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imprisoned. In all between 1,500 and 2,000 troops, sailors, and civilians were lost, captured, or were sick to disease. A muster on 21 November put the number of ships at A Coruña at 108 vessels with many in need of repairs, while the entire fleet required new provisions, especially victuals. With these losses, the failure of the campaign ended any hope of making an attack for the remainder of the year. In addition the core of the
English Catholics did not rise up in rebellion even when the Spanish fleet offshore was known to them, in fact many had even spoken out in support of fighting them. King Philip according to the Spanish commanders had more trust in God than in preparation. Padilla was so angered at the lack of preparation that he said to the Spanish King:
1937:. It was put into immediate effect â information from prisoners claimed that an invasion would be attempted the following summer but only if the taking of Falmouth or Milford had succeeded. This was confirmed by an English spy in Spain who commented on the Spanish confusion and misfortune in the aftermath but "bragged about what they would do next Spring". Plymouth and Milford Haven's defences were also improved as well as militia units trained in the art of war. In all, two companies of English foot soldiers from the Low countries had been in place in Cornwall. English troops from France on standby returned there to fight with Henry IV in Brittany at the closing of the Franco-Spanish war before the
1766:
Spanish. Essex immediately wrote letter to letter to parliament and the Queen in order to salvage the situation. Initially he was invested by the Queen with full powers sent down to him. The channel squadron was ordered to join his flag. The government soon after were impressed by his actions and understandings of the intentions of the
Spanish fleet: the capture of Falmouth or Milford Haven or the interception of the English fleet from the Azores. However soon after in one spirited letter by the Queen he was given a back hand by her for his failings in the Azores and the addition of England having been left unguarded. Essex immediately went to
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Raleigh. He was forced to give away Spanish plans and dispositions. They also learnt that the Spanish had previously gathered intelligence on the English coast a year before. Perez, the captain of the bark, also confirmed the same information. All the other prisoner officers and captains both from St Ives and Milford Haven were interrogated. Detailed information of the strength and organisation of the fleet was obtained. Its formidable size for the first time was clearly understood. The Spanish fleet had come as close as ten leagues from
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Spanish had come to intercept them, and arrived safely in
England with the loss of only one ship. Padilla finally ordered a retreat back to Spain. The returning English ships captured a number of Spanish ships, from which valuable information was obtained about the Armada. Panic in England then ensued, partly because the English fleet had been out to sea with the English coast virtually undefended. This caused the relationship between Queen
1286:, took over from Essex as commander of the English fleet. Howard immediately sent the fleet out to hunt the Spanish, most of whom had arrived back at port. Any remaining Spanish ships were rounded up and captured along with their soldiers and crew. Philip took much of the blame for the failure by the Armada commanders, particularly Padilla. The Armada was the last of its kind that the Spanish would execute under Philip II before his death.
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1409:. The Spanish were to hold the town and port and force Elizabeth into a peace or hoping to attract the Catholic followers and rise up in support. It was estimated that this would be far larger than that of the 1588 invasion attempt. The troopships were to take Falmouth, while the warships would also intercept and destroy Essex's returning fleet from the Azores. The other target as a
1620:, were brought in and sent to Falmouth. Here the English captain reported that the Spanish fleet was some thirty leagues off the Scilly Isles. In addition the Spanish prisoners had with them letters and plans on their rendezvous at Falmouth. This was the first indication of presence of the Armada off the Cornish shores and immediately the
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the captured
Spanish ships and prisoners. They were able to learn what was happening, including the objectives and overall strategy of the Spanish Armada as a whole within a few days, whilst the ships were off the English and Welsh coasts. Howard on his return was rewarded soon after by the Queen and was created
1717:, the Governor of the Fort at Plymouth, put a 500-man guard on the town and a pinnace was sent out to feedback sightings of the Spanish fleet. Gorges was fed reports of the landings in Cornwall and Wales and sightings of Spanish ships. He immediately sent the information to parliament and the Queen in
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The
Spanish would never again try sending a large naval armada directed at England. The cost had almost been ruinous to Spain and nearly bankrupted the country's finance again. It was not as bad as the previous years failure however since gold and silver bullion was still arriving in numbers from the
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eventually left. She was driven around the
Cornish peninsula and swept up the channel by an easterly gale suffering some damage. Hoping to see the Spanish already at Falmouth, the ship was captured not far off from there on 10 November by a waiting English squadron. She was led into Dartmouth with 70
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hastening back home to Spain. The
Spanish ships were too far ahead to be intercepted however so Carew joined Howard with the main fleet to give the news. These two reports meant that the invasion was effectively over; Howard and Raleigh sent the fleet back to Plymouth to report the news to Parliament
1820:
Raleigh having been made
Lieutenant General went overland from St Ives and joined Howard in Plymouth. They hurriedly put to sea a small fleet (many of the crew were exhausted from the Azores cruise) to pursue the Spanish. Mountjoy took command on land organising the troops and militia of Plymouth and
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against
English rule. This time the Armada succeeded in landing a much smaller force under Juan del Ăguila and Pedro de Zubiaur, after a severe storm again nearly put paid to the operation. This venture too however ended in disaster when the entire Spanish force capitulated after their defeat at the
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When the Spanish arrived in the English Channel, however, they were dispersed by a storm which scattered their fleet. Even so, some ships did push on and even landed troops on the English and Welsh coasts. The returning English fleet, which had been scattered by the same storm, were unaware that the
1836:
carrying an army captain and 40 soldiers besides sailors, and Bowden had boarded and taken her with a crew of only 28 men and boys. The captain and officers were again interrogated and the same evidence of the Spanish invasion was given, but the news this time was that the captain had only seen one
1799:
was heading into the port for repairs but soon sighted a Spanish bark and a pinnace. Gorges intercepted them and after a very brief action captured them both along with the soldiers and crew. Then, he tooks the prizes into St Ives. Juan Triego, the captain of the pinnace, was interrogated by Gorges
1436:
who were hostile to the English. The true intentions of the Armada, however, were confusing to the captains and officers, as they didn't really know whether this was an invasion, a raid, or a naval interception. For fear of spies and deserters in the fleet, only the high command knew, and they were
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began to take effect in the country and thousands were affected. This caused many to protest as they were unable to pay their taxes. The formation of the Triple Alliance meant that grain from abroad was harder to obtain. Despite this, the fleet albeit with great difficulty was mustered and men were
1921:
For the English and in particular Queen Elizabeth it was more about luck as to how England had been saved. However she was displeased with Essex for the fact that the Azores expedition was a failure as well as leaving England's coastline defenceless. The English had obtained vital information from
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By the middle of November it was clear that the Spanish Armada invasion had obviously failed and some floating remains of Spanish ships were coming ashore on the English coast. The fleet, militias, and troops were kept on alert but it was realized that the danger had passed and were thus disbanded
1448:
The taking and holding of Falmouth or Milford was a strategy the Spanish would use to hold a piece of England in retaliation for the seizure of Cadiz. In turn this would be used as a bargaining chip to force English troops to withdraw from the continent, both in France and the United Provinces. If
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ran aground off the Lizard casting away their horses and mules. The galleon carrying Don Pedro Guevera â General of artillery, caught fire, blew up in a tremendous explosion, and was never seen again. Another large vessel with siege equipment and flammables (for burning English ships in Falmouth)
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but amazingly had completely missed the retreating Spanish fleet. At one point both fleets English and Spanish were on converging lines with one another. Essex on arrival soon learned from Mountjoy of the situation and both were surprised as each other as to how the English fleet had missed the
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to capture the treasure fleets, there was shock at the Spanish court. This news would put difficulties which Philip's system had created for himself. The King was swept away by a passion for revenge so much so he resolved to carry out his objective as swiftly as possible even at the expense of
1883:
Overall seven ships and around 15 other vessels were sunk. Six Spanish ships in total from the armada were captured by the English all over the South West of England and West Wales. Only one large galleon was lost, while a merchant hulk was captured by the French in which its 300 crew were
1302:, meant that the Spanish had established coastal garrisons along the French and Flemish coast by the 1580s. These bases had a huge strategic value because they allowed England to be threatened by the Spanish fleet and troops. Meanwhile, England also intervened in France, but in support of
1744:
At the same time some of the Spanish ships were still a presence off the coast of England, milling about in confusion without being able to make any harbour. Eventually with a wind astern, the order was given by Brochero to head back to Spain and they sailed back in disorder to A Coruña.
