
11:
5:
5257:
5247:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5199:1905 in Latvia
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5157:
5156:
5151:
5145:
5136:
5130:
5124:
5115:
5106:
5100:
5088:
5077:
5076:External links
5074:
5072:
5071:
5065:
5047:
5041:
5028:
5022:
5006:
5000:
4987:
4981:
4965:Pipes, Richard
4961:
4955:
4942:
4932:Fischer, Louis
4928:
4914:
4899:
4889:
4880:
4873:
4866:
4859:
4852:
4845:
4839:
4822:
4815:
4792:
4786:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4735:
4711:
4696:
4681:
4675:. p. 68.
4655:
4628:
4621:
4603:
4577:
4559:
4552:
4534:
4521:
4505:
4492:
4466:
4441:
4424:
4398:
4385:
4369:
4356:
4343:
4330:
4317:
4282:
4266:
4253:
4240:
4224:
4211:
4195:
4188:
4170:
4149:10.1086/230667
4127:
4114:
4089:
4076:
4063:
4049:
4029:
4005:
3985:
3966:Kevin O'Connor
3958:
3939:
3931:Neal Bascomb,
3924:
3908:
3892:
3878:
3871:
3853:
3851:, p. 131.
3849:Rappaport 2010
3847:, p. 79;
3831:, p. 60;
3821:
3819:, p. 124.
3817:Rappaport 2010
3815:, p. 78;
3793:
3781:
3761:
3753:Rappaport 2010
3751:, p. 75;
3739:, p. 44;
3729:
3716:
3699:
3682:
3662:
3646:
3639:
3619:
3601:
3594:
3575:
3563:
3548:
3536:
3527:
3513:
3498:
3482:
3466:
3452:
3432:
3409:
3400:
3388:
3379:
3370:
3358:
3351:. Neue Folge.
3339:
3320:
3304:
3289:
3277:
3262:
3246:
3228:
3216:
3204:
3195:
3188:
3162:
3155:
3135:
3110:
3098:
3091:
3064:
3062:, p. 116.
3051:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3025:
3009:
2999:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2933:
2923:
2915:Doctor Zhivago
2911:
2895:
2860:
2839:Valentin Serov
2833:
2830:
2789:
2786:
2781:Baltic Germans
2733:
2730:
2716:(later called
2710:rose in revolt
2638:general strike
2636:organised the
2614:
2611:
2607:Rosa Luxemburg
2603:Russian Empire
2564:Main article:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2494:
2493:Ivanovo Soviet
2491:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2449:
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2353:
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2347:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2328:
2322:
2315:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2263:
2250:
2237:
2219:
2209:
2195:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2130:
2127:
2123:St. Petersburg
2070:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2039:
2036:
1980:
1977:
1935:
1934:
1885:
1883:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1733:Barricades in
1665:
1662:
1590:
1587:
1394:Russian Poland
1331:
1328:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1121:Rosa Luxemburg
1119:movements. As
1110:Tsarist regime
1085:
1082:
1037:, circulating
1023:Nikolai Ogarev
1015:St. Petersburg
973:
970:
929:Sergei Zubatov
853:famine in 1891
837:
836:Labour problem
834:
765:
762:
710:
707:
662:Imperial Guard
658:"Russification
652:
649:
641:Vladimir Lenin
585:Russian Empire
568:
567:
565:
564:
559:
554:
542:
530:
525:
513:
508:
496:
491:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
451:
439:
427:
411:
410:
409:
399:
393:
390:
389:
378:
377:
370:
363:
355:
347:
346:
342:
341:
339:
338:
335:
332:
331:20,000 wounded
329:
325:
323:
321:
320:
316:
313:
312:
308:
307:
305:
304:
302:Pavel Milyukov
299:
287:
274:
272:
270:
269:
257:
245:
232:
229:
228:
224:
223:
222:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
199:Chita Republic
196:
191:
168:
167:
166:
161:
156:
154:Black Hundreds
151:
146:
134:Russian Empire
122:
121:
117:
116:
113:
112:
111:
110:
104:
99:
94:
83:
79:
78:
75:Russian Empire
73:
71:
67:
66:
61:
53:
52:
39:
38:
32:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5256:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5155:
5152:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5140:
5137:
5135:(in Estonian)
5134:
5131:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5122:Bernard Pares
5119:
5116:
5114:
5110:
5109:The Year 1905
5107:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5095:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5068:
5062:
5058:
5057:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5038:
5034:
5029:
5025:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4997:
4993:
4988:
4984:
4978:
4973:
4972:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4952:
4948:
4943:
4939:
4938:
4933:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4897:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4884:
4881:
4878:
4874:
4871:
4867:
4864:
4860:
4857:
4853:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4836:
4832:
4823:
4820:
4816:
4813:
4812:9780804714365
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4783:
4779:
4770:
4769:
4755:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4739:
4732:. p. 74.
