6216:
199:
6270:
turned out to be illiterate. Southern Black people fared badly on the Army
General Classification Test (AGCT), an aptitude test designed to determine the most suitable role for those who were drafted, and which was not an IQ test. Of the Black men from the South drafted, 84% fell into the two lowest categories on the AGCT. Owing to the high failure rate caused by the almost non-existent education system for African-Americans in the South, the Army was forced to offer remedial instruction for Afro-Americans who fell into the lower categories of the AGCT. By 1945, about 150, 000 Black men had learned how to read and write while in the Army. The poor living conditions in rural America which afflicted both white and Black Americans led the Army to undertake remedial health work as well. Army optometrists fitted 2.25 million men suffering from poor eyesight with eyeglasses to allow them to be drafted while Army dentists fitted 2.5 million draftees who would have been otherwise disqualified for the bad state of their teeth with dentures.
6568:
World War II. Workers who were limited to segregated, low-skilled jobs in
Southern cities were able to get highly skilled, well-paid jobs at West Coast shipyards. The effect of racially homogeneous communities composed largely of Black immigrants that formed because of spatial segregation in destination cities was that they were largely influenced by the Southern culture they brought with them. The food, music and even the discriminatory white police presence in these neighborhoods were all imported to a certain extent from the collective experiences of the highly concentrated African-American migrants. Writers have often assumed that Southern migrants contributed disproportionately to changes in the African-American family in the inner city. However, census data for 1940 through 1990 show that these families actually exhibited more traditional family patterns—more children living with two parents, more ever-married women living with their spouses, and fewer never-married mothers.
5819:
139:
6391:(FEPC) with orders to fine the corporations that did not treat their Black employees equally. In 1943, Roosevelt gave the FEPC a budget of half-million dollars and replaced the unpaid volunteers who had previously staffed the FEPC with a paid staff concentrated in regional headquarters across the nation with instructions to inspect the defense industry's factories to ensure the spirit and letter of Executive Order 8802 was being obeyed. Roosevelt believed that having Black men and women employed in the defense industry working as skilled laborers would give them far higher wages than what they ever had before, and ultimately form the nucleus of a Black middle class. When the president learned that some unions were pushing for black employees to be given menial "auxiliary" jobs in the factories, he instructed the
6194:
mostly the ones who lost their jobs. For most tenants and sharecroppers the AAA was a major help. Researchers at the time concluded, "To the extent that the AAA control-program has been responsible for the increased price , we conclude that it has increased the amount of goods and services consumed by the cotton tenants and croppers." Furthermore, the landowners typically let their tenants and croppers use the land taken out of production for their own personal use in growing food and feed crops, which further increased their standard of living. Another consequence was that the historic high levels of turnover from year to year declined sharply, as tenants and coppers tend to stay with the same landowner. Researchers concluded, "As a rule, planters seem to prefer
Negroes to whites as tenants and coppers."
4033:, he described the process of being transported to the colonies and being on the slave ships as a horrific experience. On the ships, the enslaved Africans were separated from their family long before they boarded the ships. Once aboard the ships the captives were then segregated by gender. Under the deck, the enslaved Africans were cramped and did not have enough space to walk around freely. Enslaved males were generally kept in the ship's hold, where they experienced the worst of crowding. The captives stationed on the floor beneath low-lying bunks could barely move and spent much of the voyage pinned to the floorboards, which could, over time, wear the skin on their elbows down to the bone. Due to the lack of basic hygiene, malnourishment, and dehydration diseases spread wildly and death was common.
6165:, which banned discrimination in factories making weapons for the military. In 1941, the Roosevelt administration, through officially neutral, was leaning in very Allied direction with the United States providing weapons to Great Britain and China (to be joined by the Soviet Union after 22 June 1941), and the president needed the co-operation of Congress as much possible, where isolationist voices were frequently heard. Roosevelt argued to Randolph that he could not antagonize the powerful bloc of conservative Southern Democrats in Congress, and desegregation of the military was out of the question as the Southern Democrats would never accept it; by contrast, as La Guardia pointed out, most of the factories in the defense industry were located in California, the Midwest and the Northeast.
6463:
these Black women fought a Double V campaign against the Axis abroad and against restrictive hiring practices at home. Their efforts redefined citizenship, equating their patriotism with war work, and seeking equal employment opportunities, government entitlements, and better working conditions as conditions appropriate for full citizens. In the South, Black women worked in segregated jobs; in the West and most of the North they were integrated, but wildcat strikes erupted in
Detroit, Baltimore, and Evansville where white migrants from the South refused to work alongside Black women. The most largest of the "hate strikes" was the strike by white women at the Western Electric factory in Baltimore, who objected to sharing a bathroom with Black women.
6523:
5648:
storefronts. As a result, Black beauticians were numerous in the rural South, despite the absence of cities and towns. They pioneered the use of cosmetics, at a time when rural white women in the South avoided them. As Blain
Roberts has shown, beauticians offered their clients a space to feel pampered and beautiful in the context of their own community because, "Inside Black beauty shops, rituals of beautification converged with rituals of socialization." Beauty contests emerged in the 1920s, and in the white community they were linked to agricultural county fairs. By contrast in the Black community, beauty contests were developed out of the homecoming ceremonies at their high schools and colleges. The most famous entrepreneur was
6863:
5939:
dramatic historical event known as the Great
Migration. Migrants going to Pittsburgh and surrounding mill towns in western Pennsylvania between 1890 and 1930 faced racial discrimination and limited economic opportunities. The Black population in Pittsburgh jumped from 6,000 in 1880 to 27,000 in 1910. Many took highly paid, skilled jobs in the steel mills. Pittsburgh's Black population increased to 37,700 in 1920 (6.4% of the total) while the Black element in Homestead, Rankin, Braddock, and others nearly doubled. They succeeded in building effective community responses that enabled the survival of new communities. Historian Joe Trotter explains the decision process:
6023:. It set quotas for private firms hiring skilled and unskilled Black people in construction projects financed through the PWA, overcoming the objections of labor unions. In this way, the New Deal ensured that blacks were 13% of the unskilled PWA jobs in Chicago, 60% in Philadelphia and 71% in Jacksonville, Florida; their share of the skilled jobs was 4%, 6%, and 17%, respectively. In the Department of Agriculture, there was a lengthy bureaucratic struggle in 1933–35 between one faction which favored rising prices for farmers vs. another faction which favored reforms to assist sharecroppers, especially Black ones. When one Agriculture Department official,
5892:
6121:
Fair Labor
Standards Act of 1938, which imposed a national minimum wage of 40 cents per hour and a forty-hour work week while banning child labor, which was intended to assist poorer Americans. The Southern congressional bloc were vehemently opposed to the Fair Labor Standards Act, which they saw as an attack on the entire Southern way of life, which was based upon extremely low wages (for example the minimum wage was 50 cents per day in South Carolina), and caused some of them to break with Roosevelt. In 1938, Roosevelt campaigned in the Democratic primaries to defeat three conservative Southern Democratic senators,
4255:, claiming and clearing more land for large-scale farming and the construction of plantations, the flow of enslaved Africans brought to the continent rapidly increased, beginning in the 1660s. The slave trade from the West Indies proved insufficient to meet demand in the now fast-growing North American slave market. Additionally, most North American buyers of enslaved people no longer wanted to purchase enslaved people who were coming in from the West Indies—by now they were either harder to obtain, too expensive, undesirable, or more often, they had been exhausted in many ways by the brutality of the islands'
6242:" in a 1942 editorial, saying that all Black people should work for "victory over our enemies at home and victory over our enemies on the battlefield abroad". The newspaper argued that a victory of the Axis powers, especially Nazi Germany, would be a disaster for African-Americans while at the same time the war presented the opportunity "to persuade, embarrass, compel and shame our government and our nation...into a more enlightened attitude towards a tenth of its people". The slogan of a "double victory" over fascism abroad and racism at home was widely taken up by African-Americans during the war.
148:
6251:
159:
5981:
280:
4994:
3664:
6754:
6531:
5508:
208:
4274:. The population of enslaved African Americans in North American grew rapidly during the 18th and early 19th centuries due to a variety of factors, including a lower prevalence of tropic diseases. Colonial society was divided over the religious and moral implications of slavery, though it remained legal in each of the Thirteen Colonies until the American Revolution. Slavery led to a gradual shift between the American South and North, both before and after independence, as the comparatively more urbanized and industrialized North required fewer slaves than the South.
7618:
4701:, and moved west as old cotton fields lost their productivity and new lands were purchased. Unlike the Northern States who put more focus into manufacturing and commerce, the South was heavily dependent on agriculture. Southern political economists at this time supported the institution by concluding that nothing was inherently contradictory about owning slaves and that a future of slavery existed even if the South were to industrialize. Racial, economic, and political turmoil reached an all-time high regarding slavery up to the events of the Civil War.
4625:, usually the first communal institution to be established. The Black church was both an expression of community and unique African-American spirituality, and a reaction to discrimination. The churches also served as neighborhood centers where free Black people could celebrate their African heritage without intrusion from white detractors. The church also served as the center of education. Since the church was part of the community and wanted to provide education; it educated the freed and enslaved Black people. Seeking autonomy, some Black people like
7072:
6369:
5145:
188:
11371:
5240:
5101:
4174:
3736:, among many others. Although these different groups varied in customs, religious theology and language, what they had in common was a way of life which was different from that of the Europeans. Originally, a majority of the people came from these villages and societies, however, once they were sent to the Americas and enslaved, these different peoples had European standards and beliefs forced upon them, causing them to do away with tribal differences and forge a new history and culture that was a
18802:
7604:
3356:
179:
5187:
5677:
4236:
to kill an enslaved person, for example, and several whites were hanged for it. Generally, enslaved
Africans developed their own family system, religion, and customs in the slave quarters with little interference from owners, who were only interested in work outputs. Before the 1660s, the North American mainland colonies were still fairly small in size and did not have a great demand for labour, so colonists did not import large numbers of enslaved Africans at this point.
4278:
self-sustaining native-born enslaved Black populations that they stopped taking indirect imports of enslaved
Africans altogether. However, other colonies such as Georgia and South Carolina still relied on a steady influx of enslaved people to keep up with the ever-growing demand for agricultural labor among the burgeoning plantation economies. These colonies continued to import enslaved Africans until the trade was outlawed in 1808, save for a temporary lull during the
21902:
16759:
16723:
1688:
1649:
21548:
5177:, disagree that identity was achieved after the Civil War. African Americans in the post-Civil War era were faced with many rules and regulations that, even though they were "free", prevented them from enjoying the same amount of freedom as white citizens had. Tens of thousands of Black northerners left homes and careers and also migrated to the defeated South, building schools, printing newspapers, and opening businesses. As Joel Williamson puts it:
5685:
16769:
1698:
4655:
6444:, whom they widely admired. The political leaders, ministers and newspaper editors who shaped opinion resolved on a Double V campaign: Victory over German and Japanese fascism abroad, and victory over discrimination at home. Black newspapers created the Double V campaign to build Black morale and head off radical action. During the war years, the NAACP expanded tenfold, having over half a million members by 1945. The new civil rights group
5944:
They formed migration clubs, pooled their money, bought tickets at reduced rates, and often moved ingroups. Before they made the decision to move, they gathered information and debated the pros and cons of the process....In barbershops, poolrooms, and grocery stores, in churches, lodge halls, and clubhouses, and in private homes, southern blacks discussed, debated, and decided what was good and what was bad about moving to the urban North.
4048:
under control and prevent future rebellions, the crews were often twice as large and members would instill fear into the enslaved
Africans through brutality and harsh punishments. From the time of being captured in Africa to the arrival to the plantations of the European masters, took an average of six months. Africans were completely cut off from their families, home, and community life. They were forced to adjust to a new way of life.
6975:
6586:
5733:
4062:
35:
8070:
7370:, the study of African-American history has frequently been a political and scholarly struggle which has been waged by historians who wish to refute incorrect assumptions. One of the foremost assumptions was the belief that enslaved people did not rebel because they were passive. A series of historians transformed the image of African Americans, revealing that they had a much richer and a more complex experience. Historians such as
4159:
168:
5378:
6750:
purpose of circumventing integration. The largely Black rural population of the county had little recourse. Some families were split up as parents sent their children to live with relatives in other locales to attend public school; but the majority of Prince Edward's more than 2,000 black children, as well as many poor whites, simply remained unschooled until federal court action forced the schools to reopen five years later.
21554:
5068:
through advances of federal troops, the enslaved person became legally and actually free. The owners were never compensated. Plantation owners, realizing that emancipation would destroy their economic system, sometimes moved their enslaved people as far as possible out of reach of the Union army. By June 1865, the Union Army controlled all of the Confederacy and liberated all the designated enslaved people.
21239:
7646:
7632:
5156:
Revels and others understood that white people may have felt threatened by the African-American congressmen. Revels stated, "The white race has no better friend than I. I am true to my own race. I wish to see all done that can be done...to assist in acquiring property, in becoming intelligent, enlightened citizens...but at the same time, I would not have anything done which would harm the white race,"
5017:
Scott" decision in March 1857. Black people were not American citizens and could never be citizens, the court said in a decision roundly denounced by the Republican Party as well as the abolitionists. Because enslaved people were "property, not people", by this ruling they could not sue in court. The decision was finally reversed by the Civil Rights Act of 1865. In what is sometimes considered mere
4708:, Congress abolished the importation of enslaved workers. While American Black people celebrated this as a victory in the fight against slavery, the ban increased the internal trade in enslaved people. Changing agricultural practices in the Upper South from tobacco to mixed farming decreased labor requirements, and enslaved people were sold to traders for the developing Deep South. In addition, the
14023:(2005). 580 pp. 31 long essays by experts covering African and diasporic connections in the context of the transatlantic slave trade; colonial and antebellum African, European, and indigenous relations; processes of cultural exchange; war and emancipation; post-emancipation community and institution building; intersections of class and gender; migration; and struggles for civil rights.
5804:
5861:
5354:
The common stories featured whites heroically saving the community from marauding Black people. Upon examination of the evidence, historians have called numerous such events "massacres", as at Colfax, because of the disproportionate number of fatalities for Black people as opposed to whites. The mob violence there resulted in 40–50 Black people dead for each of the three whites killed.
7178:, the son of a Black Kenyan father and a white American mother. He won overwhelming support from African-American voters in the Democratic primaries, even as his main opponent Hillary Clinton had the support of many Black politicians. African Americans continued to support Obama throughout his term. After completing his first term, Obama ran for a second term. In 2012, he won the
4898:
people could celebrate their African heritage without intrusion by white detractors. The church was the center of the Black communities, but it was also the center of education. Since the church was part of the community and wanted to provide education; they educated the freed and enslaved Black people. At first, Black preachers formed separate congregations within the existing
6891:, captured the attention of the nation. Six weeks later, searchers found the savagely beaten body of Chaney, a Black man, in a muddy dam alongside the remains of his two white companions, who had been shot to death. There was national outrage at the escalating injustices of the "Mississippi Blood Summer", as it by then had come to be known, and at the brutality of the murders.
4862:, and as cellar-, well- and grave-diggers. As for Black women workers, they worked as servants for white families. Some women were also cooks, seamstresses, basket-makers, midwives, teachers, and nurses. Black women worked as washerwomen or domestic servants for the white families. Some cities had independent Black seamstresses, cooks, basketmakers, confectioners, and more.
5137:
most states of the South, although sufficient funding was hard to find. Black people established their own churches, towns, and businesses. Tens of thousands migrated to Mississippi for the chance to clear and own their own land, as 90 percent of the bottomlands were undeveloped. By the end of the 19th century, two-thirds of the farmers who owned land in the
7297:, a white historian, studied the African-American experience in depth. Du Bois' study of Reconstruction provided a more objective context for evaluating its achievements and weaknesses; Additionally, he conducted studies of contemporary Black life. Phillips set the main topics of inquiry that still guide the analysis of slave economics.
6448:(CORE), founded in 1942, started demonstrations demanding desegregation of buses, theaters and restaurants. At one CORE demonstration outside a segregated restaurant in Washington, DC in 1944 had signs reading "We Die Together', Let's Eat Together" and "Are you for Hitler's Way or the American Way?". In 1944, the Swedish economist
7403:
Martin Luther King Jr., 60% Rosa Parks, and 44% Harriet Tubman. Among adults, King was second (at 36%) and Parks was tied for fourth with 30%, while Tubman tied for 10th place with Henry Ford, at 16%. When distinguished historians were asked in 2006 to name the most prominent Americans, Parks and Tubman did not make the top 100.
5589:, a destination for many on the trains up from Mississippi, Arkansas and Louisiana, joined Harlem as a sort of Black capital for the nation. It generated flourishing businesses, music, arts and foods. A new generation of powerful African-American political leaders and organizations also came to the fore, Typified by Congressman
5631:. The more ambitious Black businessman with a larger vision avoided small towns and rural areas and headed to progressive large cities. They sent their children to elite Black colleges such as Howard, Spellman, and Morehouse; by the 1970s they were accepted in more than token numbers at national schools such as the
4929:, both had organized congregations by 1800 and were the first Baptist churches in the city. Petersburg, an industrial city, by 1860 had 3,224 free Black people (36% of Black people, and about 26% of all free persons), the largest population in the South. In Virginia, free Black people also created communities in
6324:
explosion was inevitable if they persisted in using untrained seamen in the loading of ammunition". Though the sailors were convicted, the Port Chicago disaster led the Navy in August 1944 to allow Black sailors to serve alongside white sailors on ships, through Black people could only make up 10% of the crew.
12339:
Micheal Clodfelter. Seven African Americans were awarded for their work in the war. Their names were: First Lieutenant Vernon J. Baker, Staff Sergeant Edward A. Carter, Jr., First Lieutenant John R. Fox, Private First Class Willy F. James, Jr., Staff Sergeant Ruben Rivers, Captain Charles L. Thomas,
6725:
and other nonviolent direct action, such as marches, pickets and sit-ins to mobilize around issues of equal access and voting rights. Southern segregationists fought back to block reform. The conflict grew to involve steadily escalating physical violence, bombings and intimidation by Southern whites.
6378:
Due to massive shortages as a result of the American entry into World War II, defense employers from Northern and Western cities went to the South to convince blacks and whites there to leave the region in promise of higher wages and better opportunities. As a result, African Americans left the South
6181:
characterized the cotton and tobacco production in the post-Civil War South. As the agricultural economy plummeted in the early 1930s, all farmers in all parts of the nation were badly hurt. Worst hurt were the tenant farmers (who had relatively more control) and sharecroppers (who had less control),
5181:
Many of the migrants, women as well as men, came as teachers sponsored by a dozen or so benevolent societies, arriving in the still turbulent wake of Union armies. Others came to organize relief for the refugees.... Still others ... came south as religious missionaries.... Some came south as business
4285:
South Carolina's Black population remained very high for most of the eighteenth century due to the continued import of enslaved Africans, with Blacks outnumbering whites three-to-one. In contrast, Virginia maintained a white majority despite its significant Black enslaved population. It was said that
4047:
In the midst of these terrible conditions, enslaved Africans plotted mutiny. Enslaved males were the most likely candidates to mutiny and only at times they were on deck. While rebellions did not happen often, they were usually unsuccessful. In order for the crew members to keep the enslaved Africans
3898:
The largest source of slaves transported across the Atlantic Ocean for the New World was West Africa. Some West Africans were skilled iron workers and were therefore able to make tools that aided in their agricultural labor. While there were many unique tribes with their own customs and religions, by
6318:
occurred that killed 320 men, of which 202 were Black. The explosion was widely blamed on the lack of training for Black stevedores, and 50 of the survivors of the explosion refused an order to return to work, demanding safety training first. At the subsequent court martial for the "Port Chicago 50"
6080:
stormed out, screaming: "This mongrel meeting ain't no place for a white man!" Though Smith's reaction was extreme, other Democratic politicians from the South made it clear to Roosevelt that they were very displeased. In the 1936 election, African-Americans who could vote overwhelmingly did so for
6059:
paid the same wages to Black workers as white workers sparked much resentment in the South and as early as 1933 conservative Southern politicians who claiming that federal relief payments were causing Black people to move to the cities to become a "permanent welfare class". Studies showed that Black
6038:
An immediate response was a shift in the Black vote in Northern cities from the GOP to the Democrats (blacks seldom voted in the South.) In Southern states where few Black people voted, Black leaders seized the opportunity to work inside the new federal agencies as social workers and administrators,
5991:
The Great Depression hit Black America hard. In 1930, it was reported that 4 out of 5 Black people lived in the South, the average life expectancy for Black people was 15 years less than whites, and the Black infant mortality rate at 12% was double that of whites. In Chicago, Black people made up 4%
5487:
the best account of race relations in the South during the period—one that reads like field notes for the future historian. This account was written during the zenith of Washingtonian movement and shows the optimism that it inspired among both liberals and moderates. The book is also notable for its
5136:
as well as in local offices such as the office of sheriff. The safety which was provided by the troops did not last long, however, and white Southerners frequently terrorized Black voters. Coalitions of white and Black Republicans passed bills in order to establish the first public school systems in
4849:
During the early Antebellum period, the creation of free Black communities began to expand, laying out a foundation for African Americans' future. At first, only a few thousand African Americans had their freedom. As the years went by, the number of Blacks being freed expanded tremendously, building
4480:
and escaped his master's farm in order to receive Lord Dunmore's promise of freedom. Peters had fought for the British throughout the war. When the war finally ended, he and other African Americans who fought on the losing side were taken to Nova Scotia. Here, they encountered difficulty farming the
4235:
At first, Africans in the South were outnumbered by white indentured servants who came voluntarily from Europe. They avoided the plantations. With the vast amount of arable land and a shortage of laborers, plantation owners turned to African slavery. The enslaved had some legal rights—it was a crime
7382:
in 1976, "Black History Month" is celebrated in the United States every year during the month of February. Proponents of Black history believe that it promotes diversity, develops self-esteem, and corrects myths and stereotypes. Opponents of it argue that such curricula are dishonest, divisive, and
7304:
was the major Black scholar who studied and promoted the Black historical experience. Woodson insisted that the scholarly study of the African-American experience should be sound, creative, restorative, and, most important, it should be directly relevant to the Black community. He popularized Black
6749:
Supreme Court decision. As a last-ditch effort to avoid court-ordered desegregation, officials in the county shut down the county's entire public school system in 1959 and it remained closed for five years. White students were able to attend private schools established by the community for the sole
6395:
to decertify those unions. In 1944, when the union for trolley drivers in Philadelphia went on strike to protest plans to hire African-Americans as trolley drivers, Roosevelt sent in troops to break the strike. In 1942, Black people made up 3% of the workforce in the defense industry; by 1945 Black
6273:
Most of the Army's 231 training camps were located in the South, which was mostly rural and where land was cheaper. Black people from outside of the South that were sent to the training camps found life in the South almost unbearable. Tensions at army and navy training bases between Black and white
6107:
on 13 April 1937, describing in much detail how a white mob tied two Black men to a tree, tortured them with blowtorches, and finally killed them. Michener introduced an anti-lynching bill that passed the House, but which was stopped in the Senate as Southern senators filibustered the bill until it
5996:
reported from rural Georgia that she had seen "half-starved Whites and Blacks struggle in competition for less to eat than my dog gets at home, for the privilege of living in huts that are infinitely less comfortable than his kennel". She also described most Southern Black people who made worked as
5943:
Although African-Americans often expressed their views of the Great Migration in biblical terms and received encouragement from northern black newspapers, railroad companies, and industrial labor agents, they also drew upon family and friendship networks to help in the move to Western Pennsylvania.
5814:
In 1917, fearing espionage, D.C. National Guard elements were mobilized 12 days before the U.S. officially entered World War I to protect reservoirs and power plants around District of Columbia Military officials were concerned that too many of the D.C. units were made up of men with foreign roots,
5720:
Most African American units were relegated to support roles and did not see combat. Still, African Americans played a significant role in America's war effort. Four African American regiments were integrated into French units because the French suffered heavy losses and badly needed men after three
4582:
worked to persuade slaveholders to free families. In Virginia, the number of free Black people increased from 10,000 in 1790 to nearly 30,000 in 1810, but 95% of Black people were still enslaved. In Delaware, three-quarters of all Black people were free by 1810. By 1860, just over 91% of Delaware's
6571:
By the end of the Second Great Migration, African Americans had become an urbanized population. More than 80 percent of them lived in cities. Fifty-three percent of them remained in the Southern United States, 40 percent of them lived in the Northeast and North Central states and 7 percent of them
6462:
Most Black women had been farm laborers or domestics before the war. Despite discrimination and segregated facilities throughout the South, they escaped the cotton patch and took blue-collar jobs in the cities. Working with the federal Fair Employment Practices Committee, the NAACP and CIO unions,
6415:
experienced race riots in 1943. In May 1943, in Mobile, Alabama, when the local shipyard promoted some Black men up to be trained as welders, white workers rioted and seriously injured 11 of their Black co-workers. In Los Angeles, the Zoot Suit riots of 3–8 June 1943 saw white servicemen attacking
6359:
of the NAACP wrote: "World War II has immeasurably magnified the Negro's awareness of the American profession and practice of democracy... will return home convinced that whatever betterment of their lot is achieved must come largely from their own efforts. They will return determined to use those
6269:
The draft starkly exposed the poor living conditions of most African-Americans with the Selective Service Boards turning down 46% of the Black men called up on health grounds as compared to 30% of the white men called up. At least a third of the black men in the South called up by the draft boards
6071:
Militants demanded a federal anti-lynching bill, but President Roosevelt knew it would never pass Congress but would split his New Deal coalition. Because conservative white Southerners tended to vote as a bloc for the Democratic Party with all of the Senators and Congressmen from the South in the
5451:
While the NAACP used the court system to promote equality, at the local level, African Americans adopted a self-help strategy. They pooled their resources to create independent community and institutional lives for themselves. They established schools, churches, social welfare institutions, banks,
5353:
in Louisiana in 1873 and 1874. Tensions and rumors were high in many parts of the South. When violence erupted, African Americans consistently were killed at a much higher rate than were European Americans. Historians of the 20th century have renamed events long called "riots" in southern history.
5067:
on January 1, 1863. In a single stroke it changed the legal status, as recognized by the U.S. government, of 3 million enslaved people in designated areas of the Confederacy from "slave" to "free." Its practical effect was that as soon as an enslaved person escaped from slavery, by running away or
4897:
and other churches, the Black church grew to be the focal point of the Black community. The Black church was both an expression of community and unique African-American spirituality, and a reaction to European American discrimination. The church also served as neighborhood centers where free Black
4884:
Many Black people organized to help strengthen the Black community and continue the fight against slavery. One of these organizations was the American Society of Free Persons of Colour, founded in 1830. This organization provided social aid to poor Black people and organized responses to political
4819:
on the House floor by Preston Brooks of South Carolina. Sumner had been delivering an abolitionist speech to Congress when Brooks attacked him. Brooks received praise in the South for his actions while Sumner became a political icon in the North. Sumner later returned to the Senate, where he was a
4692:
in the 1790s allowed the cultivation of short staple cotton, which could be grown in much of the Deep South, where warm weather and proper soil conditions prevailed. The industrial revolution in Europe and New England generated a heavy demand for cotton for cheap clothing, which caused an enormous
4309:
Gradually, a free Black population emerged, concentrated in port cities along the Atlantic coast from Charleston to Boston. Enslaved people who lived in the cities and towns had more privileges than enslaved people who did not, but the great majority of enslaved people lived on southern tobacco or
3902:
In all, about 10–12 million Africans were transported to the Western Hemisphere. The vast majority of these people came from that stretch of the West African coast extending from present-day Senegal to Angola; a small percentage came from Madagascar and East Africa. Only 5% (about 500,000) went to
7402:
Surveys of 11th- and 12th-grade students and adults in 2005 show that American schools have given students an awareness of some famous figures in Black history. Both groups were asked to name 10 famous Americans, excluding presidents. Of those named, the three most mentioned were Black: 67% named
6567:
Compared to the more rural migrants of the period 1910–40, many African Americans in the South were already living in urban areas and had urban job skills before they relocated. They moved to take jobs in the burgeoning industrial cities and especially the many jobs in the defense industry during
6432:
moving to the city to work in the factories, competition for sparse rental housing had pushed tensions to the brink. On 20 June 1943, false rumors that a white mob had lynched 3 Black men led to an outbreak of racial rioting in Detroit that left 34 dead, of whom 25 were Black. On 1–2 August 1943,
6120:
Through Roosevelt was sympathetic, and his wife even more so towards the plight of African-Americans, but the power of the Southern Democratic bloc in Congress, whom he did not wish to take on, limited his options. Through not explicitly designed to assist Black Americans, Roosevelt supported the
6063:
In Chicago the Black community had been a stronghold of the Republican machine, but in the Great Depression the machine fell apart. Voters and leaders moved en masse into the Democratic Party as the New Deal offered relief programs and the city Democratic machine offered suitable positions in the
5361:
that arose in the South during the mid-1870s as the white Democrats mounted a stronger insurgency, were more directed and effective than the Klan in challenging Republican governments, suppressing the Black vote and achieving political goals. Unlike the Klan, paramilitary members operated openly,
5165:
also served in the different government jobs during Reconstruction, including Minister Resident and Counsel General to Haiti, Recorder of Deeds, and U.S. Marshall. Bruce became a Senator in 1874 and represented the state of Mississippi. He worked with white politicians from his region in order to
5131:
After the Union victory over the Confederacy, a brief period of Southern Black progress, called Reconstruction, followed. During Reconstruction, the states that had seceded were readmitted into the Union. From 1865 to 1877, under the protection of Union troops, some strides were made toward equal
4853:
African Americans tried to take the advantage of establishing homes and jobs in the cities. During the early 1800s free Black people took several steps to establish fulfilling work lives in urban areas. The rise of industrialization, which depended on power-driven machinery more than human labor,
4456:
within a month of making this proclamation. In South Carolina 25,000 enslaved people, more than one-quarter of the total, escaped to join and fight with the British, or fled for freedom in the uproar of war. Thousands of slaves also escaped in Georgia and Virginia, as well as New England and New
4036:
The women on the ships often endured rape by the crewmen. Women and children were often kept in rooms set apart from the main hold. This gave crewmen easy access to the women which was often regarded as one of the perks of the trade system. Not only did these rooms give the crewmen easy access to
6323:
stated: "Negroes in the Navy don't mind loading ammunition. They just want to know why they are the only ones doing the loading! They want to know why they are segregated; why they don't get promoted, and why the Navy disregarded official warnings by the San Francisco waterfront unions...that an
6193:
grow cotton or tobacco on a portion of their land. By law, they were required to pay the tenant farmers and sharecroppers on their land a portion of the money, but some cheated on this provision, hurting their tenants and croppers. The farm wage workers who worked directly for the landowner were
6116:
of the NAACP that he personally supported the anti-lynching bill, but that: "I did not choose the tools with which I must work. Had I been permitted to choose them I would have selected quite different ones. But I've got to get legislation passed to save America. The Southerners by reason of the
5155:
became the first African-American senator in the U.S. Congress in 1870. Other African Americans soon came to Congress from South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi. These new politicians supported the Republicans and tried to bring further improvements to the lives of African Americans.
5016:
was an enslaved man whose owner had taken him to live in the free state of Illinois. After his owner's death, Dred Scott sued in court for his freedom on the basis of his having lived in a free state for a long period. The Black community received an enormous shock with the Supreme Court's "Dred
4832:
shredded the planters' paternalist pretenses in the eyes of Black people and prodded enslaved people and free Black people to create a host of oppositional ideologies and institutions that better accounted for the realities of endless deportations, expulsions, and flights that continually remade
6874:
The "Mississippi Freedom Summer" of 1964 brought thousands of idealistic youth, black and white, to the state to run "freedom schools", to teach basic literacy, history and civics. Other volunteers were involved in voter registration drives. The season was marked by harassment, intimidation and
5938:
With an enormous demand for expansion of the defense industries, the new draft law in effect, and the cut off of immigration from Europe, demand was very high for underemployed farmers from the South. Hundreds of thousands of African-Americans took the trains to Northern industrial centers in a
5647:
have been owned by men, women played a major role especially in the area of beauty. Standards of beauty were different for whites and Black people, and the Black community developed its own standards, with an emphasis on hair care. Beauticians could work out of their own homes, and did not need
4560:
In the Northern states, the revolutionary spirit did help African Americans. Beginning in the 1750s, there was widespread sentiment during the American Revolution that slavery was a social evil (for the country as a whole and for the whites) that should eventually be abolished. All the Northern
6386:
When Roosevelt learned that many companies in the defense industry were violating the spirit, if not the letter of Executive Order 8802 by only employing Black people in menial positions such as janitors and denying them the opportunity to work as highly paid skilled laborers, he significantly
6339:
and kept Allied supply lines open were African-American. During the crisis of the Battle of the Bulge in December 1944, the Army allowed several integrated infantry platoons to be formed, through these were broken up once the crisis passed. However, the experiment of the integrated platoons in
6148:
had attended the meeting of the brotherhood that passed the resolution, it was widely believed that the president was supportive. Randolph subsequently visited the White House on 27 September 1940, where President Roosevelt seemed to be equally sympathetic. Randolph felt very betrayed where he
5857:, the 157th commanding general, gave the unit a Red Hand insignia in honor of their service. The red hand appears today on the crest of the 372nd Military Police Battalion. Although many D.C. National Guard units were mobilized, the 372nd was the only one to actually see combat during the war.
4865:
While the African Americans left the thought of slavery behind, they made a priority to reunite with their family and friends. The cause of the Revolutionary War forced many Black people to migrate to the west afterwards, and the scourge of poverty created much difficulty with housing. African
4743:. In this compromise the territories of New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and Nevada would be organized but the issue of slavery would be decided later. Washington D.C. would abolish the slave trade but not slavery itself. California would be admitted as a free state but the South would receive a new
11424:
My dear General, the President delegated me to confer you the Distinguished Service Medal in the name of the United States government: As Commander of the 157th French Division of Infantry, you have been an important factor in the success of the allies by your valiant leadership and eminent
7170:
briefly joined her on the list from 2001 to 2003 before his ex-wife acquired part of his fortune; although he returned to the list in 2006, he did not make it in 2007. With Winfrey the only African American wealthy enough to rank among America's 400 richest people, African Americans currently
5409:
Of the tens of thousands of lynchers and onlookers during this period, it is reported that fewer than 50 whites were ever indicted for their crimes, and only four were sentenced. Because Black people were disenfranchised, they could not sit on juries or have any part in the political process,
5219:
The Jim Crow laws were state and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965. They mandated de jure segregation in all public facilities, with a supposedly "separate but equal" status for Black Americans. In reality, this led to treatment and accommodations that were usually
4259:. From the 1680s onward, the majority of enslaved Africans imported into North America were shipped directly from Africa, and most of them disembarked in ports located in what is now the Southern U.S., particularly in the present-day states of Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia, and Louisiana.
4244:, occasionally they had been shipped via the West Indies in small cargoes after spending time working on the islands. At the same time, many were born to Africans and their descendants, and thus were native-born on the North American mainland. Their legal status was codified into law with the
5526:
over five million African Americans made choices and "voted with their feet" by moving from the South to northern and western cities in hopes of escaping political discrimination and hatred, violence, finding better jobs, voting and enjoying greater equality and education for their children.
4277:
By the 1750s, the native-born enslaved population of African descent outnumbered that of the African-born enslaved. By the time of the American Revolution, several Northern states were considering the abolition of slavery. Some Southern colonies, such as Virginia, had produced such large and
4310:
rice plantations, usually in groups of 20 or more. Wealthy plantation owners eventually became so reliant on slavery that they devastated their own lower class. In the years to come, the institution of slavery would be so heavily involved in the South's economy that it would divide America.
4573:
For 20 years after the Revolution, more Southerners also freed enslaved people, sometimes by manumission or in wills to be accomplished after the slaveholder's death. In the Upper South, the percentage of free Black people rose from about 1% before the Revolution to more than 10% by 1810.
5312:
Segregation for the first time became a standard legal process in the South; it was informal in Northern cities. Jim Crow limited Black access to transportation, schools, restaurants and other public facilities. Most southern blacks for decades continued to struggle in grinding poverty as
12673:
4845:
Black people generally settled in cities, creating the core of Black community life in the region. They established churches and fraternal orders. Many of these early efforts were weak and they often failed, but they represented the initial steps in the evolution of Black communities.