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near Falmouth, and dug in, waiting for reinforcements. English militia began to arrive in large numbers (although poorly armed), but the Spanish fleet was still hopelessly dispersed. With no hope of reinforcement, the Spanish troops re-embarked in the dark, after just two days ashore.
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claiming funds would not be available in time. As a result, the Cortes was asked to be dissolved by Philip and a financial crisis loomed. The Cadiz defeat, the failure of the Armada, as well as the war in France and the Netherlands that year meant that Philip's nation went into
1948:
The failure of the Armada effectively ceded the naval initiative to England who were still able to launch expeditions to Spain without much hindrance. For the first time in English naval history, effective offshore blockades were launched with expeditions such as one led by
1821:
the surrounding area, and would soon be reinforced by troops from the Low Countries. By the time the English had put to sea the lead elements of the Spanish had already arrived safely at A Coruña although the English knew nothing of this. The English scouted as far as the
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causing severe losses in ships (including a few galleons known as the Apostles), men, supplies, and money. The cost was ruinous; the two ships carrying the pay-chests disappeared below the waves. The Spanish King not to be disheartened ordered another invasion despite the
1918:, and shut himself away in his palace. Bonfires and processions all over Spain were lit in the hope of his health returning. Before he had been taken ill, Philip had decided that he only wanted peace. His health did not improve and he resultingly died the following year.
1562:
Events changed otherwise, the weather turned. An easterly wind turned into a gale and for a few days the storm would continue. This time however there were no catastrophic results such as those of 1588 and the Spanish were more organised in ship-to-ship communication.
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After three days of sailing in good weather, the fleet arrived in the Channel, after advancing towards the English coast without opposition. As they sailed on, an English bark was intercepted and sunk, with what was left of the crew being taken prisoner.
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met. However, the evidence from only one ship was not enough. Also, the English fleet had not yet arrived. They could only send orders, pay, and supplies to the fleet in hope that it would return in time. The few ships in the area, including the
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At first, the Adelantado tried to ride out the storm in the hope that the weather would relent. But at dawn the next day, the winds only intensified. For three days the storm blew, Spanish ship losses increased, the
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was driven ashore by the storm in Milford Haven, where she was captured and then plundered. She had gold and silver aboard, and the Welsh militia fought over it, with a man wounded. Another vessel was beached near
1642:
The storm had a huge effect on the Spanish fleet. Several ships were swept up much further north of Cornwall to the Welsh coast. The Spanish captains then rendezvoused as instructed. Three Spanish ships came near
1376:, was to command the fleet. The whole force, according to Lopez de Soto's estimate was huge in terms of men, ships, and supplies. The primary original objective was Ireland to support the rise of the rebels under
1384:
to divert troops from the garrisons in the Low Countries. When news came however that the English had sailed in force again under Essex, and were first on the coasts of the Peninsula, and then cruising round the
1600:. On the night of 25 October, seeing that the currents were unrelenting he reluctantly ordered the remaining ships to start to part company and to scatter, each one thinking of their own safety.
1635:, was given command of all military forces in Ireland in case the Spanish ships decided on landfall there. Elizabeth herself was told of the Spanish fleet on 26 October, two days after opening
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The Spanish Armada of 1597, as incomplete as it was, put to sea from A Coruña on 18 October. However, with a military force very different from that foreshadowed by Lopez de Soto's estimate.
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in 1596 which meant that an invasion of England could be more achievable. As a result, after desperate French demands to keep her from signing peace with Spain, the English signed the
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pressed into service across the empire. There was a heavy reliance on the Italian holdings to make up the losses from the previous year's failed armada as well as funds and supplies.
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The war with Spain and England had been going on for nearly twelve years and both sides had achieved little in their goals. The result of the intervention of Philip II in the
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as field master general, and MartĂn de Padilla the Adelantado, commander of the invading troops. The plan had now switched from Ireland with the objective of the Port of
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The Spanish king was distraught by the news and he knew there was no possibility a third attack by an armada could be attempted. He afterwards fell ill, went into a
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Lessons were learned however, in particular at Falmouth, where Mountjoy's consultant military engineer Paul Ivey was responsible for strengthening the castles at
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If your majesty decides on an attempt on England, take care to make preparations in good quantity and in good time and if not then it is better to make peace.
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Naval Chronology, Or an Historical Summary of Naval and Maritime Events from the Time of the Romans, to the Treaty of Peace 1802: With an Appendix, Volume 1
1804:, although the danger at this time was still real. Reports from returning English ships from the Azores voyage had seen Spanish ships albeit at long range.
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In a wave of revenge after the defeat at Cadiz, Philip II sent out orders for a large armada to do the same to England by way of taking the French port of
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A History of Ireland in 250 Episodes: A Sweeping Single Narrative of Irish History from the End of the Ice Age to the Peace Settlement in Northern Ireland
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On 23 October the day after the Spanish had ordered a dispersal, leading elements of the English fleet had started to return to Falmouth, Plymouth, and
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an Anglo-Dutch force. It was only until peace was settled that Spain could spare any harm on its colonies and its merchant ships from England's
1456:, most others would join after departing from other ports. By 1 October the fleet consisted of 136 ships of 34,080 tons, of these were 44 royal
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also suffered a catastrophic explosion which took with her a chartered French ship full of soldiers. Only one of the large galleons sank, the
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On the 30th a warship under the command of Captain Bowden from Howard's fleet had intercepted and captured a ship from the Spanish fleet off
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to nurse his misery. Howard of Effingham in Essex's absence was given the command of the fleet to make sure the threat was alleviated.