4731:
4727:
4726:
4721:
4715:
4707:
4700:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4659:
4643:
4639:
4632:
4624:
4622:9788365304599
4618:
4614:
4607:
4591:
4587:
4581:
4574:
4566:
4564:
4555:
4553:9788365304599
4549:
4545:
4538:
4531:
4525:
4518:
4514:
4509:
4502:
4496:
4480:
4476:
4470:
4454:
4448:
4446:
4438:
4434:
4428:
4412:
4408:
4402:
4395:
4389:
4382:
4376:
4374:
4366:
4360:
4353:
4347:
4340:
4334:
4327:
4321:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4286:
4279:
4273:
4271:
4263:
4257:
4250:
4244:
4237:
4231:
4229:
4221:
4215:
4208:
4202:
4200:
4191:
4185:
4181:
4174:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4131:
4124:
4118:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4086:
4080:
4073:
4067:
4052:
4050:9781839472787
4046:
4042:
4041:
4033:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4012:
4010:
4002:
3998:
3992:
3990:
3983:
3979:
3978:0-313-32355-0
3975:
3971:
3967:
3962:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3943:
3937:, pp. 286–299
3936:
3935:
3928:
3922:
3919:, Chapter 2:
3918:
3912:
3905:
3899:
3897:
3889:
3882:
3874:
3868:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3825:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3797:
3790:
3785:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3765:
3759:, p. 87.
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3733:
3726:
3720:
3713:
3709:
3703:
3696:
3685:
3683:9781400862894
3679:
3675:
3674:
3666:
3660:
3656:
3650:
3642:
3636:
3632:
3631:
3623:
3615:
3614:
3605:
3597:
3591:
3587:
3579:
3570:
3568:
3559:
3552:
3543:
3541:
3531:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3509:
3502:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3436:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3413:
3404:
3395:
3393:
3383:
3374:
3365:
3363:
3354:
3350:
3343:
3335:
3331:
3324:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3300:
3293:
3284:
3282:
3273:
3266:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3223:
3221:
3213:
3208:
3199:
3191:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3175:
3166:
3158:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3139:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3108:, p. 77.
3107:
3106:Borisyuk 2023
3102:
3094:
3092:9781476625850
3088:
3084:
3083:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3061:
3060:Solovyov 2023
3056:
3052:
3034:
3029:
3018:
3013:
3003:
2994:
2990:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2930:The Year 1905
2927:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2814:Baltic German
2810:
2806:
2799:
2794:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2762:Jaan Tõnisson
2759:
2758:Estonian flag
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2624:
2619:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2573:
2567:
2559:
2555:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2163:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2136:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2111:Bloody Sunday
2106:
2104:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2035:
2033:
2032:Dmitry Bogrov
2028:
2027:Petr Stolypin
2022:
2019:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1993:State Council
1989:
1987:
1986:Imperial Duma
1976:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1965:Imperial Duma
1962:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1928:
1920:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1886:This section
1884:
1880:
1875:
1874:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1816:Pyotr Schmidt
1813:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1794:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1745:, written by
1744:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1608:State Council
1604:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1560:Russification
1554:
1549:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1487:
1481:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1446:Julius Martov
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1379:Bloody Sunday
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1363:Winter Palace
1360:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1348:Putilov plant
1341:
1340:Bloody Sunday
1336:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1304:Bloody Sunday
1295:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1240:Rostov-on-Don
1237:
1232:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1185:Земский съезд
1182:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1106:strike action
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
986:
978:
969:
968:end of 1903.
