1962:
Householder thirty years ago, who called it "pseudo-alphabet" (1959, 382). These are the scripts of
Ethiopia and "greater India" that use a basic form for the specific syllable consonant + a particular vowel (in practice always the unmarked a) and modify it to denote the syllables with other vowels or with no vowel. Were it not for this existing term, I would propose maintaining the pattern by calling this type an "abugida," from the Ethiopian word for the auxiliary order of consonants in the signary."
1958:. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 110(4), 727-731. doi:10.2307/602899: "We must recognize that the West Semitic scripts constitute a third fundamental type of script, the kind that denotes individual consonants only. It cannot be subsumed under either of the other terms. A suitable name for this type would be alephbeth, in honor of its Levantine origin, but this term seems too similar to alphabet to be practical; so I propose to call this type an "abjad,"
661:
494:
39:
407:
398:, a critic of Daniels and of the abjad terminology, argues that this terminology can confuse alphabets with "transcription systems", and that there is no reason to relegate the Hebrew, Aramaic or Phoenician alphabets to second-class status as an "incomplete alphabet". However, Daniels's terminology has found acceptance in the linguistic community.
1961:
from the Arabic word for the traditional order6 of its script, which (unvocalized) of course falls in this category... There is yet a fourth fundamental type of script, a type recognized over forty years ago by James- Germain
Fevrier, called by him the "neosyllabary" (1948, 330), and again by Fred
1971:
Amalia E. Gnanadesikan (2017) Towards a typology of phonemic scripts, Writing
Systems Research, 9:1, 14-35, DOI: 10.1080/17586801.2017.1308239 "Daniels (1990, 1996a) proposes the name abjad for these scripts, and this term has gained considerable popularity. Other terms include partial phonemic
646:
to create his initial abugida. Later in the 19th century, other missionaries adapted Evans's system to other
Canadian aboriginal languages. Canadian syllabics differ from other abugidas in that the vowel is indicated by rotation of the consonantal symbol, with each vowel having a consistent
548:
In the 9th century BC the Greeks adapted the
Phoenician script for use in their own language. The phonetic structure of the Greek language created too many ambiguities when vowels went unrepresented, so the script was modified. They did not need letters for the
2033:, Omniglot.com, 2009, quote: "Abjads, or consonant alphabets, represent consonants only, or consonants plus some vowels. Full vowel indication (vocalisation) can be added, usually by means of diacritics, but this is not usually done." Accessed 22 May 2009.
447:
The
Phoenician abjad was a radical simplification of phonetic writing, since hieroglyphics required the writer to pick a hieroglyph starting with the same sound that the writer wanted to write in order to write phonetically, much as
610:
developed along a slightly different route. The basic consonantal symbol was considered to have an inherent "a" vowel sound. Hooks or short lines attached to various parts of the basic letter modify the vowel. In this way, the
1972:
script (Hill, 1967), segmentally linear defective phonographic script (Faber, 1992), consonantary (Trigger, 2004), consonant writing (Coulmas, 1989) and consonantal alphabet (Gnanadesikan, 2009; Healey, 1990). "
520:, are "impure" abjads – that is, they also contain symbols for some of the vowel phonemes, although the said non-diacritic vowel letters are also used to write certain consonants, particularly
599:
in
Phoenician. The major innovation of Greek was to dedicate these symbols exclusively and unambiguously to vowel sounds that could be combined arbitrarily with consonants (as opposed to syllabaries such as
528:, though at some point (at least by the 9th century BC) it and most of the contemporary Semitic abjads had begun to overload a few of the consonant symbols with a secondary function as vowel markers, called
798:(library). In most cases, the absence of full glyphs for vowels makes the common root clearer, allowing readers to guess the meaning of unfamiliar words from familiar roots (especially in conjunction with
504:
Impure abjads have characters for some vowels, optional vowel diacritics, or both. The term pure abjad refers to scripts entirely lacking in vowel indicators. However, most modern abjads, such as
444:, the Phoenician script consisted of only a few dozen symbols. This made the script easy to learn, and seafaring Phoenician merchants took the script throughout the then-known world.
256:) four letters—corresponding to a, b, j, and d—to replace the more common terms "consonantary" and "consonantal alphabet", in describing the family of scripts classified as "
3201:
2685:
3631:
3621:
3196:
383:, a grapheme denotes a complete syllable, that is, either a lone vowel sound or a combination of a vowel sound with one or more consonant sounds.
3611:
3601:
3191:
3186:
3181:
390:
is also used as a term for the Arabic numeral system. Also, it may be taken as suggesting that consonantal alphabets, in contrast to e.g. the
5327:
3616:
2760:
2492:
5359:
2418:
427:
2306:
27-30-22-26. How Many
Letters Needs an Alphabet? The Case of Semitic". In de Voogt, Alex & Quack, Joachim Friedrich (eds.).
4549:
6429:
2678:
2015:
1912:
4998:
4435:
2747:
2507:
725:
structure of the
Semitic languages it was developed to write. This is because words in Semitic languages are formed from
534:. This practice was at first rare and limited in scope but became increasingly common and more developed in later times.
2971:
2374:
2347:
2315:
2269:
1087:
6197:
6183:
6153:
5292:
2652:
2292:
2205:
1939:
708:
122:
2062:: "Low-resource autodiacritization of abjads for speech keyword search", In INTERSPEECH-2006, paper 1412-Mon3FoP.13.
690:
103:
6415:
5132:
4529:
2671:
2976:
75:
4855:
4116:
6536:
6422:
4988:
4627:
2336:
686:
60:
5097:
4622:
3680:
2601:
2411:
631:
372:
82:
3959:
1635:
6408:
6387:
3675:
3450:
2966:
2742:
2502:
2047:
1626:
1438:
524:
that sound similar to long vowels. A "pure" abjad is exemplified (perhaps) by very early forms of ancient
359:, their use is optional and not the dominant (or literate) form. Abugidas mark all vowels (other than the
6541:
6288:
6267:
4947:
4942:
4637:
4539:
3061:
2752:
6355:
4952:
4519:
3932:
2993:
2436:
604:
which usually have vowel symbols but cannot combine them with consonants to form arbitrary syllables).