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The Society of Jesus in Ireland, Scotland, and England, 1589â1597: Building the Faith of Saint Peter Upon the King of Spain's Monarchy
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for winter quarters. Troops that had arrived from the continent either returned to Holland or France once the situation had abated.
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having lost two killed and four captured. They then retreated back to their ship but were unable to leave due to lack of wind. Off
1380:, but the senior Spanish commanders wanted to attack England instead. The Spanish King however intervened and ordered an attack on
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could not be boarded by the militia as there were no suitable boats. An attempt to burn the ship was thwarted by the wind and the
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in the quickest possible time. An excited panic set in motion across much of England and Wales. Troops were being recalled from
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Tenace, Edward (2003). "A Strategy of Reaction: The Armadas of 1596 and 1597 and the Spanish Struggle for European Hegemony".
1584:, Brochero had to drop out of the station to a Biscay port as the ship was so badly damaged, but he was put to sea again in a
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coasts. Although dispersed by a storm they reached Falmouth a few days later, but on arrival had not seen any Spanish ships.
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they did not, then the captured places would also be used as a forward base for the harassment of English and Dutch trade.
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of his cohorts, heading some 30 leagues to the coast of Spain. Further evidence of the Spanish retreat was given by Sir
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which was captured and sacked. An angered Philip soon after took into consideration the defence of the peninsula.
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who after a storm had driven his squadron further south. He saw and immediately pursued eleven ships bearing the
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Americas. The insurmountable debt rose and soon after the campaign there was a further arrangement to clear it.
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The Polarisation of Elizabethan Politics: The Political Career of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, 1585â1597
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to explain his actions but was to be met by an icy disapproval from the Queen. After which he went home to
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and rejoined the armada. He attempted to rally them in one last effort to make a landing at Milford Haven,
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by the Anglo-French force the previous month) and for the mobilization of troops in the West Country.
1542:. Zubiaur joined them for a council of war which was made to settle the final details of the landing.
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The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000â1650: An Encyclopaedia of Global Warfare and Civilization, Volume 2
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A few days later the last of the English had arrived which included Vice Admiral of the fleet Sir
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Events That Formed the Modern World: From the European Renaissance through the War on Terror
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Panoramic of Sandy Haven beach near Milford Haven. A few Spanish ships ended up around here.
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1590s Drama and Militarism: Portrayals of War in Marlowe, Chapman and Shakespeare's Henry V
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Treason and Plot: Struggles for Catholic Supremacy in the Last Years of Queen Elizabeth
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Calendar of the manuscripts of the Most Honourable the Marquess of Salisbury Volume VII
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1961:. They could also defend the Channel when some months later a Spanish fleet of Galleys
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Spaniards taken prisoner, and this being the last ship from the Armada to be captured.
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with the Dutch Republic and France. England had sent an armada the next year under the
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taking no chances. All would be revealed only as they approached the English Channel.
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Warfare at Sea, 1500â1650: Maritime Conflicts and the Transformation of Europe
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The Civil and Military History of Cornwall; with Illustrations from Devonshire
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Calendar of the Cecil Papers in Hatfield House, Volume 7: November 1597, 16â30
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Elizabeth's Sea Dogs: How England's Mariners Became the Scourge of the Seas
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3083:. University of London & History of Parliament Trust. pp. 433â459.
2009:, in Aberdyfi a local ship was fitted out to represent the Spanish caravel
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even heading to Western French ports for any evidence of Spanish arrivals.
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had run aground, but disorder among the locals allowed the ship to escape.
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two years earlier. These carried the elite Spanish military units known as
1460:, of an aggregate tonnage of 12,686 tons; 16 merchantmen, of 5880 tons, 52
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Elizabeth's Wars: War, Government and Society in Tudor England, 1544â1604
3295:"The Bear of Amsterdam, a ship of the Spanish Armada on the Dyfi in 1597"
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1347:; the third of his reign. Adding to the King's and Spain's woes, a poor
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Material and Symbolic Circulation Between Spain and England, 1554â1604
3064:. University of California: Macmillan & Company. pp. 186â187.
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Armada española desde la unión de los reinos de Castilla y de Aragón
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was still at Aberdyfi. After ten days because of a lack of wind the
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The only Spanish ship in the area left from the Armada; the 120-ton
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3139:. Bavarian State Library: H.M. Stationery Office. pp. 534â536.
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in 1485. A Spanish observer had noted that Milford contained many
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Calendar of the Cecil Papers in Hatfield House, Volume 7: 1597
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Calendar of the Cecil Papers in Hatfield House, Volume 7: 1597
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Fortress Britain: All the Invasions and Incursions Since 1066
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One Spanish ship dismasted by the storm was captured off the
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The history of the reign of Philip the Second, king of Spain
1976:
in 1598 would be more cautious. Under the advisement of Don
3769:
The Tudor Navy: The Ships, Men and Organisation, 1485â1603
16:
Fleet of Spanish ships, intended to attack England in 1597
3807:
The Problem of Ireland in Tudor Foreign Policy, 1485â1603
3482:
Spanish Naval Power, 1589â1665: Reconstruction and Defeat
3217:. University of London & History of Parliament Trust.
3102:. University of London & History of Parliament Trust.
3047:. University of London & History of Parliament Trust.
2285:. University of London & History of Parliament Trust.
1671:
instead. They landed men ashore but were ambushed by the
1612:
by an English pinnace. Even though it sank on its way to
2556:
1306:, by the Treaty of Greenwich in 1591. The Spaniards had
3752:. Ashgate & Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu.
1499:, many were from the Spanish domains in Italy such as
3725:
1616:, the prisoners, including its captain, master, and
1364:
Juan del Aguila - Field master general of the Armada
3862:Thackeray, Frank W; Findling, John E, eds. (2012).
3733:. Princeton Paperbacks Princeton University Press.
2844:. Vol. III. Instituto de Historia y Cultura Naval,
2581:
Publications of the Navy Records Society, Volume 23
3986:Naval battles of the Anglo-Spanish War (1585â1604)
3685:
3621:
3014:
2463:. The British Library: Cadell and Davies. p.
3899:
3861:
2453:
2022:The events are the plot of the historical novel,
1631:, were immediately sent. The Queen's cousin, the
1282:and the Earl of Essex to deteriorate further and
400:
3972:
3425:The Last Armada: Siege of 100 Days: Kinsale 1601
2529:
2364:(Cecil Papers ed.). 1899. pp. 483â500.