4509:
The colonists eventually won the war and the United States was recognized as a sovereign nation. In the provisional treaty, they demanded the return of property, including enslaved people. Nonetheless, the British helped up to 3,000 documented African Americans to leave the country for
4184:
Africans assisted the Spanish and the Portuguese during their early exploration of the Americas. In the 16th century some Black explorers settled in the Mississippi valley and in the areas that became South Carolina and New Mexico. The most celebrated Black explorer of the Americas was
4239:
By 1700, there were 25,000 enslaved Black people in the North American mainland colonies, forming roughly 10% of the population. Some enslaved Black people had been directly shipped from Africa (most of them were from 1518 to the 1850s), but initially, in the very early stages of the
3740:
of their common past, present, and European culture . Slaves who belonged to specific African ethnic groups were more sought after and became more dominant in numbers than slaves who belonged to other African ethnic groups in certain regions of what later became the United States.
5915:
launched an investigation. Based on findings from this investigation, the Army Decorations Board approved the award of the Medal of Honor to Stowers. On April 24, 1991–73 years after he was killed in action—Stowers' two surviving sisters received the Medal of Honor from President
3903:
the American colonies. The vast majority went to the West Indies and Brazil, where they died quickly. Demographic conditions were highly favorable in the American colonies, with less disease, more food, some medical care, and lighter work loads than prevailed in the sugar fields.
11425:
tactical ability. The officers and soldiers of the 371st and 372nd American Infantry Regiments count it a great honor to have served as part of your command in the operations conducted by you in Champagne and in the Vosges. General John J. Pershing quoted in Chester D. Heywood,
5160:
was the other African American who became a U.S. senator during this period. African Americans elected to the House of Representatives during this time included Benjamin S. Turner, Josiah T. Walls, Joseph H. Rainey, Robert Brown Elliot, Robert D. De Large, and Jefferson H. Long.
5071:
About 200,000 free Black people and former enslaved people served in the Union Army and Navy, thus providing a basis for a claim to full citizenship. The dislocations of war and Reconstruction had a severe negative impact on the Black population, with much sickness and death.
4569:
and barred slavery from the large Northwest Territory. In 1790, there were more than 59,000 free Black people in the United States. By 1810, that number had risen to 186,446. Most of these were in the North, but Revolutionary sentiments also motivated Southern slaveholders.
5182:
or professional people seeking opportunity on this ... special Black frontier. Finally, thousands came as soldiers, and when the war was over, many of young men remained there or after a stay of some months in the North, they returned in order to complete their education.
5251:
When Democrats took control of Tennessee in 1888, they passed laws making voter registration more complicated and ended the most competitive political state in the South. Voting by Black people in rural areas and small towns dropped sharply, as did voting by poor whites.
4936:
The Black community also established schools for Black children, since they were often banned from entering public schools. Richard Allen organized the first Black Sunday school in America; it was established in Philadelphia during 1795. Then five years later, the priest
6458:
where he described in much detail the effects of white supremacy upon Black Americans, and predicated in the long run the Jim Crow regime was unsustainable, as he argued that after the war African-Americans would be not willing to accept a permanent second class status.
5884:, Stowers had led an assault on German trenches, continuing to lead and encourage his men even after being wounded twice. Stowers died from his wounds, but his men continued the fight on a German machine gun nest near Bussy farm in Champagne, and eventually defeated the
6117:
seniority rule in Congress are chairmen or occupy strategic places on most of the Senate and House committees. If I came out for the antilynching bill now, they will block every bill I ask Congress to pass to keep America from collapsing. I just can't take the risk".
6383:. While they somewhat lived in better conditions than the South (for instance, they could vote and send children to better schools), they nevertheless faced widespread discrimination due to bigotry and fear of competition of housing and jobs among white residents.
6307:, which served in the Pacific, was assigned "mopping up" duties on the islands that the Americans mostly controlled. Black servicemen greatly resented segregation and those serving in Europe complained that German POWs were served better food than what they were.
4620:
By 1800, a small number of slaves had joined Christian churches. Free Black people in the North set up their own networks of churches and in the South the slaves sat in the upper galleries of white churches. Central to the growth of community among Blacks was the
4037:
women but it gave enslaved women better access to information on the ship's crew, fortifications, and daily routine, but little opportunity to communicate this to the men confined in the ship's hold. As an example, women instigated a 1797 insurrection aboard the
4324:
At this time, slavery existed in all American colonies. In the North, 2% of people owned enslaved people, most of whom were personal servants. In the south, 25% of the population relied on the labour of enslaved people. Southern slavery usually took the form of
6156:
In June 1941 as the deadline for the march approached, Roosevelt asked for it to be cancelled, saying that 100, 000 Black people demonstrating in Washington would create problems for him. On 18 June 1941, Randolph met with Roosevelt with the mayor of New York,
6340:
December 1944 showed that integration did not mean the collapse of military discipline as many claimed that it would, and was a factor in the later desegregation of the armed forces. A total of 708 African Americans were killed in combat during World War II.
4967:
are alluded to throughout the paper. These anti-slavery sentiments were popular among both white abolitionists and African-American slaves. Enslaved people rallied around these ideas with rebellions against their masters as well as white bystanders during the
5997:
sharecroppers as living under a system very close to slavery. A visiting British journalist wrote she "had traveled over most of Europe and part of Africa, but I have never seen such terrible sights as I saw yesterday among the sharecroppers of Arkansas".
5776:"The red hand division during nine days of violent fight was always an exceptional model for the victorious advance of the fourth army. Dear Friends of America you will be back home to the other side of the ocean, don' t forget ‘’ The Red Hand Division."
7374:
documented how former enslaved people fought to keep their families together and he also documented that they struggled against tremendous odds in order to define themselves as free people. Other historians wrote about rebellions, both small and large.
4956:
The revolt of enslaved Haitians against their white slave owners, which began in 1791 and lasted until 1801, was a primary source of fuel for both enslaved people and abolitionists arguing for the freedom of Africans in the U.S. In the 1833 edition of
5336:
organization dedicated to destroying the Republican Party in the South, especially by terrorizing Black leaders, was formed. Klansmen hid behind masks and robes to hide their identity while they carried out violence and property damage. The Klan used
8722:
7276:
has always been a major research topic among white scholars, but until the 1950s, they generally focused on the political and constitutional themes of slavery which were debated over by white politicians; they did not study the lives of the enslaved
6564:, where many skilled jobs in the defense industry were concentrated. More of these migrants were already urban laborers who came from the cities of the South. They were better educated and they had better skills than the people who did not migrate.
4854:
might have afforded them employment, but many owners of textile mills refused to hire Black workers. These owners considered whites to be more reliable and educable. This resulted in many Black people performing unskilled labor. Black men worked as
13857:
Hall, Stephen Gilroy. "'To Give a Faithful Account of the Race': History and Historical Consciousness in the African-American Community, 1827–1915". PhD dissertation, Ohio State University, 1999. 470 pp. DAI 2000 60(8): 3084-A. DA9941339 Fulltext:
5223:
In the face of years of mounting violence and intimidation directed at Blacks as well as whites sympathetic to their cause, the U.S. government retreated from its pledge to guarantee constitutional protections to freedmen and women. When President
4790:. They used the traditional arguments against slavery, protesting it on moral, economic, and political grounds. Their role in the antislavery movement not only aided the abolitionist cause but also was a source of pride to the Black community.
3444:, either to European slavery or to servitude in the Americas, approximately 388,000 landed in North America. After arriving in various European colonies in North America, the enslaved Africans were sold to white colonists, primarily to work on
5389:
era accompanied the most cruel wave of "racial" suppression that America has yet experienced. Between 1890 and 1940, millions of African Americans were disenfranchised, killed, and brutalized. According to newspaper records kept at the
4941:
established a school for Black youth. Black Americans regarded education as the surest path to economic success, moral improvement and personal happiness. Only the sons and daughters of the Black middle class had the luxury of studying.
5436:. There, they produced a manifesto in which they called for an end to racial discrimination, full civil liberties for African Americans and recognition of human brotherhood. The organization which they established came to be called the
6299:, which served in Italy, was noted for the antagonistic relations between its white officers and Black soldiers. In an attempt to ease the racial tensions, the 92nd Division was integrated in 1944 by having the all Japanese-American
4976:
of 1831. Leaders and plantation owners were also very concerned about the consequences Haiti's revolution would have on early America. Thomas Jefferson, for one, was wary of the "instability of the West Indies", referring to Haiti.
4827:
Over 1 million enslaved people were moved from the older seaboard slave states, with their declining economies, to the rich cotton states of the southwest; many others were sold and moved locally. Ira Berlin (2000) argues that this
6133:, whom were all returned. Later in 1938, the conservative Southern Democrats allied themselves with conservative Republicans, forming an alliance in Congress which sharply limited Roosevelt's ability to pass liberal legislation.
3291:
3178:
4537:. Additionally, free Black people's rights were also restricted in many places. Most were denied the right to vote and were excluded from public schools. Some Black people sought to fight these contradictions in court. In 1780,
3899:
the 10th century many of the tribes had embraced Islam. Those villages in West Africa which were lucky enough to be in good conditions for growth and success, prospered. They also contributed their success to the slave trade.
5271:
was used in many states temporarily to exempt illiterate white voters from literacy tests. As power became concentrated under the Democratic Party in the South, the party positioned itself as a private club and instituted
5818:
5374:, that started in Mississippi in 1875 but had chapters arise and was prominent in the 1876 election campaign in South Carolina, as well as in North Carolina; and other White Line organizations such as rifle clubs.
5166:
hopefully help his fellow African Americans and other minority groups such as Chinese immigrants and Native Americans. He even supported efforts to end restrictions on former Confederates' political participation.
5025:
to the Constitution protects property owners against deprivation of their property without due process of law. Although the Supreme Court has never explicitly overruled the Dred Scott case, the Court stated in the
13866:
6784:, to speak out for an end to southern racial violence and police brutality, equal opportunity in employment, equal access in education and public accommodations. The organizers of the march were called the "
6149:
learned the military was to remain segregated after all despite the president's warm words. Roosevelt had begun a program of rearmament, and feeling the president was not to be trusted, Randolph formed the
4807:
would solidify the North in its opposition to slavery, and press forward the abolitionist movement. President Lincoln would later invite Stowe to the White House in honor of this book that changed America.
5410:
including local offices. Meanwhile, the lynchings were used as a weapon of terror to keep millions of African-Americans living in a constant state of anxiety and fear. Most Black people were denied their
5344:
The anti-Republican and anti-freedmen sentiment only briefly went underground, as violence arose in other incidents, especially after Louisiana's disputed state election in 1872, which contributed to the
9567:
4429:, fought in the American Revolution for over six years. He and the other African-American soldiers fought in order to improve their white neighbor's views of them and advance their own fight of freedom.
4227:
This—combined with the ambiguous nature of the social status of Black people and the difficulty in using any other group of people as forced servants—led to the subjugation of Black people into slavery.
5034:
in 1868, which begins by stating, "All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside."
4012:
there were already people of African descent in America. A few countries in Africa would buy, sell, and trade other enslaved Africans, who were often prisoners of war, with the Europeans. The people of
18174:
18169:
6428:
saw a white mob smash up Black homes while lynching 2 Black men. In Detroit, which expanded massively during the war years with 50, 000 Black people from the South and 200, 000 "hillbilly" whites from
6035:, sided with Smith and agreed to cancel the directive. As it turned out, the most effective way for Black sharecroppers to escape a life of poverty in the South was to move to the North or California.
7305:
history with a variety of innovative strategies, including the founding of the Association for the Study of Negro Life, the development of outreach activities, the creation of Negro History Week (now
5903:
Stowers was recommended for the Medal of Honor shortly after his death, but according to the Army, the nomination was misplaced. Many believed the recommendation had been intentionally ignored due to
5779:"Our friendship has been cemented in the blood of the brave and such a link will be never destroyed Remember your General who is proud to have commanded you and be sure of his endless recognition. ."
5635:. Graduates were hired by major national corporations. They were active in the Urban League, the United Negro College Fund and the NAACP, and were much more likely to be Episcopalians than Baptists.
5089:
6702:. This decision applied to public facilities, especially public schools. Reforms occurred slowly and only after concerted activism by African Americans. The ruling also brought new momentum to the
4371:
considered freeing enslaved people to assist with the war effort, but they also removed language from the Declaration of Independence that included the promotion of slavery amongst the offenses of
5955:
Nevertheless, the newly established Black communities in the North nearly all endured. Joe Trotter explains how the Blacks built new institutions for their new communities in the Pittsburgh area:
5362:
often solicited newspaper coverage, and had distinct political goals: to turn Republicans out of office and suppress or dissuade Black voting in order to regain power in 1876. Groups included the
13048:
7394:
course between 2022 and 2024. The course is expected to be launched in 2024. The goal of the course is to expand student understanding of black history, culture, art, literature, and academics.
18181:
6173:
The largest group of Black people worked in the cotton farms of the Deep South as sharecroppers or tenant farmers; a few owned their farms. Large numbers of whites also were tenant farmers and
4306:
on the earliest date allowed by the Constitution. Despite the ban, small to moderate cargoes of enslaved Africans continued to be illegally brought into the U.S., only ending for good in 1859.
3163:
17922:
6055:(who was a close friend of Bethune's), was notably sympathetic towards African-Americans and constantly in private urged her husband to do more to try help Black Americans. The fact that the
5598:
4317:
in South Carolina. The colony had about 56,000 enslaved Blacks, outnumbering whites two-to-one. About 150 enslaved people rose up, seizing guns, ammunition, and killing twenty whites before
5341:, especially murder and threats of murder, arson and intimidation. The Klan's excesses led to the passage of legislation against it, and with Federal enforcement, it was destroyed by 1871.
6000:
The New Deal did not have a specific program for Black people only, but it sought to incorporate them in all the relief programs that it began. The most important relief agencies were the
6072:
1930s being Democrats, this tended to pull the national Democratic Party to the right on many issues while Southern politicians formed a powerful bloc in Congress. When a Black minister,
3095:
5948:
After the war ended and the soldiers returned home, tensions were very high, with serious labor union strikes and inter-racial riots in major cities. The summer of 1919 was known as the
4747:
which required Northerners to return enslaved people who escaped to the North to their owners. The compromise of 1850 would maintain a shaky peace until the election of Lincoln in 1860.
3173:
10561:
10521:
6215:
5965:); organizations such as the NAACP, Urban League, and Garvey Movement; social clubs, restaurants, and baseball teams; hotels, beauty shops, barber shops, and taverns, all proliferated.
18186:
6266:
Over 1.9 million Black people served in uniform during World War II. They served in segregated units. Black women served in the Army's WAAC and WAC, but very few served in the Navy.
3158:
9504:
Michael Woods E. " What Twenty-First-Century Historians Have Said about the Causes of Disunion: A Civil War Sesquicentennial Review of the Recent Literature" (paper presented at the
4803:
tells the story of the life of an enslaved person and the brutality that is faced by that life day after day. It would sell over 100,000 copies in its first year. The popularity of
4232:
was the first colony to legalize slavery in 1641. Other colonies followed suit by passing laws that made slave status heritable and non-Christian imported servants slaves for life.
6504:), and other musicals of the 1940s opened new roles for Black people in Hollywood. They broke through old stereotypes and far surpassed the limited, poorly paid roles available in
14289:
4685:, which was the only slave revolt that led to an independent country. Many slave owners fled to the United States with tales of horror and massacre that alarmed Southern whites.
7859:
6282:
saw a shoot-out between white and Black soldiers that left one dead. In an attempt to solve the problem of racial violence, the War Department in 1943 commissioned the director
5448:(NAACP) a year later, in 1909. Under the leadership of Du Bois, the NAACP mounted legal challenges to segregation and it also lobbied legislatures on behalf of Black Americans.
5054:
4270:
By the turn of the 18th century, enslaved Africans had come to fully supplant indentured servants in proving the labor source for the rapidly expanding plantation system of the
1811:
10887:
5759:
by General Pershing. The African American Regiments earned glory in the decisive final offensive in Champagne region of France. The two Regiments were decorated by the French
17857:
7869:
7769:
6060:
people were twice likely to be unemployed as whites, and one-fifth of all people receiving federal relief payments were Black, which was double their share of the population.
4530:
2457:
1727:
4850:
to 233,000 by the 1820s. They sometimes sued to gain their freedom or purchased it. Some slave owners freed their bondspeople and a few state legislatures abolished slavery.
5725:, known as the "Harlem Hellfighters", which was on the front lines for six months, longer than any other American unit in the war. 171 members of the 369th were awarded the
198:
6153:, announcing plans for a huge civil rights march in Washington DC that would demand desegregation of the military and the factories in the defense industry on 1 July 1941.
8033:
7725:
1870:
1822:
6210:
6039:
with an eye to preparing a new generation who would become leaders of grass-roots constituencies that could be mobilized at some future date for civil rights. President
3168:
3120:
12879:
13907:
5627:
Businesses operated at the local level, and included beauty shops, barber shops, funeral parlors and the like. Booker T. Washington organized them nationally into the
3130:
3125:
20997:
19282:
15986:
15165:
5822:
Colored messengers of Motorcycle Corps, 372nd Headquarters, who kept communication lines alive at all hours during the big drive in Champagne, Argonne and at Verdun.
3396:
3140:
988:
540:
11239:
The Social Situation of the Black Executive: Black and White Identities in the Corporate World in Problem of the Century: Racial Stratification in the United States
9598:
9545:
7710:
20977:
9106:
10127:
The number of free Blacks grew during this time as well. By 1830 there were 319,000 free Blacks in the United States. About 150,000 lived in the northern states.
7715:
5815:
thus the job of protecting vital facilities fell to the all-black 1st Separate Infantry, the only unit the military believed could be trusted with this mission.
4598:. Despite the challenges of living in the new country, most free Black people fared far better than the nearly 800,000 enslaved Blacks. Even so, many considered
3110:
9575:
5279:
Although African Americans quickly started litigation to challenge such provisions, early court decisions at the state and national level went against them. In
21946:
21021:
18707:
18702:
18251:
16983:
16840:
15848:
15667:
12936:
Pero Gaglo Dagbovie, "Making Black History Practical and Popular: Carter G. Woodson, the Proto Black Studies Movement, and the Struggle for Black Liberation".
7664:
7216:(D-CA) was announced as the first African-American woman to run for vice-president on a major party presidential ticket. She was elected vice president in the
6012:, which employed 2,000,000 or more workers nationwide under federal control, 1935–42. All races had had the same wage rates and working conditions in the WPA.
5117:
5031:
4786:
According to Patrick C. Kennicott, the largest and most effective abolitionist speakers were Black people who spoke before the countless local meetings of the
4649:
3544:
2013:
850:
707:
6185:
The problem was very low prices for farm products and the New Deal solution was to raise them by cutting production. It accomplished this in the South by the
5593:(1886–1970). Membership in the NAACP rapidly increased as it mounted an anti-lynching campaign in reaction to ongoing southern white violence against blacks.
4933:
and other towns, where they could work as artisans and create businesses. Others were able to buy land and farm in frontier areas further from white control.
4351:
The latter half of the 18th century was a time of significant political upheaval on the North American continent. In the midst of cries for independence from
20775:
18514:
18386:
16971:
16289:
11475:
Rinaldi, Richard A. (2004). The US Army In World War I: Orders Of Battle. Tiger Lily Publications LLC. ISBN 9780972029643. - Total pages: 244"Rinaldi p. 98".
8309:
8274:
8053:
5904:
5255:
From 1890 to 1908, starting with Mississippi and ending with Georgia, ten of eleven Southern states adopted new constitutions or amendments that effectively
5228:
withdrew Union troops from the South in 1877 as a result of a national compromise on the election, Black people lost most of their political power. Men like
5121:
3045:
3035:
1854:
1278:
6051:
to advise him. Roosevelt ordered that federal agencies such as the CCC, WPA and PWA were not to discriminate against Black Americans. The president's wife,
5992:
of the population and 16% of the unemployed while in Pittsburgh blacks were 8% of the population and 40% of the unemployed. In January 1934, the journalist
18945:
3658:
3457:
3115:
1792:
13248:
9645:
5021:
the Court went on to hold that Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in federal territories because enslaved people are personal property and the
21069:
20917:
16012:
16002:
13982:
Hine, Darlene Clark (2007). "African American Women and Their Communities in the Twentieth Century: The Foundation and Future of Black Women's Studies".
10831:
7899:
7779:
6737:. It entailed a series of actions to deny state funding to integrated schools and instead fund privately run "segregation academies" for white students.
4329:
who lived and worked on plantations. These statistics show the early imbalance that would eventually tip the scale and rid the United States of slavery.
3105:
3100:
1014:
1004:
12075:
11209:
6921:
By this time, African Americans who questioned the effectiveness of nonviolent protest had gained a greater voice. More militant Black leaders, such as
21224:
17081:
15808:
15655:
8043:
7809:
7119:, which serves as a political bloc for issues relating to African Americans. The appointment of Black people to high federal offices—including General
7093:, who ran for the Democratic Party's presidential nomination in 1984 and 1988, brought unprecedented support and leverage to Black people in politics.
6027:, in early 1935 wrote up a directive to ensure that Southern landlords were paying sharecroppers for their labor (which most of them did not), Senator
5305:
4873:
often meant that Black people were not welcome or would be mistreated in White businesses and other establishments. To counter this, Black people like
3504:
1720:
1247:
810:
12596:
9255:
7112:. There were 8,936 Black officeholders in the United States in 2000, showing a net increase of 7,467 since 1970. In 2001 there were 484 Black mayors.
6733:, state legislators, school board members and other public officials mounted a campaign of obstructionism and outright defiance to integration called
4697:. There was a 70% increase in the number of slaves in the United States in only 20 years. They were overwhelmingly concentrated on plantations in the
17670:
16805:
16726:
11654:
Christopher G. Wye, The New Deal and the Negro community: Toward a broader conceptualization." The Journal of American History 59.3 (1972): 621–639.
11272:
10289:
Rohrs, Richard C. (August 2012). "The Free Black Experience in Antebellum Wilmington, North Carolina: Refining Generalization about Race Relations".
6950:
6792:
the strategist who has been called the "invisible man" of the Civil Rights Movement; labor organizer and initiator of the march, A. Philip Randolph;
6560:
In the Second Great Migration, more than five million African Americans moved to cities in states in the Northeast, Midwest, and West, including the
6100:
5022:
3135:
3015:
1652:
5613:(part of the American Federation of labor) all were established during this period and found support among African Americans, who became urbanized.
18164:
16208:
15833:
15782:
12498:
Taylor Shockley, Megan (2003). "Working For Democracy: Working-Class African-American Women, Citizenship, and Civil Rights in Detroit, 1940–1954".
9231:"Africans in America | African | Immigration and Relocation in U.S. History | Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress | Library of Congress"
4755:
3749:
Studies of contemporary documents reveal seven regions from which Africans were sold or taken during the Atlantic slave trade. These regions were:
1205:
835:
784:
9208:
19528:
19419:
18839:
18712:
17952:
15843:
15661:
15556:
15094:
7257:
5456:
and small businesses which could serve their communities. The main organizer of national and local self-help organizations was Alabama educator
5256:
4922:
4869:
While the majority of free Black people lived in poverty, some were able to establish successful businesses that catered to the Black community.
2331:
845:
661:
8851:
21951:
21941:
21074:
18781:
18756:
15978:
14557:
8386:
Incredibly, most of the 42 million members of the African-American community descend from this tiny group of less than half a million Africans.
8138:
4712:
allowed any Black person to be claimed as a runaway unless a White person testified on their behalf. A number of free Black people, especially
3370:
3271:
2018:
1890:
1744:
980:
5713:
cause following America's entry into the war. More than two million African-American men rushed to register for the draft. By the time of the
5522:
During the first half of the 20th century, the largest internal population shift in U.S. history took place. Starting about 1910, through the
21315:
20982:
19320:
19239:
18766:
18761:
17693:
17141:
15965:
12915:
10576:
10536:
10343:
9270:
5200:
4902:, such as social clubs or literary societies. Because of discrimination at the higher levels of the church hierarchy, some Black people like
3680:
who were forced into slavery after they were captured during African wars or raids. They were captured and brought to America as part of the
3563:
3389:
1713:
4877:
developed their own communities with Black-owned businesses. Black doctors, lawyers, and other businessmen were the foundation of the Black
4594:
astronomer, mathematician, almanac author, surveyor, and farmer, who in 1791 assisted in the initial survey of the boundaries of the future
18482:
18318:
18027:
18017:
17675:
17665:
15873:
15813:
15712:
15459:
15387:
15288:
15199:
15175:
15081:
14962:
14878:
14801:
14749:
14669:
14123:
13179:
13065:
8289:
8023:
7799:
7359:(1969), which are all narrative accounts of critical wartime episodes that focused on how Black people interacted with their white allies.
7320:
7309:, in February), and the publication of a popular Black history magazine. Woodson democratized, legitimized, and popularized Black history.
4342:
3440:, led to a large-scale transportation of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic; of the roughly 10–12 million Africans who were sold by the
3325:
3305:
3065:
2557:
2542:
2029:
875:
815:
700:
639:
617:
584:
551:
496:
452:
430:
397:
364:
331:
14392:
6206:
20952:
20947:
20735:
20717:
19449:
19358:
18524:
18296:
16644:
15992:
15754:
15569:
8294:
8195:
5929:
5665:
4918:
4493:
and to grant it trading and settlement rights on the West African coast." Peters and the other African Americans on Nova Scotia left for
3070:
3050:
1669:
1626:
994:
756:
14387:
14201:
Negro Education: A Study of the Private and Higher Schools for Colored People in the United States, Volume II. (Bulletin, 1916, No. 39)
13011:
19498:
19200:
18744:
17688:
17683:
16335:
16281:
16245:
15818:
15207:
13827:(2002) argues that slavery emerged as a central element of the collective identity of African Americans in the post-Reconstruction era.
7931:
7039:
6650:
6537:
and Second Great Migrations shown through changes in African American share of population in major U.S. cities, 1916–1930 and 1940–1970
6031:
stormed into his office and shouted: "Young fella, you can't do this to my niggers, paying checks to them". The Agriculture Secretary,
4346:
4126:
3512:
3484:
2336:
1797:
1324:
1269:
1242:
820:
99:
5297:
secretly worked with Northern supporters to raise funds and provide representation for African Americans in additional cases, such as
21492:
21054:
19605:
19307:
18403:
17907:
17016:
15891:
15828:
15823:
15776:
15185:
14737:
14697:
10891:
8334:
8123:
7874:
7759:
7011:
6992:
6825:
6622:
6603:
6517:
6380:
5516:
4522:
4356:
4098:
4079:
3000:
2877:
1911:
893:
830:
825:
792:
778:
713:
71:
52:
12752:
7323:, such as Woodson, and the Black history that is now well established in mainline universities. Quarles grew up in Boston, attended
6197:
Once mechanization came to cotton (after 1945), the tenants and sharecroppers were largely surplus; they moved to towns and cities.
21089:
21044:
20712:
19595:
19523:
19249:
19129:
18751:
18381:
17902:
17124:
16956:
16250:
16162:
16148:
16007:
15958:
15911:
15906:
15853:
15803:
15748:
15251:
15116:
14928:
11045:
8604:
8249:
8133:
8018:
7884:
7814:
7730:
7240:
system and laws, and a breakdown in traditional family units, African-American communities have been suffering from extremely high
7217:
7179:
6809:
6769:
6718:
5653:
5276:, closing Black people out of the only competitive contests. By 1910 one-party white rule was firmly established across the South.
4744:
3630:
3382:
3320:
3085:
3040:
1159:
1145:
1009:
960:
913:
908:
855:
805:
750:
17:
14377:
13414:
Scheiber, Jane Lang, and Harry N. Scheiber. "The Wilson administration and the wartime mobilization of black Americans, 1917–18."
5289:
upheld state provisions. This encouraged other Southern states to adopt similar measures over the next few years, as noted above.
4497:
in 1792. Peters died soon after they arrived, but the other members of his party lived on in their new home where they formed the
21275:
21003:
19391:
18991:
18717:
18677:
18519:
18423:
18352:
17957:
16634:
16294:
16240:
15838:
15797:
15768:
15340:
13711:
8284:
8279:
8269:
8254:
7879:
7774:
7764:
7749:
7261:
6300:
6005:
5873:
5827:
5756:
5748:
5744:
5722:
5689:
4894:
3611:
3574:
was passed in the Southern states. Beginning in the early 20th century, in response to poor economic conditions, segregation and
3567:
3286:
3030:
3025:
3010:
1616:
1237:
840:
799:
770:
13710:
Williams, Doretha. "Kansas Grows the Best Wheat and the Best Race Women: Black Women's Club Movement in Kansas 1900–30." (2011)
10716:
9024:
7018:
6629:
4720:
and sold into slavery with little or no hope of rescue. By 1819 there were exactly 11 free and 11 slave states, which increased
4561:
states passed emancipation acts between 1780 and 1804; most of these arranged for gradual emancipation and a special status for
4472:. Peters was born in present-day Nigeria and belonged to the Yoruba tribe, and ended up being captured and sold into slavery in
4105:
78:
19369:
18776:
18771:
18739:
18509:
18413:
18376:
18323:
18157:
15901:
15740:
15725:
15650:
15633:
13690:
Wiese, Andrew. "Black Housing, White Finance: African American Housing and Home Ownership in Evanston, Illinois, before 1940."
8398:
8304:
8264:
8185:
8128:
7946:
7849:
7735:
7158:
in 2004, 2005, and 2006. Not only was Winfrey the world's only Black billionaire but she has been the only Black person on the
6379:
in large numbers to munitions centers in the North and West to take advantage of the shortages caused by the war, sparking the
6304:
6296:
5807:
Enlisted men of the 1st Separate Battalion, an all African-American unit, examining weapons in the old army arms room prior to
5695:
3005:
2990:
2897:
903:
742:
727:
11451:
11276:
6335:
proved their value in combat. Approximately 75 percent of the soldiers who served in the European theater as truckers for the
20740:
18860:
18734:
18692:
18504:
17052:
16918:
16913:
16798:
16762:
16330:
16227:
16135:
15880:
15762:
15719:
15584:
14552:
14547:
14534:
13287:
13190:
12890:
9280:
8692:
8314:
8205:
8028:
8008:
8003:
7894:
7889:
7844:
7839:
7705:
6941:
movement urged African Americans to look to Africa for inspiration and emphasized Black solidarity, rather than integration.
5423:
5214:
5081:
4303:
4241:
4220:
and released them after a number of years. This practice was gradually replaced by the system of chattel slavery used in the
3587:
3433:
2957:
2034:
2023:
1885:
1839:
1834:
1807:
1691:
1319:
1283:
1224:
1132:
882:
764:
721:
529:
319:
15672:
5709:
The U.S. armed forces remained segregated during World War I. Still, many African Americans eagerly volunteered to join the
4963:
it is stated that freed Black people in Haiti were better off than their Jamaican counterparts, and the positive effects of
4529:
set forth the ideals of freedom and equality while providing for the continuation of the institution of slavery through the
4425:
Approximately 5000 free African-American men helped the American Colonists in their struggle for freedom. One of these men,
21687:
21665:
21126:
19590:
19538:
19484:
18886:
18682:
18667:
18531:
18440:
18435:
18369:
16830:
15546:
14459:
11879:
10462:
10437:. The Greenwood Press "Daily life through history" series. Vol. 1. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. pp. 177‒366.
10320:
9726:
9083:
9050:
8299:
8244:
8210:
8160:
7981:
7976:
7689:
7362:
Black historians attempted to reverse centuries of ignorance. While they were not alone in advocating a new examination of
7089:
Politically and economically, Black people have made substantial strides in the post-civil rights era. Civil rights leader
6332:
3562:
with their white neighbors. White opposition to these advancements led to most African Americans living in the South to be
3060:
3020:
2962:
2917:
1777:
221:
9938:
Carlander, Jay; Brownlee, Elliot (September 2006). "Antebellum Southern Political Economists and the Problem of Slavery".
8077:
7025:
6636:
6112:, pressed President Roosevelt to support the anti-lynching bill, but his support was half-hearted at best. Roosevelt told
5220:
inferior to those provided for white Americans, systematizing a number of economic, educational and social disadvantages.
4112:
85:
21104:
19533:
19469:
18832:
18657:
18494:
18464:
18246:
17825:
17037:
16752:
16169:
15919:
15472:
15412:
15002:
14516:
8190:
8175:
7961:
7328:
7136:
6522:
6141:
5912:
5797:
5610:
2947:
2927:
2772:
2341:
2187:
1679:
1166:
921:
301:
8737:
6274:
trainees resulted in several outbreaks of racial violence with Black trainees sometimes being lynched. In the so-called
5717:
in November 1918, over 350,000 African Americans had served with the American Expeditionary Force on the Western Front.
5479:, becoming the first prominent journalist to examine America's racial divide; it was extremely successful. Sociologist
4224:. When servants were freed, they became competition for resources. Additionally, released servants had to be replaced.
138:
19543:
19518:
19503:
19232:
18900:
18647:
18541:
18457:
18301:
18082:
17882:
17033:
17011:
16747:
16234:
15997:
15858:
15790:
15730:
15524:
15027:
15017:
14933:
13859:
13502:
The Harlem Reader: A Celebration of New York's Most Famous Neighborhood, from the Renaissance Years to the 21st Century
12683:
11381:
10789:
10761:
10505:
10387:
10353:
10229:
9826:
9674:
9646:
https://www.academia.edu/40720522/A_Precis_of_Sources_relating_to_genealogical_research_on_the_Sierra_Leone_Krio_people
9307:
9116:
8838:
8614:
8517:
8463:
8435:
8239:
7241:
6937:, called for Black people to defend themselves, using violence, if necessary. From the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s, the
6689:
6554:
6534:
6388:
5933:
5523:
5512:
5498:
5286:
4890:
4771:
4486:
4437:
4256:
4044:
by stealing weapons and passing them to the men below as well as engaging in hand-to-hand combat with the ship's crew.
3579:
3075:
3055:
2609:
2474:
1906:
1674:
1231:
999:
860:
732:
14388:
Historical resources related to African American history provided free for public use by the State Archives of Florida
13089:
Encyclopedia of African American History, 1896 to the Present: From the Age of Segregation to the Twenty-first Century
6726:
Law enforcement responded to protesters with batons, electric cattle prods, fire hoses, attack dogs and mass arrests.
21931:
21926:
21366:
21049:
20922:
19396:
19173:
18794:
17184:
16835:
15896:
15886:
15422:
15059:
14896:
14479:
14245:
14093:
13788:
Dorsey, Allison. "Black History Is American History: Teaching African American History in the Twenty-first Century."
13446:
13147:
11834:
10442:
10204:
9702:
9174:
8955:
8547:
7150:
Economic progress for Black people reaching the extremes of wealth has been slow. According to Forbes richest lists,
7058:
7007:
6669:
6618:
6497:
4775:
4671:
4526:
4481:
small plots of lands they were granted. They also did not receive the same privileges and opportunities as the white
4422:'s ascension to commander of the Continental Army in 1775, the additional recruitment of Black people was forbidden.
4326:
4145:
4094:
3626:
1955:
1787:
898:
888:
289:
217:
118:
67:
13347:
Allen, Walter R., et al. "From Bakke to Fisher: African American Students in US Higher Education over Forty Years."
11345:
11015:
21936:
21471:
21084:
20826:
19297:
19184:
18722:
18687:
18672:
18430:
18032:
17276:
17246:
17062:
16791:
16195:
15449:
15278:
15111:
15071:
14950:
14484:
14329:
11132:
Rupert Vance, "The 20th-century South as Viewed by English-speaking Travelers, 1900–1955" in Thomas D. Clark, ed.,
11103:
August Meier, "Booker T. Washington and the Negro Press: With Special Reference to the Colored American Magazine."
9230:
8155:
7784:
7669:
7124:
5831:
5534:, whose influence reached nationwide. Black intellectual and cultural circles were influenced by thinkers such as
5204:
4445:
4411:
3583:
3365:
3301:
2912:
2562:
1975:
1875:
1192:
967:
606:
9924:
Douglas R, Egerton, "Slaves to the Marketplace: Economic Liberty and Black Rebelliousness in the Atlantic World".
9465:
Egerton, Douglas R. "Slaves to the Marketplace: Economic Liberty and Black Rebelliousness in the Atlantic World".
9006:
5190:
A large group of African-American spectators stands on the banks of Buffalo Bayou to witness a baptism (ca. 1900).
21431:
21411:
21111:
21099:
19575:
19513:
18729:
18652:
18447:
18291:
18022:
17887:
17592:
17231:
16396:
16130:
16086:
15482:
14980:
14836:
14132:(2002), proposes new racial and ethnic terminology and classifications for the study of black people and history.
