Actions of St Eloi Craters

1329:, decided that it would be more advantageous to make a retaliatory attack at St Eloi, about 1 mi (1.6 km) to the west. Since an attack on 14 March 1915, the Germans had held a salient 600 yd (550 m) wide and 100 yd (91 m) deep around the Mound, against which an attack had been planned in November 1915. The salient was on a slight spur that ran down from the higher ground around Ypres, which gave a commanding view over the British lines. An attack on the Mound required mines to be sunk much deeper and work by the 172nd Tunnelling Company had begun in August 1915. Three shafts were dug 50–60 ft (15–18 m) deep and by November, when the Germans blew a mine at the Bluff, a line of shallow galleries had been dug. Work on the deep mines continued for a possible operation in February 1916; eventually it was decided to dig six galleries from the deep shafts. After another German mine explosion at the Bluff in January, work on the shallow mines was stopped and all efforts were made to finish the deep galleries at St Eloi. 2004:

The British had attacked with a tired and depleted division and had not achieved all of the objectives, making a second attempt necessary, at the cost of foregoing a quick, thorough consolidation. Against an attack on a narrow front where the defender had good observation over the area, the ground could not be held and at St Eloi, the German defenders had a full view of the British positions. It was an open question as to the width of front to attack, narrow enough to guarantee success, yet wide enough to force the Germans to disperse their artillery-fire so that captured ground could be held. The fighting at St Eloi was one of nine sudden attacks for local gains made by the Germans or the British between the appointment of Sir

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all waterlogged and incapable of resisting shell-splinters. There were no communication trenches and the four largest craters had to be by-passed, supply parties being tied together to pull out those who got stranded in flooded shell-holes. Wounded and dead lay everywhere and the relief parties could only find posts, some connected by shallow trenches. The Canadian commander recommended digging a temporary defence line along the west lips of the craters rather than the longer line in front, on a forward facing slope, easily watched from the ridges above, when a counter-attack was expected from the direction of the Bluff. The 6th Canadian Brigade, 2nd Canadian Pioneer Battalion and large working parties from the 4th and

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that the French gains of 1915 would have to be abandoned, a proposal that the French rejected out of hand. For political reasons, giving up ground around Ypres in Belgium was also unacceptable and to reach better positions, only an advance could be contemplated. Since the French and British anticipated early advances in 1916, there seemed little point in improving defences, at a time when the Germans were building more elaborate fortifications, except at Verdun. Rather than continue the informal truces that had developed between French and German trench garrisons, the British kept an active front and five of the German local attacks in the period were retaliation for three British set-piece attacks.

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positions had been detected near Kruisstraat and Dickebusch Lake and huts had been built near Wulverghem and Vierstraat but this had not been seen as suspicious. During the night of 25/26 March, the III Battalion, Reserve Infantry Regiment 216 (RIR 216) was relieved by RJB 18, with I Battalion, RIR 216 in close reserve. On the afternoon of 26 March a listening post overheard British troops discussing mines to be fired at St Eloi but a careful inspection by German tunnellers found no cause for alarm. As a precaution, RJB 18 thinned its front line to keep more troops in the support trenches and it was a quiet night.

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Division had fought hand-to-hand with the attackers but could not counter-attack, because of a lack of close reserves and German artillery barrages isolating the attack front. Just after midnight, two battalions managed to counter-attack and retook the village and the lost trenches. The Mound was not regained as the Germans had managed to consolidate and retained the advantage of observation from it. Another German attack on 17 March was a costly failure and on 14 April, after a four-day bombardment, the Germans blew another mine at

137: 234: 1243:(BEF) was ordered to form Brigade Mining Sections with miners and tunnellers already in the army. In February 1915, it was decided to form eight tunnelling companies from civilians recruited in Britain and transfers from the army. Another twelve companies were formed later in 1915, one in 1916, a Canadian Tunnelling Company was formed in December 1915, two more arrived in France in March 1916 and a New Zealand and three Australian tunnelling companies arrived in May. Counter-mining by the 1206: 1506: 1609: 1357:. (For most of the time, the British preparations were obstructed by an efficient German counter-mining effort but the British carried away excavated earth in sacks by hand, dumped it in dips unseen and then camouflaged the dumps.) From Kemmel Hill, a hollow south of St Eloi could be observed and was thought to be a German assembly area. No artillery-fire was directed on the area but a code word was arranged at which the guns were to open rapid fire. 1191:. The British formed specialist tunnelling companies from soldiers who had been miners and tunnellers in civilian life, which began to reach France at the end of February. German troops attacked the 28th Division near St Eloi on 4 February and held the captured ground for several days. Further south, the 27th Division was attacked on 14 and 15 February; on 28 February, the 27th Division made a successful local attack along with Canadian troops. 1341:(73 m) along, even though the German trenches were 420 ft (130 m) away. F gallery was dug at 38 ft (12 m) and then stopped, when it ran into German defensive mines about 100 ft (30 m) from the German lines. Work still went on in the higher galleries and the British tunnellers entered two German galleries and demolished them. There were four central galleries, two laid from 241: 45: 1840:

battalions. On 12 April, Plumer and Turner decided to concentrate on improving the front line; the frequent battalion reliefs were necessary due to fatigue and lack of sleep under constant bombardment, with no cover amidst mud and waterlogged shell holes. The Germans made occasional bomb attacks, intermittently bombarded the British lines during the day and fired

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the cost of quick consolidation. At St Eloi, against an attack on a narrow front, where the defender had good observation, the ground could not be held. It was an open question as to what width of front to attack, narrow enough to guarantee success, yet wide enough to force the Germans to disperse their artillery-fire so that captured ground could be held.

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incompatible weapons and ammunition and a substantial cadre of German pre-war trained officers, NCOs and soldiers remained. The British wartime volunteers gained experience in minor tactics but success usually came from machine-guns and the accuracy and quantity of artillery support, not individual skill and bravery; in the air the RFC overcame the

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1916, the 172nd Tunnelling Company had sunk shafts into the blue clay and began to dig galleries 80–120 ft (24–37 m) under the German front position. After the Second Army offensive in the summer of 1916 was postponed, the mining offensive was made even more ambitious with a plan to mine Messines Ridge.

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and converging artillery-fire. An occupier also has the advantage of artillery deployments and the movement of reinforcements and supplies being screened from view. The ridge had woods from Wytschaete to Zonnebeke, giving good cover, some being of notable size, like Polygon Wood and those later named

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An elaborate trench network was dug around the St Eloi craters by the Germans, with a front line west of the craters and a reserve line to the east; the 46th Reserve Division held the new line until it was moved south to the Somme in August. In March 1916, 172nd Tunnelling Company handed its work at

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The BEF was at a tactical disadvantage against the German army, on lower, boggy ground, easily observed from German positions. When the BEF took over more of the Western Front from the French, it was to be held lightly with outposts, while a better line was surveyed further back. The survey revealed

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On the next couple of nights the 21st Canadian Battalion was relieved by the 20th and the 18th Canadian Battalion by the 25th in the centre and the commander of the 5th Canadian Brigade took over. More reliefs took place with the 22nd and 26th Canadian battalions replacing the 20th and 19th Canadian

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up to the canal, taking three Germans prisoner on craters 5 and 6. The mines, artillery bombardments and inclement weather had demolished parapets, cut the wire and even well built trenches had collapsed. The shallow ditches and captured trenches facing the wrong way had no drainage and few dugouts,

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The Canadians counter-attacked several times, then concentrated on consolidating the front line, ready for another attempt. Constant rain, oozing mud and incessant artillery-fire exhausted troops quickly and battalions had to be relieved after a couple of days. Canadian and British staffs were still

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and underground, the BEF tunnellers overtook the Germans in technology and ambition. When the Bluff was captured, the British retook it; Mount Sorrel and Tor Top were retaken by the Canadians and British successes at St Eloi and Vimy Ridge were short-lived. Constant local fighting was costly but it

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the furthest west, which was thought to be most vulnerable to exposure and on 10 March 1916, the Germans blew a camouflet which collapsed 20 ft (6.1 m) of the gallery. The British blew their own camouflet on 24 March, which collapsed more of the gallery and a charge was placed 240 ft

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the Engineer in Chief, proposed a mining offensive in the blue clay 60–90 ft (18–27 m) underground. Since the Germans were on the higher ground, galleries could be driven horizontally into the blue clay from shafts about 300–400 ft (91–122 m) back from the front line. By January

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The woods usually had undergrowth but the fields in gaps between the woods were 800–1,000 yd (730–910 m) wide and devoid of cover. Roads in this area were usually unpaved, except for the main ones from Ypres, with occasional villages and houses. The lowland west of the ridge was a mixture

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The mud and poor weather caused unprecedented misery on the troops but the first attack showed that with preparation, surprise and good timing a limited objective could be captured. The British had attacked with tired troops and had not achieved all of their objectives and the second attempt was at

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The mud and poor weather had imposed unprecedented misery on the infantry and after 19 April, a lull began and both sides were content to let the area quieten. With sufficient preparation, a measure of surprise and discretion over timing, a limited objective could be captured on the Western front.