1713:and the surrounding area were put on alert. Sir
3624:Shakespeare, Spenser, and the Crisis in Ireland
3519:
3178:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2546:
1538:(under Spanish rule) with a thousand men under
2694:. Lyon Public Library: Tegg. pp. 521â523.
2525:
2523:
2521:
1978:Francisco GĂłmez de Sandoval, 1st Duke of Lerma
3362:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2495:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
1709:The rumours caused confusion and as a result
1603:
1397:the fleet was assembled under the command of
1274:and use those places as a base for invasion.
386:
3680:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3148:
3146:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2543:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
3460:
3346:Armada 1588: The Spanish Assault on England
3234:. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 292.
3128:
3126:
3116:Aberdyfi: a chronicle through the centuries
2996:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2518:
2511:
2509:
2507:
3034:
3032:
3008:
3006:
2894:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2856:
2854:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2488:
2486:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2289:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
1284:Charles Howard, the 1st Earl of Nottingham
393:
379:
3269:
3211:"George Cary to the Lords of the Council"
3155:
3143:
3061:Volume 1 of The Life of Sir Walter Ralegh
2978:
2918:
2821:
2819:
2750:
2707:
2681:
2672:
2663:
2649:. H. M. Stationery Office. p. xlvi.
2642:
2620:
2618:
2601:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2409:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2377:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2135:
2112:
2110:
2108:
1980:would try one more attempt. This time at
1651:, the secondary objective. The forty-ton
3823:
3731:Elizabeth I: War and Politics, 1588â1603
3581:
3190:
3184:
3123:
2987:
2956:
2833:
2831:
2627:
2504:
2476:
2474:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2354:
2352:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2078:
1984:in 1601 in support of Irish clans under
1905:
1897:
1811:
1752:
1748:
1685:
1553:
1439:
1359:
3880:
3842:
3619:
3479:
3403:
3343:
3262:
3260:
3077:"Sir Walter Ralegh to Sir Robert Cecil"
3057:
3029:
3012:
3003:
2872:
2851:
2805:
2780:
2762:
2721:
2483:
2335:
2153:
1704:
1576:, when it was dashed on rocks near the
3973:
3924:The Thirty Years War: Europe's Tragedy
3921:
3804:
3766:
3747:
3706:
3600:
3584:A Second Elizabethan Journal, Volume 2
3562:
3541:
3324:
3227:
3221:
3021:. Princeton University Press. p.
2816:
2687:
2643:Kingsford, Charles Lethbridge (1925).
2615:
2584:. Navy Records Society. 1902. p.
2567:
2395:
2210:
2105:
2084:
1816:Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham
1731:Charles Blount, the 8th Baron Mountjoy
1507:and had rarely been beaten in battle.
3785:
3661:
3498:
3441:
3132:
3112:
3106:
2828:
2471:
2423:
2349:
2317:
2257:
2226:
2196:
2182:The Cambridge modern history Volume 3
2119:
1413:as well as a strategic diversion was
1260:Robert Devereux the 2nd Earl of Essex
374:
3826:Pendennis Castle and St Mawes Castle
3642:
3422:
3384:
3257:
2179:
1235:during the war, was ordered by King
3208:
3093:
3074:
3041:"Sir Walter Raleigh to the Council"
3038:
2809:The Successors of Drake (1596â1603)
2276:
1471:for stores, of 15,514 tons, and 24
1421:, a good landing ground from which
13:
3096:"Sir George Carew to Robert Cecil"
1526:after which a fleet under Admiral
1444:Location of Milford Haven in Wales
14:
4032:
3959:
3081:Cecil Papers: October 1597, 16â31
1251:. The Armada was executed by the
3709:The Tudors: History of a Dynasty
3013:Wallace, Willard Mosher (1959).
2283:Sir George Carew to Robert Cecil
256:
245:
234:
223:
212:
201:
189:
178:
167:
156:
145:
134:
115:
103:
39:
3465:. Univ of Hertfordshire Press.
3317:
3287:
3278:
3248:
3202:
3169:
3087:
3068:
3051:
2863:
2741:
2698:
2636:
2592:
2447:
2368:
2270:
2180:Ward, Adolphus William (1905).
1679:, a Spanish treasure ship from
1262:as it returned from the failed
3953:, Historical Association, 1996
3790:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
3628:. Cambridge University Press.
3548:. Cambridge University Press.
3484:. Cambridge University Press.
2173:
2069:
1:
3922:Wilson, Peter Hamish (2009).
3620:Highley, Christopher (1997).
2812:. Longmans. pp. 223â224.
2062:
2016:
1893:MartĂn de Padilla to the King
1737:were sent to the Cornish and
1355:
1289:
1243:following the failure of the
404:Anglo-Spanish War (1585â1604)
60:18 October â 15 November 1597
3966:Cecil Papers â November 1597
3926:. Harvard University Press.
3809:. Boydell & Brewer Ltd.
3329:. Gill & Macmillan Ltd.
2563:. H.M.S.O. pp. 485â487.
1874:
1513:
1378:Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone
457:Cavendish's circumnavigation
7:
4021:Maritime history of England
3907:. Oxford University Press.
3885:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
3563:Hammer, Paul E. J. (2003).
3542:Hammer, Paul E. J. (1999).
3408:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
2806:Corbett, Julian S. (1900).
2033:
1725:in France (it had recently
1663:on 26 October, the 120-ton
1247:the previous year due to a
1239:in revenge for the English
656:Spanish Armada (1st Calais
416:Caribbean and South America
10:
4037:
3461:Fitzpatrick, Joan (2004).
1791:who was swept up round to
1604:Interceptions and landings
427:Drake's 1572-73 expedition
345:22 ships sunk or destroyed
4016:History of the Royal Navy
3771:. Conway Maritime Press.
3748:McCoog, Thomas M (2012).
3692:. Yale University Press.
3348:. Pen & Sword Books.
3325:Bardon, Jonathan (2008).
2612:Hammer (2003) pp. 309â310
2598:Thackeray/Findling p. 235
2260:"Spanish Armada of 1597?"
2087:English Historical Review
1996:
1807:
1558:Spanish ships in a storm.
1530:was to meet another from
1452:In all 108 ships were at
754:Low Countries and Germany
412:
331:
268:
127:
96:
52:
38:
30:
25:
3805:Palmer, William (1994).
3786:Nolan, Cathal J (2006).
3664:England under the Tudors
3647:. Kessinger Publishing.
3444:England Under the Tudors
3231:The Safeguard of the Sea
3058:Edwards, Edward (1868).