966:
965:Transcaucasia
962:
961:Rostov-on-Don
958:
952:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
925:
922:
918:
914:
910:
891:
885:
882:
878:
874:
869:
865:
861:
856:
854:
849:
845:
844:
843:laissez-faire
833:
831:
827:
821:
819:
818:Russification
815:
809:
807:
803:
798:
796:
787:
783:
779:
775:
774:"All-Russian"
770:
761:
759:
753:
750:
746:
742:
736:
731:
729:
725:
719:
717:
706:
704:
699:
697:
692:
685:
680:
676:
674:
669:
667:
663:
659:
648:
646:
642:
636:
634:
629:
625:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
563:
560:
558:
555:
551:
546:
545:2nd Kronstadt
543:
539:
534:
531:
529:
526:
522:
517:
514:
512:
509:
505:
500:
499:Tikhoretskaya
497:
495:
494:1st Kronstadt
492:
488:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
456:
452:
448:
443:
442:Verkhneudinsk
440:
436:
431:
428:
424:
420:
415:
412:
408:
405:
404:
403:
400:
398:
397:Bloody Sunday
395:
394:
391:
386:
376:
371:
369:
364:
362:
357:
356:
353:
343:
336:
333:
330:
328:15,000 killed
327:
326:
324:
318:
317:
315:
314:
309:
303:
300:
298:
288:
286:
276:
275:
273:
268:
263:
258:
256:
251:
246:
244:
234:
233:
231:
230:
225:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
186:
185:
184:
183:Supported by:
180:
169:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
141:
140:
139:
138:Supported by:
135:
130:
124:
123:
118:
109:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
92:
89:
88:
87:
84:
81:
80:
76:
72:
69:
68:
62:
59:
58:
54:
51:
50:Bloody Sunday
45:
40:
35:
30:
19:
5113:Leon Trotsky
5086:marxists.org
5055:
5032:
5013:
4991:
4970:
4946:
4936:
4917:
4907:
4895:
4892:Pete Glatter
4886:
4883:Anna Geifman
4876:
4869:
4862:
4855:
4848:
4830:
4818:
4795:
4777:
4748:
4738:
4724:
4714:
4705:
4699:
4664:
4658:
4646:. Retrieved
4641:
4631:
4612:
4606:
4594:. Retrieved
4589:
4580:
4543:
4537:
4529:
4524:
4508:
4500:
4495:
4483:. Retrieved
4479:the original
4469:
4457:. Retrieved
4453:"Executions"
4427:
4415:. Retrieved
4411:the original
4401:
4396:(2000), p. 6
4393:
4388:
4380:
4364:
4359:
4351:
4346:
4338:
4333:
4325:
4320:
4295:
4291:
4285:
4277:
4261:
4256:
4248:
4243:
4235:
4219:
4214:
4206:
4179:
4173:
4140:
4136:
4130:
4122:
4117:
4105:. Retrieved
4101:
4092:
4084:
4079:
4071:
4066:
4054:. Retrieved
4039:
4032:
4024:
4016:
3996:
3969:
3961:
3951:
3947:
3942:
3932:
3927:
3916:
3911:
3903:
3887:
3881:
3862:
3856:
3841:Service 2000
3829:Fischer 1964
3824:
3809:Service 2000
3796:
3789:Service 2000
3784:
3769:Fischer 1964
3764:
3745:Service 2000
3737:Fischer 1964
3732:
3724:
3719:
3707:
3702:
3694:
3687:. Retrieved
3672:
3665:
3654:
3649:
3629:
3622:
3612:
3604:
3585:
3578:
3557:
3551:
3530:
3507:
3501:
3435:
3418:
3412:
3403:
3382:
3373:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3298:
3292:
3271:
3265:
3207:
3198:
3173:
3165:
3145:
3138:
3126:. Retrieved
3122:
3113:
3101:
3081:
3055:
3028:
3012:
3002:
2993:
2929:
2928:, subtitled
2914:
2897:
2894:(1927–1931).
2889:
2883:
2873:
2863:
2854:
2847:Ivan Bilibin
2802:
2777:Jaan Teemant
2772:
2770:
2765:
2735:
2726:Baltic Fleet
2703:
2682:
2679:Leo Mechelin
2663:
2660:Yrjö Mäkelin
2653:
2627:
2601:against the
2596:
2590:
2586:
2576:
2569:
2496:
2480:
2283:
2169:
2160:
2157:legislation.