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immediate counter-attack within the position) amid the confusion and the quantity of British artillery-fire. After dark, counter-attacks from both flanks were repulsed; Kathen suspended the attacks and ordered forward every spare man from the 46th Reserve Division and parties from the 45th Reserve

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from the 9th Brigade had many casualties. The Germans' deep drainage system had gone up with the mines, the trenches began to flood as intermittent showers turned into a downpour. The British troops were replaced frequently; despite their tiredness, battalions were poached from resting brigades to

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the 24th Canadian Battalion relieved the 25th and an officer crawled round the craters, reporting that the four along the old German front line were occupied. On 16 April, the weather improved enough for air reconnaissance by the RFC and photographs showed that the Germans had dug a trench to the

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the 27th and the 29th Canadian battalions were relieved by the 21st Canadian Battalion. Turner said that they could either evacuate the area to make it untenable by artillery-fire or counter-attack on a wider front and consolidate the captured ground. An attack on a broader front would reduce the

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The Germans began to dig in, not needing to take cover, having the protection of the barrage. The British were ignorant of the situation at the front and prevented the British artillery from firing at the crater area, the barrage behind them continuing. Runners eventually got back but reported by

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there to divert German artillery-fire. The parties were overwhelmed but at crater 5 the Canadians were able to hold out for a while and the attack on crater 6 and the line beyond was repulsed by the 31st Canadian Battalion. A rocket was sent up from crater 3 (the site of the Mound) and the German

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The British artillery began to barrage lines of approach and communication trenches but German infantry found ways through and broke into the centre of the Canadian position, where the defenders had been killed by the bombardment. The Germans began to roll up the remaining defences and captured

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and men gave up, having been isolated and without food for three days. Haldane made another inspection to make sure of the line held and found that the crater in the place where the Mound had been was a good observatory but was protected only by a thin line of defences and it would be a race to

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Battalion 18 (RJB 18) taking over at St Eloi. The German mines in the area had become waterlogged and dilapidated but the 123rd Division engineers had been confident that a British mine attack was unlikely and air reconnaissance had revealed no obvious preparations for an attack. More artillery

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of RJB 18, which had partly withdrawn into the reserve line as a precaution. The British heavy artillery fired a barrage along the flanking trenches and behind the salient, varying the area periodically. Infantry advanced quickly, ignoring the half-minute delay for flying débris and found that

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On 14 March 1915, the Germans attacked St Eloi after springing two mines and captured the village, trenches nearby and the Mound, a spoil heap about 30 ft (9.1 m) high and 0.5 acres (0.20 ha) in area, on the west side of a rise, south of the village. The 80th Brigade of the 27th

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the ridge is 4,000 yd (2.3 mi; 3.7 km) distant and recedes to 7,000 yd (4.0 mi; 6.4 km) at Polygon Wood. Wytschaete is about 150 ft (46 m) above the plain; on the Ypres–Menin road at Hooge, the elevation is about 100 ft (30 m) and 70 ft

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In early 1916, the Germans had an advantage in trench warfare equipment, being equipped with more and better hand grenades, rifle grenades and trench mortars. It was easier for the Germans to transfer troops, artillery and ammunition along the Western Front than the Franco-British, who had

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just after the Canadian work details had withdrawn. The bombardment with artillery and trench mortars lasted for thirty minutes and destroyed much of the work of consolidation, the wire being swept away and two of four Lewis guns being knocked out. The British artillery barraged the German

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The Ypres area has a shallow soil layer of loam or sand above waterlogged semi-liquid sand and slurry patches of sand and clay. Beneath the second layer is a thick seam of blue clay. The early mining took place above the blue clay which put very heavy pressures of water and wet sand on the

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On a small square in the centre of Saint-Eloi stands the 'Monument to the St Eloi Tunnellers' which was unveiled on 11 November 2001. The brick plinth bears transparent plaques with details of the mining activities by the 172nd Tunnelling Company and an extract from the poem

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the British battalions being so depleted that only companies were needed to take over but the relief cost twelve hours of consolidation. The 3rd Division infantry went into reserve and the artillery stayed on until the night of 12 April, then lent its trench mortars and the

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were still held, along with the trenches linking them. In the centre, where 500 yd (460 m) of trench had been lost, were two companies in communication trenches and the remaining positions before Voormezeele. Bombers of the 28th and 31st Canadian battalions in

2155:). From there, the gallery was extended to the area of the mine chamber and the chamber was set 42 m (138 ft) below ground, at the end of a gallery 408 m (1,339 ft) long and charged with 43,400 kg (95,600 lb) of ammonal by 11 June 1916. 984:) recovered the captured craters. Canadian runners struggled to deliver messages and for several days the Canadian and British staffs were ignorant of which craters had been captured, the topography having been changed so much by the mine detonations. There were 1817:

density of German counter-bombardment that the Germans could achieve. Since the area was thoroughly disturbed, surprise was impossible and with the offensive on the Somme looming, there was no time for a proper set-piece attack. Under the impression that only

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the 5th Canadian Brigade was relieved by the 6th Canadian Brigade. For the next two weeks, both sides exchanged artillery-fire and the British front line, support trenches and communication trenches were demolished; the new trench covering the Germans in

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of meadow and fields, with high hedgerows dotted with trees, cut by streams and ditches emptying into the canals. The Ypres–Comines Canal is about 18 ft (5.5 m) wide and the Yperlee about 36 ft (11 m); the main road to Ypres from

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on 27 March, it "appeared as if a long village was being lifted through flames into the air" and "there was an earth shake but no roar of explosion". The detonation obliterated the Mound and the trenches rocked and heaved, burying about

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photographed the new craters. Despite the winter weather, 6 Squadron managed to conduct counter-battery sorties until 6 April and for the rest of the fighting at the craters, the RFC squadrons mostly flew artillery-observation sorties.

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A force from the 1st Gordon Highlanders, 12th West Yorkshire and the 3rd Division Grenade School staff was picked to capture the parts of the objective not taken during the attack on 27 March. The Germans were found to be occupying

2174:. When the large St Eloi deep mine was fired by the 1st Canadian Tunnelling Company on 7 June 1917, it destroyed craters D2 and D1 from 1916 but the double crater H4 and H1 can still be seen. The detonation was followed up by the 2033:

enabled the mass of inexperienced British troops to gain experience, yet had the front been less densely occupied, more troops could have had more training; the wisdom of each policy was debated at the time and since.

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heights are subtle but have the character of a saucer lip around Ypres. The main ridge has spurs sloping east and one is particularly noticeable at Wytschaete, which runs 2 mi (3.2 km) south-east to Messines

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preferred to carry out the attack or wait until the front had settled before taking over. The tiredness of the 3rd Division meant that the Canadians were sent to take over while the front was still unsettled and the

2198:(1883–1917). There is a flagpole with the British flag next to it and in 2003, a field gun was added to the memorial. The participation of the Canadian Corps in the Actions at St Eloi are commemorated on the nearby 3026:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan. 2863:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan. 2841:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan. 1703:

but the support and old front line, were much improved. Lack of rest and inability to carry food forward, led to a decision to swap the 27th Canadian Battalion with the 29th Canadian Battalion on the night of

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and an older crater to the east, the topography of the area having changed so much that it was hard to orientate. Consolidation was slowed by the German artillery-fire; working and carrying parties of the 1st

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that day and it had been connected to the main German defences by a communication trench. The British attack was called off and an attempt made to cut off the German party in the crater which failed but

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inside medieval earth ramparts faced with brick and a ditch on the east and south sides. Possession of the higher ground to the south and east of the city, gives ample scope for ground observation,

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1,800 lb (820 kg), 31,000 lb (14,000 kg), 15,000 lb (6,800 kg), 13,500,000 lb (6,100,000 kg) 12,000 lb (5,400 kg) and 600 lb (270 kg) of

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the new craters superimposed on the old ones, full of shell-holes and part-demolished trenches; if people raised their heads in daylight, they were sniped, which made it impossible to orientate.

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the 13th King's, 2nd Royal Scots and the 8th East Yorkshire from the 8th Brigade relieved the 1st Northumberland Fusiliers, 4th Royal Fusiliers and the 1st Royal Scots Fusiliers. On the night of

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the 6th Canadian Brigade was relieved by the 4th Canadian Brigade, which brought the 19th and 18th Canadian battalions forward. Bombers of the 18th, 19th and 21st Canadian battalions attacked

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January 1915 was a month of rain, snow and floods, made worse for both sides by artillery-fire, sniping and the need for constant trench repairs. The British front was extended when the

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on 31 March but were repulsed despite the sketchy defences of the crater. Haldane inspected part of the front, finding it waist deep in water and gave orders for another attack against

1103:) Spur; the Oosttaverne Spur, also parallel, is to the east. The general aspect south of Ypres is of low ridges and dips, gradually flattening to the north into a featureless plain. 1167:

On 21 February, the Germans blew a mine in Shrewsbury Forest, north of Klein Zillebeke, captured an area of 100 yd × 40 yd (91 m × 37 m) and inflicted

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underground works. In August the digging of galleries had begun to be complete by the end of June 1916. Both sides spent 1915 mining and counter-mining, the British springing

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not possible in the rest of the BEF or in the French and German armies, where the division was the main tactical unit; divisional reliefs were easier but continuity was lost.

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failed. The intense British artillery-fire was taken to be the preliminary of another attack and an extra battalion was sent to reinforce the 46th Reserve Division but

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brigades began to sandbag the defences and repair the drainage but the water was thick mud and oozed back when it was thrown out. German guns bombarded the area every

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relieved the 12th West Yorkshires, the last of the 9th Brigade battalions. (In the morning an apparent German counter-attack turned out to be a surrender attempt.)