89:
3685:
3003:
6546:
4605:
4327:
3880:
3467:
2647:
1874:
1413:
Parthia (modern-day equivalent of
Northeastern Iran, Southern Turkmenistan and Northwest Afghanistan)
2059:
253:
6105:
6091:
5396:
3979:
3782:
2998:
2404:
722:
671:
5710:
3126:
1015:
71:
6394:
5422:
4379:
4056:
4035:
3915:
3895:
3727:
3398:
3302:
2779:
2737:
2694:
2560:
2540:
2517:
2486:
2460:
1879:
810:
675:
49:
5112:
4051:
4041:
3974:
3484:
2917:
1393:
799:
734:
682:
635:
257:
56:
2195:
948:
729:, the vowels being used to indicate inflectional or derived forms. For instance, according to
6496:
6401:
6190:
6139:
5599:
5521:
5285:
5224:
5209:
4778:
4657:
4399:
4359:
4091:
3767:
2951:
2939:
2912:
2897:
2282:
1929:
1902:
1887:
1526:
1367:
1023:
521:
5204:
4409:
6260:
6011:
5688:
5184:
4839:
4803:
4208:
4131:
3964:
3712:
3702:
3541:
3524:
2840:
2497:
1001:
612:
441:
8:
5087:
4983:
4705:
4228:
2934:
1719:
1337:
923:
838:
525:
433:
292:
261:
3250:
2261:
2254:
2176:
6246:
6223:
5857:
5746:
5736:
5628:
5571:
5557:
5514:
5219:
5102:
4937:
4829:
4788:
4742:
4737:
4632:
4614:
4282:
4213:
4178:
4126:
3939:
3927:
3338:
3260:
3161:
2716:
2606:
2455:
1726:
1198:
834:
620:
550:
5479:
5137:
6369:
6362:
6098:
6084:
5996:
5885:
5795:
5774:
5753:
5681:
5613:
5472:
5430:
5382:
5117:
5107:
4752:
4747:
4652:
4647:
4554:
4509:
4332:
4312:
4302:
4292:
4287:
4223:
4218:
4146:
4081:
4066:
4016:
4011:
3954:
3890:
3848:
3690:
3576:
3499:
3015:
3010:
2887:
2370:
2332:
2311:
2288:
2265:
2201:
2011:
1935:
1908:
1577:
1063:
639:
459:
6503:
6441:
6334:
6295:
6281:
6239:
6114:
6060:
6041:
5975:
5967:
5953:
5946:
5871:
5667:
5642:
5578:
5550:
5465:
5451:
5368:
5341:
5278:
5189:
5092:
4914:
4757:
4384:
4364:
4354:
4349:
4233:
3989:
3922:
3910:
3875:
3870:
3853:
3792:
3757:
3717:
3519:
3514:
3462:
3413:
3297:
3231:
3171:
3121:
3066:
2983:
2961:
2946:
2892:
2882:
2816:
2631:
2470:
2249:
1802:
1675:
1261:
1148:
1102:
1079:
1067:
875:
842:
830:
822:
814:
730:
643:
624:
616:
517:
513:
470:
469:
Phoenician gave rise to a number of new writing systems, including the widely used
437:
316:
269:
203:
144:
96:
6341:
5536:
5162:
4813:
4183:
450:
386:
The contrast of abjad versus alphabet has been rejected by other scholars because
6327:
6019:
5960:
5906:
5899:
5878:
5864:
5848:
5826:
5781:
5674:
5649:
5621:
5606:
5529:
5507:
5500:
5458:
5418:
5389:
5077:
5047:
4870:
4793:
4559:
4489:
4394:
4342:
4322:
4258:
4248:
4238:
4203:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4071:
4026:
4021:
3905:
3900:
3747:
3737:
3591:
3556:
3551:
3531:
3425:
3383:
3323:
3206:
3176:
3086:
3046:
2988:
2922:
2902:
2850:
2833:
2821:
2284:
Masterpieces from the Department of Islamic Art in the Metropolitan Museum of Art
2240:
Daniels, Peter T. (2013). "The Arabic Writing system". In Owens, Jonathan (ed.).
2226:
1868:
1289:
1238:
1075:
1071:
1059:
997:
944:
936:
927:
595:
530:
509:
505:
395:
379:
the inherent vowel so that the consonant alone can be properly represented. In a
348:
265:
249:
171:
4524:
3707:
485:, while Aramaic became the ancestor of many modern abjads and abugidas of Asia.
6464:
6348:
6232:
6212:
6121:
5989:
5920:
5819:
5767:
5760:
5592:
5585:
5564:
5543:
5444:
5437:
5244:
5199:
5127:
5122:
4973:
4957:
4932:
4875:
4865:
4860:
4700:
4574:
4534:
4504:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4414:
4389:
4337:
4277:
4243:
4193:
4141:
4106:
4061:
4031:
3984:
3944:
3843:
3797:
3752:
3670:
3606:
3561:
3546:
3509:
3489:
3457:
3445:
3393:
3388:
3378:
3368:
3363:
3280:
3265:
3255:
3221:
3211:
3156:
3141:
3106:
2956:
2860:
2808:
2698:
2570:
2555:
2427:
1825:
1487:
1011:
965:
Nabatean, Palmyran, Mandaic, Parthian, Pahlavi, Sogdian, Avestan and Manichean
940:
543:
478:
474:
411:
391:
360:
296:
183:
20:
4674:
2391:
1928:
Lehmann, Reinhard G. (2012). de Voogt, Alex; Quack, Joachim Friedrich (eds.).
619:
of Ethiopia between the 5th century BC and the 5th century AD. Similarly, the
6530:
6471:
6320:
6253:
6176:
6146:
6004:
5982:
5913:
5809:
5788:
5635:
5493:
5411:
5404:
5375:
5334:
5249:
5239:
5234:
5021:
4715:
4374:
4317:
3969:
3742:
3626:
3581:
3536:
3504:
3353:
3270:
3243:
3216:
3146:
3131:
3116:
3071:
2828:
2596:
2030:
1642:
1450:
1349:
1083:
846:
567:
500:, meaning "Arabic": an example of the Arabic script, which is an impure abjad
331:, another category defined by Daniels, in that in abjads, the vowel sound is
3290:
2351:
5927:
5892:
5833:
5320:
5082:
4978:
4891:
4783:
4684:
4494:
4307:
4272:
4253:
4188:
4076:
3838:
3762:
3571:
3566:
3477:
3472:
3408:
3348:
3328:
3285:
3275:
3226:
3111:
3091:
3081:
2929:
2907:
2865:
2663:
2626:
1595:
1033:
970:
900:
802:
clues) and improving word recognition while reading for practiced readers.
579:
277:
4136:
6510:
6274:
6205:
5486:
5177:
5037:
4798:
4642:
4499:
4404:
4173:
4101:
4086:
3994:
3787:
3697:
3596:
3586:
3440:
3403:
3358:
3343:
3318:
3238:
3166:
3151:
2855:
2392:
The Science of Arabic Letters, Abjad and Geometry, by Jorge Lupin is dead
805:
By contrast, the Arabic and Hebrew scripts sometimes perform the role of
623:
of the Indian subcontinent developed around the 3rd century BC (from the
561:
2046:. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-23464-0, ISBN 978-0-631-23464-7. See esp.
477:. The Greek alphabet evolved into the modern western alphabets, such as
19:
For the traditional ordering of the letters of the Arabic alphabet, see
5167:
5142:
4710:
4153:
3643:
3638:
3494:
3435:
3076:
2611:
1842:
726:
1955:
6478:
6457:
6450:
5229:
5066:
4762:
4729:
4564:
4455:
4004:
3732:
3648:
3373:
2580:
2575:
2565:
1847:
826:
380:
364:
340:
336:
323:
in that only consonants, not vowels, are represented among the basic
233:
195:
187:
5172:
660:
38:
5194:
5157:
5152:
5032:
4993:
4834:
4593:
4478:
4369:
4111:
3999:
3949:
3820:
3333:
3136:
3096:
2877:
2870:
2721:
2550:
2545:
2535:
2465:
2450:
1836:
1774:
1006:
Hebrew, Judeo-Arabic, Judeo-Aramaic, Judeo-Persian, Judeo-Italian,
993:
806:
601:
482:
375:) by rotation of the letter. Some abugidas use a special symbol to
324:
320:
304:
202:
for both consonants and vowels. The term was introduced in 1990 by
199:
5214:
2396:
852:
634:, was initially developed in the 1840s by missionary and linguist
493:
5301:
4808:
4679:
4569:
4544:
4430:
4267:
4121:
4096:
3865:
3772:
3420:
3034:
2845:
2530:
1831:
1797:
1007:
932:
818:
607:
352:
328:
27:
650:
6302:
4046:
3858:
3777:
3722:
3430:
3101:
2616:
428:
History of the alphabet § Descendants of the Aramaic abjad
415:
356:
344:
4669:
4664:
4514:
4297:
4198:
3885:
577:, so these symbols were assigned vocalic values. The letters
555:
455:
418:'. The line running from the upper left to lower right reads
368:
285:
281:
273:
191:
406:
5147:
5042:
2621:
1695:
parts of China (Xinjiang), Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan
1388:
Punic (variant), Greek, Etruscan, Latin, Arabic and Hebrew
585:
573:
463:
2194:
Franklin, Natalie R.; Strecker, Matthias (5 August 2008).
1850:(constructed writing systems that are structurally abjads)
638:
for the Cree and Ojibwe languages. Evans used features of
156:
1901:
Boyes, Philip J.; Steele, Philippa M. (10 October 2019).