2139:
2132:
2115:
2107:
2099:
2075:
2071:
2057:
2053:Sergei Witte
2041:
2025:minister in
2023:
2014:
1990:
1982:
1957:
1947:
1923:
1917:October 2013
1914:
1899:Please help
1887:
1844:
1828:Trans-Baikal
1809:
1790:
1775:
1763:
1755:civil rights
1747:Sergei Witte
1740:
1705:
1687:
1627:
1592:
1583:
1564:Alexander II
1557:
1540:
1507:Baltic Fleet
1492:
1485:
1468:resulted in
1458:Leon Trotsky
1383:
1375:Sergei Witte
1359:Georgy Gapon
1356:
1345:
1316:
1301:
1233:
1209:
1159:
1157:
1131:
1124:
1114:
1108:against the
1087:
1047:
1032:
1011:
987:
983:
953:
926:
921:trade unions
886:
860:Sergei Witte
857:
841:
839:
822:
810:
802:Russian Jews
799:
791:
754:
738:
733:
720:
712:
703:Georgy Gapon
700:
693:
689:
670:
666:labor unions
657:
654:
637:
628:Sergei Witte
621:
580:
576:
574:
454:
297:Georgy Gapon
285:Leon Trotsky
255:Sergei Witte
182:
170:
144:Russian Army
137:
125:
120:Belligerents
85:
29:
5150:(in Polish)
4916:Scott Ury,
4730:Grove Press
4720:Marie Seton
4570:(in Polish)
4298:(4): 6–33.
3128:24 February
2880:Andrei Bely
2870:Maxim Gorky
2718:Suomenlinna
2045:haemophilia
1654:Nicholas II
1576:anti-Jewish
1531:Vladivostok
1499:Port Arthur
1212:Nicholas II
1173: [
1117:reactionary
1090:progressive
1062:mathematics
957:Vladikavkaz
782:Belarusians
728:proletariat
548: [
536: [
533:Motovilikha
519: [
502: [
485: [
482:Vladivostok
445: [
433: [
417: [
243:Nicholas II
91:Nicholas II
5163:Categories
4804:0804714363
4648:3 December
4517:Britannica
3950:. Boston:
3833:Pipes 1990
3801:Pipes 1990
3773:Pipes 1990
3212:Pipes 1990
3047:References
2964:David Shub
2885:Petersburg
2878:(1909) by
2868:(1907) by
2650:Johan Kock
2646:Red Guards
2330:Report by
2317:Report by
2308:State Duma
2302:Report by
2280:Repression
2261:Sevastopol
2140:status quo
2091:Octobrists
2081:(Kadets),
1944:Ilya Repin
1834:after the
1812:Sevastopol
1523:Sevastopol
1452:spar with
1438:Mensheviks
1434:Bolsheviks
1404:coast. In
1189:parliament
1050:patriotism
1043:propaganda
995:newspapers
786:Ukrainians
741:kilometers
615:, and the
609:State Duma
472:Sevastopol
108:State Duma
4744:Jay Leyda
4367:, p. 1409
4341:, p. 1407
4312:154943318
4238:, p. 1427
4222:, p. 1426
4209:, p. 1425
4165:144939087
3845:Read 2005
3837:Rice 1990
3813:Read 2005
3805:Rice 1990
3777:Rice 1990
3749:Read 2005
3741:Rice 1990
3657:, 1906 .
2943:magazine.
2908:Bolshevik
2623:Jakobstad
2522:chairman.
2502:Bolshevik
1888:does not
1832:Manchuria
1820:terrorism
1535:Kronstadt
1474:oilfields
1293:1895–1905
1285:1885–1894
1277:1870–1884
1269:1862–1869
1229:Inorodtsy
1066:Expulsion
1039:petitions
1027:left-wing
909:tardiness
528:Shuliavka
5094:Archived
5053:(2000).
5012:(2010).
4967:(1990).
4934:(1964).
4746:(1960).
4722:(1960).
4691:70240317
4485:23 April
4459:15 March
4417:23 April
4280:, p. 171
4264:, p. 174
4251:, p. 173
4027:, p. 34.
4003:. p. 69.