13658:
13534:
African American Women and Social Action: The Clubwomen and Volunteerism from Jim Crow to the New Deal, 1896–1936
13492:
12070:
Fred C. Frey and T. Lynn Smith, "The Influence of the AAA Cotton Program Upon the Tenant, Cropper, and Laborer,"
8165:
7986:
7971:
7720:
7674:
6833:
6561:
6144:
union had his union issue a resolution calling for the government to desegregate the military. As the First Lady
5260:
5229:
4735:, a problem gripped the nation: what to do about the territories won from Mexico. Henry Clay, the man behind the
3413:
2867:
2734:
2552:
2479:
1385:
1127:
1078:
11680:
Kruman, Mark S. (1975). "Quotas for Blacks: The Public Works Administration and the Black Construction Worker".
11400:
11292:
4021:
are known for partaking in the event of selling their prisoners of war and other unwanted people off as slaves.
18825:
18499:
18393:
18308:
17912:
15866:
15735:
15502:
14028:
12349:
11189:
11021:, accessed 6 April 2008. A state historical marker erected in 1950 noted that 150 blacks died and three whites.
8668:
8643:
8587:
8200:
8145:
8106:
7991:
7966:
7951:
7941:
7936:
7079:
6996:
6742:
6607:
6396:
people made up 8% of the workforce in defense industry factories (Black people made up 10% of the population).
6392:
6065:
5628:
5590:
4751:
4482:
4433:
4083:
3595:
3276:
2952:
2902:
868:
737:
56:
13082:
Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619–1895: From the Colonial Period to the Age of Frederick Douglass
12844:
Pettit, Becky (2004). "Mass imprisonment and the life course: Race and class inequality in US incarceration".
11206:
10851:
8762:
6351:. This led in turn to the integration of the Air Force and the other services by the early 1950s. In his book
4837:
provides the most extensive account of the role of Black abolitionists in the American anti-slavery movement.
21121:
21064:
20863:
19205:
19178:
18996:
18536:
18469:
18452:
18398:
18347:
18286:
18191:
18152:
18092:
17892:
17281:
17261:
17068:
17047:
16581:
16190:
16175:
16110:
16100:
16071:
16061:
15599:
14299:
14145:
13470:
12819:
11737:
10738:
10073:
8215:
8180:
8170:
8150:
8113:
7926:
7921:
7754:
6161:
serving as a mediator, where in a compromise it was agreed that the march would be cancelled in exchange for
6009:
5984:
5714:
4783:
in Britain and the United States in the 1840–1860 period developed large, complex campaigns against slavery.
4525:
of 1787 sought to define the foundation for the government of the newly formed United States of America. The
4441:
4318:
3575:
3551:
3492:
2967:
2937:
2922:
2907:
2882:
2862:
2484:
2118:
1985:
1570:
1187:
1172:
1102:
1092:
1063:
1053:
10270:
Hopkins, Leroy T. (1986). "Bethel African Methodist Church in Lancaster: Prolegomenon to a Social History".
9175:"How Slavery Affected African American Families, Freedom's Story, TeacherServe®, National Humanities Center"
5444:
race riot of 1908, a group of concerned Whites joined the leadership of the Niagara Movement and formed the
21750:
21745:
21243:
21209:
21116:
20972:
20957:
20581:
20101:
19625:
19426:
19333:
19222:
18359:
18335:
18330:
18313:
18281:
18224:
17337:
17286:
17119:
16180:
16154:
16140:
16115:
16105:
16056:
15972:
15579:
15089:
14863:
14757:
14542:
14468:
12592:
9493:
Exchanging Our Country Marks: The Transformation of African Identities in the Colonial and Antebellum South
8917:
Exchanging Our Country Marks: The Transformation of African Identities in the Colonial and Antebellum South
8904:
Exchanging Our Country Marks: The Transformation of African Identities in the Colonial and Antebellum South
8399:"America's Black Holocaust Museum | How Many Africans Were Really Taken to the U.S During the Slave Trade?"
8234:
8118:
8101:
8038:
7854:
7834:
7794:
7651:
7363:
7273:
7253:
7233:
6710:
against segregated public transportation systems sprang up in the South, the most notable of which was the
6150:
4787:
3634:
3532:
3516:
3508:
2995:
2887:
2872:
2857:
2824:
2123:
1802:
1177:
1151:
1137:
1107:
1097:
1048:
974:
507:
267:
14431:
14276:
The Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr.: Volume VI: Advocate of the Social Gospel, September 1948–March 1963
11251:
5132:
rights for African Americans. Southern Black men began to vote and they were also elected to serve in the
4485:
had. Peters sailed to London in order to complain to the government. "He arrived at a momentous time when
21813:
21502:
21268:
21016:
20750:
20511:
19508:
19474:
19454:
19338:
19217:
18924:
18624:
18616:
18559:
18474:
17962:
17867:
17723:
17705:
17607:
17266:
17236:
16961:
16881:
16860:
16610:
16506:
16076:
15345:
14722:
14687:
11806:
Christopher Robert Reed. "Black Chicago Political Realignment during the Great Depression and New Deal."
11064:(New York: Random House, 2002). For the systematic oppression and terror inflicted, see Leon F. Litwack,
8329:
8324:
7956:
7829:
7789:
7391:
7367:
6899:
6895:
6817:
6694:
6445:
6186:
6089:
6016:
6001:
5952:
with outbreaks of racial violence killing about 1,000 people across the nation, most of whom were Black.
5764:
5622:
5453:
5411:
4611:
4565:, so there were still a dozen "permanent apprentices" into the 19th century. In 1787 Congress passed the
4368:
3642:
3218:
3208:
3203:
3198:
2942:
2414:
2205:
2175:
2113:
2062:
1990:
1880:
1601:
1495:
1068:
1058:
14140:
6862:
6526:
Graph showing the percentage of the African American population living in the American South, 1790–2010.
5826:
Eventually the 1st Separate was mustered into active service and re-designated the 1st Battalion of the
21094:
20962:
20932:
19916:
19671:
19560:
19490:
18961:
18642:
18579:
18569:
18119:
17877:
17837:
17194:
16888:
16200:
16185:
16050:
15564:
14906:
14682:
14652:
14617:
10601:
9200:
8319:
8220:
7116:
6471:
6425:
6056:
5539:
5371:
4709:
4636:(1800–1830s) has been called the "central and defining event in the development of Afro-Christianity."
4399:
4367:, a man who owned over 200 enslaved people. Other Southern statesmen were also major slaveholders. The
4287:
4279:
4193:
3646:
3536:
3472:
3449:
3233:
3213:
2716:
2651:
2424:
2326:
2293:
2080:
1965:
1197:
1182:
1042:
13031:
Sam Wineburg and Chauncey Monte-Sano, "'Famous Americans': The Changing Pantheon of American Heroes,"
11320:
10866:
8855:
8370:
7289:
of white scholars generally cast Black people as pawns of white Carpetbaggers during this period, but
7032:
6875:
violence directed at civil rights workers and their host families. The disappearance of three youths,
6643:
6076:, delivered the opening prayer at the Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia in 1936, Senator
5530:
In the 1920s, the concentration of Black people in New York led to the cultural movement known as the
5402:
estimated that lynchings not reported by the newspapers, plus similar executions under the veneer of "
5394:, about 5,000 men, women, and children were murdered in documented extrajudicial mob violence—called "
4119:
3684:. African Americans are descended from various ethnic groups, mostly from ethnic groups that lived in
92:
21644:
20760:
20591:
20561:
20496:
19981:
19620:
19600:
19570:
19479:
19413:
19386:
19352:
19095:
18876:
18551:
18364:
18196:
17757:
17256:
17094:
16901:
16690:
16675:
16665:
16624:
16546:
16511:
16081:
15148:
14975:
14945:
14714:
14407:
13953:
Higginbotham, Evelyn Brooks (1992). "African-American Women's History and the Metalanguage of Race".
13395:
Jim Crow and the Wilson administration: protesting federal segregation in the early twentieth century
9469:
26, no. 4 (Winter 2006): 617–639. America: History & Life, EBSCOhost (accessed October 24, 2012).
9149:
7131:, Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, 2001–04, Secretary of State in, 2005–09;
6907:
6888:
6880:
6327:
Through the Army was reluctant to send Black units into combat, famous segregated units, such as the
5060:
5048:
4973:
4964:
3622:
3559:
3188:
2932:
2892:
2181:
1606:
1535:
1500:
1073:
562:
13598:
Orser, W. Edward. "Secondhand Suburbs: Black Pioneers in Baltimore's Edmondson Village, 1955–1980."
12804:
Shayla C. Nunnally, "African American Perspectives on the Obama Presidency," in William Crotty, ed.
6081:
Roosevelt, marking the first time that a Democratic candidate for president had won the Black vote.
21716:
21697:
21606:
21528:
20661:
20621:
20146:
20051:
19459:
19408:
19401:
19374:
19314:
19195:
19105:
19029:
18241:
17805:
17718:
17362:
17151:
16966:
16906:
16896:
16695:
16670:
16586:
16491:
16451:
15589:
15432:
15417:
15318:
15266:
15224:
15212:
15049:
14851:
14452:
13731:
Arnesen, Eric. "Up From Exclusion: Black and White Workers, Race, and the State of Labor History,"
11308:
8985:
7819:
7659:
7336:
6915:
6911:
6867:
6856:
6311:
6310:
The Navy was segregated and Black sailors were usually assigned menial work such as stevedores. At
5830:. In France, unsure of what to do with an African-American regiment, the 372nd was attached to the
5468:
5109:
4816:
4732:
4352:
3625:
reported that 46,936,733 respondents identified as African Americans, forming roughly 14.2% of the
3615:
3488:
2767:
2547:
2394:
2278:
2052:
1933:
1575:
1480:
1440:
1035:
15126:
14115:
Trotter, Joe W. "African-American History: Origins, Development, and Current State of the Field,"
12923:
12630:
Stewart E. Tolnay, "The great migration and changes in the northern black family, 1940 to 1990."
8081:
7378:
In the 21st century, Black history is considered mainstream. Since it was recognized by President
5891:
5515:
shown through changes in African American share of population in major U.S. cities, 1910–1940 and
4889:, usually the first community institution to be established. Starting in the early 1800s with the
21733:
21626:
21011:
20426:
20196:
19861:
19841:
19756:
19711:
19287:
19244:
19227:
19065:
19034:
18986:
18907:
18574:
18124:
17778:
17747:
17527:
17467:
17332:
17075:
16685:
16680:
16660:
16551:
16541:
16536:
16516:
16066:
15594:
14911:
14856:
14657:
14395:
Photographs of African-American life and racial attitudes, 1850–1940, from the collection of the
14079:
Rabinowitz, Howard N. "More Than the Woodward Thesis: Assessing The Strange Career of Jim Crow",
13995:
13627:
Hip Hop's Amnesia: From Blues and the Black Women's Club Movement to Rap and the Hip Hop Movement
10704:
Sick from Freedom: African-American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction
10115:
10020:
Carson, Clayborne, Emma J. Lapsansky-Werner, and Gary B. Nash, "A Prelude to War: The 1850s," in
8688:
8480:
7428:
7332:
7312:
7294:
6985:
6596:
6488:
6275:
5835:
5671:
5563:
5281:
5267:, states dramatically decreased Black voter registration and turnout, in some cases to zero. The
5128:
was an important institution established to create social and economic order in Southern states.
4534:
4380:
4355:
rule, many pointed out the hypocrisy inherent in colonial slaveholders' demands for freedom. The
4072:
3281:
3223:
2686:
2646:
2369:
2268:
2146:
1960:
1540:
1530:
1525:
1505:
45:
14602:
14046:
13938:
13801:
13777:
12982:
12945:
9402:
6836:. It was at this event, on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial, that King delivered his historic "
5236:, who migrated to Kansas, where Blacks had much more freedom and it was easier to acquire land.
4917:, which allowed for their participation, including roles as elders and preachers. For instance,
3882:
East and Southeast Africa, the region of Mozambique-Madagascar included the modern countries of
21406:
21261:
20466:
20201:
20186:
20181:
20056:
19911:
19751:
19696:
19266:
19116:
19039:
19010:
18972:
18489:
18219:
17457:
17251:
17241:
17179:
16989:
16928:
16716:
16700:
16639:
16466:
16381:
16325:
15609:
15541:
15477:
15405:
15170:
14923:
14868:
14779:
14702:
14607:
14592:
14194:
African American Mosaic: A Documentary History from the Slave Trade to the Twenty-First Century
13764:
Dagbovie, Pero Gaglo. "Exploring a Century of Historical Scholarship on Booker T. Washington".
13620:
11734:
A New Deal for Blacks: The Emergence of Civil Rights as a National Issue: The Depression Decade
10665:
10222:
As long as they don't move next door: segregation and racial conflict in American neighborhoods
9666:
9626:
8533:
8259:
7864:
7493:
7458:
6805:
6757:
6721:(SCLC) organized across the South with tactics such as boycotts, voter registration campaigns,
6711:
6546:
6404:
6250:
6104:
5908:
5680:
African-American soldiers of the U.S. Army marching northwest of Verdun, France 5 November 1918
5433:
5133:
4988:
4903:
4899:
4667:
4633:
4626:
4473:
3677:
3607:
3500:
3496:
1980:
1970:
1950:
1642:
1621:
1455:
1370:
1314:
386:
237:
147:
13303:
12342:
Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000
11824:
10497:
10491:
9661:
The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783–1870
9380:
9132:
8537:
7315:(1904–1996) had a significant impact on the teaching of African-American history. Quarles and
6918:, was a capstone to more than a decade of major legislation during the civil rights movement.
21726:
21585:
21339:
21059:
20596:
20411:
20041:
19946:
19926:
19896:
19585:
19580:
19327:
19292:
19190:
19154:
18848:
18564:
18077:
17942:
17897:
17713:
17432:
17397:
17216:
17199:
17006:
16923:
16501:
16496:
16371:
16094:
15645:
15628:
15604:
15497:
15492:
15439:
15261:
15229:
15037:
15022:
14612:
14587:
14572:
14382:
13810:
Ernest, John. "Liberation Historiography: African-American Historians before the Civil War,"
13137:
12450:
Lee Finkle, "The Conservative Aims of Militant Rhetoric: Black Protest during World War II",
9692:
9025:"First enslaved Africans arrive in Jamestown, setting the stage for slavery in North America"
8509:
8503:
8013:
7229:
6801:
6703:
6683:
6441:
6315:
6040:
5710:
5441:
5414:
under Jim Crow laws, and they were therefore unable to protect themselves or their families.
5027:
4910:
4870:
4829:
4794:
4415:
4321:. The local militia soon intercepted and killed most of the slaves involved in the uprising.
4248:: setting forth that all children upon birth would inherit the same status of their mother .
3633:
as citizens of modern African states. African Americans have made major contributions to the
3599:
3591:
3461:
2604:
2594:
2526:
2489:
2273:
2263:
2163:
1844:
1490:
1485:
1360:
1086:
650:
595:
573:
249:
158:
13541:
Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference
13352:
13113:
Black Women in Nineteenth-Century American Life: Their Words, Their Thoughts, Their Feelings
12791:
12327:
10805:
10377:
6557:(1910–1940). Some historians prefer to distinguish between the movements for those reasons.
5980:
4993:
279:
21672:
21637:
21621:
21347:
21323:
21079:
20967:
20765:
20646:
20551:
20361:
19991:
19149:
18881:
18806:
18214:
17977:
17788:
17740:
17612:
17502:
17407:
17174:
17164:
17136:
17001:
16855:
16772:
16591:
16556:
16461:
16436:
16125:
15622:
15574:
15514:
15350:
15271:
15131:
15054:
15012:
14891:
14841:
14826:
14809:
14709:
14597:
14567:
14357:
14267:
13833:"Ideology and Race in American History," in J. Morgan Kousser and James M. McPherson, eds,
13098:
9325:"From '20. and odd' to 10 million: The growth of the slave population in the United States"
7609:
7568:
7543:
7523:
7198:
7109:
6753:
6553:, and it lasted until 1970. It was much larger and of a different character than the first
6530:
6356:
6348:
6162:
6113:
5644:
5507:
5457:
5290:
5244:
5125:
5095:
4926:
4799:
4713:
4490:
4449:
4217:
4009:
3681:
3524:
3437:
3360:
2812:
2057:
1849:
1782:
1701:
1580:
1545:
1450:
1425:
1122:
1112:
419:
408:
353:
13383:
Hemmingway, Theodore. “Prelude to Change: Black Carolinians in the War Years, 1914–1920.”
13130:
Encyclopedia Of African American Culture And History: The Black Experience In The Americas
11517:
9427:
6347:'s order to end discrimination in the Armed Forces in July 1948, with the promulgation of
6314:
on 17 July 1944, while mostly Black stevedores were loading up two Navy supply ships, an
6136:
After Congress passed the Selective Service Act in September 1940 establishing the draft,
5880:—the first African American to be so honored for actions in World War I. During action in
4390:
This did not deter Black people, free and enslaved, from participating in the Revolution.
3663:
8:
21487:
21426:
20842:
20803:
20351:
20311:
20261:
20171:
20131:
20106:
20061:
19866:
19821:
19666:
19646:
19615:
19610:
19553:
19464:
19259:
19212:
19162:
19123:
18589:
17947:
17862:
17342:
17131:
17021:
16951:
16576:
16526:
16481:
16471:
16456:
16446:
16431:
16411:
16386:
16376:
16366:
16120:
15940:
15930:
15372:
15121:
14814:
14732:
14727:
14677:
14577:
14445:
14401:
14098:
13805:
13358:
Breen, William J. “Black Women and the Great War: Mobilization and Reform in the South.”
13163:
12886:
12749:
12724:
8877:
7695:
7679:
7498:
7468:
7418:
7306:
7190:
7101:
6960:
6934:
6844:
6785:
6738:
6453:
6412:
6158:
6073:
6048:
5793:
5786:
5586:
5391:
5366:, that started from white militias in Grant Parish, Louisiana, in 1874 and spread in the
5294:
5232:
began speaking of leaving the South. This idea culminated in the 1879–80 movement of the
5225:
5152:
4859:
4821:
4736:
4725:
4566:
4498:
4338:
4209:
4164:
3815:
3638:
3441:
3228:
2706:
2668:
2085:
1916:
1565:
1515:
1470:
1460:
1445:
1435:
1420:
1400:
1375:
1365:
1355:
1117:
942:
932:
342:
233:
229:
18594:
14033:
McMillen, Neil R. "Up from Jim Crow: Black History Enters the Profession's Mainstream."
13311:
Creating Black Americans: African American History and Its Meanings, 1619 to the Present
13167:
The Atlas of African-American History and Politics: From the Slave Trade to Modern Times
12140:
Sandra Bolzenius, "Asserting Citizenship: Black Women in the Women's Army Corps (wac)",
10956:
Connie L. Lester, "Disenfranchising Laws", Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture
10404:
9480:
Black majority: Negroes in colonial South Carolina from 1670 through the Stono Rebellion
7335:
in Baltimore, where he stayed, despite the fact that he received a lucrative offer from
7209:, often to pursue increased economic opportunities in now-desegregated southern cities.
6902:, and the tragic murders of two activists associated with the march, inspired President
4866:
Americans competed with the Irish and Germans in jobs and had to share space with them.
2711:
21721:
21707:
21702:
21456:
21159:
20927:
20911:
20904:
20883:
20875:
20869:
20832:
20666:
20576:
20556:
20481:
20461:
20451:
20431:
20346:
20231:
20176:
20121:
20026:
19806:
19721:
19380:
19364:
19344:
19110:
19075:
19002:
18662:
18599:
18342:
17800:
17567:
17547:
17452:
17377:
17204:
17109:
17099:
17087:
16978:
16875:
16850:
16596:
16571:
16476:
16416:
16391:
16361:
16351:
15950:
15945:
15935:
15925:
15638:
15616:
15136:
14995:
14970:
14940:
14901:
14784:
14627:
13991:
13970:
13942:
13897:
13889:
13664:
13651:
13452:
13262:
12861:
12515:
12455:
11884:
10165:
10157:
10051:
9955:
9908:
9887:
9659:
9357:
9324:
8801:
7553:
7548:
7513:
7503:
7453:
7433:
7316:
7282:
7232:
gains of the 1950s–1970s, due to government neglect, unfavorable social policies, high
7155:
6964:
6734:
6437:
6233:
6137:
5961:
5649:
5606:
5547:
5531:
5502:
5472:
5350:
5268:
5170:
5162:
5085:
5044:
4951:
4930:
4740:
4682:
4453:
3696:. A smaller number of African Americans are descended from ethnic groups that lived in
3555:
3528:
3453:
2599:
2384:
2151:
2128:
1817:
1585:
1560:
1465:
1405:
1380:
1350:
1340:
952:
947:
937:
927:
463:
441:
7171:
comprise 0.25% of America's economic elite and comprise 13.6% of the U.S. population.
5169:
The aftermath of the Civil War accelerated the process of a national African-American
4909:
Free Black people also established Black churches in the South before 1800. After the
21885:
21858:
21768:
21677:
21533:
21512:
21373:
21331:
21027:
20942:
20937:
20897:
20770:
20541:
20526:
20491:
20271:
20191:
20136:
19921:
19085:
19080:
18952:
18938:
18931:
18892:
18109:
17830:
17492:
17462:
17057:
16814:
16768:
16531:
16486:
16426:
16401:
16356:
16299:
15536:
15367:
15180:
14767:
14562:
14523:
14241:
14179:
14042:
14024:
13974:
13934:
13902:
13830:
13797:
13773:
13488:
13478:
Bridges of Reform: Interracial Civil Rights Activism in Twentieth-Century Los Angeles
13456:
13442:
13231:
Major Problems in African-American History: From Freedom to "Freedom Now," 1865–1990s
13143:
12978:
12941:
12679:
12345:
11830:
11377:
10955:
10785:
10757:
10732:
10501:
10438:
10383:
10349:
10298:
10225:
10200:
10169:
10055:
9959:
9822:
9816:
9698:
9670:
9640:
A Precis of Sources relating to genealogical research on the Sierra Leone Krio people
9362:
9344:
9303:
9276:
9112:
8951:
8834:
8793:
8664:
8639:
8632:
8610:
8583:
8577:
8543:
8513:
8459:
8431:
7904:
7588:
7578:
7301:
7167:
7147:—also demonstrates the increasing visibility of Black people in the political arena.
7140:
7076:
6903:
6884:
6852:
6399:
Racial tensions were also high between whites and ethnic minorities that cities like
6372:
6320:
6288:
6239:
6220:
6145:
6109:
6052:
6044:
5975:
5917:
5567:
5535:
5138:
4759:
4587:
4538:
4515:
4419:
4271:
4213:
4205:
4197:
3907:
3476:
2404:
2245:
1752:
1697:
1520:
1475:
1415:
1390:
1345:
1288:
307:
207:
18817:
14092:
Reidy, Joseph P. "Slave Emancipation Through the Prism of Archives Records" (1997),
13650:(2008)- 720pp comprehensive history of civil rights issue in the North, 1930s–2000s
13586:
To Place Our Deeds: The African American Community in Richmond, California, 19101963
13214:
13123:
12865:
7174:
The dramatic political breakthrough came in the 2008 election, with the election of
7071:
4681:
A number of events continued to shape views on slavery. One of these events was the
4666:
As the United States grew, the institution of slavery became more entrenched in the
2784:
21692:
21682:
21616:
21611:
21461:
21204:
21189:
21179:
21149:
20890:
20837:
20686:
20671:
20636:
20501:
20446:
20436:
20331:
20206:
20141:
20016:
19931:
19891:
19881:
19871:
19856:
19851:
19826:
19716:
19100:
19015:
18978:
18265:
18236:
18231:
18129:
18097:
18070:
17795:
17412:
17382:
17372:
17367:
16934:
16561:
16441:
16406:
16304:
16219:
16214:
15705:
15143:
15106:
15032:
14990:
14886:
14846:
14647:
14642:
14316:
The African-American Archive: The History of the Black Experience Through Documents
14176:
Following the Color Line: An Account of Negro Citizenship in the American Democracy
13962:
13881:
13434:
13328:
We Ain't What We Ought To Be: The Black Freedom Struggle from Emancipation to Obama
13299:
12853:
12507:
11689:
11577:
Trotter, "Reflections on the Great Migration to Western Pennsylvania", pp. 156–157.
11269:
Pageants, Parlors, and Pretty Women: Race and Beauty in the Twentieth-Century South
10843:
10832:"Lincoln and the Ethics of Emancipation: Universalism, Nationalism, Exceptionalism"
10192:
10149:
10043:
9947:
9352:
9336:
8785:
8741:
8048:
7804:
7583:
7558:
7438:
7413:
7290:
7245:
7237:
7154:
was the richest African American of the 20th century and has been the world's only
7128:
6930:
6859:
that banned discrimination in public accommodations, employment, and labor unions.
6781:
6773:
6336:
6130:
6122:
6096:
6077:
6032:
6028:
5579:
5477:
Following the Color Line: An Account of Negro Citizenship in the American Democracy
5437:
5429:
5174:
4728:
that required states to be admitted to the union in pairs, one slave and one free.
4705:
4645:
4595:
4403:
4364:
3872:
3701:
2779:
2636:
2464:
2399:
2379:
2288:
1550:
1430:
1395:
1293:
1216:
1211:
693:
518:
14235:
10140:(1979). "The Emergence of Black communities in the Pacific Northwest: 1865–1910".
9340:
5751:
were integrated under the 157th Red Hand Division commanded by the French General
5259:
most Black people and many poor whites. Using a combination of provisions such as
5144:
3420:
in the 16th and 17th centuries. Formerly enslaved Spaniards who had been freed by
187:
21906:
21863:
21818:
21590:
21575:
21451:
21421:
21390:
21199:
21184:
21169:
20987:
20616:
20606:
20566:
20546:
20506:
20381:
20371:
20336:
20296:
20281:
20216:
20081:
20031:
19961:
19846:
19796:
19781:
19771:
19766:
19746:
19731:
19726:
19701:
19641:
19565:
19168:
19139:
19134:
19090:
19070:
19049:
19021:
18260:
18087:
17997:
17992:
17923:
Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)
17773:
17728:
17582:
17572:
17552:
17537:
17437:
17312:
17302:
16941:
16629:
16566:
16521:
16421:
15427:
15360:
15256:
15217:
15101:
15044:
14916:
14819:
14717:
14637:
14632:
14582:
14064:
Listening For Our Past: A Lay Guide To African American Oral History Interviewing
13438:
13288:
Not Slave, Not Free: The African American Economic Experience since the Civil War
13257:
12756:
12647:
11213:
10626:
10458:
10316:
10245:
10137:
9999:
9973:
9869:
9751:
9718:
9518:
9297:
9075:
9042:
8425:
7909:
7563:
7538:
7528:
7488:
7463:
7371:
7324:
7144:
6926:
6848:
6549:
to the other three regions of the United States. It took place from 1941 through
6542:
6501:
6408:
6344:
6328:
6255:
6126:
6108:
was withdrawn on 21 February 1938. Both civil rights leaders and the First Lady,
6085:
6020:
5869:
5847:
5760:
5726:
5602:
5551:
5464:
5346:
5330:
5299:
5239:
5064:
4579:
4395:
4391:
4314:
4030:
3853:
3784:
3769:
3713:
3540:
2807:
2614:
2364:
2283:
1611:
1555:
1510:
1410:
485:
245:
14351:
14344:
How Reimagining the African-American Past Can Remake America's Racial Future by
13756:
The Early Black History Movement, Carter G. Woodson, and Lorenzo Johnston Greene
11499:
11485:
11241:. in Elijah Anderson and Douglas S. Massey, ed. (Russell Sage Foundation, 2001).
11079:
6368:
6189:, which gave landowners acreage reduction contracts, by which they were paid to
5100:
21436:
21238:
21219:
20808:
20656:
20641:
20571:
20521:
20486:
20471:
20456:
20416:
20396:
20386:
20341:
20326:
20306:
20076:
20046:
20036:
20006:
19996:
19906:
19876:
19676:
19302:
19254:
19144:
18697:
18102:
18065:
18055:
17815:
17810:
17752:
17587:
17517:
17447:
17442:
16946:
16870:
16309:
15377:
15355:
15333:
15311:
15306:
14831:
14762:
14692:
14437:
14211:
Remembering Jim Crow: African Americans Tell About Life in the Segregated South
14110:
The African American Experience: An Historiographical and Bibliographical Guide
13253:
13120:
Encyclopedia of African-American Civil Rights: From Emancipation to the Present
13047:
12857:
12330:." American Armed Forces Press Service, February 15, 2002. Retrieved 2007-06-10
10047:
9256:"Part 2 - Sexual Violence Against African American Slaves And Its Legacy Today"
7740:
7700:
7699:– 1948–1949 radio dramas that retell African-American history, many written by
7645:
7637:
7573:
7478:
7473:
7286:
7206:
7097:
6837:
6829:
6761:
6722:
6699:
6008:
relief programs in 1933–35 (run by local towns and cities), and especially the
5877:
5851:
5752:
5737:
5575:
5571:
4998:
4958:
4812:
4477:
4469:
4173:
4003:
3826:
3689:
3266:
2691:
2661:
2419:
2409:
2240:
1298:
375:
225:
13685:
Places of Their Own: African American Suburbanization in the Twentieth Century
13671:
Life for Us Is What We Make It: Building Black Community in Detroit, 1915–1945
12593:"In Motion: African American Migration Experience, The Second Great Migration"
12129:
The Employment of Negro Troops, Vol. 8, The United States Army in World War II
11693:
11542:
Trotter, "Reflections on the Great Migration to Western Pennsylvania", p. 154.
11512:
Joe W. Trotter, "Reflections on the Great Migration to Western Pennsylvania."
10847:
10382:. A nation divided. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. p. 8.
10034:
Kennicott, Patrick C. (1970). "Black Persuaders in the Antislavery Movement".
9951:
9108:
Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia
8579:
Bound for Canaan: The Underground Railroad and the War for the Soul of America
7285:
and the late 19th century, Black people became major actors in the South. The
7193:, in which millions of African Americans have returned to the South including
6436:
Politically, Black people left the Republican Party and joined the Democratic
3704:. The major ethnic groups that the enslaved Africans belonged to included the
21920:
21808:
21631:
21214:
21144:
20992:
20858:
20681:
20611:
20516:
20366:
20301:
20286:
20276:
20236:
20161:
20151:
20111:
20096:
19986:
19976:
19936:
19886:
19761:
19686:
19656:
17655:
17637:
17627:
17597:
17542:
17497:
17482:
17427:
17417:
17402:
17352:
17347:
17317:
17114:
17042:
16865:
15519:
15296:
13548:
Higher Education for African Americans before the Civil Rights Era, 1900–1964
13507:
12699:
10302:
9348:
9137:
Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People, Volume 1: To 1877
8797:
8776:
Westbury, Susan (1985). "Slaves of Colonial Virginia: Where They Came From".
7623:
7533:
7508:
7387:
7213:
7151:
7090:
6797:
6789:
6777:
6745:, was one of the plaintiff African-American communities involved in the 1954
6479:
6449:
6279:
6178:
6174:
5993:
5594:
5386:
5314:
5273:
5264:
5210:
5157:
5018:
4969:
4938:
4546:
4229:
3792:
3788:
3765:
3729:
3571:
3480:
3421:
3417:
3335:
3330:
14369:
14204:
13648:
Sweet Land of Liberty: The Forgotten Struggle for Civil Rights in the North
13335:
Black Trials: Citizenship from the Beginnings of Slavery to the End of Caste
8532:
7100:
became the first African-American elected governor in U.S. history. In 1992
4302:
Legal importation of enslaved Africans halted in 1808 when the newly formed
3527:. Disputes over slavery between the Northern and Southern states led to the
21878:
21873:
21853:
21848:
21843:
21833:
21823:
21803:
21798:
21738:
21580:
21174:
21154:
20676:
20631:
20626:
20586:
20421:
20401:
20356:
20291:
20226:
20211:
20126:
20116:
20071:
20021:
20011:
20001:
19971:
19966:
19956:
19941:
19901:
19836:
19816:
19811:
19791:
19786:
19776:
19736:
19691:
19661:
19044:
17967:
17735:
17660:
17632:
17617:
17602:
17557:
17532:
17512:
17422:
17392:
17387:
17357:
17307:
17159:
16845:
15508:
15444:
14985:
14286:
Let Freedom Ring: A Documentary History of the Modern Civil Rights Movement
13818:
13739:
13567:
13485:
Bridges of Memory; Chicago's First Wave of Black Migration: An Oral History
13378:
The Civil Rights Era: Origins and Development of National Policy, 1960–1972
12960:
Meier, August, "Benjamin Quarles and the Historiography of Black America",
11147:
The Great Black Migration: A Historical Encyclopedia of the American Mosaic
10493:
Forging freedom: the formation of Philadelphia's Black community, 1720‒1840
10487:
9366:
7824:
7684:
7443:
7278:
7252:
in the world. The Southern states, which historically had been involved in
7249:
7175:
7120:
7083:
6956:
6876:
6828:(SNCC). Also active behind the scenes and sharing the podium with King was
6813:
6550:
6493:
6483:
6259:
5896:
5785:
During World War I, the 372nd Infantry Regiment was composed of segregated
5656:
based on her invention of the first successful hair straightening process.
5559:
5555:
5480:
5399:
5363:
5358:
5326:
5186:
4886:
4878:
4874:
4780:
4721:
4675:
4622:
4615:
4550:
4542:
4494:
4426:
4407:
4252:
3800:
3780:
3737:
3733:
3717:
3705:
2819:
2631:
2359:
2222:
178:
14187:
Free at Last: A Documentary History of Slavery, Freedom, and the Civil War
9681:, originally published by Longman & Dalhousie University Press (1976).
5899:
and President George H.W. Bush at the Medal of Honor presentation ceremony
5676:
5543:
5090:
African-American officeholders during and following the Reconstruction era
4158:
21828:
21793:
21788:
21783:
21778:
21507:
21441:
21194:
21164:
20791:
20755:
20696:
20691:
20651:
20601:
20536:
20531:
20441:
20391:
20321:
20316:
20256:
20241:
20091:
20086:
19951:
19831:
19801:
19741:
19706:
18967:
17987:
17972:
17820:
17783:
17622:
17577:
17562:
17327:
17322:
17169:
15400:
15328:
15244:
15064:
14789:
14425:
14298:(19 vols, 1972), oral histories with ex-slaves conducted in the 1930s by
14221:
Sources of the African-American Past: Primary Sources in American History
13562:
Black Power in Dixie: A Political History of African Americans in Atlanta
7518:
7483:
7379:
7183:
6938:
6793:
6283:
6211:
Racism against African Americans in the U.S. military § World War II
5808:
5403:
4511:
4462:
4458:
4376:
4291:
4201:
3834:
3830:
3808:
3773:
3721:
3709:
3697:
3685:
3547:, which abolished slavery in the U.S., except as punishment for a crime.
3425:
2985:
2641:
2494:
2374:
2158:
14396:
14309:
14279:
14260:
14214:
14133:
14067:
14014:
13759:
13749:
13321:
13224:
13204:
13135:
13106:
13092:
13075:
12774:"Yahoo Finance - Stock Market Live, Quotes, Business & Finance News"
12560:
Great Events from History II: Arts and Culture Series volume 3:1937–1954
12519:
11811:
10433:
Randall M. Miller, ed. (2009). "The New Nation Takes Shape, 1789‒1820".
10099:
Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America
9891:
9818:
The Life of Benjamin Banneker: The First African-American Man of Science
9454:
Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America
6099:
read out on the floor of the House of Representatives an account of the
21868:
21838:
21547:
21466:
21446:
21253:
20818:
20476:
20406:
20376:
20246:
20221:
20166:
20066:
19681:
19651:
17522:
17507:
17477:
17472:
17221:
17189:
17028:
16996:
15487:
15395:
15301:
15234:
15007:
14341:
14050:
13946:
13893:
13825:
Cultural Trauma: Slavery and the Formation of African American Identity
13388:
13363:
13194:
12635:
12459:
12439:
Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945
11655:
11108:
10943:
10161:
9912:
8805:
8696:
8661:
The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America
7448:
7423:
7159:
6999: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
6821:
6610: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
6475:
6429:
6024:
5949:
5885:
5632:
5467:
reformers were concerned about the Black condition. In 1908 after the
5367:
5233:
5013:
4750:
In 1851 the battle between enslaved people and slave owners was met in
4698:
4694:
4689:
4599:
4554:
4553:
to gain release from slavery. A free Black businessman in Boston named
4457:
York. Well-known African-Americans who fought for the British include
4372:
4363:
for human rights and personal freedom around the world, was written by
4186:
4038:
3911:
3891:
3883:
3761:
3753:
3725:
3603:
3515:. During this period, numerous enslaved African Americans escaped into
3465:
3429:
2090:
1829:
628:
474:
17858:
Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)
15323:
13700:
Wiese, Andrew. "Places of Our Own: Suburban Black Towns before 1960."