1659:
Amharic, Tigrinya, Tigre, Semitic, Cushitic, Nilo-Saharan
194:
sounds to be inferred by the reader. This contrasts with
159:
150:
1975:
2331:. Leuven, Belgium: Peeters Publishers. pp. 29–30.
16:
Writing system where each symbol stands for a consonant
236:, a limited number of distinct vowel glyphs, or both.
2142:
1125:
Achaemenid, Persian, Babylonian, and Assyrian empires
2369:]. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). CUP. p. 28.
2287:. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 21.
2169:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2077:
792:
779:
766:
753:
458:
used solely for phonetic use) was used to represent
162:
153:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2065:
147:
63:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2253:
1987:
1867:
1839:(Hebrew & English system of alphanumeric code)
1416:Parthian & Sassanian periods of Persian Empire
2329:Studies in Aramaic Inscriptions and Onomastics II
2159:
2157:
888:
721:The abjad form of writing is well-adapted to the
432:The first abjad to gain widespread usage was the
367:, a minor attachment to the letter, a standalone
6528:
2193:
2089:
212:segmentally linear defective phonographic script
1866:
1507:Carthage (Tunisia), North Africa, Mediterranean
853:Comparative chart of Abjads, extinct and extant
727:a root consisting of (usually) three consonants
589:were also adapted into vowel signs; along with
2154:
809:rather than abjads when used to write certain
414:script containing a phrase which may mean 'to
260:". Similar to other Semitic languages such as
5286:
2679:
2412:
2248:
2197:Rock Art Studies - News of the World Volume 3
1981:
651:Abjads and the structure of Semitic languages
436:. Unlike other contemporary scripts, such as
2693:
786:
773:
760:
747:
738:
2308:The idea of writing: Writing across borders
2010:. Cambridge University Press. p. 113.
1931:The Idea of Writing: Writing Across Borders
1900:
1638:- cursive form of the South Arabian script)
689:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
206:. Other terms for the same concept include
5293:
5279:
2686:
2672:
2419:
2405:
1904:Understanding Relations Between Scripts II
2242:The Oxford Handbook of Arabic Linguistics
2177:"PAHLAVI PSALTER – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
709:Learn how and when to remove this message
123:Learn how and when to remove this message
2326:
2083:
1568:In conjunction with Egyptian Hieroglyphs
492:
405:
2491:Languages by writing system /
2301:
2280:
2244:. Oxford University Press. p. 415.
2239:
2148:
2071:
2024:
2005:
1993:
1927:
6529:
2360:
2044:Writing systems: a linguistic approach
232:represent vowels with either optional
6430:American Printing House for the Blind
6206:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
5858:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
5274:
5064:
5019:
4912:
4591:
4476:
3818:
3032:
2794:
2777:
2667:
2400:
1934:. Leiden, Boston: Brill. p. 35.
1806:
1754:
1662:
1609:
1554:
1469:
1421:
1371:
1268:
1226:
1175:
1130:
1019:
952:
537:
462:phonetically before the invention of
4913:
2252:& Bright, William, eds. (1996).
2224:
2136:
1888:participating institution membership
746:(to write) can be derived the forms
687:adding citations to reliable sources
654:
630:The other major family of abugidas,
61:adding citations to reliable sources
32:
5300:
2426:
1785:bottom-top, right-left, left-right,
1752:Samaritan Aramaic, Samaritan Hebrew
787:
774:
761:
748:
739:
175:
13:
5020:
2498:Ancient languages corpuses by size
2367:transl. from the German of Caspari
2345:
2163:
1601:Ugarit (modern-day Northern Syria)
1482:Ethiopic (Eritrea & Ethiopia)
772:(you (masculine singular) wrote),
14:
6558:
2385:
2310:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 11–52.
1686:right-left, left-right (vertical)
315:According to the formulations of
2363:A Grammar of the Arabic Language
1312:Persian Script for Paper Writing
659:
488:
143:
37:
5065:
2187:
2053:
2036:
1527:Proto-Sinaitic, Proto-Canaanite
1143:Late Hebrew, Nabataean, Syriac
984:22 consonants + 5 final letters
394:, were not yet true alphabets.
272:proto-alphabets: specifically,
48:needs additional citations for
2759:Languages by writing system /
2302:Lehmann, Reinhard G. (2011). "
2227:"Abjads / Consonant alphabets"
2031:"Abjads / Consonant alphabets"
1999:
1965:
1948:
1921:
1894:
1860:
343:exist for the system, such as
310:
1:
6198:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
6154:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
4592:
4477:
3819:
1854:
1755:
1749:Samaritans (Nablus and Holon)
1707:
1670:Ge'ez (Ethiopia and Eritrea)
1610:
1555:
1470:
1422:
1372:
1320:
1269:
1176:
1131:
953:
632:Canadian Aboriginal syllabics
627:, it has been hypothesized).
593:, these were already used as
373:Canadian Aboriginal syllabics
190:are represented, leaving the
6409:National Braille Association
6388:Braille Institute of America
6106:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
3033:
2503:Undeciphered writing systems
2200:. Oxbow Books. p. 127.
1956:Fundamentals of Grammatology
1053:Middle East and North Africa
239:
7:
6289:Refreshable braille display
6268:Optical braille recognition
5865:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
5397:Chinese (mainland Mandarin)
4540:New Epoch Notation Painting
2508:Creators of writing systems
2256:The World's Writing Systems
1907:. Oxbow Books. p. 24.
1819:
895:Writing systems influenced
793:
780:
767:
754:
10:
6563:
6356:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
2795:
2437:Index of language articles
2217:
1828:(Arabic alphanumeric code)
1683:no (yes in later versions)
1193:Hebrew, Imperial Aramaic.
541:
425:
401:
25:
18:
6488:
6439:
6379:
6312:
6222:
6168:
6131:
6092:Mainland Chinese Mandarin
6071:
6052:
6033:
5938:
5844:
5805:
5732:
5659:
5358:
5351:
5312:
5270:
5073:
5060:
5028:
5015:
4966:
4925:
4921:
4908:
4884:
4848:
4822:
4771:
4728:
4693:
4613:
4606:Chinese family of scripts
4604:
4600:
4587:
4485:
4472:
4423:
3831:
3827:
3814:
3676:Boyd's syllabic shorthand
3663:
3311:
3054:
3045:
3041:
3028:
2803:
2790:
2786:
2778:
2773:
2761:by first written accounts
2730:
2709:
2705:
2640:
2589:
2516:
2479:
2443:
2434:
2327:Lipiński, Edward (1994).
2006:Coulmas, Florian (2004).
1982:Daniels & Bright 1996
1875:Oxford English Dictionary
1239:Middle Persian, (Pahlavi)
894:
891:
885:
882:
879:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
6079:Chinese semi-syllabaries
5342:Unicode braille patterns
5328:International uniformity
3783:Thomas Natural Shorthand
2493:by first written account
2281:Ekhtiar, Maryam (2011).
1385:Proto-Canaanite Alphabet
1128:Imperial Aramaic, Hebrew
303:is a term synonymous to
26:Not to be confused with
6416:Blindness organizations
6395:Braille Without Borders
6184:Canadian currency marks
5806:Egyptian lineage family
4989:Southwest Paleohispanic
2461:History of the alphabet
1880:Oxford University Press
1594:none, 3 characters for
1461:Southern Arabia (Sheba)
1266:Pahlavi, Middle Persian
1171:Various Semitic Peoples
1056:Over 400 million people
811:Indo-European languages
737:, from the Arabic root
208:partial phonemic script
5733:Russian lineage family
5133:Great Lakes Algonquian
4042:Greco-Iberian alphabet
3975:Gabelsberger shorthand
2918:Inscriptional Parthian
2060:Schone, Patrick (2006)
2042:Rogers, Henry (2005):
735:Modern Standard Arabic
553:sounds represented by
501:
423:
6537:Abjad writing systems
6497:Accessible publishing
6423:Schools for the blind
6402:Japan Braille Library
6191:Computer Braille Code
5845:Indian lineage family
5225:Old Persian cuneiform
4092:Carolingian minuscule
2898:Ancient North Arabian
2346:Lo, Lawrence (2012).