1656:Nuestra Senora Buenviage
1549:
1368:Pedro Lopez de Soto, of
665:English Armada (Corunna
432:Drake's circumnavigation
356:1,500 killed or captured
3824:Pattison, Paul (2009).
3767:Nelson, Arthur (2001).
3480:Goodman, David (2003).
2838:FernĂĄndez Duro, CesĂĄreo
2688:Watson, Robert (1839).
2099:10.1093/ehr/118.478.855
1372:, the Secretary of the
1304:King Henry IV of France
1296:religious war in France
325:500 (October) rising to
48:at the time of invasion
3881:Wernham, R.B. (1994).
3843:Taunton, Nina (2001).
3707:Loades, David (2012).
3582:Harrison, G.B (2013).
3567:. Palgrave Macmillan.
3389:. Ashgate Publishing.
3344:Barratt, John (2005).
3228:Rodger, N.A.M (1999).
3133:Lemon, Robert (1869).
2258:Darby, Graham (1997).
1911:
1910:Elizabeth I of England
1903:
1896:
1853:
1817:
1758:
1693:
1673:Merionethshire Militia
1559:
1445:
1365:
1280:Elizabeth I of England
1225:Spanish Armada of 1597
316:12 ships rising to 120
128:Commanders and leaders
3727:MacCaffrey, Wallace T
3643:Hume, Martin (2004).
3605:. The History Press.
3427:. The O'Brien Press.
3404:Duerloo, Luc (2012).
3385:Cruz, Anne J (2008).
2011:The Bear of Amsterdam
1909:
1901:
1886:
1815:
1756:
1749:English fleet arrives
1689:
1557:
1443:
1363:
332:Casualties and losses
4006:Invasions of England
3828:. English Heritage.
3601:Hernon, Ian (2013).
3166:Hammer (1999) p. 236
3113:Lewis, Hugh (1997).
3000:Williams pp. 365â366
2975:Harrison pp. 236â237
2758:Watson (1839) p. 527
1787:under commander Sir
1705:English preparations
1487:troopships included
1223:, also known as the
684:2nd Gibraltar Strait
679:1st Gibraltar Strait
570:Vila Franca do Campo
284:16 merchant galleons
3666:. Amazon (Kindle).
3662:Innes, A.D (2012).
3525:The Spanish Armadas
3499:Glete, Jan (2002).
3442:Elton, G.R (2012).
3254:Wernham pp. 400â401
2915:Wernham pp. 185â187
2747:Goodman pp. 152â153
2314:Wernham pp. 188â189
2150:Wernham pp. 184â185
2089:. Oxford Journals.
2024:The Grove of Eagles
2001:In 1953 during the
1647:and headed towards
1493:had raided Cornwall
1489:Carlos de Amésquita
1425:had landed his men
965:3rd Geertruidenberg
915:2nd Geertruidenberg
780:1st Geertruidenberg
553:2nd Puerto Caballos
481:1st Puerto Caballos
462:Spanish West Indies
185:Carlos de Amésquita
3423:Ekin, Des (2014).
3299:Aberdovey Londoner
3152:Tenace pp. 876â877
3017:Sir Walter Raleigh
2953:Graham pp. 214â215
2891:Tenace pp. 873â875
2738:Tenace pp. 863â865
2718:Palmer pp. 133â134
2624:Tenace pp. 856â857
2420:McCoog pp. 400â401
2392:Graham pp. 212â213
2170:Tenace pp. 869â872
2046:2nd Spanish Armada
2007:Queen Elizabeth II
1924:Earl of Nottingham
1912:
1904:
1902:Philip II of Spain
1832:. The prize was a
1818:
1759:
1694:
1560:
1446:
1366:
1298:in support of the
1245:2nd Spanish Armada
1237:Philip II of Spain
1221:3rd Spanish Armada
318:ships (23 October)
308:13,000- 14,000 men
26:3rd Spanish Armada
3981:Conflicts in 1597
3901:Williams, Glanmor
3711:. A&C Black.
3527:. Pan Macmillan.
3301:. 19 January 2019
2669:Duerloo pp. 44â45
2539:. pp. 32â33.
2501:MacCaffrey p. 130
2455:Polwhele, Richard
2444:Kamen pp. 308â309
2332:Glete pp. 162â163
1991:Battle of Kinsale
1957:most notably off
1868:Bear of Amsterdam
1864:Bear of Amsterdam
1860:Bear of Amsterdam
1757:The Earl of Essex
1665:Bear of Amsterdam
1264:Azores expedition
1256:MartĂn de Padilla
1229:AngloâSpanish War
1214:
1213:
369:
368:
337:6 ships captured,
263:Ferdinando Gorges
174:MartĂn de Padilla
92:
91:
33:Anglo-Spanish War
4028:
3954:
3937:
3918:
3896:
3877:
3858:
3839:
3820:
3801:
3782:
3763:
3744:
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3677:
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3578:
3559:
3538:
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3476:
3457:
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3381:
3359:
3340:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3291:
3285:
3282:
3276:
3273:
3267:
3266:Ekin pp. 127â133
3264:
3255:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3225:
3219:
3218:
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3200:
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3188:
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2867:
2861:
2858:
2849:
2835:
2826:
2823:
2814:
2813:
2803:
2778:
2777:Hume pp. 254â255
2775:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2719:
2716:
2705:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2640:
2634:
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2625:
2622:
2613:
2610:
2599:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2576:
2565:
2564:
2554:
2541:
2540:
2531:Schomberg, Isaac
2527:
2516:
2513:
2502:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2481:
2478:
2469:
2468:
2451:
2445:
2442:
2421:
2418:
2407:
2404:
2393:
2390:
2375:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2356:
2347:
2346:Hume pp. 262â263
2344:
2333:
2330:
2315:
2312:
2287:
2286:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2255:
2224:
2221:
2208:
2205:
2194:
2193:
2177:
2171:
2168:
2151:
2148:
2133:
2130:
2117:
2114:
2103:
2102:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2056:Invisible armada
1959:Sesimbra in 1602
1939:Peace of Vervins
1894:
1715:Ferdinand Gorges
1540:Pedro de Zubiaur
1518:The Armada left
1430:King Richard III
1340:Cortes Generales
1196:Irish West Coast
1084:'s-Hertogenbosch
558:Santiago de Cuba
422:San Juan de UlĂșa
407:
405:
395:
388:
381:
372:
371:
327:8,000 (November)
261:
260:
250:
249:
239:
238:
228:
227:
217:
216:
206:
205:
196:Pedro de Zubiaur
194:
193:
183:
182:
172:
171:
161:
160:
150:
149:
139:
138:
120:
119:
108:
107:
54:
53:
43:
23:
22:
4036:
4035:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4025:
3996:1597 in England
3971:
3970:
3962:
3957:
3947:
3934:
3915:
3893:
3874:
3855:
3836:
3817:
3798:
3779:
3760:
3741:
3719:
3700:
3688:Philip of Spain
3674:
3655:
3636:
3613:
3594:
3575:
3556:
3535:
3521:Graham, Winston
3513:
3492:
3473:
3454:
3435:
3416:
3397:
3378:
3356:
3337:
3320:
3315:
3314:
3304:
3302:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3265:
3258:
3253:
3249:
3242:
3226:
3222:
3209:Roberts, R. A.
