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Previous colonial researches were underpinned by an old
Ethiopian narrative. Most of these chronicles puts Adulis smack-dab at the middle of the Axumite kingdom and subsumes it as an integral part of this very kingdom. As a result, Adulis has been studied as part and parcel of the Axumite kingdom by
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most, if not all, scholars of the region. However, recent historical/archaeological sources challenge the
Abyssinian paradigm in the sense that Adulis was the center of a kingdom that was not a constituent part of the Axumite kingdom, on the earlier period prior to the emergence of Aksum.
586:
The first scientific excavations at Adulis were undertaken in 1906, under the supervision of
Richard Sundström. Sundström worked in the northern sector of the site, exposing a large structure, which he dubbed the "palace of Adulis", as well as recovering some examples of Axumite coinage.
626:. It was stamped with a design showing the Egyptian St. Menas between two kneeling camels. Such vessels are supposed to have held water from a spring near the saint's tomb in Egypt (Paribeni 1907: 538, fig. 54), and this particular one may have been brought to Adulis by a pilgrim.
562:
Adulis was one of the first
Axumite sites to undergo excavation, when a French mission to Eritrea under Vignaud and Petit performed an initial survey in 1840, and prepared a map which marked the location of three structures they believed were temples. In 1868, workers attached to
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Over 50 years passed until the next series of excavations, when in 1961 and 1962 the
Ethiopian Institute of Archeology sponsored an expedition led by Francis Anfray. This excavation not only recovered materials showing a strong affinities with the late Axumite kingdom, but a
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as places of exile. The evidence suggests that Axum maintained its access to the Red Sea, yet experienced a clear decline in its fortunes from the seventh century onwards. In any case, the sea power of Axum waned and security for the Red Sea fell on other shoulders.
590:
The
Italian Roberto Paribeni excavated in Adulis the following year, discovering many structures similar to what Sundström had found earlier, as well as a number of ordinary dwellings. He found a lot of pottery: even wine amphorae imported from the area of modern
426:
is the earliest
European writer to mention Adulis (N.H. 6.34). He misunderstood the name of the place, thinking the toponym meant that it had been founded by escaped Egyptian slaves. Pliny further stated that it was the 'principal mart for the
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615:. This in turn prompted Kobishchanov to later argue that Adulis had been destroyed by an Arab raid in the mid-7th century, a view that has since been partially rejected.
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Stories of
Globalisation: The Red Sea and the Persian Gulf from Late Prehistory to Early Modernity: Selected Papers of Red Sea Project VII
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records two inscriptions he found here in the 6th century: the first, probably the copy of another inscription at
Alexandria, records how
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1012:(Joseph W. Michels, editor; Lorraine T. Kapitanoff, translator). University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State Univ. Press, 1979.
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and other traditional allies, the last years of Adulis are a mystery. Muslim writers occasionally mention both Adulis and the nearby
1058:
491:, was inscribed in the 27th year of a king of Axum, perhaps named Sembrouthes, other scholars theorize him to be the axumite king
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A pair of fragments of glass vessels were found in the lowest layers at Adulis, which are similar to specimens from the
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449:, hides, slaves and other exports of the interior. Roman merchants used the port in the second and third century AD.
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has petitioned the
Government of Ethiopia to return artifacts of these excavations. To date they have been denied.
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875:"Preliminary Report of the Princeton University Expedition to Abyssinia with a contribution by Richard Sundström"
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54:
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detailed a number of raids Aksumites made on the Arabian coast (the latest being in 702, when the port of
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City Of Adulis on the top left, and an ethiopian travelling from Adulis to Aksum on the top right
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Griechische und lateinische Inschriften zum PtolemÀerreich und zur römischen Provinz Aegyptus.
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philosophy. He was accompanied part of the way by one Moise or Moses, the Bishop of Adulis.
751:"Cosmas Indicopleustes, Christian Topography (1897) pp. 389-392. Explanation of the plates"
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and the Indian Ocean. The latter guide describes the settlement as an emporium for the
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A fourth century work traditionally (but probably incorrectly) ascribed to the writer
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captured in the region to gain victories in his wars abroad; the second, known as the
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Archaeological excavations at Adulis, done by the Italian Roberto Paribeni in 1907
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840:. Emblems of antiquity. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. p. 58.
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visited Adulis and exposed several buildings, including the foundations of a
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Manzo, Andrea; Zazzaro, Chiara; Falco, Diana Joyce De (Nov 26, 2018).
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622:. One very specialised imported vessel discovered at the site was a
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This article is about the ancient city. For the genus of moths, see
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were found here during the decades of existence of the colony of
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was occupied), and argued that Adulis was later captured by the
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Sesto Congresso internazionale di egittologia: atti, Volume 2
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have since been found at other sites in Eritrea including on
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495:, boasting of his victories in Arabia and northern Ethiopia.
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918:. International Association of Egyptologists. p. 402.