1767:Paleo-Hebrew Alphabet
1698:Buddhists, Manichaens
496:
409:
327:. Abjads differ from
319:, abjads differ from
6261:Mountbatten Brailler
5616:(largely reassigned)
5399:(largely reassigned)
4948:Southeastern Iberian
4943:Northeastern Iberian
2841:Egyptian hieroglyphs
2225:Ager, Simon (2015).
1954:Daniels, P. (1990).
1653:South-Arabia (Yemen)
1546:Egypt, Sinai, Canaan
941:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
683:improve this section
442:Egyptian hieroglyphs
224:consonantal alphabet
57:improve this article
6213:Nemeth braille code
5999:(reassigned vowels)
5524:(extended to 8-dot)
5098:Canadian Aboriginal
4984:Khitan small script
4706:Khitan large script
3896:Coorgi–Cox alphabet
2361:Wright, W. (1967).
1878:(Online ed.).
1720:Old Uyghur alphabet
1572:Phoenician, Hebrew
1366:Phoenician, Punic,
1309:Northwestern China
1002:Second Temple Judea
924:Syriac Christianity
613:South Arabian abjad
6542:Arabic orthography
6247:Braille translator
6224:Braille technology
6200:(science; GS8/GS6)
6169:Symbols in braille
6099:Taiwanese Mandarin
5614:Taiwanese Mandarin
5220:Nwagu Aneke script
4772:Other logosyllabic
4694:Chinese-influenced
4633:Oracle bone script
4615:Chinese characters
4550:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs
3940:Eclectic shorthand
3928:Duployan shorthand
3881:Caucasian Albanian
3681:Canadian syllabics
2717:History of writing
2602:Canadian syllabics
2471:Scripts in Unicode
2456:History of writing
2354:on 26 August 2017.
2048:Chap. 7, pp. 115ff
1810:Phoenician, Arabic
1807:2nd millennium BCE
1103:Aramaic (Imperial)
889:Time period (age)
538:Addition of vowels
502:
424:
6524:
6523:
6520:
6519:
6442:tactile alphabets
6370:William Bell Wait
6363:Sabriye Tenberken
6164:
6163:
6029:
6028:
6014:(Japanese vowels)
5812:-mediated scripts
5739:-mediated scripts
5266:
5265:
5262:
5261:
5258:
5257:
5118:Ditema tsa Dinoko
5056:
5055:
5011:
5010:
5007:
5006:
4904:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4724:
4723:
4583:
4582:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4463:
3810:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3659:
3658:
3024:
3023:
3011:Teeline Shorthand
2769:
2768:
2661:
2660:
2653:In Southeast Asia
2250:Daniels, Peter T.
2181:iranicaonline.org
2017:978-0-521-78737-6
1914:978-1-78925-092-3
1886:(Subscription or
1817:
1816:
1607:Ugaritic, Hurrian
1464:Southern Arabians
1284:Psalter, Avestan
1221:Nabataean Kingdom
1095:Nabataean Aramaic
827:Romance languages
785:(he writes), and
740:كتب
719:
718:
711:
640:Devanagari script
615:evolved into the
252:'s first (in its
220:consonant writing
133:
132:
125:
107:
6554:
6547:1990s neologisms
6513:
6506:
6504:Braille literacy
6499:
6481:
6474:
6467:
6460:
6453:
6432:
6425:
6418:
6411:
6404:
6397:
6390:
6372:
6365:
6358:
6351:
6344:
6337:
6330:
6323:
6305:
6298:
6296:Slate and stylus
6291:
6284:
6282:Perkins Brailler
6277:
6270:
6263:
6256:
6249:
6242:
6240:Braille embosser
6235:
6215:
6208:
6201:
6193:
6186:
6179:
6157:
6149:
6142:
6124:
6117:
6108:
6101:
6094:
6087:
6080:
6064:
6061:American Braille
6045:
6042:Algerian Braille
6022:
6015:
6007:
6000:
5992:
5985:
5978:
5971:
5963:
5956:
5949:
5931:
5923:
5916:
5909:
5902:
5895:
5888:
5881:
5874:
5867:
5860:
5837:
5829:
5822:
5798:
5791:
5784:
5777:
5770:
5763:
5756:
5749:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5684:
5677:
5670:
5657:
5656:
5652:
5645:
5638:
5631:
5624:
5617:
5609:
5602:
5595:
5588:
5581:
5574:
5567:
5560:
5553:
5546:
5539:
5532:
5525:
5517:
5510:
5503:
5496:
5489:
5482:
5475:
5468:
5461:
5454:
5447:
5440:
5433:
5426:
5414:
5407:
5400:
5392:
5385:
5378:
5371:
5356:
5355:
5344:
5337:
5330:
5323:
5306:
5295:
5288:
5281:
5272:
5271:
5062:
5061:
5017:
5016:
4923:
4922:
4915:Semi-syllabaries
4910:
4909:
4611:
4610:
4602:
4601:
4589:
4588:
4474:
4473:
3829:
3828:
3816:
3815:
3718:Japanese Braille
3303:Zanabazar square
3172:Nepalese scripts
3062:Bengali–Assamese
3052:
3051:
3043:
3042:
3030:
3029:
2947:Pitman shorthand
2792:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2775:
2774:
2707:
2706:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2665:
2664:
2590:Current examples
2571:Semi-syllabaries
2421:
2414:
2407:
2398:
2397:
2380:
2355:
2350:. Archived from
2342:
2321:
2298:
2275:
2259:
2245:
2234:
2212:
2211:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1883:
1871:
1864:
1803:Berber languages
1764:
1760:
1757:
1731:yes (700 people)
1712:
1709:
1706:
1615:
1612:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1513:Punic, Neo-Punic
1475:
1472:
1427:
1424:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1262:Sassanian Empire
1185:
1181:
1178:
1136:
1133:
958:
955:
876:Matres lectionis
857:
856:
796:
790:
789:
783:
777:
776:
770:
764:
763:
757:
751:
750:
742:
741:
731:Classical Arabic
714:
707:
703:
700:
694:
663:
655:
644:Pitman shorthand
596:matres lectionis
531:matres lectionis
434:Phoenician abjad
361:"inherent" vowel
317:Peter T. Daniels
248:is based on the
204:Peter T. Daniels
198:, which provide
177:
169:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
149:
128:
121:
117:
114:
108:
106:
65:
41:
33:
6562:
6561:
6557:
6556:
6555:
6553:
6552:
6551:
6527:
6526:
6525:
6516:
6509:
6502:
6495:
6484:
6477:
6470:
6463:
6456:
6449:
6435:
6428:
6421:
6414:
6407:
6400:
6393:
6386:
6375:
6368:
6361:
6354:
6347:
6340:
6333:
6328:Charles Barbier
6326:
6319:
6308:
6301:
6294:
6287:
6280:
6273:
6266:
6259:
6252:
6245:
6238:
6231:
6218:
6211:
6204:
6196:
6189:
6182:
6175:
6160:
6152:
6145:
6138:
6127:
6120:
6113:
6104:
6097:
6090:
6083:
6078:
6067:
6059:
6053:Frequency-based
6048:
6040:
6025:
6018:
6010:
6003:
5995:
5988:
5981:
5974:
5966:
5959:
5952:
5945:
5934:
5926:
5919:
5912:
5905:
5898:
5891:
5884:
5877:
5870:
5863:
5856:
5849:Bharati Braille
5846:
5840:
5832:
5825:
5818:
5807:
5801:
5794:
5787:
5780:
5773:
5766:
5759:
5752:
5745:
5734:
5728:
5721:
5716:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5687:
5680:
5673:
5666:
5655:
5648:
5641:
5634:
5627:
5620:
5612:
5605:
5598:
5591:
5584:
5577:
5570:
5563:
5556:
5549:
5542:
5535:
5528:
5520:
5513:
5506:
5499:
5492:
5485:
5478:
5471:
5464:
5457:
5450:
5443:
5436:
5429:
5423:Unified English
5417:
5410:
5403:
5395:
5388:
5381:
5374:
5367:
5352:Braille scripts
5347:
5340:
5333:
5326:
5319:
5308:
5304:
5299:
5254:
5069:
5052:
5048:Stokoe notation
5024:
5003:
4962:
4917:
4896:
4880:
4844:
4823:Logoconsonantal
4818:
4767:
4720:
4689:
4596:
4579:
4560:Siglas poveiras
4481:
4460:
4419:
4323:Younger Futhark
4027:Gregg shorthand
3823:
3802:
3655:
3307:
3037:
3020:
2799:
2782:
2765:
2738:Writing systems
2726:
2701:
2699:writing systems
2692:
2662:
2657:
2636:
2585:
2512:
2487:Writing systems
2475:
2439:
2430:
2428:Writing systems
2425:
2388:
2383:
2377:
2339:
2318:
2295:
2272:
2260:. OUP. p.