13610:
Black Pickett Fences: Privilege and Peril among the Black Middle Class
11440:
Negro Combat Troops in the World War. The story of the 371 St Infantry
9131:
John Murrin, Paul Johnson, James McPherson, Alice Fahs, Gary Gerstle,
8723:"2020 Census Illuminates Racial and Ethnic Composition of the Country"
5684:
5599:
Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League
4557:
sought to be excused from paying taxes since he had no voting rights.
20796:
20266:
20251:
18136:
17982:
17487:
17271:
17209:
17104:
15153:
14772:
14622:
13835:
Region, Race, and Reconstruction: Essays in Honor of C. Vann Woodward
13497:
13263:
Four Hundred Souls: A Community History of African America, 1619–2019
12511:
12328:"African Americans Gain Fame as World War II Red Ball Express Drivers
11442:, Éditeur Worcester, Mass : Commonwealth Press, 1929, p. 57
11427:
Negro Combat Troops in the World War :The Story of the 371st Infantry
11289:
Style and Status: Selling Beauty to African American Women, 1920–1975
11201:
Juliet E.K. Walker, "Black Entrepreneurship: An Historical Inquiry."
11004:
White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction
9272:
Slave Breeding: Sex, Violence, and Memory in African American History
7132:
6922:
6505:
6421:
5721:
years of a terrible war. One of the most distinguished units was the
5338:
4885:
issues. Further supporting the growth of the Black Community was the
4855:
4659:
4654:
4360:
4221:
3915:
3445:
3315:
2656:
2389:
2168:
1995:
241:
16783:
14087:
13885:
13845:
13527:
Defining the Struggle: National Racial Justice Organizing, 1880–1915
11666:
Raymond Wolters, "The New Deal and the Negro." in John Braeman, ed.
10780:
Carson, Clayborne; Lapsansky-Werner, Emma J.; Nash, Gary B. (2011).
10405:"National Register Nominations: Pocahontas Island Historic District"
10153:
9657:
Walker, James W (1992). "Chapter Five: Foundation of Sierra Leone".
8789:
7123:, Chairman of the U.S. Armed Forces Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1989–93,
6974:
6847:, and other events were credited with putting pressure on President
6585:
5732:
5148:
African-American children in South Carolina picking cotton, ca. 1870
4468:
Thomas Peters was one of the large numbers of African Americans who
4061:
3582:
to other regions of the United States in search of opportunity. The
34:
20156:
18609:
18604:
18114:
15529:
15467:
15239:
15158:
14363:
14011:
Hine Sight: Black Women and the Re-Construction of American History
13966:
13867:"Coming of Age: The Transformation of Afro-American Historiography"
11531:
African Americans in Pennsylvania: Shifting Historical Perspectives
10986:
10967:
10345:
Slave religion: the "invisible institution" in the antebellum South
10086:
Slave Country: American Expansion and the Origins of the Deep South
9882:
Edward Raymond Turner, "The Abolition of Slavery in Pennsylvania".
9870:
Slave religion: the "invisible institution" in the antebellum South
9299:
The Anti-Slavery Project: From the Slave Trade to Human Trafficking
7744:
7105:
6910:, which struck down barriers to black enfranchisement. In 1966 the
6730:
6343:
The distinguished service of these units was a factor in President
5839:
5395:
5377:
5124:, ratified in 1870, extended the right to vote to Black males. The
5006:
4914:
4591:
4562:
4384:
3887:
3861:
3598:
against African Americans. In 1954, these efforts coalesced into a
2701:
2626:
2619:
17873:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
11252:
Black Gold: A History of the African-American Elite Market Segment
11080:"The Second Amendment: Toward an Afro-Americanist Reconsideration"
10654:
The Dred Scott Case: Its Significance in American Law and Politics
167:
21773:
21497:
21416:
21307:
20745:
17226:
14345:
14130:
Black History and Black Identity: A Call for a New Historiography
13925:
Harris, Robert L., Jr. "The Flowering of Afro-American History".
13555:
Land of Hope: Chicago, Black Southerners, and the Great Migration
12973:
Abul Pitre and Ruth Ray, "The Controversy Around Black History",
7202:
6772:, which brought more than 250,000 marchers to the grounds of the
6768:
Perhaps the high point of the Civil Rights Movement was the 1963
6707:
6400:
5959:
Black churches, fraternal orders, and newspapers (especially the
4824:
in ending slavery and legislating equal rights for freed slaves.
4575:
3857:
3846:
3804:
3757:
2789:
2095:
21553:
14408:"African American Place of Origin Genealogy – FamilySearch Wiki"
14074:
Black Mosaic: Essays in Afro-American History and Historiography
13840:
Franklin, John Hope. "Afro-American History: State of the Art,"
13409:
Restless Giant: The United States from Watergate to Bush v. Gore
12547:
Divided Arsenal: Race and the American State During World War II
10888:"Post-Civil War History: African Americans After Reconstruction"
6303:
together with one white regiment assigned to it. The segregated
5428:
In response to these and other setbacks, in the summer of 1905,
21284:
20813:
18060:
14335:
14209:
Chafe, William Henry, Raymond Gavins, and Robert Korstad, eds.
13349:
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences
10968:
Richard H. Pildes, "Democracy, Anti-Democracy, and the Canon",
10754:
Forgotten Time: The Yazoo-Mississippi Delta after the Civil War
10348:(Updated ed.). Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
7860:
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on African-American communities
5881:
5843:
5055:
Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War
5030:
that at least one part of it had already been overruled by the
5002:
4717:
4549:
constitution that declared all men were born free and equal in
3876:
3796:
3520:
2696:
14383:
Comparative status of African-Americans in Canada in the 1800s
14169:
A Documentary History of the Negro People in the United States
13617:
The Anti-lynching Crusaders: A Study of Black Women's Activism
12750:"Condi and Oprah aren't good role models for Black motherhood"
11062:
At the Hands of Persons Unknown: The Lynching of Black America
9403:"NPS Ethnography: African American Heritage & Ethnography"
9150:"NPS Ethnography: African American Heritage & Ethnography"
8564:
Slave Power: The Free North and Southern Domination, 1780–1860
7870:
Association for the Study of African American Life and History
7770:
Historical racial and ethnic demographics of the United States
6182:
as well as daily laborers (mostly Black, with least control).
6088:
became the first Black people to appear on television, albeit
5001:, a former enslaved person displays the telltale criss-cross,
4332:
21712:
19548:
17872:
13781:
12949:
12773:
12648:"Mercy Seat Films – 'THEY CLOSED OUR SCHOOLS' – Film Credits"
11464:
Scott'Official History of the American Negro in the world war
10987:
Richard H. Pildes, "Democracy, Anti-Democracy, and the Canon"
10938:
Glen Schwendemann, "St. Louis and the" Exodusters" of 1879."
10678:
The Emancipation Proclamation: A Brief History with Documents
10379:
Civil War Petersburg: Confederate city in the crucible of war
8685:
Encyclopedia of African American History, 1896 to the Present
7194:
5492:
5445:
5432:
and 28 other prominent, African-American men met secretly at
5333:
4678:
was the first, in 1780 passing an act for gradual abolition.
4018:
3906:
Origins and percentages of African Americans imported to the
3865:
3842:
3819:
3693:
2469:
14397:
Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University
14257:
I Have a Dream: Writings and Speeches That Changed the World
13139:
Historical Dictionary of the Civil Rights Movement (2nd ed.)
12573:
Bright Boulevards, Bold Dreams: The Story of Black Hollywood
12142:
International Journal of Military History and Historiography
10914:
New People: Miscegenation and Mulattoes in the United States
9627:
https://www.persee.fr/doc/cea_0008-0055_1991_num_31_121_2116
8946:
White, Deborah Gray; Bay, Mia; Martin, Waldo E. Jr. (2013).
7726:
African-American history of agriculture in the United States
6227:
5864:
Distinctive unit Insignia: 372 MP Bn. Red hand on right side
5860:
5850:—one of the highest honors bestowed by the French military.
5803:
5652:(1867–1919); she built a national franchise business called
5112:
made Black people full U.S. citizens (and this repealed the
4797:
published a novel that changed how many would view slavery.
4387:
which called for abolition, but these were largely ignored.
17917:
13634:
American Babylon: Race and the Struggle for Postwar Oakland
13187:
Before the Mayflower: A History of Black America, 1619–1962
12997:
Teacher Information Guide AP African American Studies Pilot
11452:
Mairie de Château-Thierry, base monument du 372 US régiment
10927:
Plessy v. Ferguson: race and inequality in Jim Crow America
7743:– the notion that African Americans have been subjected to
7327:
as an undergraduate, and received a graduate degree at the
6455:
An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy
5800:
was re-designated the 1st Battalion of the 372nd Infantry.
4402:. 5,000 Black people, including Prince Hall, fought in the
4216:
slave traders. Virginia settlers treated these captives as
4014:
3838:
3558:
began, in which African Americans living in the South were
2499:
12725:"African American Members of the U.S. Congress: 1870–2020"
11305:
On Her Own Ground: The Life and Times of Madam C.J. Walker
10779:
7186:
and was re-elected as the president of the United States.
5446:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
14306:
African American Religious History: A Documentary Witness
14141:"Textbook Racism. How scholars sustained white supremacy"
14112:(Greenwood, 2001). 442pp; 17 topical chapters by experts.
13593:
Harlem: The Making of a Ghetto: Negro New York, 1890–1930
13156:
Salzman, Jack, David Lionel Smith, and Cornel West, eds.
13136:
Richardson, Christopher M.; Ralph E. Luker, eds. (2014).
12407:
12405:
12403:
12401:
12399:
12397:
12296:
12294:
12292:
12265:
12263:
12261:
12219:
12217:
12215:
12213:
12173:
12171:
12169:
12167:
12165:
12163:
12097:
12095:
12093:
12091:
12089:
12087:
12085:
12083:
12040:
12038:
12024:
12022:
12020:
11993:
11991:
11925:
11923:
11921:
11848:
11846:
11066:
Trouble in Mind: Black Southerners in the Age of Jim Crow
11034:, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2007, pp. 70–76.
10631:
10199:. Penguin academics (2 ed.). Boston: Prentice Hall.
9644:
Journal of Sierra Leone Studies, Vol. 3; Edition 1, 2014
8829:
Carson, Clayborne, Emma Lapsansky-Werner, and Gary Nash.
8825:
8823:
8821:
8819:
8817:
8815:
7163:
6207:
Military history of African Americans § World War II
13512:
Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954–1963
12619:
Fly Away: The Great African American Cultural Migrations
12014:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 p. 764 & 766
10782:
The Struggle for Freedom: A History of African Americans
10197:
The Struggle for Freedom: A History of African Americans
10022:
The Struggle for Freedom: A History of African Americans
8831:
The Struggle for Freedom: A History of African Americans
7711:
Military history of African Americans in the Vietnam War
5895:
Stowers' sisters, Georgina Palmer and Mary Bowens, with
5666:
Military history of African Americans § World War I
5313:
agricultural, domestic and menial laborers. Many became
5120:
granted full U.S. citizenship to African Americans. The
4583:
Black people were free, and 49.1% of those in Maryland.
4394:, a free Black tradesman, was the first casualty of the
4194:
first captive Africans were brought via Dutch slave ship
20998:
Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
20776:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"
14426:
Pioneering African American oral history video excerpts
13572:
Black Los Angeles: American Dreams and Racial Realities
13201:
From Slavery to Freedom. A History of African Americans
8950:. Boston/ New York: Bedford/ St. Martin's. p. 27.
8763:"African Americans - A new direction | Britannica"
8481:"The American Revolution and the Black Loyalist Exodus"
7716:
National Museum of African American History and Culture
7406:
6219:
Black soldiers tracking a sniper Omaha Beachhead, near
5309:(1904), but again the Supreme Court upheld the states.
4297:
4265:
3483:, led to great social upheavals for African Americans;
21022:
African American founding fathers of the United States
19375:
Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement
19240:
John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights
14057:
Black History and the Historical Profession, 1915–1980
13641:
Black Chicago: The Making of a Negro Ghetto, 1890–1920
13520:
At Canaan's Edge: America in the King Years, 1965–1968
13245:
To Make Our World Anew: A History of African Americans
12761:
African-American News&Issues: Publisher's Analysis
12394:
12289:
12258:
12210:
12160:
12080:
12035:
12017:
11988:
11918:
11843:
11346:"Commemorating the Great War – World War I Centennial"
11226:
Our kind of people: Inside America's black upper class
11173:
Black Chicago: The making of a Negro ghetto, 1890–1920
11044:
History, Adeyemi College of Education Dept of (2008).
9805:, New York: Hill and Wang, paperback, 1994, pp. 82–83.
9779:, New York: Hill and Wang, paperback, 1994, pp. 78–79.
9133:"Expansion, Immigration, and Regional Differentiation"
9007:"African slaves arrive at Point Comfort (Hampton), VA"
8812:
7665:
African American founding fathers of the United States
6433:
another race riot in Harlem left 6 Black people dead.
5038:
4815:, a Massachusetts congressmen and antislavery leader,
4650:
African American founding fathers of the United States
4489:
were pushing a bill through Parliament to charter the
3871:
West Central Africa, the largest region, included the
18847:
14252:
by a white Harvard professor; focus on race relations
14233:
13294:
Nash, Gary B. "The African Americans' Revolution" in
10496:. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. p.
9843:
Canaan Land: A Religious History of African Americans
8710:
Freedom's Pragmatist: Lyndon Johnson and Civil Rights
8508:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. p.
8505:
The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery
8310:
History of African Americans in Jacksonville, Florida
7260:, now produce the highest rates of incarceration and
7115:
The 39 African-American members of Congress form the
3772:, where captives as far away as the Upper and Middle
13516:
Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years, 1963–1965
13369:
Finley, Randy. "Black Arkansans and World War One."
13318:
The African American Religious Experience in America
13211:
The Harder We Run: Black Workers Since the Civil War
13158:
Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History
12820:"Kamala Harris Is Biden's Choice for Vice President"
12486:
Bitter Fruit: African American Women in World War II
10993:, Vol. 17, 2000, pp. 12–13, accessed March 10, 2008.
10403:
Vega, Caridad de la; Rustin Quaide (February 2008).
8575:
8034:
19th-century African-American civil rights activists
7599:
7319:
provided a bridge between the work of historians in
6004:
for young men (who worked in segregated units), the
4724:. Fears of an imbalance in Congress led to the 1820
3659:
Slavery in the colonial history of the United States
3458:
slavery in the colonial history of the United States
21070:
Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument
14393:
Randolph Linsly Simpson African-American Collection
13103:
Black Women in America – An Historical Encyclopedia
12818:Glueck, Katie; Burns, Alexander (August 11, 2020).
12475:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 pp. 762–763
12391:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 pp. 775–776
12317:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 pp. 772–773
12286:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 pp. 773–774
12157:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 pp. 771–772
11985:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 pp. 348–349
11959:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 pp. 345–346
11946:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 pp. 344–346
11915:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 pp. 342–343
11553:
Race Riots & Resistance: The Red Summer of 1919
10982:
10980:
10435:
The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Daily Life in America
10000:"The Compromise of 1850 and the Fugitive Slave Act"
9622:
A Dissenting View of Creole Culture in Sierra Leone
7900:
African-American veterans lynched after World War I
7780:
Racial segregation of churches in the United States
6047:, and created an unofficial "black cabinet" led by
5194:
4189:, who traveled through the Southwest in the 1530s.
4086:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3578:, over 6 million primarily rural African Americans
3292:
Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers
59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
13719:Hamilton Park: A Planned Black Community in Dallas
13247:(2000). 672pp; 10 long essays by leading scholars
11395:
11393:
10272:Journal of the Lancaster County Historical Society
9856:Religion and the founding of the American Republic
9792:, New York: Hill and Wang, paperback, 1994, p. 78.
9658:
9125:
8948:Freedom on My Mind: A History of African Americans
8631:
8044:List of photographers of the civil rights movement
7810:Plantation complexes in the Southern United States
7189:The post-civil rights era is also notable for the
14199:Bureau of Education, Department of the Interior.
14108:Strickland, Arvarh E., and Robert E. Weems, eds.
13579:African-American Urban History since World War II
13203:(2001), standard textbook; first edition in 1947
13060:Brown, Nikki L.M., and Barry M. Stentiford, eds.
11186:Black bourgeoisie: The rise of a new middle class
11121:Up From History: the life of Booker T. Washington
11060:For the story of the lynchings, see Philip Dray,
11050:. Dept. of History, Adeyemi College of Education.
11016:"Military Report on Colfax Riot, 1875", from the
11009:
10432:
10402:
9937:
9665:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp.
9302:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 344.
8054:Post–civil rights era in African-American history
6951:Post-Civil Rights era in African-American history
6101:lynching of Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels
6019:(PWA), headed by long-time civil rights activist
21918:
19606:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
17908:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
14467:
14004:Afro-American History: Past, Present, and Future
13678:The African American Newspaper: Voice of Freedom
13619:(PhD dissertation, University of Georgia, 2008)
13402:Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945–1974
13298:ed. by Jane Kamensky and Edward G. Gray (2012),
13266:(One World, 2021). 528pp; anthology of 80 essays
13238:Children of Fire: A History of African Americans
13118:Lowery, Charles D., and John F. Marszalek, eds.
12454:, December 1973, Vol. 60, Issue 3, pp. 692–713,
11763:
11761:
11759:
11611:
11609:
10977:
10719:. Archived from the original on January 22, 2013
8729:
8634:The Jim Crow Laws and Racism in American History
8275:History of African Americans in Dallas-Ft. Worth
6420:(Mexican-American) and Black youths for wearing
6319:on the charges of mutiny, their defense lawyer,
5317:, sharing the crop with the white land owners..
4739:, once more rose to the challenge, to craft the
4518:and Britain rather than be returned to slavery.
19596:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
19529:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
19420:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
17953:Black players in professional American football
17903:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
14230:(1990), oral histories of civil rights movement
13423:African American Experience During World War II
13233:(2000), reader in primary and secondary sources
13072:The Routledge Atlas of African American History
12497:
12426:African American Experience During World War II
12116:African American Experience During World War II
12105:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 p. 768.
11500:"Freddie Stowers, Corporal, United States Army"
11486:"Freddie Stowers, Corporal, United States Army"
11390:
9381:"11. The Cotton Revolution | THE AMERICAN YAWP"
9235:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
8424:Schneider, Dorothy; Schneider, Carl J. (2007).
6692:handed down a landmark decision in the case of
5638:
5406:", may have amounted to about 20,000 killings.
21075:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument
13955:Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
13725:
13296:The Oxford Handbook of the American Revolution
12415:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 p. 775
12304:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 p. 774
12273:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 p. 773
12255:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 p. 770
12247:
12245:
12243:
12241:
12239:
12237:
12235:
12233:
12227:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 p. 771
12207:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 p. 711
12194:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 p. 710
12181:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 p. 772
12048:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 p. 767
12032:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 p. 766
12001:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 p. 764
11972:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 p. 347
11933:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 p. 343
11902:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 p. 342
11869:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 p. 285
11856:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 p. 341
11826:Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion Of Freedom
11797:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 p. 164
11784:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 p. 194
11771:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 p. 378
11723:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 p. 213
11632:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 p. 208
11619:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 p. 193
10775:
10773:
10187:
10185:
10183:
10181:
10179:
9903:Franklin W. Knight, "The Haitian Revolution",
9884:Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
9694:Sierra Leone: The Land, Its People and History
8945:
8139:List of Kentucky women in the civil rights era
6545:of more than 5 million African Americans from
5782:General Goybet commanding the 157th Division.
5417:
4452:, recruited 300 African-American men into his
4375:. A number of free Black people, most notably
4313:The most serious slave rebellion was the 1739
2019:Education of freed people during the Civil War
21947:History of ethnic groups in the United States
21269:
20983:List of lynching victims in the United States
19321:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
18833:
16799:
14738:Drafting and ratification of the Constitution
14453:
14296:The American Slave: A Composite Autobiography
13464:
12806:The Obama Presidency: Promise and Performance
11756:
11606:
11603:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 p. 87
11590:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005 p. 18
11250:Blaine J. Branchik, and Judy Foster Davis, "
9821:(2nd ed.). Maryland Historical Society.
9746:
9744:
9637:
9631:
9076:"From Indentured Servitude to Racial Slavery"
8878:"RACE - The Power of an Illusion . Go Deeper"
8609:. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
7397:
6278:on 24–25 June 1943 in the Lancashire town of
5201:Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era
4906:simply founded separate Black denominations.
4444:who was willing to join the Loyalist forces.
3390:
1721:
17666:Historically black colleges and universities
15662:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
14428:at The National Visionary Leadership Project
13952:
13577:Kusmer, Kenneth L. and Joe W. Trotter, eds.
13471:Civil rights movement § Further reading
13411:(Oxford History of the United States) (2007)
13404:(Oxford History of the United States) (1997)
13276:Franklin, John Hope, and August Meier, eds.
13180:Bibliography of slavery in the United States
11822:
11529:Joe W. Trotter, and Eric Ledell Smith, eds.
11321:"The Price of Freedom: Printable Exhibition"
11032:Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War
9198:
9043:"New World Exploration and English Ambition"
8854:. The Black Collegian Online. Archived from
8738:"African Immigrant Population on Rise in US"
8290:History of African Americans in Philadelphia
8024:History of civil rights in the United States
7800:List of museums focused on African Americans
7108:became the first Black woman elected to the
5693:
4945:
4251:As European colonists engaged in aggressive
2030:Historically black colleges and universities
19450:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
12817:
12230:
11047:Themes in humanities and African experience
10770:
10756:. Charlottesville: University of Virginia.
10602:"Ten days from today I left the plantation"
10482:
10480:
10176:
8852:"African Roots of African-American Culture"
8833:. New York: Pearson Education, Inc., 2011.
8501:
8295:History of African Americans in San Antonio
8196:South Carolina in the civil rights movement
7300:During the first half of the 20th century,
5987:poster promoting the benefits of employment
5930:United States home front during World War I
5357:While not as widely known as the Klan, the
5063:was an executive order issued by President
4333:American Revolution and early United States
4262:Black women were often raped by white men.
2014:Education during the slave period in the US
21316:A House Divided: Denmark Vesey's Rebellion
21276:
21262:
19499:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
18840:
18826:
16806:
16792:
14460:
14446:
13852:Carter G. Woodson: A Life in Black History
13373:49#3 (1990): 249–77. doi:10.2307/40030800.
13243:Kelley, Robin D. G., and Earl Lewis, eds.
12376:Integration of the Armed Forces, 1940–1965
11078:Diamond, Robert J. Cottrol and Raymond T.
10627:"Dred Scott's fight for freedom 1846–1857"
9741:
7932:History of slavery in Georgia (U.S. state)
5736:157th I.D. Red Hand flag drawn by General
5493:Great Migration and the Harlem Renaissance
4758:demonstrated the growing conflict between
4347:African Americans in the Revolutionary War
3499:gradually abolished slavery. However, the
3479:become independent and transform into the
3448:plantations. A group of enslaved Africans
3397:
3383:
2337:National Black Caucus of State Legislators
1728:
1714:
21493:Gullah/Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor
21055:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
17883:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)
15186:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
14192:Bracey, John H., and Manisha Sinha, eds.
14105:(1984), on the white historian of slavery
13901:
12964:, June 1980, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 101–116.
12880:"One in 100: Behind Bars in America 2008"
12617:Rutkoff, Peter M., and William B. Scott.
12074:(1936), 1#4, pp. 483–505 at pp. 501, 503
11880:"John Bubbles, The Dancer, Is Dead at 84"
10224:. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield.
10033:
9519:"Declarations of Independence, 1770–1783"
9356:
9104:
8602:
8542:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 363.
8458:(2nd ed.). New York: Hill and Wang.
8335:History of African Americans in Baltimore
7875:Legacy Museum of African American History
7760:Mass racial violence in the United States
7059:Learn how and when to remove this message
6826:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
6670:Learn how and when to remove this message
6518:Second Great Migration (African American)
6511:
6424:. On 15 June 1943, in Beaumont, Texas, a
6043:appointed the first federal black judge,
5923:
5654:Madame C. J. Walker Manufacturing Company
5616:
4980:
4178:"Slaves working in 17th-century Virginia"
4146:Learn how and when to remove this message
3676:African Americans are the descendants of
3507:operation by slave labor, entrenched the
1793:Slavery in the colonial history of the US
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
21283:
21090:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
19130:University of Georgia desegregation riot
14138:
13661:: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit
13280:. (1982), short biographies by scholars.
13111:Loewenberg, Bert James and Ruth Bogin.
13046:
12587:
12585:
12583:
12581:
11872:
11134:Travels in the New South: A Bibliography
10717:"The Reconstruction Period, an Overview"
10477:
10341:
9691:Taylor, Bankole Kamara (February 2014).
9268:
8941:
8939:
8937:
8935:
8933:
8931:
8929:
8927:
8925:
8775:
8606:Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era
8353:
8250:Civil rights movement in Omaha, Nebraska
8134:History of African Americans in Kentucky
8019:Civil rights movement in popular culture
7997:
7885:African American Military History Museum
7815:List of plantations in the United States
7218:2020 United States presidential election
7070:
6944:
6861:
6810:Southern Christian Leadership Conference
6770:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
6752:
6719:Southern Christian Leadership Conference
6529:
6521:
6367:
6249:
6214:
5979:
5905:institutional racism in the Armed Forces
5890:
5859:
5817:
5802:
5731:
5683:
5675:
5546:; arts and letters flourished. Writers
5506:
5376:
5238:
5185:
5143:
5099:
4992:
4653:
4504:
4343:History of the United States (1776–1789)
4172:
4157:
3662:
3618:, which outlawed racial discrimination.
3495:sides, and after the conflict ended the
3464:population was of African descent, both
21004:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
20741:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"
20736:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"
15341:Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
14021:A Companion to African American History
13304:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199746705.013.0015
13070:Earle, Jonathan, and Malcolm Swanston.
11043:
10269:
10024:(Boston: Prentice Hall, 2011), 206–207.
9070:
9068:
8735:
8453:
8285:History of African Americans in Houston
8280:History of African Americans in Detroit
8270:History of African Americans in Chicago
7880:Texas African American History Memorial
7775:Racial segregation in the United States
7765:Race and ethnicity in the United States
7750:List of expulsions of African Americans
6764:" speech during the March on Washington
5832:French Army's 157th "Red Hand" Division
5757:Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)
5381:Robert McDaniels lynched. Apr. 13, 1937
5173:. Some civil rights activists, such as
4895:African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church
3513:westward expansion of the United States
261:This article is part of a series on the
216:Left-right from top: 1840 depiction of
14:
21919:
20918:African-American women in the movement
19370:White House Conference on Civil Rights
19201:"Segregation now, segregation forever"
18782:Topics related to the African diaspora
17888:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
14354:– African American History and Culture
14226:Hampton, Henry, and Steve Fayer, eds.
13864:
13546:Gasman, Marybeth and Roger L. Geiger.
13428:
13278:Black Leaders of the Twentieth Century
13199:Franklin, John Hope, and Alfred Moss,
13009:
12994:
12843:
12671:
11679:
11369:
10916:(New York 1980), 79–80. December 2012.
10751:
10426:
10375:
10191:
10136:
9814:
9690:
9684:
9656:
9650:
9619:
9613:
9322:
9269:Smithers, Gregory D. (November 2012).
9199:Egner Gruber, Kate (January 4, 2021).
8983:
8658:
8629:
8623:
8485:History: A Journal of Student Research
8305:History of African Americans in Austin
8265:History of African Americans in Boston
8186:History of African Americans in Oregon
8129:History of African Americans in Kansas
7947:History of slavery in New York (state)
7850:Politics of the Southern United States
7736:List of monuments to African Americans
7139:, 1993–96; and Supreme Court justices
5488:realistic accounts of Negro town life.
4840:
4762:and Congress on the issue of slavery.
4693:demand for slave labor to develop new
4629:founded separate Black denominations.
4304:United States outlawed the slave trade
4242:European colonization of North America
3602:led by civil rights activists such as
21952:History of the United States by topic
21942:History of the Southern United States
21257:
19359:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
18821:
18762:Landmark African-American legislation
16813:
16787:
16269:
16031:
15693:
14497:
14441:
14364:Center for Contemporary Black History
13746:African American History Reconsidered
13680:(Northwestern University Press, 2006)
12578:
10691:Black Union Soldiers in the Civil War
10288:
10219:
9752:"The Constitution and the New Nation"
9211:from the original on January 26, 2021
8922:
8368:
8315:African Americans in Washington, D.C.
8029:Timeline of the civil rights movement
7915:
7895:Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia
7890:International African American Museum
7845:History of the Southern United States
7840:Culture of the Southern United States
7706:Military history of African Americans
7383:lack academic credibility and rigor.
7244:. African Americans have the highest
6866:President Johnson signs the historic
6855:, that culminated in the passage the
6064:Democratic Party for leaders such as
3997:
3531:, in which 178,000 African Americans
3434:European colonization of the Americas
2535:Athletic associations and conferences
2024:History of African-American education
21666:Timeline of African-American history
21127:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument
19591:Regional Council of Negro Leadership
19539:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
19485:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
18962:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
18887:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore
17893:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)
14055:Meier, August, and Elliott Rudwick.
13981:
13817:(3), Fall 2002, pp. 413–443 in
13738:(1) March 1998, pp. 146–174 in
13035:(March 2008), 94, #4, pp. 1186–1202.
12988:
11401:"Red Hand Flag – History Detectives"
10829:
10486:
9974:"Growth and Entrenchment of Slavery"
9596:
9543:
9065:
8736:Solomon, Salem (February 17, 2017).
8495:
8449:
8447:
8430:. Infobase Publishing. p. 554.
8300:African Americans in Davenport, Iowa
8245:African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska
8161:African American history of Nebraska
8064:
7982:History of slavery in South Carolina
7977:History of slavery in North Carolina
7690:Timeline of African-American history
7407:Scholars of African-American history
7345:The Negro in the American Revolution
6997:adding citations to reliable sources
6968:
6608:adding citations to reliable sources
6579:
6238:called for the "double victory" or "
5743:From May 1918 to November 1918, the
4833:their world. Benjamin Quarles' work
4704:In 1807, at the urging of President
4639:
4298:Black population in the 19th century
4266:Black population in the 18th century
4084:adding citations to reliable sources
4055:
3744:
3503:, which had an economy dependent on
2458:Association for the Study of African
57:adding citations to reliable sources
28:
19534:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
19470:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
19140:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address
18247:African-American Vernacular English
14432:African-American history connection
13860:ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
13766:Journal of African American History
12599:from the original on April 16, 2007
11829:. PublicAffairs. pp. 437–438.
11077:
10864:
9940:American Nineteenth Century History
8371:"How Many Slaves Landed in the US?"
8191:African Americans in South Carolina
8176:African Americans in North Carolina
7962:History of slavery in West Virginia
7162:list nearly every year since 1995.
7137:United States Secretary of Commerce
6575:
6541:The Second Great Migration was the
6142:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
6084:In November 1936, the American duo
5611:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
5320:
5039:American Civil War and emancipation
3783:region included territory from the
3272:Race and ethnicity in the US census
2773:African-American Vernacular English
2342:National Conference of Black Mayors
24:
20978:African-American churches attacked
19544:Montgomery Improvement Association
19519:Georgia Council on Human Relations
19504:Council of Federated Organizations
19475:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
19233:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
19191:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot
18997:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
18901:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
18165:U.S. cities with large populations
17868:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
15028:Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act
15018:Assassination of James A. Garfield
14332:– African-American History Channel
14330:"African American History Channel"
14161:
14139:Yacovone, Donald (April 8, 2018).
13984:Black Women, Gender & Families
13054:
13042:
11751:Black Politics in New Deal Atlanta
11643:A New Deal for the American People
9729:from the original on June 10, 2007
9053:from the original on June 14, 2007
8240:African Americans in New York City
7353:The Negro in the Making of America
6508:produced for all-Black audiences.
6389:Fair Employment Practice Committee
6245:
5934:Great Migration (African American)
5499:Great Migration (African American)
5243:2Sign for "Colored waiting room",
4891:African Methodist Episcopal Church
4772:Abolitionism in the United Kingdom
4586:Among the successful free men was
4440:to any enslaved person owned by a
4359:, a document which would become a
3818:region consisted of mainly modern
3764:) encompassing the coast from the
3671:
3667:African-American slaves in Georgia
3456:in 1619, marking the beginning of
2475:National Black Chamber of Commerce
671: Modern Era
220:and child, 1857 newspaper ads for
25:
21963:
21367:Bruh Rabbit and the Tar Baby Girl
21050:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
20923:Jews in the civil rights movement
17038:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013
17034:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009
16841:African American founding fathers
15060:Assassination of William McKinley
14322:
13996:10.5406/blacwomegendfami.1.1.0001
13271:Black Leaders of the 19th Century
13269:Litwack, Leon, and August Meier.
13223:(2 vols, 4th edn 2007), textbook
11566:1919, The Year of Racial Violence
11123:(Harvard University Press, 2009).
10465:from the original on June 3, 2007
10323:from the original on June 4, 2007
9928:26, no. 4 (Winter 2006): 617–639.
9139:, Cengage Learning, 2011, p. 108.
9086:from the original on June 4, 2007
8986:"Esteban (?-1539). BlackPast.org"
8849:
8444:
8009:Civil rights movement (1896–1954)
8004:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
7267:
6914:, followed by the passage of the
5976:New Deal § African Americans
5424:Civil rights movement (1896–1954)
5215:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
5082:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
5075:
4776:Abolitionism in the United States
4670:, while northern states began to
4476:. Sold again, he was enslaved in
4246:Virginia Statutes: ACT XII (1662)
3610:This succeeded in persuading the
3179:Places by plurality of population
1845:Civil rights movement (1954–1968)
1835:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
1788:Abolitionism in the United States
21901:
21900:
21552:
21546:
21472:Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses
21244:Civil rights movement portal
21237:
21085:Freedom Riders National Monument
20827:The Kingdom of God Is Within You
19339:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches
19298:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests
19185:Second Emancipation Proclamation
18800:
17918:United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
17063:Nadir of American race relations
16767:
16758:
16757:
16722:
16721:
15279:Assassination of John F. Kennedy
15072:Nadir of American race relations
14951:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
14019:Hornsby Jr., Alton, et al. eds.
13570:, and Ana-Christina Ramon, eds.
13240:(Hill & Wang; 2010), 438 pp.
13025:
13003:
12999:. Washington, DC: College Board.
12995:Waters, Brandi (February 2022).
12975:Western Journal of Black Studies
12967:
12954:
12938:Western Journal of Black Studies
12930:
12908:
12872:
12837:
12811:
12798:
12784:
12766:
12742:
12717:
12692:
12665:
12640:
12624:
12611:
12565:
12552:
12539:
12526:
12491:
12478:
12465:
12444:
12431:
12418:
12381:
12368:
12355:
12333:
12320:
12307:
12276:
12197:
12184:
12147:
12134:
12121:
12108:
12064:
12051:
12004:
11975:
11962:
11949:
11936:
11905:
11892:
11859:
11816:
11800:
11787:
11774:
11743:
11726:
11713:
11700:
11673:
11668:The New Deal: The National Level
11660:
11648:
11635:
11622:
11593:
11580:
11571:
11558:
11545:
11536:
11523:
11506:
11492:
11478:
11469:
11456:
11445:
11432:
11418:
11363:
11338:
11313:
11297:
11281:
11261:
11244:
11231:
11218:
11195:
11178:
11165:
11162:(Oxford University Press, 2007).
11152:
11139:
11126:
11113:
11097:
11071:
11054:
11037:
11024:
10996:
10961:
10949:
10932:
10919:
10906:
10880:
10858:
10830:Ross, Dorothy (September 2009).
10823:
10810:Reconstruction and Its Aftermath
10798:
10745:
10709:
10696:
10683:
9697:. New Africa Press. p. 68.