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The Canadians inherited positions in a deplorable state, the British having pressed their advantage, rather than consolidating the captured ground. On the night of

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Division and 123rd Division, to dig another front position, which was done under British artillery-fire. On 30 March, patrols from II Battalion, RIR 216 scouted

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was received, RFC squadrons were to stop routine operations and commence artillery co-operation and reconnaissance of corps and army areas, until the signal

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German miners could be heard above the deep galleries, which showed that the galleries had been advanced under the German lines but the British deep mines,

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Conflicting reports added to the uncertainty but a reconnaissance by a Canadian major on 10 April found that the Germans were in crater 4. On 16 April, the

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and mining operations at St Eloi continued. The largest mine at St Eloi was begun by the Canadian tunnellers on 16 August 1915, with a deep shaft named

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Early in the morning of 27 March, German troops near St Eloi heard noises underground and then British mines exploded. The ground around the craters of

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between them and had to hold the front line with far more men to compensate, the French being able to defend an outpost line with a hundred and twenty

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were lost. The advance of reserves to reinforce the defenders was stopped by British artillery fire and the confusion caused by the mine explosions.

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were the biggest but the newer troops in the area easily mistook one pair of craters for another. All the ground lost on 27 March was recaptured by

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teams to the 2nd Canadian Division artillery. At noon on 4 April, the Canadian Corps took over from V Corps with the three Canadian divisions, the

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Bombers of the 18th and 29th Canadian battalions, with two companies of the 28th Canadian Battalion, counter-attacked but failed to recapture

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after the Northumberland Fusiliers attacked and continued nearly all day. The Royal Fusiliers only reached part of a German trench south of

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before the captured ground had been consolidated and the German defences opposite had not been identified. Fifty men per company of the

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on 3 April by the 8th King's Own in the dark and a thick fog and reached the objectives, finding the Germans unable to resist except at

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artillery began a barrage around the craters and across British communication trenches, which prevented reinforcements from moving up.

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were hit by machine-gun fire from the left flank as they climbed the parapet; a German counter-barrage on the front line began only

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was not as badly damaged, because the British heavy artillery was subject to ammunition rationing. On 19 April, the Germans took

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Before 27 March, Plumer intended that the Canadians should take over the sector as soon as the attack was complete but the

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advanced and lost only one man before reaching the German wire, finding that the German survivors were ready to surrender.

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conflicting reports; a Canadian officer inspecting the line on 10 April, reported that he had been fired on from crater 4.

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missing believed to have been buried in the mine blasts. The 46th Reserve Division casualties in the 6 April attack were

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had been lost, Plumer ordered the 2nd Canadian Division to hold its positions and recapture the craters. On the night of

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and a trench round the front lips. Plans to attack were cancelled and for two weeks both sides exchanged artillery-fire.

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Military Operations France and Belgium, 1914: Antwerp, La Bassée, Armentières, Messines and Ypres October–November 1914

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which they had fortified with a belt of barbed wire and machine-guns. Troops from II Battalion, RIR 216 had taken over

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and commenced a systematic bombardment, against which the British artillery replied but no infantry attack followed.

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on 5 April, an intense German bombardment began (less gas shell, because of unfavourable wind) and continued until

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on the right flank and the junction with the Northumberland Fusiliers but left a gap. The Royal Fusiliers were at

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The 27th Canadian Battalion took over in front of the craters with parties from the 31st Canadian Battalion in

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in 1917, the British began a mining offensive against the German lines along the ridge to the south of Ypres.

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Military Operations France and Belgium, 1916: Sir Douglas Haig's Command to the 1st July: Battle of the Somme

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Military Operations France and Belgium, 1916: Sir Douglas Haig's Command to the 1st July: Battle of the Somme

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Military Operations France and Belgium, 1917: 7 June – 10 November: Messines and Third Ypres (Passchendaele)

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Map showing topography and locations in the Ypres district, detailing British–French advances at Ypres, 1917

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the 24th Division, the Canadian Corps holding the line from St Eloi, across the Ypres–Comines Canal to the

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were dug by Tunnelling companies RE, most of which were detonated simultaneously on 7 June 1917, creating

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but counter-attacks on 31 March by II Battalion and III Battalion against the British trenches covering

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arrived in France and took over from the French XVI Corps. The British divisions had only seventy-two

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Military Operations France and Belgium, 1915: Winter 1915: Battle of Neuve Chapelle: Battles of Ypres

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was found to be empty and was occupied and a machine-gun placed on each flank. The Germans attacked

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in the south-west and from the east by low hills running south-west to north-east, with Wytschaete (

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made it impossible to orientate and fresh troops easily mistook one pair of craters for another.

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craters. The joint explosion of the mines in the Battle of Messines was one of the largest ever

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relieving two more 8th Brigade battalions and a company of the 18th Canadian Battalion from the

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The War in the Air, Being the Story of the Part Played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force

2097: 1744:

communication trenches and avenues of advance but the German infantry managed to get through.

616: 280: 4871: 4525: 4414: 4190: 4160: 4090: 4037: 3959: 3927: 3901: 3851: 3782: 3684: 3637: 3421: 3290: 3173: 3060: 1668: 1660: 1628: 1584: 1490: 1473: 1220: 1115: 852: 827: 685: 567: 471: 365: 203: 1099:(Plugstreet to the British) and Hill 63. West of Messines Ridge is the parallel Wulverghem ( 988:

the new ones superimposed on the old, the ground full of shell-holes and derelict trenches.

5221: 5136: 3823: 3797: 3747: 3104: 3019: 2856: 2834: 2814: 1892:, whose crews conducted many artillery-observation sorties for counter-battery fire and at 1176: 739: 385: 187: 3772: 1448:

had done the same on the left flank and also blown up a German grenade throwing post. The

1247:

began at St Eloi in the spring of 1915. Much of the mining in this sector was done by the

8: 5203: 4342: 4206: 4165: 4042: 4002: 3997: 3942: 3625: 3619: 3520: 2009: 1862:

but patrols found that they were left unoccupied and an attack on crater 1 was defeated.

749: 705: 700: 515: 493: 5156: 1798: 1227:

were in too great a demand to provide men for mining. On 3 December, Lieutenant-General

5163: 5078: 4437: 4301: 4283: 4248: 4212: 4052: 4017: 3969: 3954: 3841: 3792: 3631: 3590: 3270: 3041: 1866: 1387:

on 23 March, with both brigades in the line, the 92nd Brigade and the attached Reserve

1001: 722: 562: 483: 461: 17: 5196: 5190: 5151: 5053: 4886: 4469: 4324: 4307: 4115: 3937: 3917: 3752: 3737: 3667: 3655: 3356: 3333: 3280: 3052: 3027: 3005: 2972: 2953: 2927: 2921: 2906: 2887: 2864: 2842: 2822: 2226: 1889: 1715: 1418: 1215:

There was no British army mining organisation in 1914, except for a short course for

1188: 788: 729: 532: 4254: 4224: 4218: 4135: 3964: 3932: 3922: 3661: 3585: 3580: 3508: 3328: 3228: 2199: 1699:

from the front and flanks, which made it impossible to consolidate the craters for

1096: 690: 466: 1412: 5063: 4903: 4242: 3802: 3777: 3476: 3384: 3223: 2903:

Major & Mrs Holt's Battlefield Guide to the Ypres Salient & Passchendaele

1877:

was received. The first operation of the scheme occurred on 12 February and from

1456: 1444:

had exploded in no man's land on the right flank, forming a crater to defend it.

1440:

had gone off under the German front and support lines, demolishing the defences.

1380: 1216: 1048: 939:

is commonly used in English) is a village about 5 km (3.1 mi) south of

918: 885: 557: 36: 1325:

After the German attack at the Bluff, the V Corps commander, Lieutenant-General

4896: 4876: 4547: 4260: 4105: 3896: 3787: 3643: 3547: 3530: 2926:. Vol. II (Naval & Military Press ed.). London: Clarendon Press. 2029: 2017: 1897: 1885: 1849:

west of the craters. Plans for more attacks were cancelled and on the night of

1841: 1731:) by the I Battalion, RIR 216 and I Battalion, RIR 214, took until 6 April. At 1623: 1619: 1326: 1100: 968: 628: 498: 136: 1231:

asked for a specialist battalion of sappers and miners and on 28 December the

1068:(21 m) at Passchendaele. The rises are slight apart from the vicinity of 5236: 5007: 4295: 4289: 3732: 3649: 3560: 3056: 2826: 2142: 2129: 1644: 1205: 1172: 914: 510: 380: 264: 170: 89: 76: 4457: 3891: 2232: 1052: 1505: 1223:

in 1914, siege warfare and mining began and the British realised that the

4668: 4573: 4271: 3706: 3127: 2195: 1279: 1132: 1748:

craters 2, 3 and 4, where there were 28th Canadian Battalion parties of

1608: 1534:

The German infantry were not able to mount an immediate counter-attack (

2798: 1383:) which had been in the Ypres area since late 1914, took over from the 1232: 1060: 1044: 1040: 930: 4463: 4230: 3091: 1844:

bombardments at night, to catch working parties. During the night of

1655: 1266: 1128: 1069: 1064: 259:

St Eloi (Sint-Elooi) village, about 5 km (3.1 mi) south of

4723: 2192: 1095:

to the west. Further south is the muddy valley of the Douve river,

1036: 971:

took over, despite the disadvantage of relieving troops in action.