2220:
2215:
2208:
2192:
2188:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2162:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2135:
2090:
2082:
2078:
2070:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2041:
2037:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2008:Writing Systems
2004:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1966:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1822:
1762:
1758:
1710:
1704:
1664:
1660:
1613:
1569:
1562:
1558:
1519:
1473:
1425:
1379:
1375:
1330:
1323:
1317:
1290:Psalter Pahlavi
1276:
1272:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1149:Aramaic (Early)
1134:
1026:, Early Aramaic
1020:2nd century BCE
998:Jewish diaspora
956:
880:Area of origin
855:
715:
704:
698:
695:
680:
664:
653:
546:
540:
491:
430:
404:
396:Florian Coulmas
313:
250:Arabic alphabet
242:
146:
142:
129:
118:
112:
109:
66:
64:
54:
42:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6560:
6550:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6522:
6521:
6518:
6517:
6515:
6514:
6507:
6500:
6492:
6490:
6489:Related topics
6486:
6485:
6483:
6482:
6475:
6468:
6465:New York Point
6461:
6454:
6446:
6444:
6437:
6436:
6434:
6433:
6426:
6419:
6412:
6405:
6398:
6391:
6383:
6381:
6377:
6376:
6374:
6373:
6366:
6359:
6352:
6349:Harris Mowbray
6345:
6338:
6331:
6324:
6316:
6314:
6310:
6309:
6307:
6306:
6299:
6292:
6285:
6278:
6271:
6264:
6257:
6250:
6243:
6236:
6233:Braille e-book
6228:
6226:
6220:
6219:
6217:
6216:
6209:
6202:
6194:
6187:
6180:
6172:
6170:
6166:
6165:
6162:
6161:
6159:
6158:
6150:
6143:
6135:
6133:
6129:
6128:
6126:
6125:
6118:
6111:
6110:
6109:
6102:
6095:
6088:
6075:
6073:
6069:
6068:
6066:
6065:
6056:
6054:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6046:
6037:
6035:
6031:
6030:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6023:
6016:
6008:
6001:
5993:
5986:
5979:
5972:
5964:
5957:
5950:
5942:
5940:
5936:
5935:
5933:
5932:
5924:
5917:
5910:
5903:
5896:
5889:
5882:
5875:
5868:
5861:
5853:
5851:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5838:
5830:
5823:
5815:
5813:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5799:
5792:
5785:
5778:
5771:
5764:
5757:
5750:
5742:
5740:
5730:
5729:
5727:
5726:
5725:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5685:
5678:
5671:
5663:
5661:
5654:
5653:
5646:
5639:
5632:
5625:
5618:
5610:
5603:
5596:
5589:
5582:
5575:
5568:
5561:
5554:
5547:
5540:
5533:
5526:
5518:
5511:
5504:
5497:
5490:
5483:
5476:
5469:
5462:
5455:
5448:
5441:
5434:
5427:
5415:
5408:
5401:
5393:
5386:
5379:
5372:
5364:
5362:
5360:French-ordered
5353:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5345:
5338:
5331:
5324:
5316:
5314:
5310:
5309:
5298:
5297:
5290:
5283:
5275:
5268:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5200:Linear Elamite
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5058:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5022:Sign languages
5013:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5002:
5001:
4999:Quốc Âm Tân Tự
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4974:Espanca script
4970:
4968:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4933:Linear Elamite
4929:
4927:
4919:
4918:
4906:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4888:
4886:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4826:
4824:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4814:Yi (Classical)
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4775:
4773:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4734:
4732:
4726:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4697:
4695:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4640:
4638:Bronze scripts
4635:
4630:
4625:
4619:
4617:
4608:
4598:
4597:
4585:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4470:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4451:Flag semaphore
4448:
4446:New York Point
4443:
4441:Telegraph code
4438:
4436:Maritime flags
4433:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4390:Visible Speech
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4360:Sorang Sompeng
4357:
4352:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4244:Galik alphabet
4241:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4144:
4142:Tironian notes
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3987:
3985:Garay alphabet
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3925:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3835:
3833:
3825:
3824:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3768:Sorang Sompeng
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3691:Déné syllabics
3688:
3678:
3673:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3049:
3039:
3038:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2986:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2952:Proto-Sinaitic
2949:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2932:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2813:
2812:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2784:
2783:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2703:
2702:
2691:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2668:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2641:Related topics
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2522:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2424:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2387:
2386:External links
2384:
2382:
2381:
2376:978-0521094559
2375:
2357:
2356:
2343:
2337:
2323:
2322:
2317:978-9004215450
2316:
2299:
2293:
2277:
2276:
2271:978-0195079937
2270:
2246:
2236:
2235:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2206:
2186:
2168:
2153:
2141:
2088:
2076:
2064:
2052:
2035:
2023:
2016:
1998:
1986:
1974:
1964:
1947:
1940:
1920:
1913:
1893:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1845:
1840:
1834:
1829:
1826:Abjad numerals
1821:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1759: 100 BCE
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1714:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1667:Proto-Sinaitic
1665:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1639:
1632:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:Proto-Sinaitic
1617:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1370:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1277: 700 CE
1273: 200 BCE
1267:
1264:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1004:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
967:
966:
963:
960:
951:
930:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
897:
896:
893:
892:Influenced by
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
854:
851:
807:true alphabets
717:
716:
667:
665:
658:
652:
649:
621:Brāhmī abugida
544:Greek alphabet
542:Main article:
539:
536:
490:
487:
475:Greek alphabet
473:abjad and the
412:Proto-Sinaitic
410:A specimen of
403:
400:
392:Greek alphabet
312:
309:
254:original order
241:
238:
186:in which only
184:writing system
131:
130:
113:September 2022
45:
43:
36:
21:Abjad numerals
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6559:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6534:
6532:
6512:
6508:
6505:
6501:
6498:
6494:
6493:
6491:
6487:
6480:
6476:
6473:
6472:Night writing
6469:
6466:
6462:
6459:
6455:
6452:
6448:
6447:
6445:
6443:
6438:
6431:
6427:
6424:
6420:
6417:
6413:
6410:
6406:
6403:
6399:
6396:
6392:
6389:
6385:
6384:
6382:
6380:Organisations
6378:
6371:
6367:
6364:
6360:
6357:
6353:
6350:
6346:
6343:
6342:Valentin Haüy
6339:
6336:
6332:
6329:
6325:
6322:
6321:Louis Braille
6318:
6317:
6315:
6311:
6304:
6300:
6297:
6293:
6290:
6286:
6283:
6279:
6276:
6272:
6269:
6265:
6262:
6258:
6255:
6254:Braille watch
6251:
6248:
6244:
6241:
6237:
6234:
6230:
6229:
6227:
6225:
6221:
6214:
6210:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6195:
6192:
6188:
6185:
6181:
6178:
6177:Braille music
6174:
6173:
6171:
6167:
6155:
6151:
6148:
6144:
6141:
6140:Luxembourgish
6137:
6136:
6134:
6130:
6123:
6119:
6116:
6112:
6107:
6103:
6100:
6096:
6093:
6089:
6086:
6082:
6081:
6077:
6076:
6074:
6070:
6062:
6058:
6057:
6055:
6051:
6043:
6039:
6038:
6036:
6032:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5991:
5987:
5984:
5980:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5962:
5958:
5955:
5951:
5948:
5944:
5943:
5941:
5939:Other scripts
5937:
5929:
5925:
5922:
5918:
5915:
5911:
5908:
5904:
5901:
5897:
5894:
5890:
5887:
5883:
5880:
5876:
5873:
5869:
5866:
5862:
5859:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5850:
5843:
5835:
5831:
5828:
5824:
5821:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5804:
5797:
5793:
5790:
5786:
5783:
5779:
5776:
5772:
5769:
5765:
5762:
5758:
5755:
5751:
5748:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5731:
5720:
5715:
5712:
5711:Northern Sámi
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5686:
5683:
5679:
5676:
5672:
5669:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5660:Nordic family
5658:
5651:
5647:
5644:
5640:
5637:
5633:
5630:
5626:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5608:
5604:
5601:
5600:South African
5597:
5594:
5590:
5587:
5583:
5580:
5576:
5573:
5569:
5566:
5562:
5559:
5555:
5552:
5548:
5545:
5541:
5538:
5534:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5522:Luxembourgish
5519:
5516:
5512:
5509:
5505:
5502:
5498:
5495:
5491:
5488:
5484:
5481:
5477:
5474:
5470:
5467:
5463:
5460:
5456:
5453:
5449:
5446:
5442:
5439:
5435:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5413:
5409:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5391:
5387:
5384:
5380:
5377:
5373:
5370:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5357:
5354:
5350:
5343:
5339:
5336:
5335:ASCII braille
5332:
5329:
5325:
5322:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5311:
5303:
5296:
5291:
5289:
5284:
5282:
5277:
5276:
5273:
5269:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5072:
5068:
5063:
5059:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5027:
5023:
5018:
5014:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4965:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4911:
4907:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4866:Attic (Greek)
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4847:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4821:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4804:Proto-Elamite
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4727:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4590:
4586:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4480:
4475:
4471:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4318:Elder Futhark
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4209:Old Hungarian
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3817:
3813:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3743:Masaram Gondi
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3713:Gunjala Gondi
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3526:
3525:Old Sundanese
3523:
3522:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3468:Old Maldivian
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3451:Bilang-bilang
3449:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3271:Sylheti Nagri
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3072:Brahmi script
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3031:
3027:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2967:South Arabian
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2913:Inscriptional
2911:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2772:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2677:
2675:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2429:
2422:
2417:
2415:
2410:
2408:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2378:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2294:9781588394347
2290:
2286:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2257:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2222:
2209:
2207:9781782975885
2203:
2199:
2198:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2165:
2160:
2158:
2151:, p. 21.
2150:
2145:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2085:
2084:Lipiński 1994
2080:
2073:
2068:
2061:
2056:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2032:
2027:
2019:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1990:
1983:
1978:
1968:
1960:
1957:
1951:
1943:
1941:9789004215450
1937:
1933:
1932:
1924:
1916:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1897:
1889:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1870:
1863:
1859:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1813:Neo-Tifinagh
1812:
1809:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1643:Boustrophedon
1640:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1627:South Arabian
1625:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:Punic Culture
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1451:boustrophedon
1448:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1350:boustrophedon
1347:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1003:
1000:communities,
999:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
972:
969:
968:
964:
961:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
931:
929:
925:
922:
919:
916:
914:22 consonants
913:
910:
907:
904:
902:
899:
898:
877:
872:# of letters
858:
850:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
803:
801:
797:
795:
784:
782:
771:
769:
758:
756:
745:
736:
732:
728:
724:
723:morphological
713:
710:
702:
692:
688:
684:
678:
677:
673:
668:This section
666:
662:
657:
656:
648:
647:orientation.
645:
641:
637:
633:
628:
626:
625:Aramaic abjad
622:
618:
617:Ge'ez abugida
614:
609:
605:
603:
598:
597:
592:
588:
587:
582:
581:
576:
575:
570:
569:
564:
563:
558:
557:
552:
545:
535:
533:
532:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
499:
495:
489:Impure abjads
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
452:
445:
443:
439:
435:
429:
421:
417:
413:
408:
399:
397:
393:
389:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
237:
235:
231:
230:Impure abjads
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
173:
167:
140:
135:
127:
124:
116:
105:
102:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74: –
73:
69:
68:Find sources:
62:
58:
52:
51:
46:This article
44:
40:
35:
34:
29:
22:
6012:Thai and Lao
5689:Scandinavian
5321:1829 braille
5313:Braille cell
5113:Cypro-Minoan
4979:Pahawh Hmong
4892:Sitelen Pona
4856:Hindu-Arabic
4189:Mundari Bani
3763:Pahawh Hmong
3572:Tamil-Brahmi
3478:Eveyla Akuru
3473:Dhives Akuru
2940:Paleo-Hebrew
2807:
2796:
2743:undeciphered
2566:Pictographic
2561:Phonogrammic
2525:
2366:
2362:
2352:the original
2328:
2307:
2303:
2283:
2255:
2241:
2230:
2196:
2189:
2180:
2171:
2149:Ekhtiar 2011
2144:
2079:
2072:Daniels 2013
2067:
2055:
2043:
2038:
2026:
2007:
2001:
1994:Lehmann 2011
1989:
1977:
1967:
1959:
1950:
1930:
1923:
1903:
1896:
1873:
1862:
1794:North Africa
1656:D'mt Kingdom
1641:right-left,
1449:right-left,
1348:right-left,
1024:Paleo-Hebrew
813:, including
804:
791:
778:
765:
759:(he wrote),
752:
743:
720:
705:
696:
681:Please help
669:
629:
606:
594:
590:
584:
578:
572:
566:
560:
554:
547:
529:
522:approximants
503:
498:Al-ʻArabiyya
497:
468:
449:
446:
431:
419:
387:
385:
376:
339:, and where
332:
314:
300:
290:
258:West Semitic
245:
243:
229:
228:
223:
219:
216:consonantary
215:
211:
207:
179:
138:
136:
134:
119:
110:
100:
93:
86:
79:
67:
55:Please help
50:verification
47:
6511:RoboBraille
6335:Róża Czacka
6275:Perforation
6072:Independent
5970:(Bhutanese)
5705:Greenlandic
5376:Azerbaijani
5178:Jindai moji
5067:Syllabaries
5038:SignWriting
4938:Celtiberian
4840:Hieroglyphs
4643:Seal script
4628:Traditional
4500:Blissymbols
4405:Warang Citi
4380:Tolong Siki
4333:Marcomannic
4313:Dalecarlian
4303:Anglo-Saxon
4283:Pau Cin Hau
4174:Medefaidrin
4127:Merovingian
4087:Blackletter
3995:Asomtavruli
3788:Warang Citi
3597:Ulu scripts
3542:New Tai Lue
3485:Mon–Burmese
3339:Bhattiprolu
3167:Nandinagari
2994:ʾEsṭrangēlā
2753:constructed
2581:Syllabaries
2551:Logographic
2546:Ideogrammic
1763: 1 CE
1614: 1400
1563: 1700
1559: 1900
1380: 1000
1376: 1500
1258:Middle East
1218:Middle East
1180: 1000
1168:Middle East
1122:Middle East
1088:many others
1016:many others
990:Middle East
920:Middle East
825:, and some
636:James Evans
341:vowel marks
311:Terminology
299:, the term
6531:Categories
6063:(obsolete)
6044:(obsolete)
5836:(Pakistan)
5747:Belarusian
5629:Vietnamese
5572:Portuguese
5558:Philippine
5515:Lithuanian
5168:Hentaigana
5163:Man'yōgana
4623:Simplified
4510:Ersu Shaba
4424:Non-linear
4229:Old Uyghur
4219:Old Permic
4214:Old Italic
4147:Visigothic
4082:Beneventan
4017:Glagolitic
3980:Gadabuursi
3644:Kolezhuthu
3639:Vatteluttu
3577:Tanchangya
3500:Saurashtra
3077:Devanagari
2935:Phoenician
2888:Manichaean
2612:Devanagari
2338:9068316109
1890:required.)