8156:African Americans in Mississippi
8068:
7785:Racism against African Americans
7731:African-American Historic Places
7670:Black Belt in the American South
7644:
7630:
7616:
7602:
7390:announced that it will pilot an
7331:. In 1953, he began teaching at
7223:
7125:United States Secretary of State
6973:
6788:" of the Civil Rights Movement:
6717:Civil rights groups such as the
6584:
5205:Nadir of American race relations
5195:Nadir of American race relations
4970:Denmark Vesey Conspiracy of 1822
4412:battles of Lexington and Concord
4406:. Many fought side by side with
4208:), thirty miles downstream from
4060:
3584:nadir of American race relations
3539:side. During the war, President
3354:
1876:Black Belt in the American South
1696:
1687:
1686:
1648:
1647:
278:
206:
197:
186:
177:
166:
157:
146:
137:
33:
21112:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum
21100:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
19576:National Council of Negro Women
19514:Deacons for Defense and Justice
16924:Civil rights movement 1954–1968
16914:Civil rights movement 1865–1896
14981:First transcontinental railroad
14103:U. B. Phillips: A Southern Mind
13921:– via Stockton Wordpress.
13659:The Origins of the Urban Crisis
13529:(Oxford University Press, 2013)
13480:(Oxford University Press, 2010)
13387:65#3 (1980), pp. 212–227.
13362:44#3 (1978), pp. 421–440.
12922:. March 2, 2009. Archived from
10670:
10659:
10646:
10619:
10594:
10554:
10514:
10451:
10396:
10369:
10335:
10309:
10282:
10263:
10238:
10213:
10130:
10121:
10104:
10091:
10078:
10062:
10027:
10014:
9992:
9966:
9931:
9918:
9897:
9876:
9861:
9848:
9835:
9808:
9795:
9782:
9769:
9711:
9590:
9560:
9537:
9511:
9498:
9485:
9472:
9459:
9446:
9420:
9395:
9373:
9316:
9289:
9275:. University Press of Florida.
9262:
9248:
9223:
9192:
9167:
9142:
9098:
9035:
9017:
8999:
8977:
8964:
8909:
8896:
8870:
8843:
8769:
8755:
8715:
8702:
8677:
8652:
8596:
8569:
8166:African Americans in New Jersey
7987:History of slavery in Tennessee
7972:History of slavery in Louisiana
7721:African-American Heritage Sites
7675:American Descendants of Slavery
6984:needs additional citations for
6834:National Council of Negro Women
6595:needs additional citations for
6452:published his bestselling book
6232:The African-American newspaper
6228:A call for "The Double Victory"
6200:
6090:on a British television channel
6015:A rival federal agency was the
5907:. In 1990, under pressure from
5542:, who celebrated Blackness, or
4913:, many Black people joined the
4817:was assaulted and nearly killed
4765:
4286:in the eighteenth century, the
4071:needs additional citations for
4051:
3631:immigrated to the United States
2480:National Council of Negro Women
44:needs additional citations for
18992:Mansfield school desegregation
17913:Thurgood Marshall College Fund
16919:Civil right movement 1896–1954
14234:Hart, Albert Bushnell (1910).
13697:, no. 2 (Winter 1999): 429–60.
13532:Cash, Floris Loretta Barnett.
13431:Racism in the Nation's Service
13115:(Pennsylvania State UP, 1976).
12729:Congressional Research Service
12700:"African American Politicians"
8984:Birzer, D (January 19, 2007).
8778:The William and Mary Quarterly
8556:
8536:and Thomas E. Terrill (2008).
8526:
8478:
8472:
8423:
8417:
8391:
8362:
8356:Black Tudors" The Untold Story
8347:
8255:Black Belt (region of Chicago)
8201:African Americans in Tennessee
8146:African Americans in Louisiana
8107:Black Belt (region of Alabama)
7992:History of slavery in Delaware
7967:History of slavery in Missouri
7952:History of slavery in Virginia
7942:History of slavery in Maryland
7937:History of slavery in Kentucky
7258:post-Reconstruction oppression
7080:President of the United States
6393:National Labor Relations Board
5846:, where they were awarded the
5659:
5629:National Negro Business League
5104:The Emancipation Proclamation.
4752:Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
3652:
3460:; by 1776, roughly 20% of the
3277:Racism against Black Americans
13:
1:
21122:National Voting Rights Museum
21065:Civil Rights Movement Archive
20864:Lynching in the United States
20751:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
19206:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
19179:University of Chicago sit-ins
18946:Davis v. Prince Edward County
18093:Cherokee freedmen controversy
17069:The Negro Motorist Green Book
14300:Works Progress Administration
14146:Chronicle of Higher Education
13371:Arkansas Historical Quarterly
13341:
13225:excerpt and text search vol 1
13101:and Elsa Barkley Brown, eds.
12763:. Retrieved 19 September 2013
12672:Jordan, John (June 9, 2014).
11203:Business and Economic History
10564:The Works of thomas Jefferson
10220:Meyer, Stephen Grant (2001).
9926:Journal of the Early Republic
9638:Browne-Davies, Nigel (2014).
9597:Nash, Gary B. (Summer 2006).
9544:Nash, Gary B. (Summer 2006).
9467:Journal of the Early Republic
9341:10.1080/0144039x.2020.1755502
9201:"Slavery in Colonial America"
9105:Rodriguez, Junius P. (2007).
8576:Bordewich, Fergus M. (2005).
8539:The American South: A History
8216:African Americans in Virginia
8181:African Americans in Oklahoma
8171:African Americans in New York
8151:African Americans in Maryland
8114:African Americans in Arkansas
7927:History of slavery in Florida
7922:History of slavery in Alabama
7755:Lynching in the United States
7236:, changes implemented in the
6912:Chicago Open Housing Movement
6845:Birmingham Children's Crusade
6363:
6140:, the president of all black
5700:for gallantry in action, 1919
5263:, residency requirements and
4432:By contrast, the British and
4212:. They had been kidnapped by
4180:, by an unknown artist, 1670.
3629:. Of those, over 2.1 million
2485:National Pan-Hellenic Council
21751:Slavery in the United States
21746:History of the United States
21117:National Civil Rights Museum
20973:March on Washington Movement
20958:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
19427:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
16149:Hispanic and Latino American
15003:Second Industrial Revolution
14837:Nat Turner's slave rebellion
14543:Exploration of North America
14469:History of the United States
13439:10.5149/9781469607214_Yellin
13221:The African-American Odyssey
13219:Hine, Darlene Clark, et al.
13142:. Rowman & Littlefield.
13012:"The Birth of Black Studies"
12846:American Sociological Review
12363:Air Force Integrates 1949–64
11514:Western Pennsylvania History
10342:Raboteau, Albert J. (2004).
10142:The Journal of Negro History
10070:The Caning of Charles Sumner
9907:(2000), 105#1, pp. 103–115;
9620:Thayer, James Steel (1991).
9179:nationalhumanitiescenter.org
8603:McPherson, James M. (1988).
8260:Black history in Puerto Rico
8235:African Americans in Atlanta
8124:African Americans in Georgia
8119:African Americans in Florida
8102:African Americans in Alabama
8039:List of civil rights leaders
7855:Society of the United States
7835:Culture of the United States
7795:Slavery in the United States
7652:Civil rights movement portal
7274:slavery in the United States
6896:Selma Voting Rights Movement
6466:
6446:Committee of Racial Equality
6301:442nd Regimental Combat Team
6286:to make the propaganda film
6151:March on Washington Movement
5639:Women in the beauty business
4167:from Dutch man-of-war, 1619"
4024:
3635:culture of the United States
3412:started with the arrival of
3287:School segregation in the US
2825:Black American Sign Language
2799:Languages and other dialects
1146:Hispanic and Latino American
7:
21503:Michael Row the Boat Ashore
20761:"This Little Light of Mine"
19509:Dallas County Voters League
19455:Atlanta Negro Voters League
19218:Letter from Birmingham Jail
18925:Brown v. Board of Education
17963:Black players in ice hockey
17898:National Urban League (NUL)
17724:American Society of Muslims
16962:Selma to Montgomery marches
16882:Brown v. Board of Education
15673:Indictments of Donald Trump
14864:First Industrial Revolution
14698:Declaration of Independence
14688:Second Continental Congress
14081:Journal of American History
14035:Reviews in American History
13842:Journal of American History
13790:Journal of American History
13733:Reviews in American History
13726:Historiography and teaching
13605:, no. 3 (May 1990): 227–62.
13584:Moore, Shirley Ann Wilson.
13360:Journal of Southern History
13033:Journal of American History
12792:"QuickFacts: United States"
12621:. (Johns Hopkins UP, (2010)
12452:Journal of American History
12340:and Private George Watson.
12144:39#2 (2019) : 208–231.
11808:Illinois Historical Journal
11350:www.worldwar1centennial.org
11188:(1957) pp. 53–59. 135–137.
10836:Journal of American History
10291:Journal of Southern History
9803:American Slavery: 1619–1877
9790:American Slavery: 1619–1877
9777:American Slavery: 1619–1877
9568:""Who Were the Loyalists?""
9506:Journal of American History
9080:The Terrible Transformation
9047:The Terrible Transformation
8919:, p. 29. Chapel Hill, 1998.
8906:, p. 27. Chapel Hill, 1998.
8712:(U Press of Florida, 2013).
8683:Finkelman, Paul. ed. 2009.
8456:American Slavery, 1619–1877
8369:Gates, Henry Louis (2014).
8330:African Americans in France
8325:African Americans in Israel
7957:History of slavery in Texas
7830:Religion of Black Americans
7790:Racism in the United States
7595:
7392:AP African American Studies
7368:racism in the United States
7321:historically Black colleges
6900:Selma to Montgomery marches
6818:Congress on Racial Equality
6747:Brown v. Board of Education
6695:Brown v. Board of Education
6095:In April 1937, Congressman
6017:Public Works Administration
5969:
5876:was posthumously awarded a
5789:units as well as draftees.
5763:for their gallantry in the
5704:
5645:African-American businesses
5623:African-American businesses
5454:African-American newspapers
5418:Early civil rights movement
5412:right to keep and bear arms
4731:In 1850, after winning the
4612:Religion of Black Americans
4605:
4545:used language from the new
4369:Second Continental Congress
4357:Declaration of Independence
4290:resembled an "extension of
3856:extended from southeastern
3791:in the modern countries of
3550:After the war ended with a
3511:and expanded it during the
3432:in California in 1579. The
2114:African-American businesses
10:
21968:
21095:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
20963:Holt Street Baptist Church
20933:16th Street Baptist Church
19917:Annie Bell Robinson Devine
19561:Nashville Student Movement
19491:An Appeal for Human Rights
18120:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
17878:Nashville Student Movement
16889:Children of the plantation
16270:
16032:
15694:
15565:Killing of Osama bin Laden
14653:First Continental Congress
14498:
14360:– African American Odyssey
14338:– PBS 4-Part Series (2007)
13927:American Historical Review
13468:
13465:Activism and urban culture
13177:
13173:
12858:10.1177/000312240406900201
12500:Michigan Historical Review
12374:Morris J. MacGregor, Jr.,
10974:, accessed March 10, 2008.
10925:Williamjames Hull Hoffer,
10806:"Fruits of Reconstruction"
10376:Greene, A. Wilson (2006).
10068:Williamjames Hull Hoffer,
10048:10.1177/002193477000100102
9905:American Historical Review
9815:Bedini, Silvio A. (1999).
9432:Slave-ships.blogspot.co.uk
9295:
9205:American Battlefield Trust
8974:(Prentice Hall, 2011), 38.
8354:Kauffman, Miranda (2018).
8320:African Americans in Ghana
8221:First Africans in Virginia
8206:African Americans in Texas
7398:Knowledge of Black history
7355:(1964, updated 1987), and
7341:The Negro in the Civil War
7339:. Quarles' books included
7117:Congressional Black Caucus
7008:"African-American history"
6954:
6948:
6681:
6619:"African-American history"
6515:
6498:Eddie "Rochester" Anderson
6204:
6057:Civil Works Administration
5973:
5927:
5669:
5663:
5620:
5496:
5421:
5359:paramilitary organizations
5208:
5198:
5093:
5079:
5052:
5042:
4986:
4949:
4788:National Negro Conventions
4769:
4710:Fugitive Slave Act of 1793
4643:
4609:
4400:American Revolutionary War
4336:
4319:fleeing to Spanish Florida
4095:"African-American history"
4001:
3829:region stretched from the
3656:
3473:American Revolutionary War
2652:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
2327:Congressional Black Caucus
2294:African Diaspora Religions
2081:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
250:2020 George Floyd protests
68:"African-American history"
21898:
21761:
21653:
21645:South Carolina Lowcountry
21599:
21568:
21561:
21544:
21521:
21480:
21399:
21383:
21358:
21299:
21292:
21233:
21135:
21037:
20851:
20784:
20726:
20705:
20592:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
20562:Modjeska Monteith Simkins
19634:
19626:Women's Political Council
19621:Wednesdays in Mississippi
19616:United Auto Workers (UAW)
19601:Southern Regional Council
19571:Northern Student Movement
19480:Committee for Freedom Now
19440:
19387:Memphis sanitation strike
19353:Voting Rights Act of 1965
19275:
19096:Savannah Protest Movement
19058:
18916:
18877:Journey of Reconciliation
18869:
18856:
18790:
18757:Index of related articles
18635:
18550:
18274:
18207:
18145:
18045:
18006:
17938:
17931:
17846:
17766:
17758:Doctrine of Father Divine
17704:
17646:
17295:
17150:
17142:Women's suffrage movement
17095:Reconstruction Amendments
16902:Voting Rights Act of 1965
16821:
16743:
16709:
16653:
16617:
16605:
16344:
16318:
16280:
16276:
16265:
16038:
16027:
15700:
15689:
15555:
15458:
15386:
15287:
15198:
15149:Wall Street Crash of 1929
15080:
14961:
14946:Emancipation Proclamation
14877:
14800:
14748:
14715:Articles of Confederation
14668:
14553:Native American epidemics
14533:
14508:
14504:
14493:
14475:
14274:King Jr., Martin Luther.
14265:King Jr., Martin Luther.
14255:King Jr., Martin Luther.
14086:(December 1988): 842–56.
14002:Hine, Darlene Clark, ed.
13865:Harris, Robert L (1982).
13812:American Literary History
13692:Journal of Social History
13062:The Jim Crow Encyclopedia
12534:Women at War with America
12428:(2011), pp. 25–42, 63–80.
11810:(1985) 78#4 pp. 242–256.
11694:10.1080/00236567508584321
11533:(Penn State Press, 2010).
10991:Constitutional Commentary
10970:Constitutional Commentary
10958:, accessed 17 April 2008.
10867:"The Souls of Black Folk"
10784:. Boston: Prentice Hall.
10737:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
9952:10.1080/14664650600956585
9323:Hacker, J. David (2020).
9011:African American Registry
8659:Lemann, Nicholas (1991).
8211:African Americans in Utah
7293:, a Black historian, and
6908:Voting Rights Act of 1965
6889:Philadelphia, Mississippi
6502:Louis "Satchmo" Armstrong
6480:Bill "Bojangles" Robinson
6333:U.S. 761st Tank Battalion
6168:
6131:Ellison "Cotton Ed" Smith
5834:. The soldiers fought in
5694:
5061:Emancipation Proclamation
5049:Emancipation Proclamation
4946:Haiti's effect on slavery
4523:Constitutional Convention
3623:2020 United States census
3580:migrated out of the South
3159:US states and territories
2460:American Life and History
2182:Lift Every Voice and Sing
1891:Treatment of the enslaved
21932:African diaspora history
21927:African-American history
21698:History of Guinea-Bissau
21661:African-American history
21607:Beaufort, South Carolina
21529:African-American culture
19460:Atlanta Student Movement
19409:Civil Rights Act of 1968
19334:1964–1965 Scripto strike
19315:Civil Rights Act of 1964
19213:1963 Birmingham campaign
19106:Civil Rights Act of 1960
19030:Civil Rights Act of 1957
18807:United States portal
18242:African-American English
17671:Inventors and scientists
17363:George Washington Carver
16967:Chicago Freedom Movement
16635:Northern Mariana Islands
15208:Strike wave of 1945–1946
14402:Black History Milestones
14373:– Guide to Black History
13874:Journal of Negro History
13702:Journal of Urban History
13669:Thomas, Richard Walter.
13600:Journal of Urban History
13429:Yellin, Eric S. (2013).
13385:Journal of Negro History
13189:(2018), classic survey;
12675:Born Black in the U.S.A.
12634:75.4 (1997): 1213–1238.
11373:Born Black in the U.S.A.
11105:Journal of Negro History
10940:Journal of Negro History
10752:Willis, John C. (2000).
10676:Michael Vorenberg, ed.,
10459:"Freedom and Resistance"
10036:Journal of Black Studies
8972:The Struggle For Freedom
8358:. Oneworld Publications.
8340:
7820:African-American culture
7660:African-American culture
7337:Johns Hopkins University
6868:Civil Rights Act of 1964
6857:Civil Rights Act of 1964
6360:efforts to the utmost".
6068:, who went to Congress.
5749:372nd American Regiments
5643:Although most prominent
5230:Benjamin "Pap" Singleton
5141:bottomlands were Black.
5116:decision). In 1868, the
5110:Civil Rights Act of 1866
4923:Gillfield Baptist Church
3616:Civil Rights Act of 1964
3410:African-American history
3361:United States portal
2768:African-American English
2279:African-American Muslims
1840:Jim Crow era (1896–1954)
649:
627:
605:
594:
572:
561:
539:
528:
517:
506:
484:
473:
462:
440:
418:
407:
385:
374:
352:
341:
18:African American history
21937:History by ethnic group
21734:History of Sierra Leone
21627:Golden Isles of Georgia
21012:Voter Education Project
20766:"We Shall Not Be Moved"
20427:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
19862:Josephine Dobbs Clement
19288:Chester school protests
19283:Twenty-fourth Amendment
19245:Detroit Walk to Freedom
18987:Tallahassee bus boycott
18908:Baton Rouge bus boycott
18730:African-American firsts
17779:Back-to-Africa movement
17748:Black Hebrew Israelites
17528:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
17076:Partus sequitur ventrem
16170:Middle Eastern American
15987:Technology and industry
14857:Seneca Falls Convention
14658:Continental Association
14558:Settlement of Jamestown
14378:Black People in History
14371:Encyclopædia Britannica
14310:excerpt and text search
14280:excerpt and text search
14261:excerpt and text search
14215:excerpt and text search
14167:Aptheker, Herbert, ed.
14134:excerpt and text search
14117:OAH Magazine of History
14068:excerpt and text search
14015:excerpt and text search
13760:excerpt and text search
13750:excerpt and text search
13629:(Lexington Books, 2012)
13615:Player, Tiffany Angel.
13504:(2003), primary sources
13322:excerpt and text search
13205:excerpt and text search
13107:excerpt and text search
13093:excerpt and text search
13076:excerpt and text search
11738:excerpt and text search
11228:(2009) pp. 1–18, 63–65.
10848:10.1093/jahist/96.2.379
10116:Oxford University Press
10074:excerpt and text search
9719:"The Revolutionary War"
9329:Slavery & Abolition
8970:Clayborne Carson, ed.,
8689:Oxford University Press
8454:Kolchin, Peter (2003).
7429:John Wesley Blassingame
7329:University of Wisconsin
6276:Battle of Bamber Bridge
5874:371st Infantry Regiment
5765:Meuse-Argonne Offensive
5723:369th Infantry Regiment
5672:Woodrow Wilson and race
5282:Williams v. Mississippi
4535:three-fifths compromise
4381:Prince Hall Freemasonry
3282:Reparations for slavery
2370:Back-to-Africa movement
2269:Black Hebrew Israelites
2147:African-American beauty
1167:Middle Eastern American
989:Technology and industry
236:, civil rights leaders
21407:Afro-American religion
21225:Movement photographers
20467:Bernice Johnson Reagon
20187:Martin Luther King Sr.
20182:Martin Luther King Jr.
19752:William Holmes Borders
19524:Highlander Folk School
19414:Poor People's Campaign
19267:St. Augustine movement
19117:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
19040:Katz Drug Store sit-in
19011:Royal Ice Cream sit-in
18973:Montgomery bus boycott
18698:Spingarn Medal winners
18187:States and territories
17958:Black NFL quarterbacks
17458:Martin Luther King Jr.
16990:Dred Scott v. Sandford
16929:Montgomery bus boycott
16290:Admission to the Union
15656:Afghanistan withdrawal
15651:January 6 insurrection
15570:Rise in mass shootings
15542:Virginia Tech shooting
15095:Paris Peace Conference
14869:Second Great Awakening
14608:American Enlightenment
14366:at Columbia University
14294:Rawick, George P. ed.
14174:Baker, Ray Stannard.
13844:(June 1988): 163–173.
13744:Dagbovie, Pero Gaglo.
13707:, no. 3 (1993): 30–54.
13608:Pattillo-McCoy, Mary.
13128:Palmer, Colin A., ed.
13051:
12748:Roy Douglas Malonson,
12704:www.myblackhistory.net
12558:Frank N. Magill, ed.,
11224:Lawrence Otis Graham,
11158:Nathan Irvin Huggins,
10972:, Vol. 17, 2000, p. 27
10666:Dred Scott v. Sandford
10524:Nile's Weekly Register
8630:Fremon, David (2000).
8534:William J. Cooper, Jr.
7865:African American Lives
7494:Asa Grant Hilliard III
7459:Henry Louis Gates, Jr.
7086:
6871:
6806:Martin Luther King Jr.
6765:
6758:Martin Luther King Jr.
6712:Montgomery bus boycott
6538:
6527:
6512:Second Great Migration
6381:Second Great Migration
6375:
6263:
6235:The Pittsburgh Courier
6224:
6223:, France. 10 June 1944
6159:Fiorello H. La Guardia
6105:Duck Hill, Mississippi
5988:
5924:Home front and postwar
5900:
5865:
5823:
5811:
5773:General Order No. 245
5740:
5715:armistice with Germany
5701:
5681:
5617:Black-owned businesses
5605:, and union organizer
5570:, William H. Johnson,
5519:
5469:1906 Atlanta Race Riot
5440:. After the notorious
5434:Niagara Falls, Ontario
5382:
5248:
5191:
5184:
5149:
5134:United States Congress
5105:
5010:
4989:Dred Scott v. Sandford
4982:Dred Scott v. Sandford
4974:Nat Turner's Rebellion
4960:Nile's Weekly Register
4904:Richard Allen (bishop)
4663:
4634:Second Great Awakening
4470:fought for the British
4181:
4170:
3980:Mozambique-Madagascar
3668:
3608:Martin Luther King Jr.
3600:broad unified movement
3497:Northern United States
3462:British North American
2752:Dialects and languages
1912:Second Great Migration
1279:Admission to the Union
21762:Related ethnic groups
21727:History of the Gambia
21586:Port Royal Experiment
21400:Religion and folklore
21340:Daughters of the Dust
21060:Civil Rights Memorial
20948:Bethel Baptist Church
20597:Charles Kenzie Steele
20042:Audrey Faye Hendricks
19947:Myrlie Evers-Williams
19927:Patricia Stephens Due
19897:Abraham Lincoln Davis
19832:Colia Lafayette Clark
19586:Operation Breadbasket
19581:National Urban League
19328:Katzenbach v. McClung
19196:Atlanta's Berlin Wall
18849:Civil rights movement
18008:Athletic associations
17943:Negro league baseball
17714:African-American Jews
17433:Ketanji Brown Jackson
17398:Henry Highland Garnet
17257:Negro National Anthem
17007:George Floyd protests
16972:Post–civil rights era
16282:Territorial evolution
15646:George Floyd Protests
15629:Unite the Right rally
15498:Oklahoma City bombing
15493:Republican Revolution
15440:Space Shuttle program
15262:Civil Rights Movement
15230:North Atlantic Treaty
15038:Sherman Antitrust Act
15023:Chinese Exclusion Act
14613:French and Indian War
14603:Prelude to Revolution
14588:First Great Awakening
14548:European colonization
14342:Living Black History:
14336:"Africans in America"
14171:. (7 vols, 1951–1994)
14009:Hine, Darlene Clark.
13676:Washburn, Patrick S.
13483:Black Jr., Timuel D.
13469:Further information:
13418:10.3 (1969): 433–458.
13309:Painter, Nell Irvin.
13229:Holt, Thomas C., ed.
13097:Hine, Darlene Clark,
13087:Finkelman, Paul, ed.
13080:Finkelman, Paul, ed.
13050:
12977:2002 26(3): 149–154.
12940:2004 28(2): 372–383.
12678:Dorrance Publishing.
12562:(1993) pp. 1159–1163.
11823:Conrad Black (2005).
11568:(Cambridge UP, 2014).
11516:(1995) 78#4: 153–158
11376:Dorrance Publishing.
11370:Jordan, John (2014).
11271:(2014), quote p. 96.
11190:Online free to borrow
11184:E. Franklin Frazier,
11145:Steven A. Reich, ed.
10929:(UP of Kansas, 2012).
8562:Leonard L. Richards,
8479:Bibko, Julia (2016).
8014:Civil rights movement
7998:Civil rights movement
7349:Lincoln and the Negro
7230:civil rights movement
7214:Senator Kamala Harris
7180:presidential election
7074:
6955:Further information:
6945:Post-civil rights era
6916:1968 Fair Housing Act
6906:to call for the full
6865:
6843:This march, the 1963
6802:National Urban League
6760:delivers his famous "
6756:
6704:Civil Rights Movement
6684:Civil rights movement
6533:
6525:
6442:Franklin D. Roosevelt
6371:
6253:
6218:
6041:Franklin D. Roosevelt
5983:
5928:Further information:
5894:
5863:
5821:
5806:
5755:. He was awarded the
5735:
5687:
5679:
5670:Further information:
5587:South Side of Chicago
5540:Léopold Sédar Senghor
5510:
5442:Springfield, Illinois
5380:
5242:
5189:
5179:
5147:
5103:
5028:Slaughter-House Cases
4996:
4965:American Emancipation
4871:Racial discrimination
4830:Second Middle Passage
4795:Harriet Beecher Stowe
4688:The invention of the
4657:
4531:fugitive slave clause
4505:American independence
4487:English abolitionists
4288:colony South Carolina
4176:
4161:
3666:
3164:US metropolitan areas
2991:List of neighborhoods
2605:Alabama Creole people
2595:African-American Jews
2527:Negro league baseball
2490:National Urban League
2442:Civic/economic groups
2274:African-American Jews
2164:African-American hair
2026:, after the Civil War
1855:Post–civil rights era
1270:Territorial evolution
563:Post-World War II Era
244:, young boy touching
21673:Atlantic slave trade
21348:Gullah Gullah Island
21105:other King memorials
21080:Freedom Rides Museum
21017:1960s counterculture
20968:Edmund Pettus Bridge
20647:Walter Francis White
20552:Alexander D. Shimkin
19066:New Year's Day March
19035:Ministers' Manifesto
18882:Executive Order 9981
18215:Afro-Seminole Creole
17741:Azusa Street Revival
17613:Booker T. Washington
17137:Underground Railroad
17002:Free people of color
16856:Atlantic slave trade
16196:Palestinian American
15623:Obergefell v. Hodges
15515:September 11 attacks
15351:Second-wave feminism
15272:Cuban Missile Crisis
15132:Bath School disaster
15050:Spanish–American War
15013:The Gospel of Wealth
14892:California Gold Rush
14852:Mexican–American War
14842:Nullification crisis
14810:Era of Good Feelings
14710:Confederation period
14618:Proclamation of 1763
14568:Atlantic slave trade
13913:on December 21, 2016
13850:Goggin, Jacqueline.
13407:Patterson, James T.
13400:Patterson, James T.
13376:Graham, Hugh Davis.
13099:Rosalyn Terborg-Penn
13010:Soderstrom, Daniel.
12808:(2012), pp. 127–150.
12549:(2000), pp. 113–129.
12536:(1984), pp. 128–129.
12061:(1989), pp. 147–189.
11645:(1991), pp. 172–193.
11438:Chester D. Heywood,
11018:Congressional Record
10689:Hondon B. Hargrove,
9867:Albert J. Raboteau,
9841:Albert J. Raboteau,
9296:Quirk, Joel (2011).
8502:Foner, Eric (2010).
8082:adding missing items
7610:United States portal
7569:Joel Augustus Rogers
7544:Gwendolyn Midlo Hall
7524:David Levering Lewis
7333:Morgan State College
7212:On August 11, 2020,
6993:improve this article
6743:Prince Edward County
6604:improve this article
6357:Walter Francis White
6349:Executive Order 9981
6163:Executive Order 8802
6114:Walter Francis White
5920:at the White House.
5798:District of Columbia
5458:Booker T. Washington
5291:Booker T. Washington
5032:Fourteenth Amendment
4927:Petersburg, Virginia
4919:First Baptist Church
4733:Mexican–American War
4596:District of Columbia
4491:Sierra Leone Company
4450:Governor of Virginia
4163:"Landing Negroes at
4080:improve this article
4010:Atlantic slave trade
3932:West Central Africa
3682:Atlantic slave trade
3588:civil rights efforts
3560:granted equal rights
3545:Thirteenth Amendment
3525:Underground Railroad
3438:Atlantic slave trade
3436:, and the resulting
3321:Criminal stereotypes
3096:District of Columbia
2813:Afro-Seminole Creole
2255:Non-Christian groups
1850:Black power movement
1814:during the Civil War
1783:Atlantic slave trade
1193:Palestinian American
409:Era of Good Feelings
354:Confederation period
291:Timeline and periods
228:, aftermath of 1921
53:improve this article
21488:Charleston red rice
21300:Film and television
20843:Mary McLeod Bethune
20804:Sermon on the Mount
20771:"We Shall Overcome"
20352:William Lewis Moore
20132:Frank Minis Johnson
20107:Richie Jean Jackson
20062:Donald L. Hollowell
19867:Charles E. Cobb Jr.
19672:Gwendolyn Armstrong
19667:William G. Anderson
19647:Victoria Gray Adams
19611:The Freedom Singers
19465:Black Panther Party
19250:March on Washington
19163:Garner v. Louisiana
19124:Boynton v. Virginia
18610:Trinidad and Tobago
18225:Black American Sign
18052:By African descent
18046:Ethnic subdivisions
18033:Southwestern (SWAC)
17948:Baseball color line
17863:Black Panther Party
17767:Political movements
17684:in computer science
17343:Carol Moseley Braun
17132:Tulsa race massacre
17125:Treatment of slaves
16957:March on Washington
16952:Birmingham movement
16645:U.S. Virgin Islands
16131:Lithuanian American
16087:Vietnamese American
15433:End of the Cold War
15423:Invasion of Grenada
15373:Iran hostage crisis
15122:Tulsa race massacre
14929:Election of Lincoln
14924:Dred Scott decision
14912:Kansas–Nebraska Act
14815:Missouri Compromise
14733:Northwest Ordinance
14723:Pennsylvania Mutiny
14718:and Perpetual Union
14678:American Revolution
14593:War of Jenkins' Ear
14358:Library of Congress
14352:Library of Congress
14304:Sernett, Milton C.
14219:Finkenbine, Roy E.
14128:Wright, William D.
14099:Roper, John Herbert
14072:Quarles, Benjamin.
13806:History Cooperative
13748:(2010); 255 pages;
13717:Wilson, William H.
13553:Grossman, James R.
13209:Harris, William H.
13164:Smallwood, Arwin D.
12920:Pew Research Center
12887:Pew Research Center
12378:(Washington, 1981).
12057:Anthony J. Badger,
11555:(Peter Lang, 2008).
11136:(vol 2, 1962) p. 18
11002:Allen W. Trelease,
10942:46.1 (1961): 32–46
10112:Black Abolitionists
9886:, (1912): 129–142.
9624:. pp. 215–230.
9603:Phi Kappa Phi Forum
9550:Phi Kappa Phi Forum
7696:Destination Freedom
7680:Black History Month
7499:Nikole Hannah-Jones
7469:Annette Gordon-Reed
7419:Lerone Bennett, Jr.
7357:Black Abolitionists
7307:Black History Month
7242:incarceration rates
7191:New Great Migration
7102:Carol Moseley-Braun
6961:New Great Migration
6935:Black Panther Party
6739:Farmville, Virginia
6572:lived in the West.
6484:Cab Calloway's Band
6074:Marshall L. Shepard
6049:Mary McLeod Bethune
5650:Madame C. J. Walker
5582:gained prominence.
5475:published the book
5398:." The journalist
5351:Coushatta massacres
5226:Rutherford B. Hayes
4860:construction worker
4841:The Black community
4835:Black Abolitionists
4822:Radical Republicans
4756:The Christiana Riot
4726:Missouri Compromise
4567:Northwest Ordinance
4499:Sierra Leone Creole
4398:and of the ensuing
4339:American Revolution
4218:indentured servants
4210:Jamestown, Virginia
3845:, and southwestern
3702:Southeastern Africa
3627:American population
3487:fought on both the
3442:Barbary slave trade
3424:arrived aboard the
2717:Sierra Leone Creole
2678:Specific ancestries
2563:Southwestern (SWAC)
2086:Black History Month
1917:New Great Migration
1871:Agriculture history
1128:Lithuanian American
1079:Vietnamese American
343:American Revolution
234:March on Washington
230:Tulsa race massacre
21722:History of Senegal
21708:History of Nigeria
21703:History of Liberia
21457:John the Conqueror
21160:Michael Eric Dyson
21045:In popular culture
20928:Fifth Circuit Four
20912:Loving v. Virginia
20905:Hernandez v. Texas
20884:Buchanan v. Warley
20876:Separate but equal
20870:Plessy v. Ferguson
20833:Frederick Douglass
20667:Robert F. Williams
20577:Kelly Miller Smith
20557:Fred Shuttlesworth
20482:Frederick D. Reese
20462:George Raymond Jr.
20452:A. Philip Randolph
20432:Fay Bellamy Powell
20347:Queen Mother Moore
20232:Z. Alexander Looby
20177:Coretta Scott King
20122:Barbara Rose Johns
20102:Jimmie Lee Jackson
20027:William E. Harbour
19807:Stokely Carmichael
19722:Randolph Blackwell
19392:King assassination
19381:Loving v. Virginia
19365:March Against Fear
19345:How Long, Not Long
19223:Children's Crusade
19174:Cambridge movement
19111:Ax Handle Saturday
19076:Greensboro sit-ins
19003:Give Us the Ballot
18708:US representatives
18703:US cabinet members
18595:Dominican Republic
18182:Metropolitan areas
18023:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
17848:Civic and economic
17826:Self-determination
17647:Education, science
17568:Fred Shuttlesworth
17548:A. Philip Randolph
17453:Coretta Scott King
17378:Frederick Douglass
17205:Harlem Renaissance
17110:Separate but equal
17100:Reconstruction era
17088:Plessy v. Ferguson
16979:Cornerstone Speech
16893:Civil Rights Acts
16876:Black Lives Matter
16851:American Civil War
16295:Historical regions
16251:Transgender people
15809:Capital punishment
15668:Support of Ukraine
15617:Black Lives Matter
15525:War in Afghanistan
15450:Invasion of Panama
15406:Iran–Contra affair
15267:Early–mid Cold War
15137:Harlem Renaissance
14996:Compromise of 1877
14971:Reconstruction era
14907:Fugitive Slave Act
14902:Compromise of 1850
14847:Westward expansion
14785:Louisiana Purchase
14628:Stamp Act Congress
14573:King William's War
14237:The Southern South
14122:(4), Summer 1993,
13831:Fields, Barbara J.
13656:Sugrue, Thomas J.
13646:Sugrue, Thomas J.
13591:Osofsky, Gilbert.
13476:Bernstein, Shana.
13393:Patler, Nicholas.
13351:4.6 (2018): 41–72
13064:(Greenwood, 2008)
13052:
12824:The New York Times
12755:2006-05-20 at the
12652:Mercyseatfilms.com
12437:David M. Kennedy,
12118:(2011), pp. 43–62.
11885:The New York Times
11564:David F. Krugler,
11212:2016-11-05 at the
11160:Harlem renaissance
10865:Du Bois, W. E. B.
10854:on April 21, 2012.
10652:Don Fehrenbacher,
10606:historylink101.com
10317:"The Black Church"
10110:Benjamin Quarles,
9599:"African-American"
9546:"African-American"
9434:. February 2, 2011
8915:Gomez, Michael A:
8902:Gomez, Zahkeem A:
8582:. Harper Collins.
8427:Slavery in America
8080:; you can help by
7916:Regional histories
7554:Nell Irvin Painter
7549:Zora Neale Hurston
7514:Barbara Krauthamer
7504:William Loren Katz
7454:John Hope Franklin
7434:John Henrik Clarke
7317:John Hope Franklin
7295:Ulrich B. Phillips
7182:against candidate
7087:
6965:Black Lives Matter
6872:
6798:Whitney Young, Jr.