3906:, p. 123
3757:Lih 2011
3444:Archived
2948:See also
2902:(1925),
2837:Artists
2822:Courland
2746:assembly
2714:Sveaborg
2533:Cossacks
2531:3 June:
2234:Helsinki
2224: –
2192:Helsinki
2182: –
2049:Rasputin
2018:zemstvos
1824:mutinies
1770:massacre
1720:landlord
1541:Potemkin
1511:Tsushima
1486:Potemkin
1466:Caucasus
1418:Caucasus
1388:and the
1236:Caucasus
1210:Emperor
1094:academic
1054:religion
999:journals
945:Mykolaiv
778:Russians
597:mutinies
557:Sveaborg
516:Gorlovka
467:Peasants
455:Potemkin
70:Location
4596:27 July
4513:Ivanovo
4383:, p. 23
4157:2782676
4107:5 April
4087:, p. 48
3710:, 1906
3689:26 June
3630:Trotsky
3033:Russian
3017:Russian
2862:Novels
2826:Siberia
2818:Livonia
2798:Daugava
2754:Tallinn
2736:In the
2732:Estonia
2691:Estates
2665:Tampere
2628:In the
2613:Finland
2248:Saratov
2103:Soviets
1909:removed
1894:sources
1869:Results
1806:in 1905
1782:amnesty
1678:soviets
1579:pogroms
1181:Russian
1150:Marxist
1134:Zemstvo
1019:liberty
949:Kharkiv
902:⁄
868:tariffs
749:Poltava
745:Kharkov
735:rubles.
593:strikes
149:Okhrana
5063:
5039:
5020:
4998:
4979:
4953:
4924:
4912:(108).
4837:
4810:
4802:
4784:
4689:
4679:
4673:Jumava
4619:
4550:
4503:p. 149
4328:, p. 9
4310:
4186:
4163:
4155:
4056:25 May
4047:
3976:
3869:
3727:, p. 6
3680:
3637:
3592:
3336:: 473.
3186:
3153:
3089:
2865:Mother
2856:Zhupel
2788:Latvia
2632:, the
2583:Warsaw
2549:Poland
2423:2,128
2389:1,139
1967:. The
1804:Tiflis
1568:Muslim
1533:, and
1503:Mukden
1414:Warsaw
1402:Baltic
1390:SDKPiL
1249:Tiflis
1203:, and
1072:, and
947:, and
937:Odessa
933:Moscow
917:francs
913:rubles
686:level)
651:Causes
611:, the
511:Moscow
457:mutiny
414:Latvia
402:Poland
82:Result
5033:Lenin
4894:ed.,
4829:[
4776:[
4765:Notes
4308:S2CID
4161:S2CID
4153:JSTOR
2985:Notes
2432:Year
2420:2,235
2417:2,212
2411:Total
2403:1,349
2400:1,330
2294:Year
1525:(see
1454:Lenin
1442:Iskra
1422:Urals
1261:Years
1177:]
1070:exile
890:glass
848:grain
826:serfs
684:uyezd
552:]
540:]
523:]
506:]
489:]
449:]
437:]
425:]
214:Kagal
5127:1905
5061:ISBN
5037:ISBN
5018:ISBN
4996:ISBN
4977:ISBN
4951:ISBN
4922:ISBN
4835:ISBN
4808:ISBN
4800:ISBN
4782:ISBN
4687:OCLC
4677:ISBN
4669:Riga
4650:2021
4617:ISBN
4598:2021
4548:ISBN
4487:2009
4461:2012
4437:O.S.
4433:O.S.
4419:2009
4184:ISBN
4109:2023
4058:2022
4045:ISBN
3974:ISBN
3867:ISBN
3691:2021
3678:ISBN
3635:ISBN
3590:ISBN
3355:(3).
3184:ISBN
3151:ISBN
3130:2022
3087:ISBN
2872:and
2849:and
2820:and
2809:O.S.
2805:Riga
2750:O.S.
2744:and
2706:O.S.
2642:O.S.
2589:and
2558:Łódź
2472:1913
2467:123
2464:1912
2459:352
2456:1911
2451:129
2448:1910
2443:537
2440:1909
2406:825
2394:1908
2377:1907
2372:144
2360:1906
2343:1905
2312:O.S.
2274:Tver
2270:O.S.
2257:O.S.
2244:O.S.
2230:O.S.
2216:O.S.
2202:O.S.
2188:O.S.
2149:The
2133:The
1892:any
1890:cite
1855:O.S.
1847:O.S.
1766:O.S.
1751:O.S.
1741:The
1693:O.S.
1672:The
1650:O.S.
1646:O.S.
1624:O.S.
1620:O.S.
1612:O.S.
1603:O.S.
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