3207:
3203:
3195:
3191:
3183:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3165:
3156:
3151:
3144:
3131:
3124:
3111:
3107:
3094:Roberts, R. A.
3092:
3088:
3075:Roberts, R. A.
3073:
3069:
3056:
3052:
3039:Roberts, R. A.
3037:
3030:
3011:
3004:
2999:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2957:
2952:
2919:
2914:
2895:
2890:
2873:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2852:
2836:
2829:
2824:
2817:
2804:
2781:
2776:
2763:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2722:
2717:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2616:
2611:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2578:
2577:
2568:
2555:
2544:
2528:
2519:
2514:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2484:
2479:
2472:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2424:
2419:
2410:
2405:
2396:
2391:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2358:
2357:
2350:
2345:
2336:
2331:
2318:
2313:
2290:
2277:Roberts, R. A.
2275:
2271:
2266:(53â60): 50â52.
2256:
2227:
2222:
2211:
2206:
2197:
2184:. p. 529.
2178:
2174:
2169:
2154:
2149:
2136:
2131:
2120:
2115:
2106:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2036:
2019:
1999:
1963:was defeated by
1955:Richard Leveson
1895:
1892:
1877:
1856:
1847:flag of Castile
1830:Cape Finisterre
1810:
1781:in the galleon
1751:
1707:
1692:
1606:
1578:Isles of Scilly
1552:
1516:
1399:Juan del Aguila
1358:
1335:Cape Finisterre
1312:Triple Alliance
1308:captured Calais
1300:Catholic League
1292:
1241:attack on Cadiz
1217:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1134:ChĂąteau-Laudran
1045:Schenckenschans
724:Cape Finisterre
694:Gulf of AlmerĂa
631:European waters
476:Bay of Honduras
408:
403:
401:
399:
364:
355:
353:
348:
346:
344:
340:
338:
326:
324:
319:
317:
315:
307:
305:
300:
298:
296:
292:
290:
285:
283:
278:
255:
254:
252:Robert Devereux
244:
243:
233:
232:
222:
221:
211:
210:
200:
188:
187:
177:
176:
166:
165:
155:
154:
152:Juan del Ăguila
144:
143:
133:
114:
102:
88:English victory
80:
78:English Channel
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4034:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3991:1597 in Europe
3988:
3983:
3969:
3968:
3961:
3960:External links
3958:
3956:
3955:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3938:
3932:
3919:
3913:
3897:
3892:978-0198204435
3891:
3878:
3872:
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3821:
3815:
3802:
3796:
3783:
3777:
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3678:
3672:
3659:
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3611:
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3560:
3554:
3539:
3533:
3517:
3511:
3496:
3490:
3477:
3471:
3458:
3452:
3439:
3433:
3420:
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3376:
3360:
3354:
3341:
3335:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3286:
3284:Wernham p. 387
3277:
3268:
3256:
3247:
3240:
3220:
3201:
3189:
3177:
3168:
3154:
3142:
3122:
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3086:
3067:
3050:
3028:
3002:
2986:
2977:
2955:
2917:
2893:
2871:
2862:
2860:Barratt p. 142
2850:
2827:
2815:
2779:
2761:
2749:
2740:
2720:
2706:
2697:
2680:
2671:
2662:
2655:
2635:
2626:
2614:
2600:
2591:
2566:
2542:
2517:
2503:
2494:
2492:Taunton p. 191
2482:
2470:
2446:
2422:
2408:
2394:
2376:
2367:
2348:
2334:
2316:
2288:
2269:
2225:
2223:Bicheno p. 293
2209:
2195:
2172:
2152:
2134:
2118:
2104:
2077:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2051:English Armada
2048:
2043:
2041:Spanish Armada
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2028:Winston Graham
2018:
2015:
1998:
1995:
1951:William Monson
1890:
1876:
1873:
1855:
1852:
1809:
1806:
1779:Walter Raleigh
1750:
1747:
1706:
1703:
1690:
1633:Earl of Ormond
1605:
1602:
1551:
1548:
1528:Diego Brochero
1515:
1512:
1357:
1354:
1320:Charles Howard
1291:
1288:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1070:3rd Rheinberg
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
910:Bergen op Zoom
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
756:
755:
751:
750:
745:
740:
735:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
662:
653:
644:
639:
633:
632:
628:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
566:
565:
561:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
502:
493:
488:
483:
478:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
418:
417:
413:
410:
409:
398:
397:
390:
383:
375:
367:
366:
357:
334:
333:
329:
328:
309:
297:9,634 soldiers
291:24 small craft
271:
270:
266:
265:
241:Walter Raleigh
230:Charles Blount
219:Charles Howard
198:
163:Diego Brochero
130:
129:
125:
124:
112:
99:
98:
94:
93:
90:
89:
86:
82:
81:
68:
66:
62:
61:
58:
50:
49:
36:
35:
28:
27:
21:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4033:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4011:Tudor England
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3952:
3951:
3950:The Historian
3946:
3945:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3933:9780674036345
3929:
3925:
3920:
3916:
3914:9780192852779
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3875:
3873:9781598849028
3869:
3865:
3860:
3856:
3854:9780754602743
3850:
3846:
3841:
3837:
3835:9781848020221
3831:
3827:
3822:
3818:
3816:9780851155623
3812:
3808:
3803:
3799:
3797:9780313337345
3793:
3789:
3784:
3780:
3778:9780851777856
3774:
3770:
3765:
3761:
3759:9781409437727
3755:
3751:
3746:
3742:
3740:9780691036519
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3718:9781441136909
3714:
3710:
3705:
3701:
3699:9780300078008
3695:
3690:
3689:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3673:9781176595903
3669:
3665:
3660:
3656:
3654:9781417947133
3650:
3646:
3641:
3637:
3635:9780521581998
3631:
3626:
3625:
3618:
3614:
3612:9780752497174
3608:
3604:
3599:
3595:
3593:9781136355578
3589:
3586:. Routledge.
3585:
3580:
3576:
3574:9781137173386
3570:
3566:
3561:
3557:
3555:9780521434850
3551:
3547:
3546:
3540:
3536:
3534:9781447256847
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3512:9781134610785
3508:
3505:. Routledge.