6766:
6735:Massive Resistance
6539:
6528:
6500:, Lena Horne, and
6438:New Deal Coalition
6376:
6264:
6225:
6138:A. Philip Randolph
5989:
5962:Pittsburgh Courier
5913:Defense Department
5901:
5866:
5824:
5812:
5770:December 12, 1918
5741:
5702:
5682:
5607:A. Philip Randolph
5548:Zora Neale Hurston
5532:Harlem Renaissance
5520:
5503:Harlem Renaissance
5473:Ray Stannard Baker
5471:got him involved,
5392:Tuskegee Institute
5383:
5295:Tuskegee Institute
5269:grandfather clause
5249:
5192:
5171:identity formation
5163:Frederick Douglass
5150:
5106:
5086:Reconstruction era
5045:American Civil War
5011:
4952:Haitian Revolution
4931:Richmond, Virginia
4745:fugitive slave act
4741:compromise of 1850
4737:compromise of 1820
4695:cotton plantations
4683:Haitian Revolution
4664:
4454:Ethiopian regiment
4182:
4171:
4029:In the account of
3998:The Middle Passage
3669:
3612:federal government
3568:racial segregation
3566:, and a system of
3556:Reconstruction era
3529:American Civil War
2726:Sexual orientation
2600:Afro-Puerto Ricans
2553:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
2188:Self-determination
2152:Black is beautiful
1818:Reconstruction era
1248:Transgender people
811:Capital punishment
464:Reconstruction Era
21914:
21913:
21894:
21893:
21769:African Americans
21678:History of Angola
21634:(protected site)
21542:
21541:
21534:Culture of Africa
21513:Robot Hive/Exodus
21481:Music and culture
21374:Vibration Cooking
21324:A Soldier's Story
21251:
21250:
21028:Eyes on the Prize
20943:A.G. Gaston Motel
20938:Kelly Ingram Park
20898:Sweatt v. Painter
20582:Mary Louise Smith
20542:Cleveland Sellers
20527:Michael Schwerner
20492:Gloria Richardson
20272:Thurgood Marshall
20192:Bernard Lafayette
19922:John Wesley Dobbs
19436:
19435:
19155:Birmingham attack
19135:Rock Hill sit-ins
19086:Sibley Commission
19081:Nashville sit-ins
18953:Gebhart v. Belton
18939:Briggs v. Elliott
18932:Bolling v. Sharpe
18893:Sweatt v. Painter
18815:
18814:
18643:African Americans
18515:Dallas–Fort Worth
18110:Black Southerners
18041:
18040:
17493:Thurgood Marshall
17463:Bernard Lafayette
17058:Million Man March
16815:African Americans
16781:
16780:
16739:
16738:
16735:
16734:
16300:American frontier
16261:
16260:
16191:Lebanese American
16176:Egyptian American
16111:Estonian American
16101:Albanian American
16095:European American
16072:Japanese American
16062:Filipino American
16023:
16022:
15685:
15684:
15681:
15680:
15634:COVID-19 pandemic
15537:Hurricane Katrina
15478:Los Angeles riots
15368:Watergate scandal
15213:Start of Cold War
15181:Manhattan Project
14768:Whiskey Rebellion
14598:King George's War
14563:Thirteen Colonies
14524:Pre-Columbian Era
14314:Wright, Kai, ed.
14271:(1963/1964; 2000)
14268:Why We Can't Wait
14228:Voices of Freedom
14185:Berlin, Ira, ed.
13625:Rabaka, Reiland.
13316:Pinn, Anthony B.
13185:Bennett, Lerone,
12962:Civil War History
12896:on March 27, 2009
12778:finance.yahoo.com
12473:Freedom from Fear
12413:Freedom from Fear
12389:Freedom from Fear
12361:Alan L. Gropman,
12344:. 2nd end, 2002.
12315:Freedom from Fear
12302:Freedom from Fear
12284:Freedom from Fear
12271:Freedom from Fear
12253:Freedom from Fear
12225:Freedom from Fear
12205:Freedom from Fear
12192:Freedom from Fear
12179:Freedom from Fear
12155:Freedom from Fear
12103:Freedom from Fear
12046:Freedom From Fear
12030:Freedom From Fear
12012:Freedom From Fear
11999:Freedom From Fear
11983:Freedom From Fear
11970:Freedom From Fear
11957:Freedom From Fear
11944:Freedom From Fear
11931:Freedom From Fear
11913:Freedom From Fear
11900:Freedom From Fear
11867:Freedom From Fear
11854:Freedom From Fear
11795:Freedom From Fear
11782:Freedom From Fear
11769:Freedom From Fear
11732:Harvard Sitkoff,
11721:Freedom From Fear
11708:Freedom From Fear
11670:(1975) 1:170–217.
11630:Freedom From Fear
11617:Freedom From Fear
11601:Freedom From Fear
11588:Freedom From Fear
11303:A'Lelia Bundles,
11287:Susannah Walker,
11237:Elijah Anderson,
11068:(New York, 1998).
11030:Nicholas Lemann,
10912:Joel Williamson,
10193:Carson, Clayborne
9854:James H. Hutson,
9282:978-0-8130-5915-0
8663:. Vintage Press.
8405:. January 6, 2014
8229:In other regions:
8098:
8097:
7905:White nationalism
7589:Carter G. Woodson
7579:Charles H. Wesley
7302:Carter G. Woodson
7246:imprisonment rate
7156:Black billionaire
7141:Thurgood Marshall
7069:
7068:
7061:
7043:
6904:Lyndon B. Johnson
6885:Michael Schwerner
6853:Lyndon B. Johnson
6680:
6679:
6672:
6654:
6492:(1943) (starring
6474:(1943) (starring
6387:strengthened the
6373:Rosie the Riveter
6321:Thurgood Marshall
6289:The Negro Soldier
6240:Double V campaign
6221:Vierville-sur-Mer
6146:Eleanor Roosevelt
6110:Eleanor Roosevelt
6053:Eleanor Roosevelt
6045:William H. Hastie
5918:George H. W. Bush
5690:369th (15th N.Y.)
5568:Lois Mailou Jones
5331:white supremacist
5139:Mississippi Delta
5126:Freedmen's Bureau
5096:Freedmen's Bureau
5005:scars from being
4805:Uncle Tom's Cabin
4800:Uncle Tom's Cabin
4640:Antebellum period
4588:Benjamin Banneker
4539:Elizabeth Freeman
4501:ethnic identity.
4420:George Washington
4280:Revolutionary War
4272:Southern Colonies
4257:sugar plantations
4206:Hampton, Virginia
4156:
4155:
4148:
4130:
3995:
3994:
3908:Thirteen Colonies
3776:Valley were sold;
3745:Regions of Africa
3477:Thirteen Colonies
3407:
3406:
3344:
3343:
3242:
3241:
3016:Dallas-Fort Worth
2833:
2832:
2743:
2742:
2687:Americo-Liberians
2570:
2569:
2508:
2507:
2433:
2432:
2302:
2301:
2246:Womanist theology
2196:
2195:
2138:Symbols and ideas
1924:
1923:
1803:Antebellum period
1798:Revolutionary War
1753:African Americans
1738:
1737:
1660:
1659:
1289:American frontier
1188:Lebanese American
1173:Egyptian American
1103:Estonian American
1093:Albanian American
1087:European American
1064:Japanese American
1054:Filipino American
678:
677:
651:Post-Cold War Era
308:Pre-Columbian Era
270:
129:
128:
121:
103:
16:(Redirected from
21959:
21904:
21903:
21693:History of Ghana
21688:History of Congo
21683:History of Benin
21617:Eulonia, Georgia
21612:Daufuskie Island
21566:
21565:
21556:
21550:
21297:
21296:
21278:
21271:
21264:
21255:
21254:
21242:
21241:
21205:Charles M. Payne
21190:Steven F. Lawson
21180:David Halberstam
21150:Clayborne Carson
20891:Hocutt v. Wilson
20838:W. E. B. Du Bois
20687:Sammy Younge Jr.
20672:Q. V. Williamson
20637:Wyatt Tee Walker
20502:Bernice Robinson
20447:Lincoln Ragsdale
20437:Rodney N. Powell
20332:Douglas E. Moore
20207:Sanford R. Leigh
20142:J. Charles Jones
20017:Fannie Lou Hamer
19932:Joseph Ellwanger
19892:Jonathan Daniels
19882:Claudette Colvin
19872:Annie Lee Cooper
19857:Kathleen Cleaver
19852:Eldridge Cleaver
19827:Shirley Chisholm
19717:Gloria Blackwell
19308:workers' murders
19255:"I Have a Dream"
19150:Anniston bombing
19101:Greenville Eight
19016:Little Rock Nine
18979:Browder v. Gayle
18867:
18866:
18842:
18835:
18828:
18819:
18818:
18805:
18804:
18803:
18767:Lynching victims
18266:Louisiana Creole
18237:American English
18125:Louisiana Creole
18098:Choctaw freedmen
17936:
17935:
17473:Huddie Ledbetter
17413:Fannie Lou Hamer
17383:W. E. B. Du Bois
17373:Claudette Colvin
17368:Shirley Chisholm
17185:Family structure
17053:Military history
16935:Browder v. Gayle
16808:
16801:
16794:
16785:
16784:
16771:
16761:
16760:
16725:
16724:
16654:Outlying islands
16611:Washington, D.C.
16606:Federal District
16305:Manifest destiny
16278:
16277:
16267:
16266:
16209:Native Americans
16181:Iranian American
16155:Mexican American
16141:Serbian American
16126:Italian American
16116:Finnish American
16106:English American
16057:Chinese American
16044:African American
16029:
16028:
15834:Direct democracy
15824:The Constitution
15783:Higher education
15706:American Century
15691:
15690:
15144:Great Depression
15117:Women's suffrage
15107:Roaring Twenties
15033:Haymarket affair
14991:Enforcement Acts
14780:Jeffersonian era
14728:Shays' Rebellion
14648:Intolerable Acts
14643:Boston Tea Party
14578:Queen Anne's War
14506:
14505:
14495:
14494:
14462:
14455:
14448:
14439:
14438:
14422:
14420:
14418:
14412:Familysearch.org
14251:
14196:, (2 vols, 2004)
14157:
14155:
14153:
14062:Nelson, Hasker.
13999:
13978:
13933:(5): 1150–1161.
13922:
13920:
13918:
13912:
13906:. Archived from
13905:
13871:
13796:(4): 1171–1177.
13754:Dagbovie, Pero.
13639:Spear, Allan H.
13632:Self, Robert O.
13560:Hornsby, Alton.
13525:Carle, Susan D.
13460:
13333:Weiner, Mark S.
13236:Holt, Thomas C.
13153:
13091:(5 vols, 2009),
13036:
13029:
13023:
13022:
13020:
13018:
13007:
13001:
13000:
12992:
12986:
12985:Fulltext: Ebsco.
12971:
12965:
12958:
12952:
12934:
12928:
12927:
12926:on May 13, 2009.
12912:
12906:
12905:
12903:
12901:
12895:
12889:. Archived from
12884:
12876:
12870:
12869:
12841:
12835:
12834:
12832:
12830:
12815:
12809:
12802:
12796:
12795:
12788:
12782:
12781:
12770:
12764:
12746:
12740:
12739:
12737:
12735:
12721:
12715:
12714:
12712:
12710:
12696:
12690:
12689:
12669:
12663:
12662:
12660:
12658:
12644:
12638:
12628:
12622:
12615:
12609:
12608:
12606:
12604:
12589:
12576:
12569:
12563:
12556:
12550:
12543:
12537:
12532:D'Ann Campbell,
12530:
12524:
12523:
12512:10.2307/20174036
12495:
12489:
12482:
12476:
12469:
12463:
12448:
12442:
12435:
12429:
12422:
12416:
12409:
12392:
12385:
12379:
12372:
12366:
12359:
12353:
12337:
12331:
12324:
12318:
12311:
12305:
12298:
12287:
12280:
12274:
12267:
12256:
12249:
12228:
12221:
12208:
12201:
12195:
12188:
12182:
12175:
12158:
12151:
12145:
12138:
12132:
12125:
12119:
12112:
12106:
12099:
12078:
12068:
12062:
12055:
12049:
12042:
12033:
12026:
12015:
12008:
12002:
11995:
11986:
11979:
11973:
11966:
11960:
11953:
11947:
11940:
11934:
11927:
11916:
11909:
11903:
11896:
11890:
11889:
11876:
11870:
11863:
11857:
11850:
11841:
11840:
11820:
11814:
11804:
11798:
11791:
11785:
11778:
11772:
11765:
11754:
11749:Karen Ferguson,
11747:
11741:
11736:(1978) ch. 3, 4
11730:
11724:
11717:
11711:
11704:
11698:
11697:
11677:
11671:
11664:
11658:
11652:
11646:
11639:
11633:
11626:
11620:
11613:
11604:
11597:
11591:
11584:
11578:
11575:
11569:
11562:
11556:
11549:
11543:
11540:
11534:
11527:
11521:
11510:
11504:
11503:
11496:
11490:
11489:
11482:
11476:
11473:
11467:
11462:Emmet J. Scott,
11460:
11454:
11449:
11443:
11436:
11430:
11422:
11416:
11415:
11413:
11411:
11397:
11388:
11387:
11367:
11361:
11360:
11358:
11356:
11342:
11336:
11335:
11333:
11331:
11325:amhistory.si.edu
11317:
11311:
11301:
11295:
11285:
11279:
11265:
11259:
11248:
11242:
11235:
11229:
11222:
11216:
11199:
11193:
11182:
11176:
11171:Allan H. Spear,
11169:
11163:
11156:
11150:
11143:
11137:
11130:
11124:
11119:Robert Norrell,
11117:
11111:
11101:
11095:
11094:
11092:
11090:
11075:
11069:
11058:
11052:
11051:
11041:
11035:
11028:
11022:
11013:
11007:
11000:
10994:
10984:
10975:
10965:
10959:
10953:
10947:
10936:
10930:
10923:
10917:
10910:
10904:
10903:
10901:
10899:
10890:. Archived from
10884:
10878:
10877:
10875:
10873:
10862:
10856:
10855:
10850:. Archived from
10827:
10821:
10820:
10818:
10816:
10802:
10796:
10795:
10777:
10768:
10767:
10749:
10743:
10742:
10736:
10728:
10726:
10724:
10713:
10707:
10700:
10694:
10687:
10681:
10674:
10668:
10663:
10657:
10650:
10644:
10643:
10641:
10639:
10623:
10617:
10616:
10614:
10612:
10598:
10592:
10591:
10589:
10587:
10582:on March 5, 2016
10581:
10575:. Archived from
10570:
10558:
10552:
10551:
10549:
10547:
10542:on March 5, 2016
10541:
10535:. Archived from
10530:
10518:
10512:
10511:
10484:
10475:
10474:
10472:
10470:
10455:
10449:
10448:
10430:
10424:
10423:
10421:
10419:
10412:Heritage Matters
10409:
10400:
10394:
10393:
10373:
10367:
10366:
10364:
10362:
10339:
10333:
10332:
10330:
10328:
10313:
10307:
10306:
10286:
10280:
10279:
10267:
10261:
10260:
10258:
10256:
10242:
10236:
10235:
10217:
10211:
10210:
10189:
10174:
10173:
10138:Taylor, Quintard
10134:
10128:
10125:
10119:
10108:
10102:
10095:
10089:
10082:
10076:
10066:
10060:
10059:
10031:
10025:
10018:
10012:
10011:
10009:
10007:
9996:
9990:
9989:
9987:
9985:
9970:
9964:
9963:
9935:
9929:
9922:
9916:
9901:
9895:
9880:
9874:
9865:
9859:
9852:
9846:
9839:
9833:
9832:
9812:
9806:
9799:
9793:
9786:
9780:
9773:
9767:
9766:
9764:
9762:
9748:
9739:
9738:
9736:
9734:
9715:
9709:
9708:
9688:
9682:
9680:
9664:
9654:
9648:
9643:
9635:
9629:
9625:
9617:
9611:
9610:
9594:
9588:
9587:
9585:
9583:
9578:on March 4, 2016
9574:. Archived from
9564:
9558:
9557:
9541:
9535:
9534:
9532:
9530:
9515:
9509:
9502:
9496:
9489:
9483:
9476:
9470:
9463:
9457:
9450:
9444:
9443:
9441:
9439:
9424:
9418:
9417:
9415:
9413:
9399:
9393:
9392:
9390:
9388:
9377:
9371:
9370:
9360:
9320:
9314:
9313:
9293:
9287:
9286:
9266:
9260:
9259:
9252:
9246:
9245:
9243:
9241:
9227:
9221:
9220:
9218:
9216:
9196:
9190:
9189:
9187:
9185:
9171:
9165:
9164:
9162:
9160:
9146:
9140:
9129:
9123:
9122:
9102:
9096:
9095:
9093:
9091:
9072:
9063:
9062:
9060:
9058:
9039:
9033:
9032:
9021:
9015:
9014:
9003:
8997:
8996:
8994:
8992:
8981:
8975:
8968:
8962:
8961:
8943:
8920:
8913:
8907:
8900:
8894:
8893:
8891:
8889:
8874:
8868:
8867:
8865:
8863:
8858:on March 5, 2007
8850:Perry, James A.
8847:
8841:
8827:
8810:
8809:
8773:
8767:
8766:
8759:
8753:
8752:
8750:
8748:
8742:Voice of America
8733:
8727:
8726:
8719:
8713:
8706:
8700:
8681:
8675:
8674:
8656:
8650:
8649:
8637:
8627:
8621:
8620:
8600:
8594:
8593:
8573:
8567:
8560:
8554:
8553:
8530:
8524:
8523:
8499:
8493:
8492:
8476:
8470:
8469:
8451:
8442:
8441:
8421:
8415:
8414:
8412:
8410:
8395:
8389:
8388:
8383:
8381:
8366:
8360:
8359:
8351:
8093:
8090:
8072:
8071:
8065:
8049:Plantation house
7805:African diaspora
7654:
7649:
7648:
7640:
7635:
7634:
7633:
7626:
7621:
7620:
7619:
7612:
7607:
7606:
7605:
7584:Isabel Wilkerson
7559:Benjamin Quarles
7439:W. E. B. Du Bois
7414:Herbert Aptheker
7313:Benjamin Quarles
7291:W. E. B. Du Bois
7238:criminal justice
7129:Condoleezza Rice
7077:African-American
7064:
7057:
7053:
7050:
7044:
7042:
7001:
6977:
6969:
6931:Eldridge Cleaver
6782:Washington, D.C.
6774:Lincoln Memorial
6675:
6668:
6664:
6661:
6655:
6653:
6612:
6588:
6580:
6576:Civil rights era
6489:Cabin in the Sky
6472:"Stormy Weather"
6337:Red Ball Express
6262:fighter aircraft
6123:Walter F. George
6097:Earl C. Michener
6086:Buck and Bubbles
6078:Ellison D. Smith
6033:Henry A. Wallace
6029:Ellison D. Smith
5699:
5698:
5688:Soldiers of the
5580:Archibald Motley
5438:Niagara Movement
5430:W. E. B. Du Bois
5321:Racial terrorism
5306:Giles v. Teasley
5175:W. E. B. Du Bois
5158:Blanche K. Bruce
4706:Thomas Jefferson
4658:A plantation in
4646:Antebellum South
4474:French Louisiana
4418:. However, upon
4410:soldiers at the
4404:Continental Army
4365:Thomas Jefferson
4151:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4131:
4129:
4088:
4064:
4056:
3940:Bight of Biafra
3921:
3920:
3692:, including the
3475:, which saw the
3399:
3392:
3385:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3306:media depictions
3255:
3254:
3150:Population count
2846:
2845:
2780:Liberian English
2759:English dialects
2756:
2755:
2712:Samaná Americans
2637:Creoles of color
2583:
2582:
2521:
2520:
2465:Black conductors
2446:
2445:
2315:
2314:
2289:Louisiana Voodoo
2211:
2210:
1956:Family structure
1939:
1938:
1886:Military history
1881:Business history
1812:military history
1767:
1766:
1740:
1739:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1700:
1690:
1689:
1651:
1650:
1294:Manifest destiny
1284:Historic regions
1266:
1265:
1206:Native Americans
1178:Iranian American
1152:Mexican American
1138:Serbian American
1123:Italian American
1108:Finnish American
1098:English American
1049:Chinese American
1036:African American
836:Direct democracy
826:The Constitution
785:Higher education
694:American Century
596:Civil Rights Era
574:Civil Rights Era
530:Great Depression
519:Roaring Twenties
387:Jeffersonian Era
297:
296:
292:
282:
268:
257:
256:
210:
201:
190:
181:
170:
161:
150:
141:
124:
117:
113:
110:
104:
102:
61:
37:
29:
21:
21967:
21966:
21962:
21961:
21960:
21958:
21957:
21956:
21917:
21916:
21915:
21910:
21890:
21757:
21654:Related history
21649:
21595:
21591:Stono Rebellion
21576:Bilali Document
21557:
21551:
21538:
21522:Related culture
21517:
21476:
21452:Hot foot powder
21422:Flying Africans
21395:
21391:Gullah language
21379:
21354:
21288:
21282:
21252:
21247:
21236:
21229:
21210:Thomas E. Ricks
21200:Diane McWhorter
21185:Vincent Harding
21170:Adam Fairclough
21137:
21131:
21033:
20988:Freedom Schools
20847:
20780:
20728:
20722:
20713:Omaha, Nebraska
20701:
20617:Hartman Turnbow
20607:Dorothy Tillman
20567:Glenn E. Smiley
20547:Charles Sherrod
20507:Jo Ann Robinson
20382:Charles Neblett
20372:Elijah Muhammad
20337:Harriette Moore
20297:Floyd McKissick
20282:Franklin McCain
20217:Stanley Levison
20082:T. R. M. Howard
20032:Vincent Harding
19962:Walter Fauntroy
19847:Xernona Clayton
19797:John H. Calhoun
19782:Aurelia Browder
19772:Stanley Branche
19767:Raylawni Branch
19747:Joseph E. Boone
19732:Ezell Blair Jr.
19727:Unita Blackwell
19702:Harry Belafonte
19642:Ralph Abernathy
19630:
19566:Nation of Islam
19442:
19432:
19271:
19228:Birmingham riot
19169:Albany Movement
19091:Atlanta sit-ins
19071:Sit-in movement
19054:
19050:Biloxi wade-ins
19022:Cooper v. Aaron
18912:
18858:
18852:
18846:
18816:
18811:
18801:
18799:
18786:
18752:Historic places
18745:US state firsts
18631:
18546:
18270:
18203:
18175:2010 majorities
18170:2000 majorities
18141:
18088:Black Seminoles
18037:
18028:Southern (SIAC)
18011:
18010:and conferences
18009:
18002:
17998:Serena Williams
17993:Jackie Robinson
17927:
17851:
17849:
17842:
17762:
17729:Nation of Islam
17700:
17648:
17642:
17583:Sojourner Truth
17573:Clarence Thomas
17538:Gabriel Prosser
17438:Michael Jackson
17313:Crispus Attucks
17303:Ralph Abernathy
17291:
17247:Musical theater
17146:
17012:Great Migration
16984:COVID-19 impact
16942:Sit-in movement
16817:
16812:
16782:
16777:
16731:
16705:
16649:
16613:
16601:
16340:
16314:
16272:
16257:
16163:Jewish American
16136:Polish American
16077:Korean American
16067:Indian American
16034:
16019:
15874:Merchant Marine
15844:Law enforcement
15696:
15677:
15551:
15547:Great Recession
15454:
15428:Reagan Doctrine
15382:
15361:Stonewall riots
15283:
15257:Project Mercury
15218:Truman Doctrine
15194:
15102:First Red Scare
15076:
15045:Progressive Era
14957:
14917:Bleeding Kansas
14873:
14820:Monroe Doctrine
14796:
14744:
14703:Treaty of Paris
14664:
14638:Boston Massacre
14633:Sons of Liberty
14529:
14500:
14489:
14471:
14466:
14436:
14416:
14414:
14406:
14346:Manning Marable
14325:
14284:Levy, Peter B.
14248:
14240:. D. Appleton.
14164:
14162:Primary sources
14151:
14149:
13916:
13914:
13910:
13886:10.2307/2717569
13869:
13728:
13683:Wiese, Andrew.
13539:Garrow, David.
13536:(Praeger, 2001)
13473:
13467:
13449:
13344:
13326:Tuck, Stephen.
13313:(2006), 480 pp.
13285:Mandle, Jay R.
13258:Keisha N. Blain
13254:Kendi, Ibram X.
13182:
13176:
13160:(5 vols, 1996).
13150:
13057:
13055:Reference books
13045:
13043:Further reading
13040:
13039:
13030:
13026:
13016:
13014:
13008:
13004:
12993:
12989:
12972:
12968:
12959:
12955:
12935:
12931:
12914:
12913:
12909:
12899:
12897:
12893:
12882:
12878:
12877:
12873:
12842:
12838:
12828:
12826:
12816:
12812:
12803:
12799:
12790:
12789:
12785:
12772:
12771:
12767:
12757:Wayback Machine
12747:
12743:
12733:
12731:
12723:
12722:
12718:
12708:
12706:
12698:
12697:
12693:
12686:
12670:
12666:
12656:
12654:
12646:
12645:
12641:
12629:
12625:
12616:
12612:
12602:
12600:
12591:
12590:
12579:
12570:
12566:
12557:
12553:
12545:Daniel Kryder,
12544:
12540:
12531:
12527:
12496:
12492:
12484:Maureen Honey,
12483:
12479:
12471:Kennedy, David
12470:
12466:
12449:
12445:
12436:
12432:
12423:
12419:
12411:Kennedy, David
12410:
12395:
12387:Kennedy, David
12386:
12382:
12373:
12369:
12360:
12356:
12338:
12334:
12326:Williams, Rudi.
12325:
12321:
12313:Kennedy, David
12312:
12308:
12300:Kennedy, David
12299:
12290:
12282:Kennedy, David
12281:
12277:
12269:Kennedy, David
12268:
12259:
12251:Kennedy, David
12250:
12231:
12223:Kennedy, David
12222:
12211:
12203:Kennedy, David
12202:
12198:
12190:Kennedy, David
12189:
12185:
12177:Kennedy, David
12176:
12161:
12153:Kennedy, David
12152:
12148:
12139:
12135:
12126:
12122:
12113:
12109:
12101:Kennedy, David
12100:
12081:
12072:Rural Sociology
12069:
12065:
12056:
12052:
12044:Kennedy, David
12043:
12036:
12028:Kennedy, David
12027:
12018:
12010:Kennedy, David
12009:
12005:
11997:Kennedy, David
11996:
11989:
11981:Kennedy, David
11980:
11976:
11968:Kennedy, David
11967:
11963:
11955:Kennedy, David
11954:
11950:
11942:Kennedy, David
11941:
11937:
11929:Kennedy, David
11928:
11919:
11911:Kennedy, David
11910:
11906:
11898:Kennedy, David
11897:
11893:
11888:. May 20, 1986.
11878:
11877:
11873:
11865:Kennedy, David
11864:
11860:
11852:Kennedy, David
11851:
11844:
11837:
11821:
11817:
11805:
11801:
11793:Kennedy, David
11792:
11788:
11780:Kennedy, David
11779:
11775:
11767:Kennedy, David
11766:
11757:
11748:
11744:
11731:
11727:
11719:Kennedy, David
11718:
11714:
11705:
11701:
11678:
11674:
11665:
11661:
11653:
11649:
11640:
11636:
11628:Kennedy, David
11627:
11623:
11615:Kennedy, David
11614:
11607:
11599:Kennedy, David
11598:
11594:
11586:Kennedy, David
11585:
11581:
11576:
11572:
11563:
11559:
11550:
11546:
11541:
11537:
11528:
11524:
11511:
11507:
11498:
11497:
11493:
11484:
11483:
11479:
11474:
11470:
11461:
11457:
11450:
11446:
11437:
11433:
11423:
11419:
11409:
11407:
11399:
11398:
11391:
11384:
11368:
11364:
11354:
11352:
11344:
11343:
11339:
11329:
11327:
11319:
11318:
11314:
11302:
11298:
11286:
11282:
11267:Blain Roberts,
11266:
11262:
11249:
11245:
11236:
11232:
11223:
11219:
11214:Wayback Machine
11205:(1983): 37–55.
11200:
11196:
11183:
11179:
11170:
11166:
11157:
11153:
11144:
11140:
11131:
11127:
11118:
11114:
11107:(1953): 67–90.
11102:
11098:
11088:
11086:
11076:
11072:
11059:
11055:
11042:
11038:
11029:
11025:
11014:
11010:
11001:
10997:
10985:
10978:
10966:
10962:
10954:
10950:
10937:
10933:
10924:
10920:
10911:
10907:
10897:
10895:
10894:on May 11, 2013
10886:
10885:
10881:
10871:
10869:
10863:
10859:
10828:
10824:
10814:
10812:
10804:
10803:
10799:
10792:
10778:
10771:
10764:
10750:
10746:
10730:
10729:
10722:
10720:
10715:
10714:
10710:
10701:
10697:
10688:
10684:
10675:
10671:
10664:
10660:
10651:
10647:
10637:
10635:
10625:
10624:
10620:
10610:
10608:
10600:
10599:
10595:
10585:
10583:
10579:
10568:
10560:
10559:
10555:
10545:
10543:
10539:
10528:
10520:
10519:
10515:
10508:
10485:
10478:
10468:
10466:
10457:
10456:
10452:
10445:
10431:
10427:
10417:
10415:
10407:
10401:
10397:
10390:
10374:
10370:
10360:
10358:
10356:
10340:
10336:
10326:
10324:
10315:
10314:
10310:
10287:
10283:
10268:
10264:
10254:
10252:
10244:
10243:
10239:
10232:
10218:
10214:
10207:
10190:
10177:
10154:10.2307/2716942
10135:
10131:
10126:
10122:
10109:
10105:
10096:
10092:
10083:
10079:
10067:
10063:
10032:
10028:
10019:
10015:
10005:
10003:
9998:
9997:
9993:
9983:
9981:
9972:
9971:
9967:
9936:
9932:
9923:
9919:
9902:
9898:
9881:
9877:
9866:
9862:
9858:(1998), p. 106.
9853:
9849:
9840:
9836:
9829:
9813:
9809:
9801:Peter Kolchin,
9800:
9796:
9788:Peter Kolchin,
9787:
9783:
9775:Peter Kolchin,
9774:
9770:
9760:
9758:
9750:
9749:
9742:
9732:
9730:
9717:
9716:
9712:
9705:
9689:
9685:
9677:
9655:
9651:
9636:
9632:
9618:
9614:
9595:
9591:
9581:
9579:
9566:
9565:
9561:
9542:
9538:
9528:
9526:
9517:
9516:
9512:
9503:
9499:
9491:Michael Gomez,
9490:
9486:
9478:Peter H. Wood,
9477:
9473:
9464:
9460:
9451:
9447:
9437:
9435:
9426:
9425:
9421:
9411:
9409:
9401:
9400:
9396:
9386:
9384:
9379:
9378:
9374:
9321:
9317:
9310:
9294:
9290:
9283:
9267:
9263:
9254:
9253:
9249:
9239:
9237:
9229:
9228:
9224:
9214:
9212:
9197:
9193:
9183:
9181:
9173:
9172:
9168:
9158:
9156:
9148:
9147:
9143:
9130:
9126:
9119:
9103:
9099:
9089:
9087:
9074:
9073:
9066:
9056:
9054:
9041:
9040:
9036:
9023:
9022:
9018:
9005:
9004:
9000:
8990:
8988:
8982:
8978:
8969:
8965:
8958:
8944:
8923:
8914:
8910:
8901:
8897:
8887:
8885:
8876:
8875:
8871:
8861:
8859:
8848:
8844:
8828:
8813:
8790:10.2307/1920429
8774:
8770:
8761:
8760:
8756:
8746:
8744:
8734:
8730:
8721:
8720:
8716:
8708:Ellis, Sylvia.