1855:References
1843:Numerology
1761: – c.
1737:right-left
1711: 400
1705:0400
1588:left-right
1561: – c.
1549:Canaanites
1537:left-right
1518:Phoenician
1498:right-left
1474: 500
1426: 200
1404:right-left
1378: – c.
1363:Canaanites
1338:Phoenician
1324: 400
1318:0400
1300:right-left
1275: – c.
1249:right-left
1209:right-left
1190:Phoenician
1184: 900
1182: – c.
1159:right-left
1140:Phoenician
1135: 500
1113:right-left
1044:right-left
981:right-left
957: 100
911:right-left
886:Languages
869:Direction
839:Portuguese
788:مَكْتَبَة
699:March 2024
526:Phoenician
451:man'yōgana
426:See also:
293:Indonesian
262:Phoenician
234:diacritics
188:consonants
83:newspapers
6479:Vibratese
6458:Moon type
6451:Decapoint
6132:Eight-dot
6085:Cantonese
6034:Reordered
5997:Inuktitut
5886:Malayalam
5796:Ukrainian
5775:Mongolian
5754:Bulgarian
5717:Norwegian
5682:Icelandic
5473:Hungarian
5431:Esperanto
5383:Cantonese
4967:Redundant
4779:Anatolian
4730:Cuneiform
4658:bird-worm
4594:Logograms
4565:Testerian
4479:Ideograms
4456:Moon type
4343:Staveless
4234:Mongolian
4179:Molodtsov
4137:Sütterlin
4005:Mkhedruli
3871:Bassa Vah
3821:Alphabets
3793:Mwangwego
3758:Mwangwego
3733:Kharosthi
3686:Blackfoot
3649:Malayanma
3520:Sundanese
3515:Sukhothai
3463:Malayalam
3414:Khom Thai
3374:Goykanadi
3298:Tocharian
3251:ʼPhags-pa
3122:Khudabadi
3067:Bhaiksuki
2962:Samaritan
2893:Nabataean
2748:inventors
2648:In Africa
2632:Mongolian
2576:Shorthand
2536:Alphabets
2466:Graphemes
2137:Ager 2015
1848:Shorthand
1727:Samaritan
1552:Canaanite
1224:Nabataean
1199:Nabataean
928:Assyrians
835:Aragonese
831:Mozarabic
775:يَكْتُبُ
670:does not
438:cuneiform
381:syllabary
371:, or (in
365:diacritic
363:) with a
337:phonology
325:graphemes
321:alphabets
244:The name
240:Etymology
200:graphemes
196:alphabets
6115:Japanese
5976:Georgian
5968:Dzongkha
5954:Armenian
5872:Gujarati
5737:Cyrillic
5668:Estonian
5643:Yugoslav
5579:Romanian
5551:Nigerian
5466:Hawaiian
5452:Ghanaian
5369:Albanian
5230:Sumerian
5195:Linear B
5158:Katakana
5153:Hiragana
5103:Cherokee
5033:ASLwrite
4994:Bopomofo
4849:Numerals
4835:Hieratic
4794:Isthmian
4763:Sumerian
4743:Assyrian
4738:Akkadian
4395:Vithkuqi
4370:Tifinagh
4338:Medieval
4293:Pisidian
4288:Phrygian
4259:Vagindra
4204:Ol Chiki
4112:Interlac
4067:Kayah Li
4057:Jenticha
4012:Veso Bey
4000:Nuskhuri
3990:Georgian
3960:Formosan
3955:Etruscan
3950:Enochian
3906:Cyrillic
3891:Coelbren
3849:Armenian
3748:Meroitic
3738:Mandombe
3728:Jenticha
3592:Tigalari
3557:Tai Viet
3552:Tai Tham
3532:Tagbanwa
3384:Javanese
3334:Baybayin
3324:Balinese
3312:Southern
3207:Pracalit
3202:Pachumol
3177:Bhujimol
3137:Mahajani
3097:Gurmukhi
3087:Gujarati
3055:Northern
3035:Abugidas
3016:Ugaritic
3004:Maḏnḥāyā
2878:Tifinagh
2871:Solitreo
2809:Numerals
2722:Grapheme
2710:Overview
2541:Featural
2531:Abugidas
2451:Language
2444:Overview
2348:"Berber"
2231:Omniglot
1837:Gematria
1820:See also
1775:Tifinagh
1604:Ugarites
1578:Ugaritic
1419:Parthian
1394:Parthian
1064:Kashmiri
994:Israelis
883:Used by
866:Cursive
829:such as
794:maktabah
762:كَتَبْتَ
608:Abugidas
602:Linear B
551:guttural
483:Cyrillic
460:Japanese
420:mt l blt
377:suppress
329:abugidas
305:alphabet
178:), also
6020:Tibetan
5961:Burmese
5947:Amharic
5930:(India)
5907:Sinhala
5900:Punjabi
5879:Kannada
5827:Persian
5782:Russian
5722:Swedish
5700:Finnish
5675:Faroese
5650:Zambian
5622:Turkish
5607:Spanish
5530:Maltese
5508:Latvian
5501:Italian
5480:Iñupiaq
5459:Guarani
5419:English
5390:Catalan
5307:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑
5302:Braille
5185:Kikakui
5123:Eskayan
5108:Cypriot
4958:Dunging
4830:Demotic
4809:Tenevil
4753:Hittite
4748:Elamite
4701:Jurchen
4680:Sawndip
4675:Chữ Nôm
4575:Zapotec
4570:Yerkish
4545:Nsibidi
4530:Miꞌkmaw
4520:Isotype
4490:Adinkra
4431:Braille
4415:Zaghawa
4385:Vellara
4365:Sunuwar
4355:Sidetic
4350:Shavian
4278:Osmanya
4268:Ol Onal
4122:Kurrent
4107:Insular
4097:Fraktur
4072:Klingon
4062:Kaddare
4036:Archaic
3945:Elbasan
3933:Chinook
3923:Deseret
3911:Bosnian
3866:Avoiuli
3854:Avestan
3844:Ariyaka
3773:Tengwar
3671:Bharati
3632:Serawai
3622:Pasemah
3607:Lampung
3562:Lai Tay
3547:Tai Noi
3510:Sinhala
3490:Pallava
3458:Makasar
3446:Lontara
3421:Kulitan
3394:Kannada
3389:Kadamba
3379:Hanunoo
3369:Grantha
3364:Fakkham
3281:Tibetan
3266:Soyombo
3261:Siddhaṃ
3256:Sharada
3232:Litumol
3222:Tirhuta
3212:Ranjana
3197:Kvemmol
3157:Multani
3142:Marchen
3107:Kalinga
3047:Brahmic
2984:Sogdian
2923:Psalter
2903:Pahlavi
2883:Mandaic
2861:Cursive
2846:Elymaic
2817:Aramaic
2607:Chinese
2556:Numeral
2218:Sources
2164:Lo 2012
1869:"abjad"
1832:Abugida
1798:Berbers
1701:Sogdian
1676:Sogdian
1663:900 BCE
1467:Sabaean
1439:Sabaean
1431:Aramaic
1281:Aramaic
1233:Arabic
1230:Aramaic
1227:200 BCE
1080:Kurdish
1068:Persian
1008:Yiddish
962:Aramaic
933:Aramaic