3504:
3503:
3497:
3493:
3491:9780521522571
3487:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3472:9781902806372
3468:
3464:
3459:
3455:
3453:9781136786600
3449:
3446:. Routledge.
3445:
3440:
3436:
3434:9781847176998
3430:
3426:
3421:
3417:
3415:9781409443759
3411:
3407:
3402:
3398:
3396:9780754662150
3392:
3388:
3383:
3379:
3377:9781844861743
3373:
3369:
3365:
3364:Bicheno, Hugh
3361:
3357:
3355:9781844153237
3351:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3336:9780717157549
3332:
3328:
3323:
3322:
3300:
3296:
3290:
3281:
3275:Tenace p. 882
3272:
3263:
3261:
3251:
3243:
3241:9780393319606
3237:
3233:
3232:
3224:
3216:
3212:
3205:
3199:
3193:
3186:
3185:Pattison 2009
3181:
3175:Hammer p. 386
3172:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3149:
3147:
3138:
3137:
3129:
3127:
3118:
3117:
3109:
3101:
3097:
3090:
3082:
3078:
3071:
3063:
3062:
3054:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3033:
3024:
3019:
3018:
3009:
3007:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2984:McCoog p. 331
2981:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2869:Highley p. 86
2866:
2857:
2855:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2832:
2825:Hernon p. 119
2822:
2820:
2811:
2810:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2759:
2753:
2744:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2704:McCoog p. 381
2701:
2693:
2692:
2684:
2678:McCoog p. 276
2675:
2666:
2658:
2656:9781554930197
2652:
2648:
2647:
2639:
2630:
2621:
2619:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2595:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2562:
2561:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2498:
2489:
2487:
2477:
2475:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2450:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2406:Nelson p. 205
2403:
2401:
2399:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2374:Simpson p. 37
2371:
2363:
2362:
2355:
2353:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2265:
2264:The Historian
2261:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2207:Bardon p. 158
2204:
2202:
2200:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2075:Wilson p. 162
2072:
2068:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1994:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1972:The new King
1970:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1919:
1917:
1908:
1900:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1824:
1823:Bay of Biscay
1814:
1805:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1789:Arthur Gorges
1786:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1755:
1746:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1727:been captured
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1699:
1698:Helford River
1688:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1677:Caldey Island
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1649:Milford Haven
1646:
1645:Pembrokeshire
1640:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1623:
1622:Privy Council
1619:
1615:
1611:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1574:San Bartolomé
1570:
1564:
1556:
1547:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1415:Milford Haven
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1390:preparation.
1388:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1362:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1316:Earl of Essex
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1273:
1272:Milford Haven
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1233:British Isles
1230:
1226:
1222:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1005:2nd Rheinberg
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
970:2nd Coevorden
968:
966:
963:
961:
960:1st Coevorden
958:
956:
955:2nd Steenwijk
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
895:1st Rheinberg
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
825:1st Steenwijk
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
757:
753:
752:
749:
748:Gulf of CĂĄdiz
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
732:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
704:Bay of Biscay
702:
700:
699:Barbary Coast
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
668:
663:
661:
659:
654:
652:
650:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
634:
630:
629:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
567:
563:
562:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
512:
508:
503:
501:
499:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
475:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
452:St. Augustine
450:
448:
445:
443:
442:Santo Domingo
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
419:
415:
414:
411:
406:
396:
391:
389:
384:
382:
377:
376:
373:
362:
358:
351:
343:
336:
335:
330:
322:
313:
310:
303:
299:4,000 sailors
295:
289:
282:
276:
273:
272:
267:
264:
259:
253:
248:
242:
237:
231:
226:
220:
215:
209:
204:
199:
197:
192:
186:
181:
175:
170:
164:
159:
153:
148:
142:
137:
132:
131:
126:
123:
118:
113:
111:
106:
101:
100:
95:
87:
84:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
64:
63:
59:
56:
55:
51:
47:
42:
37:
34:
29:
24:
19:
4001:Spanish Navy
3949:
3923:
3904:
3882:
3866:. ABC-CLIO.
3863:
3844:
3825:
3806:
3787:
3768:
3749:
3730:
3708:
3687:
3682:Kamen, Henry
3663:
3644:
3623:
3602:
3583:
3564:
3544:
3524:
3501:
3481:
3462:
3443:
3424:
3405:
3386:
3367:
3345:
3326:
3318:Bibliography
3303:. Retrieved
3298:
3289:
3280:
3271:
3250:
3230:
3223:
3214:
3204:
3192:
3187:, p. 38
3180:
3171:
3135:
3115:
3108:
3099:
3089:
3080:
3070:
3060:
3053:
3044:
3016:
2980:
2865:
2841:
2808:
2752:
2743:
2700:
2690:
2683:
2674:
2665:
2645:
2638:
2633:Innes p. 380
2629:
2594:
2580:
2559:
2535:
2515:Innes p. 387
2497:
2480:Elton p. 383
2459:
2449:
2370:
2360:
2282:
2272:
2263:
2181:
2175:
2093:(478): 882.
2090:
2086:
2080:
2071:
2023:
2010:
2000:
1986:Hugh O'Neill
1971:
1966:
1947:
1943:
1941:was signed.
1928:
1920:
1913:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1857:
1842:
1839:George Carew
1827:
1819:
1796:
1783:
1776:
1760:
1743:
1708:
1695:
1669:Dyfi Estuary
1664:
1655:
1641:
1627:
1610:Scilly Isles
1607:
1581:
1573:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1544:
1517:
1509:
1451:
1447:
1392:
1367:
1328:
1293:
1276:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1186:Carrigafoyle
1104:
1100:
1071:
743:Dover Strait
730:
728:
666:
657:
648:
580:Newfoundland
538:2nd San Juan
523:1st San Juan
510:
506:
497:
473:
349:
341:
339:400 captured
320:
311:
301:
293:
274:
97:Belligerents
31:Part of the
18:
3847:. Ashgate.
3305:26 November
2846:pp. 166â167
2132:Hume p. 256
2116:Cruz p. 143
1850:and court.
1206:Castlehaven
1094:Hoogstraten
1060:San Andreas
1015:2nd Groenlo
985:1st Groenlo
940:Knodsenburg
925:2nd Zutphen
900:1st Zutphen
860:Steenbergen
800:Schoonhoven
709:Mount's Bay
660:Gravelines)
642:Pantelleria
472:Hispaniola
437:SĂŁo Vicente
208:Elizabeth I
3975:Categories
3370:. Conway.