2056:

from RJB 18. In the 2nd Canadian Division to 16 April, there were

1583:

and the remaining objectives on 3 April. The attack began after a

1426:

When the first shells passed overhead and the mines were fired at

44: 1354: 944: 268: 403: 2430: 2259: 989: 310: 155: 3096: 2510: 2508: 1790:

British counter-attacks were defeated by dug in machine-guns.

1035:

Ypres lies at the junction of the Ypres–Comines Canal and the

4891: 2641: 2639: 2573: 2571: 1869:(RFC) and the Second Army in February 1916. When the message 1489:

the exhaustion of the troops led to the 2nd Suffolk and 10th

1088: 940: 913:

from 27 March to 16 April 1916, were local operations in the

260: 2384: 2382: 2348: 2336: 2324: 2314: 2312: 2299: 2297: 2273:

Until 5 April there were reports that the Canadians were in

2883: 2675: 2505: 2442: 2008:

as commander in chief of the BEF and the beginning of the

2723: 2699: 2687: 2636: 2612: 2568: 2544: 2532: 2520: 2481: 2120:, dug near Bus House Cemetery behind a farm-house called 2590: 2588: 2586: 2471: 2469: 2379: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2309: 2294: 1320:

Map of St Eloi with the six mines fired on 27 March 1916.

2651: 2454: 1336:

appeared to be safe from discovery. Work was stopped on

2771: 2406: 2394: 1865:

A new artillery scheme had been devised by the II Wing

1239:, civilian specialists in tunnelling through clay. The 3002:

Beneath Flanders Fields: The Tunnellers' War 1914−1918

2711: 2663: 2624: 2600: 2583: 2556: 2466: 2360: 1600:

improve them before the Germans could counter-attack.

1595:

and a party demanded their surrender at dawn at which

1521:). The craters of mines D2, D1, H4 and H1 are visible. 2999: 2418: 2747: 2735: 2493: 1530:

was lost immediately but the British failed to take

1210:

Western Front after the Second Battle of Ypres, 1915

1004:(RFC) photographed the area, showing the Germans in 391:

Orders of battle for the German attack on Vimy Ridge

5278:

Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom

2222:

List of Canadian battles during the First World War

1635:) had to relieve the 3rd Division on the night of 1304: 5234: 2797:. the action of st eloi 1915 com. Archived from 1360: 1135:is in a defile, easily observed from the ridge. 4073:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 2759: 1194: 2178:, which captured the German lines at St Eloi. 119:The St eloi craters re-captured by the Germans 3112: 1833:but were repulsed, as were German attacks on 419: 296: 2833: 2436: 2354: 2342: 2330: 2257: 1726: 1725:German preparations for a set-piece attack ( 1535: 1516: 1510: 1388: 1370: 979: 934: 4556: 1761:because the landscape had changed so much. 1417:An aerial view of St Eloi, photographed by 1201:Tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers 1171:Constant underground fighting began in the 312:Local operations, December 1915 – June 1916 5268:Battles of the Western Front (World War I) 3119: 3105: 2969:Messines 1917: The Zenith of Siege Warfare 2067:the 46th Reserve Division casualties were 963:counter-attacked but the British captured 426: 412: 303: 289: 3040: 2063:them from the 6th Canadian Brigade. From 1757:mistake that the Canadians were still in 1091:), with a gentle slope to the east and a 1078:From Hooge and to the east, the slope is 5273:Battles of World War I involving Germany 4355:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 3046:"Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914–1919" 2900: 2777: 2373: 2096: 2092: 1797: 1714: 1607: 1504: 1500: 1411: 1314: 1204: 1024: 4732:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 2877: 2855: 2813: 2729: 2717: 2705: 2693: 2681: 2669: 2645: 2630: 2618: 2606: 2594: 2577: 2562: 2550: 2538: 2526: 2514: 2487: 2475: 2448: 2424: 2400: 2388: 2318: 2303: 1647:and took over from the 76th Brigade by 1481:make up the numbers. Over the night of 5235: 2966: 2753: 2256:as homogeneous units helped create an 2217:Mines in the Battle of Messines (1917) 4685:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 4028:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 3100: 2947: 2919: 2741: 2657: 2499: 2460: 2412: 1803:Mine craters at St. Eloi (4687892179) 1613:Lewis gun crew wearing Brodie helmets 1556: 407: 284: 5089:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 1286: 5018:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 3819:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 3000:Barton, Peter; et al. (2004). 2905:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books. 2901:Holt, Tonie; Holt, Valmai (2014) . 2793: 2765: 1119:Battle Wood, Shrewsbury Forest and 13: 3758:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 2987: 2041:On 27 March, the 9th Brigade lost 1720:Crossroads at St Eloi (4687880341) 1710: 996:ignorant of the German capture of 14: 5299: 3080: 2200:Hill 62 (Sanctuary Wood) Memorial 2102:The deep mine at St Eloi for the 2016:(22 April – 25 May 1915) and the 1020: 433: 4121:Second Battle of the Piave River 3743:Russian invasion of East Prussia 1407: 1278:In September, Brigadier-General 1051:to the east of Verbrandenmolen, 239: 232: 163: 148: 135: 43: 5185:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 4385:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 3126: 2267: 2252:Keeping the Canadian Corps and 2246: 2114:1st Canadian Tunnelling Company 240: 5008:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 4867:Deportations from East Prussia 4664:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 3087:The Actions of St Eloi Craters 2020:(25 September – 13 October). 1913: 1622:commander, Lieutenant-General 1402: 1375:von Wasielewski), part of the 1305:British offensive preparations 1: 5248:Tunnel warfare in World War I 4919:Ukrainian Canadian internment 2950:Underground Warfare 1914–1918 2786: 2036: 1793: 1361:German defensive preparations 1015: 5074:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 4373:Estonian War of Independence 4048:Southern Palestine offensive 2971:. Campaign. Oxford: Osprey. 2952:. Pen & Sword Military. 2288: 2181: 1904: 1665:50th (Northumbrian) Division 1603: 1225:Field and Siege Companies RE 1195:British tunnelling companies 1039:. The city is overlooked by 978:a German methodical attack ( 7: 5028:USA against Austria-Hungary 4427:Turkish War of Independence 4379:Latvian War of Independence 4111:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 3702:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 3004:. Staplehurst: Spellmount. 2205: 1994: 1984: 1976: 1968: 1960: 1952: 1944: 1936: 1909: 1739:The bombardment resumed at 1241:British Expeditionary Force 896:Western Front tactics, 1917 10: 5304: 5111:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 4659:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 4126:Second Battle of the Marne 4013:Second battle of the Aisne 3882:Second Battle of Champagne 3723:German invasion of Belgium 2967:Turner, Alexander (2010). 1663:having taken relieved the 1512:Die "St. Eloi-Stellung" am 1311:Actions of the Bluff, 1916 1308: 1299: 1235:was requested to send 500 1198: 1072:, which has a gradient of 911:Actions of St Eloi Craters 30:Actions of St Eloi Craters 15: 5217: 5176: 5097: 5036: 4998: 4942: 4931: 4892:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 4835: 4807: 4755: 4677: 4651: 4603: 4496: 4489: 4421:Irish War of Independence 4317: 4199: 4171:Armistice of Villa Giusti 4156:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 4081: 3983: 3910: 3811: 3768:First Battle of the Marne 3715: 3677: 3612: 3603: 3546: 3420: 3409: 3375: 3347: 3309: 3261: 3214: 3207: 3134: 2235:, chaplain who won the VC 2212:Battle of Messines (1917) 1896:on 27 March, aircraft of 1537:Gegenstoß in der Stellung 1397: 443: 318: 227: 214: 193: 176: 127: 53: 42: 34: 29: 5044:Constantinople Agreement 4337:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 4200:Co-belligerent conflicts 4176:Second Romanian campaign 4146:Third Transjordan attack 3857:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 3763:Battle of Grand Couronné 2878:Edmonds, J. E. (1991) . 2837:; Wynne, G. C. (1995) . 2437:Edmonds & Wynne 1995 2355:Edmonds & Wynne 1995 2343:Edmonds & Wynne 1995 2331:Edmonds & Wynne 1995 2239: 1882:General Artillery Action 1871:General Artillery Action 1812:and during the night of 1778:The ground was a sea of 1450:Northumberland Fusiliers 1253:172nd Tunnelling Company 1249:177th Tunnelling Company 917:of Flanders, during the 61:27 March – 16 April 1916 16:Not to be confused with 5107:Modus vivendi of Acroma 5059:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 4367:Greater Poland Uprising 4267:National Protection War 4151:Meuse–Argonne offensive 4101:German spring offensive 4096:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 3872:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 3847:Second Battle of Artois 3728:Battle of the Frontiers 2124:by the British troops ( 1245:Tunnelling Companies RE 1138: 784:German spring offensive 5132:Paris Peace Conference 5120:Ukraine–Central Powers 4914:Massacres of Albanians 4882:Late Ottoman genocides 4689:Bulgarian occupations 4397:Third Anglo-Afghan War 4361:Hungarian–Romanian War 4186:Naval Victory Bulletin 4181:Armistice with Germany 4131:Hundred Days Offensive 4058:Battle of La Malmaison 4008:Second battle of Arras 3975:Battle of Transylvania 3829:Second Battle of Ypres 3697:Sarajevo assassination 3586:South African Republic 2920:Jones, H. A. (2002) . 2258: 2172:non-nuclear explosions 2143:50.813000°N 2.887111°E 2108: 2014:Second Battle of Ypres 1805: 1727: 1722: 1615: 1536: 1523: 1517: 1511: 1423: 1389: 1371: 1322: 1212: 1082:near Hollebeke, it is 1032: 980: 935: 177:Commanders and leaders 5142:Treaty of St. Germain 5115:Russia–Central Powers 5069:Sykes–Picot Agreement 4897:Pontic Greek genocide 4872:Destruction of Kalisz 4848:Eastern Mediterranean 4409:Polish–Lithuanian War 4191:Armistice of Belgrade 4161:Armistice of Salonica 4091:Operation Faustschlag 4038:Third Battle of Oituz 3960:Baranovichi offensive 3928:Lake Naroch offensive 3902:Battle of Robat Karim 3877:Vistula–Bug offensive 3852:Battles of the Isonzo 3783:First Battle of Ypres 2948:Jones, Simon (2010). 2164:Twenty-six deep mines 2100: 2093:Subsequent operations 1856:craters 2, 3, 4 and 5 1810:craters 2, 3, 4 and 5 1801: 1784:Craters 2, 3, 4 and 5 1774:thought they were in 1763:Craters 2, 3, 4 and 5 1718: 1669:3rd Canadian Division 1661:1st Canadian Division 1629:2nd Canadian Division 1611: 1585:hurricane bombardment 1508: 1501:46th Reserve Division 1491:Royal Welsh Fusiliers 1474:Royal Scots Fusiliers 1415: 1367:46th Reserve Division 1318: 1221:First Battle of Ypres 1208: 1028: 1006:craters 2, 3, 4 and 5 961:46th Reserve Division 215:Casualties and losses 209:46th Reserve Division 204:2nd Canadian Division 5137:Treaty of Versailles 4853:Mount Lebanon famine 4768:in the United States 4736:Russian occupations 4450:Turkish–Armenian War 4391:Polish–Ukrainian War 4331:Ukrainian–Soviet War 4278:Central Asian Revolt 4068:Armistice of Focșani 3798:Battle of Sarikamish 3748:Battle of Tannenberg 3144:Military engagements 2795:"Action of St. Eloi" 2778:Holt & Holt 2014 2684:, pp. 191, 155. 2517:, pp. 182, 192. 2451:, pp. 179, 182. 2374:Holt & Holt 2014 2112:St Eloi over to the 1641:6th Canadian Brigade 1495:4th Canadian Brigade 1334:D1, D2, H1, H4 and F 891:French Army mutinies 886:1914 Christmas truce 656:Hohenzollern Redoubt 386:Hooge in World War I 336:Hohenzollern Redoubt 255:class=notpageimage| 188:Erich von Falkenhayn 90:50.81000°N 2.89194°E 5204:They shall not pass 5127:Treaty of Bucharest 5084:Treaty of Bucharest 5023:USA against Germany 5000:Declarations of war 4704:German occupations 4617:British casualties 4476:Soviet–Georgian War 4403:Egyptian Revolution 4343:Armeno-Georgian War 4207:Somaliland campaign 4166:Armistice of Mudros 4043:Battle of Caporetto 4033:Battle of Mărășești 4003:Zimmermann telegram 3998:February Revolution 3943:Battle of the Somme 3867:Bug-Narew Offensive 3842:Battle of Gallipoli 3834:Sinking of the RMS 3626:Scramble for Africa 3620:Franco-Prussian War 3276:Sinai and Palestine 3042:Nicholson, G. W. L. 2732:, pp. 191–193. 2708:, pp. 156–157. 2696:, pp. 155–156. 2660:, pp. 191–192. 2648:, pp. 189–190. 2621:, pp. 188–189. 2580:, pp. 186–188. 2553:, pp. 185–186. 2541:, pp. 184–185. 2529:, pp. 183–184. 2490:, pp. 191–192. 2463:, pp. 104–105. 2439:, pp. 31, 163. 2415:, pp. 101–103. 2391:, pp. 177–178. 2321:, pp. 129–131. 2306:, pp. 128–129. 