863:In use
843:Spanish
823:Yiddish
819:Bosnian
815:Kurdish
800:context
781:yaktubu
768:katabta
691:removed
676:sources
518:Pahlavi
514:Aramaic
471:Aramaic
402:Origins
353:ḥarakāt
333:implied
270:Semitic
182:, is a
97:scholar
72:"Abjad"
28:Abugida
6440:Other
6313:People
6303:Braigo
6122:Korean
5990:Hebrew
5921:Telugu
5820:Arabic
5810:Arabic
5768:Kyrgyz
5761:Kazakh
5695:Danish
5593:Slovak
5586:Samoan
5565:Polish
5544:Navajo
5445:German
5438:French
5305:
5250:Yugtun
5240:Woleai
5190:Kpelle
5173:Sōgana
5093:Byblos
4871:Muisca
4789:Cretan
4758:Luwian
4716:Tangut
4535:Mixtec
4505:Dongba
4410:Yezidi
4400:Wancho
4375:Todhri
4328:Gothic
4308:Cipher
4249:Manchu
4239:Evenki
4224:Orkhon
4169:Manchu
4164:Lydian
4159:Lycian
4102:Gaelic
4052:Hanifi
4047:Hangul
4022:Gothic
3970:Fraser
3965:Fox II
3901:Coptic
3876:Carian
3859:Pazend
3832:Linear
3778:Thaana
3723:Sarati
3664:Others
3627:Rejang
3612:Lembak
3602:Incung
3582:Telugu
3537:Tai Le
3431:Langdi
3354:Chakma
3244:Karani
3217:Tamyig
3192:Kummol
3187:Himmol
3182:Golmol
3162:Nagari
3147:Meitei
3132:Lepcha
3117:Khojki
3102:Kaithi
2989:Syriac
2977:Musnad
2856:Ashuri
2851:Hebrew
2834:Elifba
2829:Arabic
2822:Hatran
2797:Abjads
2617:Hangul
2597:Arabic
2526:Abjads
2373:
2335:
2314:
2291:
2268:
2204:
2014:
1938:
1911:
1746:Levant
1716:Syriac
1598:+vowel
1479:Byblos
1368:Hebrew
1360:Byblos
1329:Syriac
1092:512 CE
1076:Uyghur
1072:Pashto
1060:Arabic
1034:Arabic
1012:Ladino
971:Hebrew
949:Mlahso
945:Turoyo
937:Syriac
901:Syriac
847:Ladino
755:kataba
749:كَتَبَ
516:, and
510:Hebrew
506:Arabic
416:Baalat
357:Arabic
349:Hebrew
345:nikkud
266:Hebrew
222:, and
172:Arabic
99:
92:
85:
78:
70:
6156:(GS8)
6147:Kanji
6005:Khmer
5983:Greek
5914:Tamil
5847:i.e.
5808:i.e.
5789:Tatar
5735:i.e.
5636:Welsh
5537:Māori
5494:Irish
5412:Dutch
5405:Czech
5215:Nüshu
5083:Bamum
5078:Afaka
4885:Other
4876:Roman
4861:Abjad
4784:Bagam
4685:Bowen
4670:Kanji
4665:Hanja
4653:small
4648:large
4555:Olmec
4525:Kaidā
4515:Emoji
4495:Aztec
4298:Runic
4273:Osage
4254:Oirat
4199:Ogham
4132:Sigla
4077:Latin
4032:Greek
3916:Early
3886:Cirth
3839:Adlam
3708:Geʽez
3703:Fox I
3567:Tamil
3426:Lanna
3409:Khmer
3399:Karen
3349:Buhid
3329:Batak
3286:Uchen
3276:Takri
3227:Limbu
3127:Laṇḍā
3112:Khema
3092:Gupta
3082:Dogri
2999:Serṭā
2972:Zabur
2957:Punic
2930:Pegon
2866:Rashi
2780:Types
2731:Lists
2695:Types
2627:Latin
2518:Types
2480:Lists
2365:[
1884:
1636:Zabūr
1634:yes (
1488:Punic
860:Name
744:K-T-B
556:aleph
479:Latin
456:kanji
388:abjad
369:glyph
301:abjad
297:Malay
286:dalet
282:gimel
274:aleph
246:abjad
192:vowel
180:abgad
139:abjad
104:JSTOR
90:books
5928:Urdu
5893:Odia
5834:Urdu
5210:Loma
5205:Lisu
5148:Kana
5138:Iban
5128:Geba
5088:Bété
5043:si5s
4953:Khom
4926:Full
4799:Maya
4194:N'Ko
3753:Miao
3698:Dham
3617:Ogan
3587:Thai
3505:Shan
3441:Leke
3404:Kawi
3359:Cham
3344:Buda
3319:Ahom
3239:Odia
3152:Modi
2908:Book
2622:Kana
2371:ISBN
2333:ISBN
2312:ISBN
2304:Ch 2
2289:ISBN
2266:ISBN
2202:ISBN
2012:ISBN
1936:ISBN
1909:ISBN
1743:none
1543:none
1504:none
1458:none
1357:none
1215:none
1165:none
1084:Urdu
845:and
733:and
674:any
672:cite
642:and
583:and
574:ayin
568:heth
481:and
464:kana
440:and
355:for
351:and
347:for
295:and
268:and
176:أبجد
76:news
5487:IPA
5235:Vai
5143:Idu
4711:Sui
4184:Mru
4154:Luo
4117:IPA
3798:Rma
3495:Pyu
3436:Lao
3291:Umê
2697:of
1791:yes
1779:yes
1650:yes
1616:BCE
1585:yes
1565:BCE
1476:BCE
1428:BCE
1410:yes
1382:BCE
1306:yes
1297:yes
1186:BCE
1137:BCE
1041:yes
1038:yes
978:yes
975:yes
959:BCE
908:yes
905:yes
685:by
586:yod
580:waw
571:or
335:by
291:In
278:bet
137:An
59:by
6533::
5245:Yi
2264:.
2229:.
2179:.
2156:^
2091:^
1872:.
1788:31
1782:no
1756:c.
1740:22
1734:no
1713:CE
1708:c.
1689:20
1680:no
1647:29
1631:no
1611:c.
1596:gs
1591:30
1582:no
1556:c.
1540:24
1534:no
1531:no
1501:22
1495:no
1492:no
1471:c.
1455:29
1446:no
1443:no
1423:c.
1407:22
1401:no
1398:no
1373:c.
1354:22
1345:no
1342:no
1326:CE
1321:c.
1303:21
1294:no
1270:c.
1252:22
1246:no
1243:no
1212:22
1206:no
1203:no
1177:c.
1162:22
1156:no
1153:no
1132:c.
1116:22
1110:no
1107:no
1086:,
1082:,
1078:,
1074:,
1070:,
1066:,
1062:,
1047:28
1014:,
1010:,
996:,
954:c.
947:,
943:,
939:,
935::
926:,
849:.
841:,
837:,
833:,
821:,
817:,
591:he
565:,
562:he
559:,
512:,
508:,
466:.
307:.
288:.
284:,
280:,
276:,
264:,
226:.
218:,
214:,
210:,
174::
170:,
157:dʒ
5425:)
5421:(
5294:e
5287:t
5280:v
4038:)
4034:(
2687:e
2680:t
2673:v
2420:e
2413:t
2406:v
2379:.
2341:.
2320:.
2297:.
2274:.
2262:4
2233:.
2210:.
2183:.
2166:.
2139:.
2086:.
2074:.
2050:.
2020:.
1996:.
1984:.
1944:.
1917:.
1882:.
1692:3
1255:3
1119:3
1050:3
987:4
917:3
712:)
706:(
701:)
697:(
693:.
679:.
454:(
422:.
166:/
163:d
160:æ
154:b
151:æ
148:ˈ
145:/
141:(
126:)
120:(
115:)
111:(
101:·
94:·
87:·
80:·
53:.
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