2063:References
2017:Miscellany
2003:coronation
1974:Philip III
1802:The Lizard
1637:Parliament
1374:Adelantado
1356:The Armada
1345:bankruptcy
1290:Background
1253:Adelantado
1169:2nd Calais
1099:Ardenburg
1065:Nieuwpoort
1050:Zaltbommel
1020:Bredevoort
815:Borgerhout
795:Valkenburg
770:Middelburg
733:West Wales
647:1st CĂĄdiz
625:2nd Azores
620:Las Palmas
610:2nd Flores
605:1st Flores
600:1st Azores
548:Portobello
505:La Guaira
347:1,000 dead
2848:(Spanish)
2190:502479358
1967:seas dogs
1935:Pendennis
1875:Aftermath
1843:Adventure
1763:Dartmouth
1590:Waterford
1582:San Pedro
1580:. In the
1569:San Lucas
1520:La Coruña
1514:Execution
1485:Andalusia
1434:Catholics
1427:to defeat
1423:Henry VII
1107:2nd Sluis
1103:Oostberg
1089:2nd Grave
1074:2nd Meurs
1035:Oldenzaal
1030:Ootmarsum
995:2nd Hulst
975:Groningen
945:1st Hulst
905:1st Sluis
880:1st Grave
855:Eindhoven
835:Noordhorn
729:Cornwall
719:2nd CĂĄdiz
689:Berlengas
518:Guadalupe
496:Trinidad
486:San Mateo
447:Cartagena
354:28 ships,
306:140 ships
141:Philip II
3942:Journals
3903:(1993).
3729:(1994).
3684:(1997).
3523:(2013).
3366:(2012).
2533:(1802).
2457:(1806).
2034:See also
1931:St Mawes
1891:â
1797:Warspite
1784:Warspite
1772:Wanstead
1711:Plymouth
1661:Aberdyfi
1628:Vanguard
1614:Penzance
1536:Brittany
1505:Lombardy
1477:pinnaces
1473:caravels
1458:galleons
1454:A Coruña
1411:failsafe
1407:Cornwall
1403:Falmouth
1395:A Coruña
1268:Falmouth
1191:Smerwick
1144:Caudebec
1025:Enschede
1000:Turnhout
950:Nijmegen
935:Delfzijl
930:Deventer
820:Mechelen
810:Rijmenam
805:Gembloux
738:Sesimbra
590:Santiago
575:Terceira
564:Atlantic
509:Caracas
281:galleons
269:Strength
70:Cornwall
65:Location
46:Falmouth
2756:Watson
1982:Ireland
1841:in the
1834:flyboat
1793:St Ives
1735:Chatham
1681:Dunkirk
1653:caravel
1586:flyboat
1497:tercios
1466:Flemish
1370:Castile
1349:harvest
1201:Kinsale
1180:Ireland
1159:Morlaix
870:Antwerp
840:Niezijl
775:Haarlem
714:Cawsand
669:Lisbon)
651:Algarve
637:Scheldt
595:Senegal
585:Bermuda
543:Tabasco
500:Orinoco
122:England
3930:
3911:
3889:
3870:
3851:
3832:
3813:
3794:
3775:
3756:
3737:
3715:
3696:
3670:
3651:
3632:
3609:
3590:
3571:
3552:
3531:
3509:
3488:
3469:
3450:
3431:
3412:
3393:
3374:
3352:
3333:
3238:
3198:p. 540
3196:Lemon
2653:
2188:
1997:Legacy
1808:Sortie
1723:Amiens
1719:London
1618:purser
1532:Blavet
1524:Ferrol
1501:Naples
1479:, and
1462:German
1387:Azores
1174:Amiens
1164:Crozon
1119:Arques
1113:France
1079:Ostend
1040:Lingen
875:Arnhem
845:Lochem
830:Kollum
785:Leiden
674:Bayona
528:Panama
491:Recife
467:Havana
342:Storms
321:Troops
294:Troops
85:Result
1916:palsy
1768:Court
1739:Devon
1598:Brest
1550:Storm
1481:barks
1469:hulks
1419:Wales
1382:Brest
1331:Brest
1324:Cadiz
1249:storm
1154:Blaye
1149:Craon
1139:Rouen
1129:Paris
1010:Meurs
990:Lippe
920:Breda
885:Venlo
865:Aalst
790:Delft
615:Faial
533:Pinos
350:Total
312:Fleet
302:Total
288:hulks
275:Fleet
110:Spain
74:Wales
3928:ISBN
3909:ISBN
3887:ISBN
3868:ISBN
3849:ISBN
3830:ISBN
3811:ISBN
3792:ISBN
3773:ISBN
3754:ISBN
3735:ISBN
3713:ISBN
3694:ISBN
3668:ISBN
3649:ISBN
3630:ISBN
3607:ISBN
3588:ISBN
3569:ISBN
3550:ISBN
3529:ISBN
3507:ISBN
3486:ISBN
3467:ISBN
3448:ISBN
3429:ISBN
3410:ISBN
3391:ISBN
3372:ISBN
3350:ISBN
3331:ISBN
3307:2022
3236:ISBN
2651:ISBN
2186:OCLC
1953:and
1933:and
1594:Cork
1522:and
1503:and
1491:who
1464:and
1318:and
1219:The
1124:Ivry
1055:Rees
890:Axel
850:Lier
765:Goes
760:Mons
513:Coro
363:sunk
361:bark
57:Date
3023:155
2095:doi
2091:118
2026:by
2005:of
1854:End
1596:or
1534:in
1417:in
1405:in
1393:At
1322:to
1270:or
980:Huy
365:Low
286:52
279:44
3977::
3297:.
3259:^
3213:.
3157:^
3145:^
3125:^
3098:.
3079:.
3043:.
3031:^
3005:^
2989:^
2958:^
2920:^
2896:^
2874:^
2853:^
2840::
2830:^
2818:^
2782:^
2764:^
2723:^
2709:^
2617:^
2603:^
2586:73
2569:^
2545:^
2520:^
2506:^
2485:^
2473:^
2465:80
2425:^
2411:^
2397:^
2379:^
2351:^
2337:^
2319:^
2291:^
2281:.
2262:.
2228:^
2212:^
2198:^
2155:^
2137:^
2121:^
2107:^
1993:.
1969:.
1926:.
1795:.
1639:.
1592:,
1475:,
359:1
76:,
72:,
3936:.
3917:.
3895:.
3876:.
3857:.
3838:.
3819:.
3800:.
3781:.
3762:.
3743:.
3721:.
3702:.
3676:.
3657:.
3638:.
3615:.
3596:.
3577:.
3558:.
3537:.
3515:.
3494:.
3475:.
3456:.
3437:.
3418:.
3399:.
3380:.
3358:.
3339:.
3309:.
3244:.
3119:.
3025:.
2659:.
2588:.
2467:.
2192:.
2101:.
2097::
1105:·
1101:·
1072:·
731:·
667:·
658:·
649:·
511:·
507:·
498:·
474:·
394:e
387:t
380:v
352::
323::
314::
304::
277::
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