8707:
8703:
8682:
8678:
8671:
8657:
8653:
8646:
8628:
8624:
8617:
8601:
8597:
8590:
8574:
8570:
8561:
8557:
8550:
8531:
8527:
8520:
8500:
8496:
8477:
8473:
8466:
8452:
8445:
8438:
8422:
8418:
8408:
8406:
8397:
8396:
8392:
8379:
8377:
8367:
8363:
8352:
8348:
8343:
8094:
8088:
8085:
8069:
8000:
7918:
7910:White supremacy
7650:
7643:
7636:
7631:
7629:
7622:
7617:
7615:
7608:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7593:
7564:Cedric Robinson
7539:Manning Marable
7529:Leon F. Litwack
7489:Vincent Harding
7464:Eugene Genovese
7409:
7400:
7372:Leon F. Litwack
7325:Shaw University
7272:The history of
7270:
7226:
7145:Clarence Thomas
7065:
7054:
7048:
7045:
7002:
7000:
6990:
6978:
6967:
6953:
6947:
6927:Nation of Islam
6849:John F. Kennedy
6686:
6676:
6665:
6659:
6656:
6613:
6611:
6601:
6589:
6578:
6555:Great Migration
6520:
6514:
6469:
6366:
6345:Harry S. Truman
6329:Tuskegee Airmen
6295:The segregated
6256:Tuskegee Airmen
6248:
6246:Wartime service
6230:
6213:
6203:
6171:
6127:Millard Tydings
5978:
5972:
5936:
5926:
5870:Freddie Stowers
5848:Croix de Guerre
5796:units, the 1st
5761:Croix de Guerre
5727:Legion of Merit
5707:
5696:Croix de Guerre
5674:
5668:
5662:
5641:
5625:
5619:
5603:Nation of Islam
5552:Langston Hughes
5524:Great Migration
5513:Great Migration
5505:
5497:Main articles:
5495:
5465:Progressive Era
5426:
5420:
5323:
5300:Giles v. Harris
5285:(1898), the US
5274:white primaries
5257:disenfranchised
5217:
5207:
5199:Main articles:
5197:
5098:
5092:
5080:Main articles:
5078:
5065:Abraham Lincoln
5057:
5051:
5043:Main articles:
5041:
5023:Fifth Amendment
4991:
4985:
4954:
4948:
4911:Great Awakening
4843:
4778:
4768:
4716:children, were
4668:southern states
4652:
4642:
4618:
4610:Main articles:
4608:
4507:
4396:Boston Massacre
4392:Crispus Attucks
4373:King George III
4349:
4335:
4300:
4268:
4152:
4141:
4135:
4132:
4089:
4087:
4077:
4065:
4054:
4031:Olaudah Equiano
4027:
4006:
4000:
3972:Bight of Benin
3854:Bight of Biafra
3770:Casamance River
3747:
3674:
3672:African origins
3661:
3655:
3541:Abraham Lincoln
3454:Virginia Colony
3452:in the English
3403:
3355:
3353:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3296:
3252:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3183:
3145:
3121:Omaha, Nebraska
3086:Historic places
3080:
2972:
2843:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2794:
2753:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2721:
2673:
2615:Black Seminoles
2580:
2579:Sub-communities
2572:
2571:
2558:Southern (SIAC)
2518:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2459:
2443:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2346:
2312:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2284:Nation of Islam
2250:
2227:
2208:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2133:
2100:
2067:
2039:
2000:
1976:Musical theater
1936:
1926:
1925:
1907:Great Migration
1764:
1734:
1662:
1661:
1263:
1255:
1254:
1160:Jewish American
1133:Polish American
1113:German American
1069:Korean American
1059:Indian American
1030:
1022:
1021:
876:Merchant Marine
846:Law enforcement
714:Racial violence
688:
680:
679:
486:Progressive Era
294:
290:
271:
269:History of the
255:
254:
253:
252:
246:President Obama
213:
212:
211:
203:
202:
193:
192:
191:
183:
182:
173:
172:
171:
163:
162:
153:
152:
151:
143:
142:
125:
114:
108:
105:
62:
60:
50:
38:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
21965:
21955:
21954:
21949:
21944:
21939:
21934:
21929:
21912:
21911:
21899:
21896:
21895:
21892:
21891:
21889:
21888:
21883:
21882:
21881:
21876:
21871:
21866:
21861:
21856:
21846:
21841:
21836:
21831:
21826:
21821:
21816:
21811:
21806:
21801:
21796:
21791:
21786:
21781:
21776:
21771:
21765:
21763:
21759:
21758:
21756:
21755:
21754:
21753:
21743:
21742:
21741:
21731:
21730:
21729:
21724:
21710:
21705:
21700:
21695:
21690:
21685:
21680:
21675:
21670:
21669:
21668:
21657:
21655:
21651:
21650:
21648:
21647:
21642:
21641:
21640:
21629:
21624:
21619:
21614:
21609:
21603:
21601:
21597:
21596:
21594:
21593:
21588:
21583:
21578:
21572:
21570:
21569:History topics
21563:
21559:
21558:
21545:
21543:
21540:
21539:
21537:
21536:
21531:
21525:
21523:
21519:
21518:
21516:
21515:
21510:
21505:
21500:
21495:
21490:
21484:
21482:
21478:
21477:
21475:
21474:
21469:
21464:
21459:
21454:
21449:
21444:
21439:
21437:Black cat bone
21434:
21429:
21424:
21419:
21414:
21409:
21403:
21401:
21397:
21396:
21394:
21393:
21387:
21385:
21381:
21380:
21378:
21377:
21370:
21362:
21360:
21356:
21355:
21353:
21352:
21344:
21336:
21328:
21320:
21312:
21303:
21301:
21294:
21290:
21289:
21281:
21280:
21273:
21266:
21258:
21249:
21248:
21234:
21231:
21230:
21228:
21227:
21222:
21220:Akinyele Umoja
21217:
21212:
21207:
21202:
21197:
21192:
21187:
21182:
21177:
21172:
21167:
21162:
21157:
21152:
21147:
21141:
21139:
21133:
21132:
21130:
21129:
21124:
21119:
21114:
21109:
21108:
21107:
21097:
21092:
21087:
21082:
21077:
21072:
21067:
21062:
21057:
21052:
21047:
21041:
21039:
21035:
21034:
21032:
21031:
21024:
21019:
21014:
21009:
21008:
21007:
20995:
20990:
20985:
20980:
20975:
20970:
20965:
20960:
20955:
20950:
20945:
20940:
20935:
20930:
20925:
20920:
20915:
20908:
20901:
20894:
20887:
20880:
20879:
20878:
20866:
20861:
20855:
20853:
20849:
20848:
20846:
20845:
20840:
20835:
20830:
20823:
20822:
20821:
20816:
20809:Mahatma Gandhi
20806:
20801:
20800:
20799:
20788:
20786:
20782:
20781:
20779:
20778:
20773:
20768:
20763:
20758:
20753:
20748:
20743:
20738:
20732:
20730:
20724:
20723:
20721:
20720:
20718:South Carolina
20715:
20709:
20707:
20703:
20702:
20700:
20699:
20694:
20689:
20684:
20679:
20674:
20669:
20664:
20659:
20657:Hosea Williams
20654:
20649:
20644:
20642:Hollis Watkins
20639:
20634:
20629:
20624:
20619:
20614:
20609:
20604:
20599:
20594:
20589:
20584:
20579:
20574:
20572:A. Maceo Smith
20569:
20564:
20559:
20554:
20549:
20544:
20539:
20534:
20529:
20524:
20522:Bernie Sanders
20519:
20514:
20512:Angela Russell
20509:
20504:
20499:
20497:David Richmond
20494:
20489:
20487:Walter Reuther
20484:
20479:
20474:
20472:Cordell Reagon
20469:
20464:
20459:
20457:George Raymond
20454:
20449:
20444:
20439:
20434:
20429:
20424:
20419:
20417:Charles Person
20414:
20409:
20404:
20399:
20394:
20389:
20387:Huey P. Newton
20384:
20379:
20374:
20369:
20364:
20359:
20354:
20349:
20344:
20342:Harry T. Moore
20339:
20334:
20329:
20327:Cecil B. Moore
20324:
20319:
20314:
20309:
20307:James Meredith
20304:
20299:
20294:
20289:
20284:
20279:
20274:
20269:
20264:
20259:
20254:
20249:
20244:
20239:
20234:
20229:
20224:
20219:
20214:
20209:
20204:
20199:
20194:
20189:
20184:
20179:
20174:
20169:
20164:
20159:
20154:
20149:
20144:
20139:
20137:Clarence Jones
20134:
20129:
20124:
20119:
20114:
20109:
20104:
20099:
20094:
20089:
20084:
20079:
20077:Zilphia Horton
20074:
20069:
20064:
20059:
20054:
20049:
20047:Lola Hendricks
20044:
20039:
20037:Dorothy Height
20034:
20029:
20024:
20019:
20014:
20009:
20007:Lawrence Guyot
20004:
19999:
19997:Jack Greenberg
19994:
19989:
19984:
19982:Andrew Goodman
19979:
19974:
19969:
19964:
19959:
19954:
19949:
19944:
19939:
19934:
19929:
19924:
19919:
19914:
19909:
19907:Joseph DeLaine
19904:
19899:
19894:
19889:
19884:
19879:
19877:Dorothy Cotton
19874:
19869:
19864:
19859:
19854:
19849:
19844:
19839:
19834:
19829:
19824:
19822:J. L. Chestnut
19819:
19814:
19809:
19804:
19799:
19794:
19789:
19784:
19779:
19774:
19769:
19764:
19759:
19757:Amelia Boynton
19754:
19749:
19744:
19739:
19734:
19729:
19724:
19719:
19714:
19709:
19704:
19699:
19694:
19689:
19684:
19679:
19677:Arnold Aronson
19674:
19669:
19664:
19659:
19654:
19649:
19644:
19638:
19636:
19632:
19631:
19629:
19628:
19623:
19618:
19613:
19608:
19603:
19598:
19593:
19588:
19583:
19578:
19573:
19568:
19563:
19558:
19557:
19556:
19546:
19541:
19536:
19531:
19526:
19521:
19516:
19511:
19506:
19501:
19496:
19495:
19494:
19482:
19477:
19472:
19467:
19462:
19457:
19452:
19446:
19444:
19438:
19437:
19434:
19433:
19431:
19430:
19423:
19416:
19411:
19406:
19405:
19404:
19399:
19389:
19384:
19377:
19372:
19367:
19362:
19355:
19350:
19349:
19348:
19336:
19331:
19324:
19317:
19312:
19311:
19310:
19303:Freedom Summer
19300:
19295:
19293:Bloody Tuesday
19290:
19285:
19279:
19277:
19273:
19272:
19270:
19269:
19264:
19263:
19262:
19257:
19247:
19242:
19237:
19236:
19235:
19230:
19225:
19220:
19210:
19209:
19208:
19198:
19193:
19188:
19181:
19176:
19171:
19166:
19159:
19158:
19157:
19152:
19142:
19137:
19132:
19127:
19120:
19113:
19108:
19103:
19098:
19093:
19088:
19083:
19078:
19073:
19068:
19062:
19060:
19056:
19055:
19053:
19052:
19047:
19042:
19037:
19032:
19027:
19026:
19025:
19013:
19008:
19007:
19006:
18994:
18989:
18984:
18983:
18982:
18970:
18965:
18958:
18957:
18956:
18949:
18942:
18935:
18920:
18918:
18914:
18913:
18911:
18910:
18905:
18897:
18889:
18884:
18879:
18873:
18871:
18864:
18854:
18853:
18845:
18844:
18837:
18830:
18822:
18813:
18812:
18810:
18809:
18797:
18791:
18788:
18787:
18785:
18784:
18779:
18774:
18769:
18764:
18759:
18754:
18749:
18748:
18747:
18742:
18737:
18727:
18726:
18725:
18720:
18718:Visual artists
18715:
18710:
18705:
18700:
18695:
18690:
18685:
18680:
18678:Mathematicians
18675:
18670:
18665:
18660:
18655:
18650:
18639:
18637:
18633:
18632:
18630:
18629:
18628:
18627:
18619:
18614:
18613:
18612:
18607:
18602:
18597:
18592:
18584:
18583:
18582:
18577:
18572:
18567:
18556:
18554:
18548:
18547:
18545:
18544:
18539:
18534:
18529:
18528:
18527:
18522:
18517:
18512:
18502:
18497:
18495:South Carolina
18492:
18487:
18486:
18485:
18477:
18472:
18467:
18465:North Carolina
18462:
18461:
18460:
18450:
18445:
18444:
18443:
18433:
18428:
18427:
18426:
18418:
18417:
18416:
18410:Massachusetts
18408:
18407:
18406:
18396:
18391:
18390:
18389:
18379:
18374:
18373:
18372:
18362:
18357:
18356:
18355:
18345:
18340:
18339:
18338:
18328:
18327:
18326:
18321:
18311:
18306:
18305:
18304:
18299:
18289:
18284:
18278:
18276:
18272:
18271:
18269:
18268:
18263:
18258:
18257:
18256:
18255:
18254:
18252:social context
18249:
18239:
18229:
18228:
18227:
18217:
18211:
18209:
18205:
18204:
18202:
18201:
18200:
18199:
18194:
18184:
18179:
18178:
18177:
18172:
18162:
18161:
18160:
18149:
18147:
18143:
18142:
18140:
18139:
18134:
18133:
18132:
18122:
18117:
18112:
18107:
18106:
18105:
18103:Creek Freedmen
18100:
18095:
18090:
18080:
18078:Alabama Creole
18075:
18074:
18073:
18068:
18063:
18058:
18049:
18047:
18043:
18042:
18039:
18038:
18036:
18035:
18030:
18025:
18020:
18018:Central (CIAA)
18014:
18012:
18007:
18004:
18003:
18001:
18000:
17995:
17990:
17985:
17980:
17975:
17970:
17965:
17960:
17955:
17950:
17945:
17939:
17933:
17929:
17928:
17926:
17925:
17920:
17915:
17910:
17905:
17900:
17895:
17890:
17885:
17880:
17875:
17870:
17865:
17860:
17854:
17852:
17847:
17844:
17843:
17841:
17840:
17835:
17834:
17833:
17823:
17818:
17813:
17811:Pan-Africanism
17808:
17803:
17798:
17793:
17792:
17791:
17781:
17776:
17770:
17768:
17764:
17763:
17761:
17760:
17755:
17753:Black theology
17750:
17745:
17744:
17743:
17733:
17732:
17731:
17726:
17716:
17710:
17708:
17702:
17701:
17699:
17698:
17697:
17696:
17694:in STEM fields
17691:
17686:
17678:
17673:
17668:
17663:
17658:
17652:
17650:
17649:and technology
17644:
17643:
17641:
17640:
17635:
17630:
17625:
17620:
17615:
17610:
17605:
17600:
17595:
17590:
17588:Harriet Tubman
17585:
17580:
17575:
17570:
17565:
17560:
17555:
17550:
17545:
17540:
17535:
17530:
17525:
17520:
17518:Michelle Obama
17515:
17510:
17505:
17500:
17495:
17490:
17485:
17480:
17475:
17470:
17465:
17460:
17455:
17450:
17448:Barbara Jordan
17445:
17443:Harriet Jacobs
17440:
17435:
17430:
17425:
17420:
17415:
17410:
17405:
17400:
17395:
17390:
17385:
17380:
17375:
17370:
17365:
17360:
17355:
17350:
17345:
17340:
17335:
17333:Amelia Boynton
17330:
17325:
17320:
17315:
17310:
17305:
17299:
17297:
17296:Notable people
17293:
17292:
17290:
17289:
17284:
17279:
17274:
17269:
17264:
17259:
17254:
17249:
17244:
17239:
17234:
17232:LGBT community
17229:
17224:
17219:
17214:
17213:
17212:
17202:
17197:
17192:
17187:
17182:
17177:
17172:
17167:
17162:
17156:
17154:
17148:
17147:
17145:
17144:
17139:
17134:
17129:
17128:
17127:
17117:
17112:
17107:
17102:
17097:
17092:
17084:
17079:
17072:
17065:
17060:
17055:
17050:
17045:
17040:
17031:
17026:
17025:
17024:
17019:
17009:
17004:
16999:
16994:
16986:
16981:
16976:
16975:
16974:
16969:
16964:
16959:
16954:
16949:
16947:Freedom Riders
16944:
16939:
16931:
16921:
16916:
16911:
16910:
16909:
16904:
16899:
16891:
16886:
16878:
16873:
16871:Black genocide
16868:
16863:
16858:
16853:
16848:
16843:
16838:
16833:
16827:
16825:
16819:
16818:
16811:
16810:
16803:
16796:
16788:
16779:
16778:
16776:
16775:
16765:
16755:
16753:Historiography
16750:
16744:
16741:
16740:
16737:
16736:
16733:
16732:
16730:
16729:
16719:
16713:
16711:
16707:
16706:
16704:
16703:
16698:
16693:
16691:Navassa Island
16688:
16683:
16678:
16676:Johnston Atoll
16673:
16668:
16666:Howland Island
16663:
16657:
16655:
16651:
16650:
16648:
16647:
16642:
16637:
16632:
16627:
16625:American Samoa
16621:
16619:
16615:
16614:
16609:
16607:
16603:
16602:
16600:
16599:
16594:
16589:
16584:
16579:
16574:
16569:
16564:
16559:
16554:
16549:
16547:South Carolina
16544:
16539:
16534:
16529:
16524:
16519:
16514:
16512:North Carolina
16509:
16504:
16499:
16494:
16489:
16484:
16479:
16474:
16469:
16464:
16459:
16454:
16449:
16444:
16439:
16434:
16429:
16424:
16419:
16414:
16409:
16404:
16399:
16394:
16389:
16384:
16379:
16374:
16369:
16364:
16359:
16354:
16348:
16346:
16342:
16341:
16339:
16338:
16336:The West Coast
16333:
16328:
16322:
16320:
16316:
16315:
16313:
16312:
16310:Indian removal
16307:
16302:
16297:
16292:
16286:
16284:
16274:
16273:
16263:
16262:
16259:
16258:
16256:
16255:
16254:
16253:
16248:
16243:
16231:
16224:
16223:
16222:
16217:
16205:
16204:
16203:
16201:Saudi American
16198:
16193:
16188:
16186:Iraqi American
16183:
16178:
16166:
16159:
16158:
16157:
16145:
16144:
16143:
16138:
16133:
16128:
16123:
16121:Irish American
16118:
16113:
16108:
16103:
16091:
16090:
16089:
16084:
16079:
16074:
16069:
16064:
16059:
16051:Asian American
16047:
16039:
16036:
16035:
16025:
16024:
16021:
16020:
16018:
16017:
16016:
16015:
16010:
16005:
16000:
15995:
15983:
15982:
15981:
15979:Sexual slavery
15969:
15962:
15955:
15954:
15953:
15948:
15943:
15938:
15933:
15928:
15916:
15915:
15914:
15909:
15904:
15899:
15894:
15889:
15877:
15870:
15863:
15862:
15861:
15856:
15851:
15849:Postal service
15846:
15841:
15839:Foreign policy
15836:
15831:
15826:
15821:
15816:
15811:
15806:
15794:
15787:
15786:
15785:
15773:
15772:
15771:
15759:
15758:
15757:
15745:
15744:
15743:
15738:
15733:
15728:
15716:
15709:
15701:
15698:
15697:
15687:
15686:
15683:
15682:
15679:
15678:
15676:
15675:
15670:
15665:
15658:
15653:
15648:
15643:
15642:
15641:
15631:
15626:
15619:
15614:
15613:
15612:
15607:
15602:
15597:
15592:
15587:
15582:
15577:
15567:
15561:
15559:
15553:
15552:
15550:
15549:
15544:
15539:
15534:
15533:
15532:
15527:
15517:
15512:
15505:
15500:
15495:
15490:
15485:
15480:
15475:
15470:
15464:
15462:
15456:
15455:
15453:
15452:
15447:
15442:
15437:
15436:
15435:
15430:
15425:
15415:
15413:Crack epidemic
15410:
15409:
15408:
15403:
15392:
15390:
15384:
15383:
15381:
15380:
15378:Moral Majority
15375:
15370:
15365:
15364:
15363:
15356:Gay liberation
15353:
15348:
15346:Counterculture
15343:
15338:
15337:
15336:
15334:Fall of Saigon
15331:
15326:
15316:
15315:
15314:
15312:Apollo program
15309:
15307:Project Gemini
15299:
15293:
15291:
15285:
15284:
15282:
15281:
15276:
15275:
15274:
15264:
15259:
15254:
15249:
15248:
15247:
15242:
15237:
15232:
15225:Early Cold War
15222:
15221:
15220:
15210:
15204:
15202:
15196:
15195:
15193:
15192:
15191:
15190:
15189:
15188:
15178:
15173:
15163:
15162:
15161:
15156:
15151:
15141:
15140:
15139:
15134:
15129:
15124:
15119:
15114:
15104:
15099:
15098:
15097:
15086:
15084:
15078:
15077:
15075:
15074:
15069:
15068:
15067:
15062:
15057:
15052:
15042:
15041:
15040:
15035:
15030:
15025:
15020:
15015:
15005:
15000:
14999:
14998:
14993:
14988:
14983:
14978:
14967:
14965:
14959:
14958:
14956:
14955:
14954:
14953:
14948:
14938:
14937:
14936:
14931:
14926:
14921:
14920:
14919:
14909:
14904:
14897:Prelude to War
14894:
14889:
14887:Antebellum Era
14883:
14881:
14875:
14874:
14872:
14871:
14866:
14861:
14860:
14859:
14854:
14849:
14844:
14839:
14834:
14832:Trail of Tears
14827:Jacksonian era
14824:
14823:
14822:
14817:
14806:
14804:
14798:
14797:
14795:
14794:
14793:
14792:
14787:
14777:
14776:
14775:
14770:
14763:Federalist Era
14760:
14758:Bill of Rights
14754:
14752:
14746:
14745:
14743:
14742:
14741:
14740:
14735:
14730:
14725:
14720:
14707:
14706:
14705:
14700:
14695:
14693:Lee Resolution
14690:
14685:
14674:
14672:
14666:
14665:
14663:
14662:
14661:
14660:
14655:
14650:
14645:
14640:
14635:
14630:
14625:
14620:
14615:
14610:
14600:
14595:
14590:
14585:
14580:
14575:
14570:
14565:
14560:
14555:
14550:
14545:
14539:
14537:
14531:
14530:
14528:
14527:
14520:
14512:
14510:
14502:
14501:
14491:
14490:
14488:
14487:
14482:
14476:
14473:
14472:
14465:
14464:
14457:
14450:
14442:
14435:
14434:
14429:
14423:
14404:
14399:
14390:
14385:
14380:
14375:
14367:
14361:
14355:
14349:
14339:
14333:
14326:
14324:
14323:External links
14321:
14320:
14319:
14312:
14302:
14292:
14290:online edition
14282:
14272:
14263:
14253:
14246:
14231:
14224:
14223:(2nd edn 2003)
14217:
14207:
14197:
14190:
14183:
14172:
14163:
14160:
14159:
14158:
14136:
14126:
14124:online edition
14113:
14106:
14096:
14090:
14077:
14070:
14060:
14053:
14041:(4): 543–549.
14031:
14017:
14007:
14000:
13979:
13967:10.1086/494730
13961:(2): 251–274.
13950:
13923:
13880:(2): 107–121.
13862:
13855:
13848:
13838:
13828:
13823:Eyerman, Ron.
13821:
13808:
13786:
13785:
13784:
13772:(2): 239–264.
13762:
13742:
13727:
13724:
13723:
13722:
13715:
13708:
13698:
13688:
13681:
13674:
13667:
13654:
13644:
13637:
13630:
13623:
13613:
13606:
13596:
13589:
13582:
13575:
13565:
13558:
13551:
13544:
13537:
13530:
13523:
13508:Branch, Taylor
13505:
13495:
13481:
13466:
13463:
13462:
13461:
13447:
13426:
13421:Wynn, Neil A.
13419:
13412:
13405:
13398:
13391:
13381:
13374:
13367:
13356:
13343:
13340:
13339:
13338:
13331:
13324:
13314:
13307:
13292:
13283:
13282:
13281:
13267:
13251:
13249:online edition
13241:
13234:
13227:
13217:
13215:online edition
13207:
13197:
13178:Main article:
13175:
13172:
13171:
13170:
13161:
13154:
13148:
13133:
13132:(6 vols, 2005)
13126:
13124:online edition
13116:
13109:
13095:
13085:
13084:(3 vols, 2006)
13078:
13068:
13056:
13053:
13044:
13041:
13038:
13037:
13024:
13002:
12987:
12966:
12953:
12929:
12907:
12871:
12852:(2): 151–169.
12836:
12810:
12797:
12783:
12765:
12741:
12716:
12691:
12685:978-1434914842
12684:
12664:
12639:
12623:
12610:
12577:
12575:(2009), ch. 4.
12571:Donald Bogle,
12564:
12551:
12538:
12525:
12506:(2): 125–157.
12490:
12477:
12464:
12443:
12430:
12417:
12393:
12380:
12367:
12354:
12332:
12319:
12306:
12288:
12275:
12257:
12229:
12209:
12196:
12183:
12159:
12146:
12133:
12120:
12114:Neil A. Wynn,
12107:
12079:
12063:
12050:
12034:
12016:
12003:
11987:
11974:
11961:
11948:
11935:
11917:
11904:
11891:
11871:
11858:
11842:
11835:
11815:
11799:
11786:
11773:
11755:
11742:
11725:
11712:
11699:
11672:
11659:
11647:
11634:
11621:
11605:
11592:
11579:
11570:
11557:
11544:
11535:
11522:
11505:
11491:
11477:
11468:
11455:
11444:
11431:
11417:
11389:
11383:978-1434914842
11382:
11362:
11337:
11312:
11296:
11280:
11260:
11243:
11230:
11217:
11194:
11177:
11164:
11151:
11138:
11125:
11112:
11096:
11070:
11053:
11036:
11023:
11008:
10995:
10976:
10960:
10948:
10931:
10918:
10905:
10879:
10857:
10842:(2): 379–399.
10822:
10797:
10791:978-0205832422
10790:
10769:
10763:978-0813919713
10762:
10744:
10708:
10695:
10682:
10669:
10658:
10645:
10618:
10593:
10553:
10513:
10507:978-0674309340
10506:
10476:
10450:
10443:
10425:
10414:. pp. 6‒7
10395:
10389:978-0813925707
10388:
10368:
10355:978-0195174137
10354:
10334:
10308:
10297:(3): 615‒638.
10281:
10262:
10250:Brotherly Love
10246:"Philadelphia"
10237:
10231:978-0847697014
10230:
10212:
10205:
10175:
10148:(4): 342–354.
10129:
10120:
10103:
10090:
10084:Adam Rothman,
10077:
10061:
10026:
10013:
9991:
9978:Brotherly Love
9965:
9930:
9917:
9896:
9875:
9860:
9847:
9834:
9828:978-0938420590
9827:
9807:
9794:
9781:
9768:
9740:
9710:
9703:
9683:
9676:978-0802074027
9675:
9649:
9630:
9612:
9589:
9572:learnquebec.ca
9559:
9536:
9510:
9497:
9484:
9471:
9458:
9445:
9419:
9394:
9383:. June 7, 2013
9372:
9335:(4): 840–855.
9315:
9309:978-0812243338
9308:
9288:
9281:
9261:
9247:
9222:
9191:
9166:
9141:
9124:
9118:978-1851095445
9117:
9097:
9064:
9034:
9016:
8998:
8976:
8963:
8956:
8921:
8908:
8895:
8869:
8842:
8839:978-0205832422
8811:
8784:(2): 228–237.
8768:
8754:
8728:
8714:
8701:
8676:
8669:
8651:
8644:
8622:
8616:978-0195038637
8615:
8595:
8588:
8568:
8555:
8548:
8525:
8519:978-0195137552
8518:
8494:
8471:
8465:978-0809016303
8464:
8443:
8437:978-1438108131
8436:
8416:
8390:
8361:
8345:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8338:
8337:
8332:
8327:
8322:
8317:
8312:
8307:
8302:
8297:
8292:
8287:
8282:
8277:
8272:
8267:
8262:
8257:
8252:
8247:
8242:
8237:
8226:
8225:
8224:
8223:
8213:
8208:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8163:
8158:
8153:
8148:
8143:
8142:
8141:
8131:
8126:
8121:
8116:
8111:
8110:
8109:
8096:
8095:
8089:September 2020
8075:
8073:
8057:
8056:
8051:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8006:
7999:
7996:
7995:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7917:
7914:
7913:
7912:
7907:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7741:Black genocide
7738:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7701:Richard Durham
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7656:
7655:
7641:
7638:History portal
7627:
7613:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7574:Mark S. Weiner
7571:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7551:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7481:
7479:Herbert Gutman
7476:
7474:Lorenzo Greene
7471:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7399:
7396:
7287:Dunning School
7283:Reconstruction
7269:
7268:Historiography
7266:
7225:
7222:
7207:North Carolina
7098:Douglas Wilder
7067:
7066:
6981:
6979:
6972:
6949:Main article:
6946:
6943:
6881:Andrew Goodman
6838:I Have a Dream
6832:, head of the
6830:Dorothy Height
6796:of the NAACP;
6762:I Have a Dream
6682:Main article:
6678:
6677:
6592:
6590:
6583:
6577:
6574:
6516:Main article:
6513:
6510:
6486:), along with
6468:
6465:
6365:
6362:
6258:in front of a
6247:
6244:
6229:
6226:
6202:
6199:
6179:Tenant farming
6170:
6167:
6066:William Dawson
5974:Main article:
5971:
5968:
5967:
5966:
5946:
5945:
5925:
5922:
5878:Medal of Honor
5828:372nd Infantry
5794:National Guard
5787:National Guard
5753:Mariano Goybet
5738:Mariano Goybet
5706:
5703:
5661:
5658:
5640:
5637:
5621:Main article:
5618:
5615:
5591:William Dawson
5576:Jacob Lawrence
5572:Romare Bearden
5566:; and artists
5564:Richard Wright
5494:
5491:
5490:
5489:
5422:Main article:
5419:
5416:
5322:
5319:
5265:literacy tests
5196:
5193:
5122:15th Amendment
5118:14th Amendment
5077:
5076:Reconstruction
5074:
5040:
5037:
4987:Main article:
4984:
4979:
4950:Main article:
4947:
4944:
4915:Baptist Church
4842:
4839:
4820:leader of the
4813:Charles Sumner
4767:
4764:
4760:states' rights
4641:
4638:
4607:
4604:
4506:
4503:
4478:North Carolina
4334:
4331:
4315:Stono Uprising
4299:
4296:
4267:
4264:
4154:
4153:
4068:
4066:
4059:
4053:
4050:
4026:
4023:
4004:Middle Passage
4002:Main article:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3977:
3976:
3973:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3961:
3960:
3957:
3953:
3952:
3949:
3945:
3944:
3941:
3937:
3936:
3933:
3929:
3928:
3925:
3896:
3895:
3880:
3869:
3850:
3827:Bight of Benin
3823:
3812:
3777:
3746:
3743:
3690:Central Africa
3673:
3670:
3657:Main article:
3654:
3651:
3592:discrimination
3501:American South
3485:Black soldiers
3468:and enslaved.