2148:50.813000; 2.887111 2139: / 2010:Battle of the Somme 1922: 1667:on 3 April and the 1528:mines 2, 3, 4 and 5 1518:Fliegerphotographie 1438:mines 2, 3, 4 and 5 1421:RFC, 19 March 1916. 1377:XXIII Reserve Corps 1106:In 1914, Ypres had 1059:and Passchendaele ( 880:Associated articles 597:Hartmannswillerkopf 457:Invasion of Belgium 373:Associated articles 86: / 5258:Explosions in 1916 5164:Treaty of Lausanne 5079:Paris Economy Pact 5013:UK against Germany 4943:Entry into the war 4909:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 4628:Ottoman casualties 4438:Franco-Turkish War 4318:Post-War conflicts 4302:Russian Revolution 4284:Invasion of Darfur 4249:Kelantan rebellion 4237:Kurdish rebellions 4213:Mexican Revolution 4053:October Revolution 4018:Kerensky offensive 3993:Capture of Baghdad 3970:Monastir offensive 3955:Brusilov offensive 3793:Battle of Kolubara 3632:Russo-Japanese War 2801:on 8 December 2015 2160:Battle of Messines 2109: 2104:Battle of Messines 1915:British casualties 1914: 1867:Royal Flying Corps 1831:8/9 and 9/10 April 1806: 1767:craters 1, 6 and 7 1765:had been lost and 1723: 1616: 1557:30 March – 3 April 1524: 1424: 1323: 1213: 1112:16,700 inhabitants 1033: 1002:Royal Flying Corps 70:St Eloi (St Elooi) 5288:April 1916 events 5283:March 1916 events 5263:Conflicts in 1916 5230: 5229: 5213: 5212: 5197:The Golden Virgin 5191:Mutilated victory 5172: 5171: 5152:Treaty of Trianon 5147:Treaty of Neuilly 5054:Damascus Protocol 4927: 4926: 4887:Armenian genocide 4844:Allied blockades 4816:Belgian refugees 4599: 4598: 4509:Strategic bombing 4485: 4484: 4470:Franco-Syrian War 4444:Greco-Turkish War 4432:Anglo-Turkish War 4415:Polish–Soviet War 4349:German Revolution 4325:Russian Civil War 4308:Finnish Civil War 4141:Battle of Megiddo 4116:Battle of Goychay 4063:Battle of Cambrai 4023:Battle of Mărăști 3938:Battle of Jutland 3918:Erzurum offensive 3773:Siege of Przemyśl 3753:Siege of Tsingtao 3738:Battle of Galicia 3668:Second Balkan War 3656:Italo-Turkish War 3613:Pre-War conflicts 3599: 3598: 3489:Portuguese Empire 3405: 3404: 3367:German New Guinea 3349:Asian and Pacific 3066:on 26 August 2011 3033:978-0-89839-185-5 3011:978-1-86227-237-8 2978:978-1-84603-845-7 2959:978-1-84415-962-8 2933:978-1-84342-413-0 2912:978-0-85052-551-9 2893:978-0-89839-166-4 2870:978-0-89839-185-5 2848:978-0-89839-218-0 2403:, pp. 35–37. 2357:, pp. 32–33. 2345:, pp. 30–31. 2333:, pp. 28–29. 2227:St. Eloi Mountain 2189:Trenches: St Eloi 2058:1,373 casualties, 2001: 2000: 1921: 1918:(19 December 1915 1884:was in force for 1829:on the nights of 1589:1:30 to 2:00 a.m. 1287:Action of St Eloi 967:on 30 March. The 955:captured all but 951:on 27 March. The 904: 903: 730:Nivelle offensive 504:Trouée de Charmes 401: 400: 279: 278: 123: 122: 95:50.81000; 2.89194 5295: 5243:History of Ypres 5157:Treaty of Sèvres 5049:Treaty of London 4940: 4939: 4718:Northeast France 4649: 4648: 4621:Parliamentarians 4554: 4553: 4516:Chemical weapons 4494: 4493: 4255:Senussi campaign 4225:Muscat rebellion 4219:Maritz rebellion 4136:Vardar offensive 3965:Battle of Romani 3933:Battle of Asiago 3923:Battle of Verdun 3887:Kosovo offensive 3662:First Balkan War 3610: 3609: 3509:Russian Republic 3418: 3417: 3212: 3211: 3154:Economic history 3121: 3114: 3107: 3098: 3097: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3065: 3059:. Archived from 3050: 3037: 3015: 2982: 2963: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2916: 2897: 2874: 2852: 2830: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2709: 2703: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2679: 2673: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2581: 2575: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2512: 2503: 2497: 2491: 2485: 2479: 2473: 2464: 2458: 2452: 2446: 2440: 2434: 2428: 2422: 2416: 2410: 2404: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2377: 2371: 2358: 2352: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2307: 2301: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2265: 2263: 2250: 2169: 2154: 2153: 2151: 2150: 2149: 2144: 2140: 2137: 2136: 2135: 2132: 2088: 2084: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2044: 1923: 1917: 1895: 1880: 1875:Situation Normal 1861: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1836: 1835:craters 6 and 7. 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1811: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1776:craters 4 and 5. 1773: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1759:craters 4 and 5, 1751: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1707: 1702: 1698: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1675:north of Hooge. 1658: 1650: 1638: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1565: 1564:craters 4 and 5, 1552: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1533: 1532:craters 4 and 5. 1529: 1520: 1514: 1488: 1484: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1392: 1374: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1339: 1335: 1295: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1262: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1113: 1109: 1097:Ploegsteert Wood 1094: 1085: 1081: 1075: 1007: 999: 998:craters 4 and 5. 987: 983: 977: 966: 958: 957:craters 4 and 5. 950: 938: 925:and the British 843:St Quentin Canal 438: 428: 421: 414: 405: 404: 313: 305: 298: 291: 282: 281: 243: 242: 236: 169: 167: 166: 154: 152: 151: 140: 139: 101: 100: 98: 97: 96: 91: 87: 84: 83: 82: 79: 55: 54: 47: 27: 26: 5303: 5302: 5298: 5297: 5296: 5294: 5293: 5292: 5253:1916 in Belgium 5233: 5232: 5231: 5226: 5209: 5168: 5100: 5093: 5064:Treaty of Darin 5032: 4994: 4950:Austria-Hungary 4936: 4923: 4904:Rape of Belgium 4831: 4803: 4751: 4745:Western Armenia 4740:Eastern Galicia 4673: 4647: 4611: 4610:Civilian impact 4609: 4595: 4552: 4481: 4313: 4243:Ovambo Uprising 4195: 4077: 3979: 3906: 3824:Battle of Łomża 3807: 3803:Christmas truce 3778:Race to the Sea 3711: 3673: 3595: 3566:Austria-Hungary 3542: 3477:Empire of Japan 3414: 3412: 3401: 3385:U-boat campaign 3371: 3343: 3305: 3257: 3203: 3184:Popular culture 3130: 3125: 3083: 3078: 3069: 3067: 3063: 3048: 3034: 3018: 3012: 2990: 2988:Further reading 2985: 2979: 2960: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2913: 2894: 2871: 2849: 2804: 2802: 2789: 2784: 2776: 2772: 2764: 2760: 2752: 2748: 2740: 2736: 2728: 2724: 2716: 2712: 2704: 2700: 2692: 2688: 2680: 2676: 2668: 2664: 2656: 2652: 2644: 2637: 2629: 2625: 2617: 2613: 2605: 2601: 2593: 2584: 2576: 2569: 2561: 2557: 2549: 2545: 2537: 2533: 2525: 2521: 2513: 2506: 2498: 2494: 2486: 2482: 2474: 2467: 2459: 2455: 2447: 2443: 2435: 2431: 2423: 2419: 2411: 2407: 2399: 2395: 2387: 2380: 2372: 2361: 2353: 2349: 2341: 2337: 2329: 2325: 2317: 2310: 2302: 2295: 2291: 2286: 2285: 2278: 2275:craters 4 and 5 2274: 2272: 2268: 2260:esprit de corps 2251: 2247: 2242: 2208: 2184: 2167: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2138: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2125: 2107: 2095: 2089:mostly buried. 2086: 2082: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2043:117 men killed, 2042: 2039: 1919: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1893: 1878: 1860:craters 6 and 7 1859: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1834: 1830: 1827:craters 2 and 3 1826: 1822: 1819:craters 2 and 3 1818: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1796: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1772:craters 6 and 7 1771: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1749: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1721: 1713: 1711:Night 5/6 April 1705: 1700: 1696: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1653: 1648: 1636: 1631:(Major-General 1614: 1606: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1551:craters 4 and 5 1550: 1547:craters 2 and 3 1546: 1543:craters 4 and 5 1542: 1531: 1527: 1522: 1515:1. April 1916 ( 1503: 1486: 1482: 1478:West Yorkshires 1468: 1465:craters 4 and 5 1464: 1460: 1457:Royal Fusiliers 1445: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1381:Hugo von Kathen 1372:Generalleutnant 1363: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1333: 1321: 1313: 1307: 1302: 1293: 1289: 1275: 1271: 1264: 1260: 1229:Henry Rawlinson 1217:Royal Engineers 1211: 1203: 1197: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1141: 1111: 1107: 1092: 1083: 1079: 1073: 1031: 1023: 1018: 1005: 997: 985: 975: 965:craters 4 and 5 964: 956: 948: 919:First World War 907: 906: 905: 900: 877: 681:Vimy Ridge 1916 558:Race to the Sea 526:1st St. Quentin 448: 439: 434: 432: 402: 397: 370: 351:Gas: Wulverghem 314: 311: 309: 275: 274: 273: 272: 271: 257: 251: 250: 249: 248: 244: 164: 162: 149: 147: 134: 115: 94: 92: 88: 85: 80: 77: 75: 73: 72: 71: 48: 37:First World War 21: 18:Mont-Saint-Éloi 12: 11: 5: 5301: 5291: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5224: 5218: 5215: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5207: 5200: 5193: 5188: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5173: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5166: 5161: 5160: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5129: 5124: 5123: 5122: 5117: 5109: 5103: 5101: 5099:Peace treaties 5098: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5040: 5038: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5004: 5002: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4992: 4987: 4985:United Kingdom 4982: 4977: 4975:Ottoman Empire 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4946: 4944: 4937: 4932: 4929: 4928: 4925: 4924: 4922: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4900: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4879: 4877:Sack of Dinant 4874: 4869: 4864: 4863: 4862: 4857: 4856: 4855: 4841: 4839: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4829: 4828: 4827: 4825:United Kingdom 4822: 4813: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4801: 4800: 4799: 4794: 4785: 4779:POW locations 4777: 4772: 4771: 4770: 4761: 4759: 4753: 4752: 4750: 4749: 4748: 4747: 4742: 4734: 4729: 4728: 4727: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4702: 4701: 4700: 4695: 4687: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4674: 4672: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4655: 4653: 4646: 4645: 4644: 4643: 4638: 4630: 4625: 4624: 4623: 4614: 4612: 4604: 4601: 4600: 4597: 4596: 4594: 4593: 4588: 4587: 4586: 4579:United Kingdom 4576: 4574:Ottoman Empire 4571: 4566: 4560: 4558: 4551: 4550: 4548:Trench warfare 4545: 4544: 