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502:, relates the journey of an anonymous Egyptian lawyer (
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The Throne of Adulis: Red Sea wars on the eve of Islam
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The throne of Adulis: Red Sea wars on the eve of Islam
57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
984:(reviewed by Peter Thonemann in "Gates of Horn",
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996:Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity
893:
521:. This port was the principal staging area for
794:"Iscrizione trionfale di Tolomeo III ad Aduli"
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367:, about 40 kilometers (25 mi) south of
1031:The Ancient Red Sea Port of Adulis, Eritrea
411:, recorded in the geographical list of the
371:. Its ruins lie within the modern Eritrean
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687:"Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica, §A26.18"
407:, perhaps coinciding with the locality of
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117:Learn how and when to remove this message
577:
465:
451:
911:
791:
456:Adulis is described in the 1st century
1079:Ancient Greek geography of East Africa
1046:
922:from the original on 18 September 2023
860:Peter Thonemann, "Gates of Horn", p. 9
998:. Edinburgh: University Press. 1991.
160:basilica at Adulis, excavated in 1914
55:adding citations to reliable sources
26:
976:. Oxford: University Press. 2013.
811:10.30687/Axon/2532-6848/2021/02/005
506:) to India in order to investigate
435:'. Adulis is also mentioned in the
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1064:Former populated places in Eritrea
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731:from the original on July 26, 2024
215:Location within the Horn of Africa
14:
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988:, 6 December 2013, pp. 9â10)
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1059:Archaeological sites in Eritrea
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836:Bowersock, Glen Warren (2013).
818:from the original on 2022-10-27
761:from the original on 2024-06-26
693:from the original on 2019-12-21
42:needs additional citations for
942:"Eritrea wants artefacts back"
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1:
884:, 20 (1907), pp. 172-182
792:Rossini, A. (December 2021).
782:MĂŒnster: Lit, 2015, p. 56-61.
517:to be the major power on the
20:. For the football club, see
944:. 2005-10-02. Archived from
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413:Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
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631:National Museum of Eritrea
513:Control of Adulis allowed
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218:Show map of Horn of Africa
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986:Times Literary Supplement
739:– via Google Books.
599:. These types now called
558:Archeological excavations
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1074:Northern Red Sea Region
383:considered part of the
187:Location within Eritrea
1033:(Oxford: Oxbow, 2007)
1008:Yuri M. Kobishchanov.
912:Leclant, Jean (1993).
899:July 11, 2013, at the
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243:Location within Africa
869:Published as part of
620:18th Dynasty of Egypt
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488:Monumentum Adulitanum
475:Cosmas Indicopleustes
469:
455:
295:15.26361°N 39.66056°E
605:Black Assarca Island
500:Palladius of Galatia
339:𩱠𩔠𩥠đ©Ș,
51:improve this article
894:Paribeni in Adulis
525:'s invasion of the
291: /
190:Show map of Eritrea
134:
880:2021-06-13 at the
778:Pfeiffer, Stefan:
755:www.tertullian.org
601:Ayla-Axum Amphoras
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551:Dahlak Archipelago
481:(247â222 BC) used
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431:and the people of
391:. It was close to
300:15.26361; 39.66056
246:Show map of Africa
139:𩱠𩔠𩥠đ©Ș
132:
1039:978-1-84-217308-4
982:978 0 19 973932 5
847:978-0-19-973932-5
613:destruction layer
567:campaign against
535:Yuri Kobishchanov
479:Ptolemy Euergetes
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18:Adulis (moth)
1084:Land of Punt
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926:15 September
924:. Retrieved
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504:scholasticus
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405:Land of Punt
365:Gulf of Zula
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49:Please help
44:verification
41:
624:Menas flask
569:Tewodros II
529:kingdom of
429:Troglodytae
298: /
274:Coordinates
22:Adulis Club
1048:Categories
952:2007-02-05
822:2022-10-28
765:2024-06-26
697:2020-01-19
286:39°39âČ38âłE
283:15°15âČ49âłN
77:newspapers
1027:Lucy Blue
717:. BRILL.
573:Byzantine
531:Dhu Nuwas
527:Himyarite
433:Aethiopia
355:) was an
158:Christian
155:Byzantine
920:Archived
897:Archived
878:Archived
816:Archived
759:Archived
729:Archived
691:Archived
641:See also
565:Napier's
395:and the
387:and the
381:emporium
256:Location
66:"Adulis"
1069:Massawa
735:May 18,
662:Qohaito
647:Keskese
543:Muslims
519:Red Sea
508:Brahmin
443:Red Sea
419:History
403:as the
369:Massawa
363:in the
361:Red Sea
357:ancient
353:áŒÎŽÎżÏ
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333:Sabaean
259:Eritrea
91:scholar
1037:
1029:(ed.)
1016:
1002:
980:
844:
721:
667:Sembel
652:Matara
539:Jeddah
393:Greece
329:Adulis
311:Length
264:Region
133:Adulis
93:
86:
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72:
64:
673:Notes
657:Nakfa
593:Aqaba
523:Kaleb
447:ivory
341:Ge'ez
322:430 m
319:Width
314:840 m
98:JSTOR
84:books
1035:ISBN
1025:and
1014:ISBN
1010:Axum
1000:ISBN
978:ISBN
928:2014
842:ISBN
798:Axon
737:2021
719:ISBN
515:Axum
493:GDRT
409:Wddt
385:Dâmt
377:Zula
373:city
345:áŁá±áá”
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375:of
337:á°á áŁ
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