4543: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4512: 4511: 4500: 4498: 4491: 4487: 4486: 4483: 4482: 4480: 4479: 4473: 4467: 4461: 4455: 4454: 4453: 4447: 4441: 4435: 4424: 4418: 4412: 4406: 4400: 4394: 4388: 4382: 4376: 4370: 4364: 4358: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4334: 4328: 4321: 4319: 4315: 4314: 4312: 4311: 4305: 4299: 4293: 4287: 4281: 4275: 4269: 4264: 4261:Volta-Bani War 4258: 4252: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4222: 4216: 4210: 4203: 4201: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4106:Zeebrugge Raid 4103: 4098: 4093: 4087: 4085: 4079: 4078: 4076: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3989: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3951: 3950: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3914: 3912: 3908: 3907: 3905: 3904: 3899: 3897:Battle of Loos 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3788:Black Sea raid 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3719: 3717: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3693: 3692: 3690:Historiography 3681: 3679: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3647: 3644:Bosnian Crisis 3641: 3638:Tangier Crisis 3635: 3629: 3623: 3616: 3614: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3571:Ottoman Empire 3568: 3563: 3558: 3552: 3550: 3548:Central Powers 3544: 3543: 3541: 3540: 3535: 3534: 3533: 3531:British Empire 3526:United Kingdom 3523: 3518: 3513: 3512: 3511: 3506: 3504:Russian Empire 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3480: 3479: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3458: 3457: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3426: 3424: 3422:Entente Powers 3415: 3410: 3407: 3406: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3399: 3394: 3393: 3392: 3390:North Atlantic 3381: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3353: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3315: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3304: 3303: 3301:Central Arabia 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3267: 3265: 3263:Middle Eastern 3259: 3258: 3256: 3255: 3250: 3249: 3248: 3238: 3233: 3232: 3231: 3220: 3218: 3209: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3164:Historiography 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3135: 3132: 3131: 3124: 3123: 3116: 3109: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3089: 3082: 3081:External links 3079: 3077: 3076: 3038: 3032: 3020:Edmonds, J. E. 3016: 3010: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2983: 2977: 2964: 2958: 2945: 2932: 2917: 2911: 2898: 2892: 2875: 2869: 2857:Edmonds, J. E. 2853: 2847: 2835:Edmonds, J. E. 2831: 2815:Edmonds, J. E. 2811: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2782: 2780:, p. 184. 2770: 2758: 2746: 2744:, p. 146. 2734: 2722: 2720:, p. 183. 2710: 2698: 2686: 2674: 2672:, p. 243. 2662: 2650: 2635: 2633:, p. 189. 2623: 2611: 2609:, p. 188. 2599: 2597:, p. 193. 2582: 2567: 2565:, p. 186. 2555: 2543: 2531: 2519: 2504: 2502:, p. 106. 2492: 2480: 2478:, p. 192. 2465: 2453: 2441: 2429: 2417: 2405: 2393: 2378: 2376:, p. 248. 2359: 2347: 2335: 2323: 2308: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2283: 2279:6 to 14 April, 2266: 2244: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2236: 2230: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2207: 2204: 2183: 2180: 2118:Queen Victoria 2101: 2094: 2091: 2038: 2035: 2030:Fokker Scourge 2018:Battle of Loos 1999: 1998: 1993: 1987: 1986: 1983: 1979: 1978: 1975: 1971: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1962: 1959: 1955: 1954: 1951: 1947: 1946: 1943: 1939: 1938: 1935: 1931: 1930: 1927: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1842:Shrapnel shell 1802: 1795: 1792: 1719: 1712: 1709: 1633:Richard Turner 1624:Edwin Alderson 1620:Canadian Corps 1612: 1605: 1602: 1558: 1555: 1509: 1502: 1499: 1416: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1385:123rd Division 1362: 1359: 1327:Herbert Plumer 1319: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1288: 1285: 1219:but after the 1209: 1199:Main article: 1196: 1193: 1187:, St Eloi and 1185:Sanctuary Wood 1169:57 casualties. 1140: 1137: 1121:Sanctuary Wood 1101:Spanbroekmolen 1029: 1022: 1021:Ypres district 1019: 1017: 1014: 969:Canadian Corps 921:by the German 902: 901: 899: 898: 893: 888: 876: 875: 873:Lys and Escaut 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 830: 825: 820: 815: 814: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 775: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 753: 752: 747: 742: 737: 727: 720: 709: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 642: 641: 636: 631: 626: 621: 620: 619: 609: 604: 602:Neuve Chapelle 599: 594: 583: 582: 577: 575:Winter actions 572: 571: 570: 565: 555: 550: 545: 540: 538:Grand Couronné 535: 530: 529: 528: 523: 518: 508: 507: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 476: 475: 474: 469: 464: 454: 444: 441: 440: 431: 430: 423: 416: 408: 399: 398: 396: 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5041: 5039: 5035: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4997: 4991: 4990:United States 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4941: 4938: 4935: 4930: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4884: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4861: 4858: 4854: 4851: 4850: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4834: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4806: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4769: 4766: 4765: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4754: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4726: 4725: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4650: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4622: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4607: 4602: 4592: 4591:United States 4589: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4555: 4549: 4546: 4542: 4541:Convoy system 4539: 4538: 4537: 4536:Naval warfare 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4510: 4507: 4506: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4495: 4492: 4488: 4477: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4459: 4456: 4451: 4448: 4445: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4392: 4389: 4386: 4383: 4380: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4338: 4335: 4332: 4329: 4326: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4316: 4309: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4297: 4296:Kaocen revolt 4294: 4291: 4290:Easter Rising 4288: 4285: 4282: 4279: 4276: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4235: 4232: 4229: 4226: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4198: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4080: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3982: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3949: 3946: 3945: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3909: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3862:Great Retreat 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3837: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3816: 3814: 3810: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3733:Battle of Cer 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3720: 3718: 3714: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3691: 3688: 3687: 3686: 3683: 3682: 3680: 3676: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3650:Agadir Crisis 3648: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3602: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3545: 3539: 3538:United States 3536: 3532: 3529: 3528: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3501: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3478: 3475: 3474: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3456: 3455:French Empire 3453: 3452: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3419: 3416: 3408: 3398: 3397:Mediterranean 3395: 3391: 3388: 3387: 3386: 3383: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3377:Naval warfare 3374: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3346: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3308: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3260: 3254: 3253:Italian Front 3251: 3247: 3244: 3243: 3242: 3241:Eastern Front 3239: 3237: 3236:Western Front 3234: 3230: 3227: 3226: 3225: 3222: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3213: 3210: 3206: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3194:Puppet states 3192: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3136: 3133: 3129: 3122: 3117: 3115: 3110: 3108: 3103: 3102: 3099: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3084: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3007: 3003: 2998: 2997: 2996: 2995: 2980: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2961: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2935: 2929: 2925: 2924: 2918: 2914: 2908: 2904: 2899: 2895: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2872: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2791: 2779: 2774: 2767: 2762: 2756:, p. 44. 2755: 2750: 2743: 2738: 2731: 2726: 2719: 2714: 2707: 2702: 2695: 2690: 2683: 2678: 2671: 2666: 2659: 2654: 2647: 2642: 2640: 2632: 2627: 2620: 2615: 2608: 2603: 2596: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2579: 2574: 2572: 2564: 2559: 2552: 2547: 2540: 2535: 2528: 2523: 2516: 2511: 2509: 2501: 2496: 2489: 2484: 2477: 2472: 2470: 2462: 2457: 2450: 2445: 2438: 2433: 2427:, p. 36. 2426: 2421: 2414: 2409: 2402: 2397: 2390: 2385: 2383: 2375: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2356: 2351: 2344: 2339: 2332: 2327: 2320: 2315: 2313: 2305: 2300: 2298: 2293: 2270: 2262: 2261: 2255: 2249: 2245: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2209: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2194: 2190: 2179: 2177: 2176:41st Division 2173: 2165: 2161: 2156: 2152: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2105: 2099: 2090: 2054:201 prisoners 2034: 2031: 2025: 2021: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 1997: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1981: 1980: 1973: 1972: 1965: 1964: 1957: 1956: 1949: 1948: 1941: 1940: 1933: 1932: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1902: 1899: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1843: 1837: 1800: 1791: 1754: 1745: 1729: 1717: 1708: 1694: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1646: 1645:Brodie helmet 1643:wore the new 1642: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1621: 1610: 1601: 1586: 1554: 1538: 1519: 1513: 1507: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1479: 1476:and the 12th 1475: 1458: 1453: 1451: 1420: 1414: 1408:27th Division 1395: 1391: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1358: 1356: 1351:1–6 contained 1345:and two from 1330: 1328: 1317: 1312: 1297: 1284: 1281: 1276:2 camouflets. 1268: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1207: 1202: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1173:Ypres Salient 1154: 1150: 1149:28th Division 1146: 1145:27th Division 1136: 1134: 1130: 1124: 1122: 1117: 1116:enfilade fire 1104: 1102: 1098: 1090: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1027: 1013: 1009: 1003: 993: 991: 982: 972: 970: 962: 954: 953:27th Division 946: 942: 937: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 915:Ypres Salient 912: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 883: 882: 881: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 848:Meuse-Argonne 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 791: 787: 786: 785: 782: 781: 780: 779: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 762:Passchendaele 760: 758: 755: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 732: 731: 728: 726: 725: 721: 719: 716: 715: 714: 713: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 648: 647: 646: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 624:2nd Champagne 622: 618: 615: 614: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 592:1st Champagne 590: 589: 588: 587: 581: 578: 576: 573: 569: 566: 564: 561: 560: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 513: 512: 511:Great Retreat 509: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 481: 480: 477: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 459: 458: 455: 453: 450: 449: 447: 442: 437: 436:Western Front 429: 424: 422: 417: 415: 410: 409: 406: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 381:Ypres Salient 379: 378: 377: 376: 375: 374: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 323: 322: 317: 306: 301: 299: 294: 292: 287: 286: 283: 270: 266: 265:West Flanders 262: 256: 235: 226: 222: 219: 218: 213: 210: 207: 205: 201: 198: 197: 192: 189: 186: 184: 181: 180: 175: 172: 171:German Empire 161: 157: 146: 145: 144: 143: 138: 132: 131: 126: 118: 113: 112: 108: 105: 104: 99: 68: 65: 64: 60: 57: 56: 52: 46: 41: 38: 33: 28: 23: 19: 5202: 5195: 5183: 4790: / 4722: 4557:Conscription 4521:Cryptography 4458:Iraqi Revolt 3892:Siege of Kut 3835: 3413:participants 3362:German Samoa 3296:South Arabia 3092:Eloi Craters 3068:. Retrieved 3061:the original 3023: 3001: 2993: 2992: 2968: 2949: 2937:. Retrieved 2922: 2902: 2879: 2860: 2838: 2818: 2803:. Retrieved 2799:the original 2773: 2761: 2749: 2737: 2730:Edmonds 1993 2725: 2718:Edmonds 1993 2713: 2706:Edmonds 1993 2701: 2694:Edmonds 1993 2689: 2682:Edmonds 1993 2677: 2670:Edmonds 1993 2665: 2653: 2646:Edmonds 1993 2631:Edmonds 1993 2626: 2619:Edmonds 1993 2614: 2607:Edmonds 1993 2602: 2595:Edmonds 1993 2578:Edmonds 1993 2563:Edmonds 1993 2558: 2551:Edmonds 1993 2546: 2539:Edmonds 1993 2534: 2527:Edmonds 1993 2522: 2515:Edmonds 1993 2495: 2488:Edmonds 1993 2483: 2476:Edmonds 1993 2456: 2449:Edmonds 1993 2444: 2432: 2425:Edmonds 1991 2420: 2408: 2401:Edmonds 1991 2396: 2389:Edmonds 1993 2350: 2338: 2326: 2319:Edmonds 1925 2304:Edmonds 1925 2269: 2248: 2233:Noel Mellish 2196:Thomas Hulme 2188: 2185: 2157: 2131:50°48′46.8″N 2121: 2117: 2110: 2087:118 missing, 2076:547 reported 2069:1,122; about 2065:27–29 March, 2050:126 missing, 2040: 2026: 2022: 2012:. After the 2006:Douglas Haig 2002: 1995: 1990: 1920:– June 1916) 1881: 1874: 1870: 1864: 1851:17/18 April, 1846:14/15 April, 1838: 1807: 1755: 1746: 1728:Gegenangriff 1724: 1693:5th Canadian 1677: 1617: 1560: 1525: 1454: 1425: 1364: 1331: 1324: 1290: 1280:George Fowke 1257: 1237:clay kickers 1224: 1214: 1181:Railway Wood 1165:120 mm guns. 1159:twenty-four 1142: 1125: 1108:2,354 houses 1105: 1093:1:10 decline 1077: 1057:Polygon Wood 1034: 1010: 994: 981:Gegenangriff 973: 933:(the French 910: 908: 879: 878: 838:Saint-Mihiel 806:Belleau Wood 789: 777: 776: 767:La Malmaison 723: 711: 710: 676:Kink Salient 660: 644: 643: 639:Gas: Wieltje 585: 584: 445: 372: 371: 356:Kink Salient 346:Gas: Hulluch 340: 326:Gas: Wieltje 320: 200:3rd Division 183:Douglas Haig 133: 128:Belligerents 35:Part of the 22: 4820:Netherlands 4797:Switzerland 4678:Occupations 4669:Spanish flu 4446:(1919–1922) 4440:(1918–1921) 4434:(1918–1923) 4423:(1919–1921) 4417:(1919–1921) 4411:(1919–1920) 4387:(1918–1920) 4381:(1918–1920) 4375:(1918–1920) 4357:(1918–1920) 4339:(1918–1920) 4333:(1917–1921) 4327:(1917–1921) 4274:(1916-1918) 4272:Arab Revolt 4263:(1915–1917) 4257:(1915–1917) 4245:(1914-1917) 4239:(1914–1917) 4233:(1914–1921) 4227:(1913–1920) 4215:(1910–1920) 4209:(1900–1920) 3707:July Crisis 3628:(1880–1914) 3291:Mesopotamia 3169:Home fronts 3128:World War I 3070:10 December 2939:11 December 2754:Turner 2010 2254:Anzac Corps 2146: / 2134:2°53′13.6″E 2106:, July 1917 2083:299 wounded 2046:607 wounded 1879:27–29 March 1780:17 craters, 1597:82 officers 1487:28/29 March 1483:27/28 March 1403:27–29 March 1179:, Hill 60, 1153:18-pounders 1133:Vlamertinge 1041:Kemmel Hill 986:17 craters, 927:Second Army 858:2nd Cambrai 696:Boar's Head 686:Mont Sorrel 114:Territorial 93: / 5237:Categories 5037:Agreements 4837:War crimes 4713:Luxembourg 4606:Casualties 3484:Montenegro 3319:South West 3199:Technology 3189:Propaganda 3179:Opposition 2805:4 December 2787:References 2742:Jones 2010 2658:Jones 2002 2500:Jones 2010 2461:Jones 2010 2413:Jones 2010 2080:66 killed, 2037:Casualties 1898:5 Squadron 1894:9:00 a.m., 1890:6 Squadron 1886:1 Squadron 1823:7/8 April, 1814:6/7 April, 1794:6–19 April 1741:3:00 a.m., 1733:11:00 p.m. 1706:5/6 April. 1697:30 minutes 1649:2:48 a.m., 1461:40 seconds 1419:6 Squadron 1309:See also: 1294:11:15 p.m. 1274:mines and 1267:camouflets 1233:War Office 1061:Passendale 1045:Wijtschate 1016:Background 931:Sint-Elooi 671:Wulverghem 634:3rd Artois 612:2nd Artois 580:1st Artois 361:Vimy Ridge 81:02°53′31″E 78:50°48′36″N 4934:Diplomacy 4641:Olympians 4564:Australia 4531:Logistics 4464:Vlora War 4393:(1918–19) 4369:(1918–19) 4363:(1918–19) 4351:(1918–19) 4298:(1916–17) 4280:(1916–17) 4231:Zaian War 4221:(1914–15) 3948:first day 3836:Lusitania 3664:(1912–13) 3658:(1911–12) 3646:(1908–09) 3640:(1905–06) 3622:(1870–71) 3411:Principal 3271:Gallipoli 3174:Memorials 3159:Geography 3149:Aftermath 3057:557523890 3022:(1993) . 2859:(1993) . 2827:220044986 2289:Footnotes 2277:and from 2182:Memorials 2122:Bus House 1905:Aftermath 1788:6:00 a.m. 1737:2:00 a.m. 1680:craters 5 1656:Lewis gun 1637:3/4 April 1604:4–5 April 1428:4:15 a.m. 1379:(General 1272:20 German 1189:The Bluff 1129:Poperinge 1084:1:75; the 1070:Zonnebeke 1065:Hollebeke 976:5/6 April 949:4:15 a.m. 853:5th Ypres 833:2nd Somme 811:2nd Marne 801:3rd Aisne 750:The Hills 745:2nd Aisne 706:Fromelles 701:1st Somme 651:The Bluff 617:Hébuterne 607:2nd Ypres 568:1st Ypres 548:1st Aisne 543:1st Marne 516:Le Cateau 494:Charleroi 479:Frontiers 366:Mt Sorrel 331:The Bluff 5222:Category 4809:Refugees 4775:Italians 4764:Germans 4724:Ober Ost 4504:Aviation 3605:Timeline 3576:Bulgaria 3357:Tsingtao 3334:Togoland 3281:Caucasus 3216:European 3208:Theatres 3044:(1962). 2817:(1925). 2766:ASE 2015 2229:, Canada 2206:See also 2193:war poet 2168:19 large 2158:For the 1950:February 1934:December 1910:Analysis 1750:5–6 men, 1701:24 hours 1688:crater 7 1673:II Corps 1593:crater 5 1581:crater 5 1577:crater 2 1573:crater 4 1568:crater 5 1469:crater 6 1347:shaft H. 1270:against 1261:13 mines 1251:and the 1163:and six 1147:and the 1080:1:60 and 1037:Ieperlee 923:4th Army 863:Courtrai 818:Soissons 757:Messines 724:Alberich 533:Maubeuge 489:Ardennes 484:Lorraine 452:Moresnet 66:Location 4960:Germany 4860:Germany 4788:Germany 4708:Belgium 4693:Albania 4652:Disease 4632:Sports 4584:Ireland 4497:Warfare 4490:Aspects 3685:Origins 3678:Prelude 3581:Senussi 3561:Germany 3556:Leaders 3494:Romania 3435:Belgium 3430:Leaders 3329:Kamerun 3311:African 3246:Romania 3224:Balkans 3139:Outline 2191:by the 2074:of the 2072:300 men 2052:taking 1996:125,141 1985:37,121 1977:22,418 1969:19,886 1961:17,814 1953:12,182 1942:January 1686:beyond 1433:300 men 1355:ammonal 1343:shaft D 1338:mine I, 1300:Prelude 1049:Hill 60 990:Snipers 945:Belgium 936:St Eloi 828:Ailette 796:The Lys 790:Michael 772:Cambrai 666:Hulluch 661:St Eloi 553:Antwerp 341:St Eloi 321:Actions 269:Belgium 247:St Eloi 116:changes 49:St Eloi 4980:Russia 4955:France 4783:Canada 4698:Serbia 4569:Canada 4526:Horses 4478:(1921) 4472:(1920) 4466:(1920) 4460:(1920) 4452:(1920) 4405:(1919) 4399:(1919) 4345:(1918) 4310:(1918) 4304:(1917) 4292:(1916) 4286:(1916) 4251:(1915) 3670:(1913) 3652:(1911) 3634:(1905) 3591:Darfur 3516:Serbia 3499:Russia 3462:Greece 3450:France 3440:Brazil 3286:Persia 3229:Serbia 3055: 3030: 3008: 2975: 2956: 2930: 2909: 2890: 2867: 2845: 2825: 2061:617 of 1945:9,974 1937:5,675 1929:Total 1926:Month 1446:Mine 6 1442:Mine 1 1398:Battle 1349:Mines 1157:75 mm, 868:Sambre 823:Amiens 691:Verdun 521:Étreux 467:Dinant 168: 156:Canada 153: 106:Result 5177:Other 4970:Japan 4965:Italy 4792:camps 4636:Rugby 3472:Japan 3467:Italy 3445:China 3339:North 3064:(PDF) 3049:(PDF) 2994:Books 2240:Notes 1991:Total 1966:April 1958:March 1684:6 and 1587:from 1390:Jäger 1177:Hooge 1161:90 mm 1089:Mesen 1074:1:33. 1053:Hooge 941:Ypres 735:Arras 718:Ancre 472:Namur 462:Liège 261:Ypres 223:1,605 220:2,233 4757:POWs 4083:1918 3985:1917 3911:1916 3812:1915 3716:1914 3521:Siam 3324:East 3072:2016 3053:OCLC 3028:ISBN 3006:ISBN 2973:ISBN 2954:ISBN 2941:2016 2928:ISBN 2907:ISBN 2888:ISBN 2884:HMSO 2865:ISBN 2843:ISBN 2823:OCLC 2807:2015 2085:and 2048:and 1982:June 1888:and 1682:and 1455:The 1365:The 1263:and 1139:1915 1110:and 959:The 909:The 778:1918 740:Vimy 712:1917 645:1916 629:Loos 586:1915 563:Yser 499:Mons 446:1914 58:Date 1974:May 1654:24 1265:29 1175:at 1131:to 1047:), 943:in 263:in 5239:: 2886:. 2638:^ 2585:^ 2570:^ 2507:^ 2468:^ 2381:^ 2362:^ 2311:^ 2296:^ 2202:. 1255:. 1183:, 1123:. 1055:, 929:. 267:, 202:, 4608:/ 3120:e 3113:t 3106:v 3074:. 3036:. 3014:. 2981:. 2962:. 2943:. 2915:. 2896:. 2873:. 2851:. 2829:. 2809:. 2768:. 1369:( 1087:( 427:e 420:t 413:v 304:e 297:t 290:v 20:.

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Knowledge

Actions of St Eloi Craters

Index