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3267:Black genocide
3263:
3260:
3259:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3174:US communities
3171:
3166:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3131:South Carolina
3128:
3126:North Carolina
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2948:South Carolina
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2928:North Carolina
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2785:Samaná English
2782:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2735:LGBT community
2731:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2692:Creek Freedmen
2689:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2662:Carmel Indians
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2543:Central (CIAA)
2537:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2410:Pan-Africanism
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2241:Black theology
2237:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2209:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2178:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2161:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2105:Economic class
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2044:Academic study
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1815:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1772:
1771:
1765:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1694:
1683:
1682:
1680:Historiography
1677:
1672:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1645:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1325:The West Coast
1322:
1317:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1299:Indian removal
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1273:
1272:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1228:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1198:Saudi American
1195:
1190:
1185:
1183:Iraqi American
1180:
1175:
1163:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1118:Irish American
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1043:Asian American
1039:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
985:
984:
983:
981:Sexual slavery
971:
964:
957:
956:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
918:
917:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
879:
872:
865:
864:
863:
858:
853:
851:Postal service
848:
843:
841:Foreign policy
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
796:
789:
788:
787:
775:
774:
773:
761:
760:
759:
747:
746:
745:
740:
735:
730:
718:
717:
716:
704:
697:
689:
686:
685:
682:
681:
676:
675:
672:
668:
667:
665:
657:
656:
653:
646:
645:
643:
635:
634:
631:
624:
623:
621:
613:
612:
609:
602:
601:
598:
591:
590:
588:
580:
579:
576:
569:
568:
565:
558:
557:
555:
547:
546:
543:
536:
535:
532:
525:
524:
521:
514:
513:
510:
503:
502:
500:
492:
491:
488:
481:
480:
477:
470:
469:
466:
459:
458:
456:
448:
447:
444:
437:
436:
434:
426:
425:
422:
420:Jacksonian Era
415:
414:
411:
404:
403:
401:
393:
392:
389:
382:
381:
378:
376:Federalist Era
371:
370:
368:
360:
359:
356:
349:
348:
345:
338:
337:
335:
327:
326:
323:
315:
314:
311:
295:
288:
287:
284:
283:
275:
274:
264:
263:
226:Harriet Tubman
215:
214:
205:
204:
196:
195:
194:
185:
184:
176:
175:
174:
165:
164:
156:
155:
154:
145:
144:
136:
135:
134:
133:
132:
127:
126:
41:
39:
32:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
21964:
21953:
21950:
21948:
21945:
21943:
21940:
21938:
21935:
21933:
21930:
21928:
21925:
21924:
21922:
21909:
21908:
21897:
21887:
21884:
21880:
21877:
21875:
21872:
21870:
21867:
21865:
21862:
21860:
21857:
21855:
21852:
21851:
21850:
21847:
21845:
21842:
21840:
21837:
21835:
21832:
21830:
21827:
21825:
21822:
21820:
21817:
21815:
21812:
21810:
21807:
21805:
21802:
21800:
21797:
21795:
21792:
21790:
21787:
21785:
21782:
21780:
21777:
21775:
21772:
21770:
21767:
21766:
21764:
21760:
21752:
21749:
21748:
21747:
21744:
21740:
21737:
21736:
21735:
21732:
21728:
21725:
21723:
21720:
21719:
21718:
21714:
21711:
21709:
21706:
21704:
21701:
21699:
21696:
21694:
21691:
21689:
21686:
21684:
21681:
21679:
21676:
21674:
21671:
21667:
21664:
21663:
21662:
21659:
21658:
21656:
21652:
21646:
21643:
21639:
21636:
21635:
21633:
21632:Sapelo Island
21630:
21628:
21625:
21623:
21620:
21618:
21615:
21613:
21610:
21608:
21605:
21604:
21602:
21598:
21592:
21589:
21587:
21584:
21582:
21579:
21577:
21574:
21573:
21571:
21567:
21564:
21560:
21555:
21549:
21535:
21532:
21530:
21527:
21526:
21524:
21520:
21514:
21511:
21509:
21506:
21504:
21501:
21499:
21496:
21494:
21491:
21489:
21486:
21485:
21483:
21479:
21473:
21470:
21468:
21465:
21463:
21462:Rabbit's foot
21460:
21458:
21455:
21453:
21450:
21448:
21445:
21443:
21440:
21438:
21435:
21433:
21430:
21428:
21425:
21423:
21420:
21418:
21415:
21413:
21410:
21408:
21405:
21404:
21402:
21398:
21392:
21389:
21388:
21386:
21382:
21376:
21375:
21371:
21369:
21368:
21364:
21363:
21361:
21357:
21350:
21349:
21345:
21342:
21341:
21337:
21334:
21333:
21329:
21326:
21325:
21321:
21318:
21317:
21313:
21310:
21309:
21305:
21304:
21302:
21298:
21295:
21291:
21286:
21285:Gullah people
21279:
21274:
21272:
21267:
21265:
21260:
21259:
21256:
21246:
21245:
21240:
21232:
21226:
21223:
21221:
21218:
21216:
21215:Timothy Tyson
21213:
21211:
21208:
21206:
21203:
21201:
21198:
21196:
21193:
21191:
21188:
21186:
21183:
21181:
21178:
21176:
21173:
21171:
21168:
21166:
21163:
21161:
21158:
21156:
21153:
21151:
21148:
21146:
21145:Taylor Branch
21143:
21142:
21140:
21134:
21128:
21125:
21123:
21120:
21118:
21115:
21113:
21110:
21106:
21103:
21102:
21101:
21098:
21096:
21093:
21091:
21088:
21086:
21083:
21081:
21078:
21076:
21073:
21071:
21068:
21066:
21063:
21061:
21058:
21056:
21053:
21051:
21048:
21046:
21043:
21042:
21040:
21036:
21030:
21029:
21025:
21023:
21020:
21018:
21015:
21013:
21010:
21005:
21001:
21000:
20999:
20996:
20994:
20993:Freedom songs
20991:
20989:
20986:
20984:
20981:
20979:
20976:
20974:
20971:
20969:
20966:
20964:
20961:
20959:
20956:
20954:
20951:
20949:
20946:
20944:
20941:
20939:
20936:
20934:
20931:
20929:
20926:
20924:
20921:
20919:
20916:
20914:
20913:
20909:
20907:
20906:
20902:
20900:
20899:
20895:
20893:
20892:
20888:
20886:
20885:
20881:
20877:
20874:
20873:
20872:
20871:
20867:
20865:
20862:
20860:
20859:Jim Crow laws
20857:
20856:
20854:
20850:
20844:
20841:
20839:
20836:
20834:
20831:
20829:
20828:
20824:
20820:
20817:
20815:
20812:
20811:
20810:
20807:
20805:
20802:
20798:
20795:
20794:
20793:
20790:
20789:
20787:
20783:
20777:
20774:
20772:
20769:
20767:
20764:
20762:
20759:
20757:
20756:"Oh, Freedom"
20754:
20752:
20749:
20747:
20744:
20742:
20739:
20737:
20734:
20733:
20731:
20725:
20719:
20716:
20714:
20711:
20710:
20708:
20704:
20698:
20695:
20693:
20690:
20688:
20685:
20683:
20682:Whitney Young
20680:
20678:
20675:
20673:
20670:
20668:
20665:
20663:
20662:Kale Williams
20660:
20658:
20655:
20653:
20650:
20648:
20645:
20643:
20640:
20638:
20635:
20633:
20630:
20628:
20625:
20623:
20622:Albert Turner
20620:
20618:
20615:
20613:
20612:A. P. Tureaud
20610:
20608:
20605:
20603:
20600:
20598:
20595:
20593:
20590:
20588:
20585:
20583:
20580:
20578:
20575:
20573:
20570:
20568:
20565:
20563:
20560:
20558:
20555:
20553:
20550:
20548:
20545:
20543:
20540:
20538:
20535:
20533:
20530:
20528:
20525:
20523:
20520:
20518:
20517:Bayard Rustin
20515:
20513:
20510:
20508:
20505:
20503:
20500:
20498:
20495:
20493:
20490:
20488:
20485:
20483:
20480:
20478:
20475:
20473:
20470:
20468:
20465:
20463:
20460:
20458:
20455:
20453:
20450:
20448:
20445:
20443:
20440:
20438:
20435:
20433:
20430:
20428:
20425:
20423:
20420:
20418:
20415:
20413:
20410:
20408:
20405:
20403:
20400:
20398:
20395:
20393:
20390:
20388:
20385:
20383:
20380:
20378:
20375:
20373:
20370:
20368:
20367:William Moyer
20365:
20363:
20360:
20358:
20355:
20353:
20350:
20348:
20345:
20343:
20340:
20338:
20335:
20333:
20330:
20328:
20325:
20323:
20320:
20318:
20315:
20313:
20310:
20308:
20305:
20303:
20302:Joseph McNeil
20300:
20298:
20295:
20293:
20290:
20288:
20287:Charles McDew
20285:
20283:
20280:
20278:
20277:Benjamin Mays
20275:
20273:
20270:
20268:
20265:
20263:
20262:Vivian Malone
20260:
20258:
20255:
20253:
20250:
20248:
20245:
20243:
20240:
20238:
20237:Joseph Lowery
20235:
20233:
20230:
20228:
20225:
20223:
20220:
20218:
20215:
20213:
20210:
20208:
20205:
20203:
20200:
20198:
20195:
20193:
20190:
20188:
20185:
20183:
20180:
20178:
20175:
20173:
20170:
20168:
20165:
20163:
20162:Clyde Kennard
20160:
20158:
20155:
20153:
20152:Vernon Jordan
20150:
20148:
20147:Matthew Jones
20145:
20143:
20140:
20138:
20135:
20133:
20130:
20128:
20125:
20123:
20120:
20118:
20115:
20113:
20112:T. J. Jemison
20110:
20108:
20105:
20103:
20100:
20098:
20097:Jesse Jackson
20095:
20093:
20090:
20088:
20085:
20083:
20080:
20078:
20075:
20073:
20070:
20068:
20065:
20063:
20060:
20058:
20055:
20053:
20050:
20048:
20045:
20043:
20040:
20038:
20035:
20033:
20030:
20028:
20025:
20023:
20020:
20018:
20015:
20013:
20010:
20008:
20005:
20003:
20000:
19998:
19995:
19993:
19990:
19988:
19987:Robert Graetz
19985:
19983:
19980:
19978:
19977:Golden Frinks
19975:
19973:
19970:
19968:
19965:
19963:
19960:
19958:
19955:
19953:
19950:
19948:
19945:
19943:
19940:
19938:
19937:Charles Evers
19935:
19933:
19930:
19928:
19925:
19923:
19920:
19918:
19915:
19913:
19910:
19908:
19905:
19903:
19900:
19898:
19895:
19893:
19890:
19888:
19887:Vernon Dahmer
19885:
19883:
19880:
19878:
19875:
19873:
19870:
19868:
19865:
19863:
19860:
19858:
19855:
19853:
19850:
19848:
19845:
19843:
19842:Septima Clark
19840:
19838:
19835:
19833:
19830:
19828:
19825:
19823:
19820:
19818:
19815:
19813:
19810:
19808:
19805:
19803:
19800:
19798:
19795:
19793:
19790:
19788:
19785:
19783:
19780:
19778:
19775:
19773:
19770:
19768:
19765:
19763:
19762:Bruce Boynton
19760:
19758:
19755:
19753:
19750:
19748:
19745:
19743:
19740:
19738:
19735:
19733:
19730:
19728:
19725:
19723:
19720:
19718:
19715:
19713:
19710:
19708:
19705:
19703:
19700:
19698:
19695:
19693:
19690:
19688:
19687:James Baldwin
19685:
19683:
19680:
19678:
19675:
19673:
19670:
19668:
19665:
19663:
19660:
19658:
19657:Mathew Ahmann
19655:
19653:
19650:
19648:
19645:
19643:
19640:
19639:
19637:
19633:
19627:
19624:
19622:
19619:
19617:
19614:
19612:
19609:
19607:
19604:
19602:
19599:
19597:
19594:
19592:
19589:
19587:
19584:
19582:
19579:
19577:
19574:
19572:
19569:
19567:
19564:
19562:
19559:
19555:
19554:Youth Council
19552:
19551:
19550:
19547:
19545:
19542:
19540:
19537:
19535:
19532:
19530:
19527:
19525:
19522:
19520:
19517:
19515:
19512:
19510:
19507:
19505:
19502:
19500:
19497:
19493:
19492:
19488:
19487:
19486:
19483:
19481:
19478:
19476:
19473:
19471:
19468:
19466:
19463:
19461:
19458:
19456:
19453:
19451:
19448:
19447:
19445:
19439:
19429:
19428:
19424:
19422:
19421:
19417:
19415:
19412:
19410:
19407:
19403:
19400:
19398:
19395:
19394:
19393:
19390:
19388:
19385:
19383:
19382:
19378:
19376:
19373:
19371:
19368:
19366:
19363:
19361:
19360:
19356:
19354:
19351:
19346:
19342:
19341:
19340:
19337:
19335:
19332:
19330:
19329:
19325:
19323:
19322:
19318:
19316:
19313:
19309:
19306:
19305:
19304:
19301:
19299:
19296:
19294:
19291:
19289:
19286:
19284:
19281:
19280:
19278:
19274:
19268:
19265:
19261:
19258:
19256:
19253:
19252:
19251:
19248:
19246:
19243:
19241:
19238:
19234:
19231:
19229:
19226:
19224:
19221:
19219:
19216:
19215:
19214:
19211:
19207:
19204:
19203:
19202:
19199:
19197:
19194:
19192:
19189:
19186:
19182:
19180:
19177:
19175:
19172:
19170:
19167:
19165:
19164:
19160:
19156:
19153:
19151:
19148:
19147:
19146:
19145:Freedom Rides
19143:
19141:
19138:
19136:
19133:
19131:
19128:
19126:
19125:
19121:
19119:
19118:
19114:
19112:
19109:
19107:
19104:
19102:
19099:
19097:
19094:
19092:
19089:
19087:
19084:
19082:
19079:
19077:
19074:
19072:
19069:
19067:
19064:
19063:
19061:
19057:
19051:
19048:
19046:
19043:
19041:
19038:
19036:
19033:
19031:
19028:
19024:
19023:
19019:
19018:
19017:
19014:
19012:
19009:
19004:
19000:
18999:
18998:
18995:
18993:
18990:
18988:
18985:
18981:
18980:
18976:
18975:
18974:
18971:
18969:
18966:
18964:
18963:
18959:
18955:
18954:
18950:
18948:
18947:
18943:
18941:
18940:
18936:
18934:
18933:
18929:
18928:
18927:
18926:
18922:
18921:
18919:
18915:
18909:
18906:
18903:
18902:
18898:
18895:
18894:
18890:
18888:
18885:
18883:
18880:
18878:
18875:
18874:
18872:
18870:Prior to 1954
18868:
18865:
18862:
18855:
18850:
18843:
18838:
18836:
18831:
18829:
18824:
18823:
18820:
18808:
18798:
18796:
18793:
18792:
18789:
18783:
18780:
18778:
18777:Neighborhoods
18775:
18773:
18770:
18768:
18765:
18763:
18760:
18758:
18755:
18753:
18750:
18746:
18743:
18741:
18740:Sports firsts
18738:
18736:
18733:
18732:
18731:
18728:
18724:
18721:
18719:
18716:
18714:
18711:
18709:
18706:
18704:
18701:
18699:
18696:
18694:
18691:
18689:
18686:
18684:
18681:
18679:
18676:
18674:
18671:
18669:
18666:
18664:
18661:
18659:
18656:
18654:
18651:
18649:
18646:
18645:
18644:
18641:
18640:
18638:
18634:
18626:
18623:
18622:
18620:
18618:
18615:
18611:
18608:
18606:
18603:
18601:
18598:
18596:
18593:
18591:
18588:
18587:
18585:
18581:
18578:
18576:
18573:
18571:
18568:
18566:
18563:
18562:
18561:
18558:
18557:
18555:
18553:
18549:
18543:
18542:West Virginia
18540:
18538:
18535:
18533:
18530:
18526:
18523:
18521:
18518:
18516:
18513:
18511:
18508:
18507:
18506:
18503:
18501:
18498:
18496:
18493:
18491:
18488:
18484:
18481:
18480:
18479:Pennsylvania
18478:
18476:
18473:
18471:
18468:
18466:
18463:
18459:
18458:New York City
18456:
18455:
18454:
18451:
18449:
18446:
18442:
18439:
18438:
18437:
18434:
18432:
18429:
18425:
18422:
18421:
18419:
18415:
18412:
18411:
18409:
18405:
18402:
18401:
18400:
18397:
18395:
18392:
18388:
18385:
18384:
18383:
18380:
18378:
18375:
18371:
18368:
18367:
18366:
18363:
18361:
18358:
18354:
18351:
18350:
18349:
18346:
18344:
18341:
18337:
18334:
18333:
18332:
18329:
18325:
18322:
18320:
18317:
18316:
18315:
18312:
18310:
18307:
18303:
18302:San Francisco
18300:
18298:
18295:
18294:
18293:
18290:
18288:
18285:
18283:
18280:
18279:
18277:
18275:By state/city
18273:
18267:
18264:
18262:
18259:
18253:
18250:
18248:
18245:
18244:
18243:
18240:
18238:
18235:
18234:
18233:
18230:
18226:
18223:
18222:
18221:
18220:American Sign
18218:
18216:
18213:
18212:
18210:
18206:
18198:
18195:
18193:
18190:
18189:
18188:
18185:
18183:
18180:
18176:
18173:
18171:
18168:
18167:
18166:
18163:
18159:
18156:
18155:
18154:
18153:Neighborhoods
18151:
18150:
18148:
18144:
18138:
18135:
18131:
18128:
18127:
18126:
18123:
18121:
18118:
18116:
18113:
18111:
18108:
18104:
18101:
18099:
18096:
18094:
18091:
18089:
18086:
18085:
18084:
18083:Black Indians
18081:
18079:
18076:
18072:
18069:
18067:
18064:
18062:
18059:
18057:
18054:
18053:
18051:
18050:
18048:
18044:
18034:
18031:
18029:
18026:
18024:
18021:
18019:
18016:
18015:
18013:
18005:
17999:
17996:
17994:
17991:
17989:
17986:
17984:
17981:
17979:
17976:
17974:
17971:
17969:
17966:
17964:
17961:
17959:
17956:
17954:
17951:
17949:
17946:
17944:
17941:
17940:
17937:
17934:
17930:
17924:
17921:
17919:
17916:
17914:
17911:
17909:
17906:
17904:
17901:
17899:
17896:
17894:
17891:
17889:
17886:
17884:
17881:
17879:
17876:
17874:
17871:
17869:
17866:
17864:
17861:
17859:
17856:
17855:
17853:
17845:
17839:
17836:
17832:
17829:
17828:
17827:
17824:
17822:
17819:
17817:
17814:
17812:
17809:
17807:
17804:
17802:
17799:
17797:
17794:
17790:
17787:
17786:
17785:
17782:
17780:
17777:
17775:
17772:
17771:
17769:
17765:
17759:
17756:
17754:
17751:
17749:
17746:
17742:
17739:
17738:
17737:
17734:
17730:
17727:
17725:
17722:
17721:
17720:
17717:
17715:
17712:
17711:
17709:
17707:
17703:
17695:
17692:
17690:
17687:
17685:
17682:
17681:
17679:
17677:
17674:
17672:
17669:
17667:
17664:
17662:
17661:Black schools
17659:
17657:
17656:Black studies
17654:
17653:
17651:
17645:
17639:
17638:Whitney Young
17636:
17634:
17631:
17629:
17628:Oprah Winfrey
17626:
17624:
17621:
17619:
17616:
17614:
17611:
17609:
17606:
17604:
17601:
17599:
17598:Denmark Vesey
17596:
17594:
17591:
17589:
17586:
17584:
17581:
17579:
17576:
17574:
17571:
17569:
17566:
17564:
17561:
17559:
17556:
17554:
17551:
17549:
17546:
17544:
17543:Joseph Rainey
17541:
17539:
17536:
17534:
17531:
17529:
17526:
17524:
17521:
17519:
17516:
17514:
17511:
17509:
17506:
17504:
17501:
17499:
17498:Toni Morrison
17496:
17494:
17491:
17489:
17486:
17484:
17483:Joseph Lowery
17481:
17479:
17476:
17474:
17471:
17469:
17466:
17464:
17461:
17459:
17456:
17454:
17451:
17449:
17446:
17444:
17441:
17439:
17436:
17434:
17431:
17429:
17428:Jesse Jackson
17426:
17424:
17421:
17419:
17418:Kamala Harris
17416:
17414:
17411:
17409:
17406:
17404:
17403:Marcus Garvey
17401:
17399:
17396:
17394:
17391:
17389:
17386:
17384:
17381:
17379:
17376:
17374:
17371:
17369:
17366:
17364:
17361:
17359:
17356:
17354:
17353:Blanche Bruce
17351:
17349:
17348:Edward Brooke
17346:
17344:
17341:
17339:
17338:James Bradley
17336:
17334:
17331:
17329:
17326:
17324:
17321:
17319:
17318:James Baldwin
17316:
17314:
17311:
17309:
17306:
17304:
17301:
17300:
17298:
17294:
17288:
17285:
17283:
17280:
17278:
17275:
17273:
17270:
17268:
17265:
17263:
17262:Neighborhoods
17260:
17258:
17255:
17253:
17250:
17248:
17245:
17243:
17240:
17238:
17235:
17233:
17230:
17228:
17225:
17223:
17220:
17218:
17215:
17211:
17208:
17207:
17206:
17203:
17201:
17198:
17196:
17193:
17191:
17188:
17186:
17183:
17181:
17178:
17176:
17173:
17171:
17168:
17166:
17163:
17161:
17158:
17157:
17155:
17153:
17149:
17143:
17140:
17138:
17135:
17133:
17130:
17126:
17123:
17122:
17121:
17118:
17116:
17115:Silent Parade
17113:
17111:
17108:
17106:
17103:
17101:
17098:
17096:
17093:
17090:
17089:
17085:
17083:
17080:
17078:
17077:
17073:
17071:
17070:
17066:
17064:
17061:
17059:
17056:
17054:
17051:
17049:
17046:
17044:
17043:Jim Crow laws
17041:
17039:
17035:
17032:
17030:
17027:
17023:
17020:
17018:
17015:
17014:
17013:
17010:
17008:
17005:
17003:
17000:
16998:
16995:
16992:
16991:
16987:
16985:
16982:
16980:
16977:
16973:
16970:
16968:
16965:
16963:
16960:
16958:
16955:
16953:
16950:
16948:
16945:
16943:
16940:
16937:
16936:
16932:
16930:
16927:
16926:
16925:
16922:
16920:
16917:
16915:
16912:
16908:
16905:
16903:
16900:
16898:
16895:
16894:
16892:
16890:
16887:
16884:
16883:
16879:
16877:
16874:
16872:
16869:
16867:
16866:Black cowboys
16864:
16862:
16859:
16857:
16854:
16852:
16849:
16847:
16844:
16842:
16839:
16837:
16834:
16832:
16829:
16828:
16826:
16824:
16820:
16816:
16809:
16804:
16802:
16797:
16795:
16790:
16789:
16786:
16774:
16770:
16766:
16764:
16756:
16754:
16751:
16749:
16748:List of years
16746:
16745:
16742:
16728:
16720:
16718:
16717:Urban history
16715:
16714:
16712:
16708:
16702:
16699:
16697:
16696:Palmyra Atoll
16694:
16692:
16689:
16687:
16684:
16682:
16679:
16677:
16674:
16672:
16671:Jarvis Island
16669:
16667:
16664:
16662:
16659:
16658:
16656:
16652:
16646:
16643:
16641:
16638:
16636:
16633:
16631:
16628:
16626:
16623:
16622:
16620:
16618:Insular areas
16616:
16612:
16608:
16604:
16598:
16595:
16593:
16590:
16588:
16587:West Virginia
16585:
16583:
16580:
16578:
16575:
16573:
16570:
16568:
16565:
16563:
16560:
16558:
16555:
16553:
16550:
16548:
16545:
16543:
16540:
16538:
16535:
16533:
16530:
16528:
16525:
16523:
16520:
16518:
16515:
16513:
16510:
16508:
16505:
16503:
16500:
16498:
16495:
16493:
16492:New Hampshire
16490:
16488:
16485:
16483:
16480:
16478:
16475:
16473:
16470:
16468:
16465:
16463:
16460:
16458:
16455:
16453:
16452:Massachusetts
16450:
16448:
16445:
16443:
16440:
16438:
16435:
16433:
16430:
16428:
16425:
16423:
16420:
16418:
16415:
16413:
16410:
16408:
16405:
16403:
16400:
16398:
16395:
16393:
16390:
16388:
16385:
16383:
16380:
16378:
16375:
16373:
16370:
16368:
16365:
16363:
16360:
16358:
16355:
16353:
16350:
16349:
16347:
16343:
16337:
16334:
16332:
16329:
16327:
16324:
16323:
16321:
16317:
16311:
16308:
16306:
16303:
16301:
16298:
16296:
16293:
16291:
16288:
16287:
16285:
16283:
16279:
16275:
16268:
16264:
16252:
16249:
16247:
16244:
16242:
16239:
16238:
16237:
16236:
16232:
16230:
16229:
16225:
16221:
16218:
16216:
16213:
16212:
16211:
16210:
16206:
16202:
16199:
16197:
16194:
16192:
16189:
16187:
16184:
16182:
16179:
16177:
16174:
16173:
16172:
16171:
16167:
16165:
16164:
16160:
16156:
16153:
16152:
16151:
16150:
16146:
16142:
16139:
16137:
16134:
16132:
16129:
16127:
16124:
16122:
16119:
16117:
16114:
16112:
16109:
16107:
16104:
16102:
16099:
16098:
16097:
16096:
16092:
16088:
16085:
16083:
16082:Thai American
16080:
16078:
16075:
16073:
16070:
16068:
16065:
16063:
16060:
16058:
16055:
16054:
16053:
16052:
16048:
16046:
16045:
16041:
16040:
16037:
16030:
16026:
16014:
16011:
16009:
16006:
16004:
16001:
15999:
15996:
15994:
15991:
15990:
15989:
15988:
15984:
15980:
15977:
15976:
15975:
15974:
15970:
15968:
15967:
15963:
15961:
15960:
15956:
15952:
15949:
15947:
15944:
15942:
15939:
15937:
15934:
15932:
15929:
15927:
15924:
15923:
15922:
15921:
15920:Party Systems
15917:
15913:
15910:
15908:
15905:
15903:
15900:
15898:
15895:
15893:
15890:
15888:
15885:
15884:
15883:
15882:
15878:
15876:
15875:
15871:
15869:
15868:
15864:
15860:
15859:Voting rights
15857:
15855:
15852:
15850:
15847:
15845:
15842:
15840:
15837:
15835:
15832:
15830:
15827:
15825:
15822:
15820:
15817:
15815:
15812:
15810:
15807:
15805:
15802:
15801:
15800:
15799:
15795:
15793:
15792:
15788:
15784:
15781:
15780:
15779:
15778:
15774:
15770:
15767:
15766:
15765:
15764:
15760:
15756:
15753:
15752:
15751:
15750:
15746:
15742:
15739:
15737:
15734:
15732:
15729:
15727:
15724:
15723:
15722:
15721:
15717:
15715:
15714:
15710:
15708:
15707:
15703:
15702:
15699:
15692:
15688:
15674:
15671:
15669:
15666:
15664:
15663:
15659:
15657:
15654:
15652:
15649:
15647:
15644:
15640:
15637:
15636:
15635:
15632:
15630:
15627:
15625:
15624:
15620:
15618:
15615:
15611:
15608:
15606:
15603:
15601:
15598:
15596:
15593:
15591:
15588:
15586:
15583:
15581:
15578:
15576:
15573:
15572:
15571:
15568:
15566:
15563:
15562:
15560:
15558:
15554:
15548:
15545:
15543:
15540:
15538:
15535:
15531:
15528:
15526:
15523:
15522:
15521:
15520:War on terror
15518:
15516:
15513:
15511:
15510:
15506:
15504:
15501:
15499:
15496:
15494:
15491:
15489:
15486:
15484:
15481:
15479:
15476:
15474:
15471:
15469:
15466:
15465:
15463:
15461:
15457:
15451:
15448:
15446:
15443:
15441:
15438:
15434:
15431:
15429:
15426:
15424:
15421:
15420:
15419:
15418:Late Cold War
15416:
15414:
15411:
15407:
15404:
15402:
15399:
15398:
15397:
15394:
15393:
15391:
15389:
15385:
15379:
15376:
15374:
15371:
15369:
15366:
15362:
15359:
15358:
15357:
15354:
15352:
15349:
15347:
15344:
15342:
15339:
15335:
15332:
15330:
15327:
15325:
15322:
15321:
15320:
15317:
15313:
15310:
15308:
15305:
15304:
15303:
15300:
15298:
15297:Great Society
15295:
15294:
15292:
15290:
15286:
15280:
15277:
15273:
15270:
15269:
15268:
15265:
15263:
15260:
15258:
15255:
15253:
15252:Post-war boom
15250:
15246:
15243:
15241:
15238:
15236:
15233:
15231:
15228:
15227:
15226:
15223:
15219:
15216:
15215:
15214:
15211:
15209:
15206:
15205:
15203:
15201:
15197:
15187:
15184:
15183:
15182:
15179:
15177:
15174:
15172:
15169:
15168:
15167:
15164:
15160:
15157:
15155:
15152:
15150:
15147:
15146:
15145:
15142:
15138:
15135:
15133:
15130:
15128:
15125:
15123:
15120:
15118:
15115:
15113:
15110:
15109:
15108:
15105:
15103:
15100:
15096:
15093:
15092:
15091:
15088:
15087:
15085:
15083:
15079:
15073:
15070:
15066:
15063:
15061:
15058:
15056:
15053:
15051:
15048:
15047:
15046:
15043:
15039:
15036:
15034:
15031:
15029:
15026:
15024:
15021:
15019:
15016:
15014:
15011:
15010:
15009:
15006:
15004:
15001:
14997:
14994:
14992:
14989:
14987:
14984:
14982:
14979:
14977:
14974:
14973:
14972:
14969:
14968:
14966:
14964:
14960:
14952:
14949:
14947:
14944:
14943:
14942:
14939:
14935:
14932:
14930:
14927:
14925:
14922:
14918:
14915:
14914:
14913:
14910:
14908:
14905:
14903:
14900:
14899:
14898:
14895:
14893:
14890:
14888:
14885:
14884:
14882:
14880:
14876:
14870:
14867:
14865:
14862:
14858:
14855:
14853:
14850:
14848:
14845:
14843:
14840:
14838:
14835:
14833:
14830:
14829:
14828:
14825:
14821:
14818:
14816:
14813:
14812:
14811:
14808:
14807:
14805:
14803:
14799:
14791:
14788:
14786:
14783:
14782:
14781:
14778:
14774:
14771:
14769:
14766:
14765:
14764:
14761:
14759:
14756:
14755:
14753:
14751:
14747:
14739:
14736:
14734:
14731:
14729:
14726:
14724:
14721:
14719:
14716:
14713:
14712:
14711:
14708:
14704:
14701:
14699:
14696:
14694:
14691:
14689:
14686:
14684:
14681:
14680:
14679:
14676:
14675:
14673:
14671:
14667:
14659:
14656:
14654:
14651:
14649:
14646:
14644:
14641:
14639:
14636:
14634:
14631:
14629:
14626:
14624:
14621:
14619:
14616:
14614:
14611:
14609:
14606:
14605:
14604:
14601:
14599:
14596:
14594:
14591:
14589:
14586:
14584:
14581:
14579:
14576:
14574:
14571:
14569:
14566:
14564:
14561:
14559:
14556:
14554:
14551:
14549:
14546:
14544:
14541:
14540:
14538:
14536:
14532:
14526:
14525:
14521:
14519:
14518:
14514:
14513:
14511:
14507:
14503:
14496:
14492:
14486:
14483:
14481:
14478:
14477:
14474:
14470:
14463:
14458:
14456:
14451:
14449:
14444:
14443:
14440:
14433:
14430:
14427:
14424:
14413:
14409:
14405:
14403:
14400:
14398:
14394:
14391:
14389:
14386:
14384:
14381:
14379:
14376:
14374:
14372:
14368:
14365:
14362:
14359:
14356:
14353:
14350:
14347:
14343:
14340:
14337:
14334:
14331:
14328:
14327:
14317:
14313:
14311:
14307:
14303:
14301:
14297:
14293:
14291:
14287:
14283:
14281:
14277:
14273:
14270:
14269:
14264:
14262:
14258:
14254:
14249:
14247:9780837118901
14243:
14239:
14238:
14232:
14229:
14225:
14222:
14218:
14216:
14212:
14208:
14206:
14202:
14198:
14195:
14191:
14188:
14184:
14181:
14177:
14173:
14170:
14166:
14165:
14148:
14147:
14142:
14137:
14135:
14131:
14127:
14125:
14121:
14118:
14114:
14111:
14107:
14104:
14100:
14097:
14095:
14091:
14089:
14085:
14082:
14078:
14075:
14071:
14069:
14065:
14061:
14058:
14054:
14052:
14048:
14044:
14040:
14036:
14032:
14030:
14026:
14022:
14018:
14016:
14012:
14008:
14005:
14001:
13997:
13993:
13989:
13985:
13980:
13976:
13972:
13968:
13964:
13960:
13956:
13951:
13948:
13944:
13940:
13936:
13932:
13928:
13924:
13909:
13904:
13899:
13895:
13891:
13887:
13883:
13879:
13875:
13868:
13863:
13861:
13856:
13853:
13849:
13847:
13843:
13839:
13836:
13832:
13829:
13826:
13822:
13820:
13816:
13813:
13809:
13807:
13803:
13799:
13795:
13791:
13787:
13783:
13779:
13775:
13771:
13767:
13763:
13761:
13757:
13753:
13752:
13751:
13747:
13743:
13741:
13737:
13734:
13730:
13729:
13720:
13716:
13713:
13709:
13706:
13703:
13699:
13696:
13693:
13689:
13686:
13682:
13679:
13675:
13672:
13668:
13666:
13662:
13660:
13655:
13653:
13649:
13645:
13642:
13638:
13635:
13631:
13628:
13624:
13622:
13618:
13614:
13611:
13607:
13604:
13601:
13597:
13594:
13590:
13587:
13583:
13580:
13576:
13573:
13569:
13568:Hunt, Darnell
13566:
13563:
13559:
13556:
13552:
13549:
13545:
13542:
13538:
13535:
13531:
13528:
13524:
13521:
13517:
13513:
13509:
13506:
13503:
13499:
13496:
13494:
13490:
13486:
13482:
13479:
13475:
13474:
13472:
13458:
13454:
13450:
13448:9781469607207
13444:
13440:
13436:
13432:
13427:
13424:
13420:
13417:
13416:Labor History
13413:
13410:
13406:
13403:
13399:
13396:
13392:
13390:
13386:
13382:
13379:
13375:
13372:
13368:
13366:, World War I
13365:
13361:
13357:
13354:
13350:
13346:
13345:
13336:
13332:
13329:
13325:
13323:
13319:
13315:
13312:
13308:
13305:
13301:
13297:
13293:
13290:
13289:
13284:
13279:
13275:
13274:
13272:
13268:
13265:
13264:
13259:
13255:
13252:
13250:
13246:
13242:
13239:
13235:
13232:
13228:
13226:
13222:
13218:
13216:
13212:
13208:
13206:
13202:
13198:
13196:
13192:
13188:
13184:
13183:
13181:
13168:
13165:
13162:
13159:
13155:
13151:
13149:9780810880375
13145:
13141:
13140:
13134:
13131:
13127:
13125:
13121:
13117:
13114:
13110:
13108:
13104:
13100:
13096:
13094:
13090:
13086:
13083:
13079:
13077:
13073:
13069:
13067:
13063:
13059:
13058:
13049:
13034:
13028:
13017:September 10,
13013:
13006:
12998:
12991:
12984:
12980:
12976:
12970:
12963:
12957:
12951:
12947:
12943:
12939:
12933:
12925:
12921:
12917:
12911:
12892:
12888:
12881:
12875:
12867:
12863:
12859:
12855:
12851:
12847:
12840:
12825:
12821:
12814:
12807:
12801:
12793:
12787:
12779:
12775:
12769:
12762:
12758:
12754:
12751:
12745:
12730:
12726:
12720:
12705:
12701:
12695:
12687:
12681:
12677:
12676:
12668:
12653:
12649:
12643:
12637:
12633:
12632:Social Forces
12627:
12620:
12614:
12598:
12594:
12588:
12586:
12584:
12582:
12574:
12568:
12561:
12555:
12548:
12542:
12535:
12529:
12521:
12517:
12513:
12509:
12505:
12501:
12494:
12487:
12481:
12474:
12468:
12461:
12457:
12453:
12447:
12440:
12434:
12427:
12421:
12414:
12408:
12406:
12404:
12402:
12400:
12398:
12390:
12384:
12377:
12371:
12364:
12358:
12351:
12347:
12343:
12336:
12329:
12323:
12316:
12310:
12303:
12297:
12295:
12293:
12285:
12279:
12272:
12266:
12264:
12262:
12254:
12248:
12246:
12244:
12242:
12240:
12238:
12236:
12234:
12226:
12220:
12218:
12216:
12214:
12206:
12200:
12193:
12187:
12180:
12174:
12172:
12170:
12168:
12166:
12164:
12156:
12150:
12143:
12137:
12130:
12127:Ulysses Lee,
12124:
12117:
12111:
12104:
12098:
12096:
12094:
12092:
12090:
12088:
12086:
12084:
12077:
12073:
12067:
12060:
12054:
12047:
12041:
12039:
12031:
12025:
12023:
12021:
12013:
12007:
12000:
11994:
11992:
11984:
11978:
11971:
11965:
11958:
11952:
11945:
11939:
11932:
11926:
11924:
11922:
11914:
11908:
11901:
11895:
11887:
11886:
11881:
11875:
11868:
11862:
11855:
11849:
11847:
11838:
11836:9781586482824
11832:
11828:
11827:
11819:
11813:
11809:
11803:
11796:
11790:
11783:
11777:
11770:
11764:
11762:
11760:
11752:
11746:
11739:
11735:
11729:
11722:
11716:
11709:
11703:
11695:
11691:
11687:
11683:
11682:Labor History
11676:
11669:
11663:
11657:
11651:
11644:
11641:Roger Biles,
11638:
11631:
11625:
11618:
11612:
11610:
11602:
11596:
11589:
11583:
11574:
11567:
11561:
11554:
11548:
11539:
11532:
11526:
11519:
11515:
11509:
11502:. March 2024.
11501:
11495:
11488:. March 2024.
11487:
11481:
11472:
11465:
11459:
11453:
11448:
11441:
11435:
11428:
11421:
11406:
11402:
11396:
11394:
11385:
11379:
11375:
11374:
11366:
11351:
11347:
11341:
11326:
11322:
11316:
11310:
11306:
11300:
11294:
11290:
11284:
11278:
11274:
11273:online review
11270:
11264:
11257:
11253:
11247:
11240:
11234:
11227:
11221:
11215:
11211:
11208:
11204:
11198:
11191:
11187:
11181:
11174:
11168:
11161:
11155:
11148:
11142:
11135:
11129:
11122:
11116:
11110:
11106:
11100:
11085:
11081:
11074:
11067:
11063:
11057:
11049:
11048:
11040:
11033:
11027:
11020:
11019:
11012:
11005:
10999:
10992:
10988:
10983:
10981:
10973:
10971:
10964:
10957:
10952:
10945:
10941:
10935:
10928:
10922:
10915:
10909:
10893:
10889:
10883:
10868:
10861:
10853:
10849:
10845:
10841:
10837:
10833:
10826:
10811:
10807:
10801:
10793:
10787:
10783:
10776:
10774:
10765:
10759:
10755:
10748:
10740:
10734:
10718:
10712:
10705:
10699:
10692:
10686:
10679:
10673:
10667:
10662:
10655:
10649:
10634:
10633:
10628:
10622:
10607:
10603:
10597:
10578:
10574:
10567:
10565:
10557:
10538:
10534:
10527:
10525:
10517:
10509:
10503:
10499:
10495:
10494:
10489:
10488:Nash, Gary B.
10483:
10481:
10464:
10460:
10454:
10446:
10444:9780313336997
10440:
10436:
10429:
10413:
10406:
10399:
10391:
10385:
10381:
10380:
10372:
10357:
10351:
10347:
10346:
10338:
10322:
10318:
10312:
10304:
10300:
10296:
10292:
10285:
10278:(4): 205‒236.
10277:
10273:
10266:
10251:
10247:
10241:
10233:
10227:
10223:
10216:
10208:
10206:9780205832408
10202:
10198:
10194:
10188:
10186:
10184:
10182:
10180:
10171:
10167:
10163:
10159:
10155:
10151:
10147:
10143:
10139:
10133:
10124:
10117:
10113:
10107:
10100:
10094:
10087:
10081:
10075:
10071:
10065:
10057:
10053:
10049:
10045:
10041:
10037:
10030:
10023:
10017:
10001:
9995:
9979:
9975:
9969:
9961:
9957:
9953:
9949:
9945:
9941:
9934:
9927:
9921:
9914:
9910:
9906:
9900:
9893:
9889:
9885:
9879:
9872:
9871:
9864:
9857:
9851:
9844:
9838:
9830:
9824:
9820:
9819:
9811:
9804:
9798:
9791:
9785:
9778:
9772:
9757:
9753:
9747:
9745:
9728:
9724:
9720:
9714:
9706:
9704:9789987160389
9700:
9696:
9695:
9687:
9678:
9672:
9668:
9663:
9662:
9653:
9647:
9641:
9634:
9628:
9623:
9616:
9608:
9604:
9600:
9593:
9577:
9573:
9569:
9563:
9555:
9551:
9547:
9540:
9524:
9520:
9514:
9507:
9501:
9494:
9488:
9481:
9475:
9468:
9462:
9455:
9449:
9433:
9429:
9423:
9408:
9404:
9398:
9382:
9376:
9368:
9364:
9359:
9354:
9350:
9346:
9342:
9338:
9334:
9330:
9326:
9319:
9311:
9305:
9301:
9300:
9292:
9284:
9278:
9274:
9273:
9265:
9257:
9251:
9236:
9232:
9226:
9210:
9206:
9202:
9195:
9180:
9176:
9170:
9159:September 14,
9155:
9151:
9145:
9138:
9134:
9128:
9120:
9114:
9110:
9109:
9101:
9085:
9081:
9077:
9071:
9069:
9052:
9048:
9044:
9038:
9030:
9026:
9020:
9012:
9008:
9002:
8987:
8980:
8973:
8967:
8959:
8957:9780312648831
8953:
8949:
8942:
8940:
8938:
8936:
8934:
8932:
8930:
8928:
8926:
8918:
8912:
8905:
8899:
8883:
8879:
8873:
8857:
8853:
8846:
8840:
8836:
8832:
8826:
8824:
8822:
8820:
8818:
8816:
8807:
8803:
8799:
8795:
8791:
8787:
8783:
8779:
8772:
8764:
8758:
8743:
8739:
8732:
8724:
8718:
8711:
8705:
8698:
8694:
8690:
8686:
8680:
8672:
8666:
8662:
8655:
8647:
8641:
8636:
8635:
8626:
8618:
8612:
8608:
8607:
8599:
8591:
8585:
8581:
8580:
8572:
8565:
8559:
8551:
8549:9780742563995
8545:
8541:
8540:
8535:
8529:
8521:
8515:
8511:
8507:
8506:
8498:
8490:
8486:
8482:
8475:
8467:
8461:
8457:
8450:
8448:
8439:
8433:
8429:
8428:
8420:
8404:
8403:abhmuseum.org
8400:
8394:
8387:
8376:
8372:
8365:
8357:
8350:
8346:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8258:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8246:
8243:
8241:
8238:
8236:
8233:
8232:
8231:
8230:
8222:
8219:
8218:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8157:
8154:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8140:
8137:
8136:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8108:
8105:
8104:
8103:
8100:
8099:
8092:
8083:
8079:
8076:This list is
8074:
8067:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8001:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7919:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7698:
7697:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7657:
7653:
7647:
7642:
7639:
7628:
7625:
7624:Africa portal
7614:
7611:
7600:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7534:Rayford Logan
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7509:Peter Kolchin
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7411:
7404:
7395:
7393:
7389:
7388:College Board
7384:
7381:
7376:
7373:
7369:
7365:
7360:
7358:
7354:
7350:
7346:
7342:
7338:
7334:
7330:
7326:
7322:
7318:
7314:
7310:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7296:
7292:
7288:
7284:
7280:
7275:
7265:
7264:application.
7263:
7262:death penalty
7259:
7255:
7251:
7248:of any major
7247:
7243:
7239:
7235:
7234:poverty rates
7231:
7224:Social issues
7221:
7219:
7215:
7210:
7208:
7204:
7200:
7196:
7192:
7187:
7185:
7181:
7177:
7172:
7169:
7165:
7161:
7157:
7153:
7152:Oprah Winfrey
7148:
7146:
7142:
7138:
7134:
7130:
7126:
7122:
7118:
7113:
7111:
7107:
7103:
7099:
7094:
7092:
7091:Jesse Jackson
7085:
7081:
7078:
7073:
7063:
7060:
7052:
7049:November 2021
7041:
7038:
7034:
7031:
7027:
7024:
7020:
7017:
7013:
7010: –
7009:
7005:
7004:Find sources:
6998:
6994:
6988:
6987:
6982:This section
6980:
6976:
6971:
6970:
6966:
6962:
6958:
6952:
6942:
6940:
6936:
6932:
6928:
6924:
6919:
6917:
6913:
6909:
6905:
6901:
6897:
6894:In 1965, the
6892:
6890:
6886:
6882:
6878:
6869:
6864:
6860:
6858:
6854:
6850:
6846:
6841:
6839:
6835:
6831:
6827:
6823:
6819:
6815:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6791:
6790:Bayard Rustin
6787:
6783:
6779:
6778:National Mall
6775:
6771:
6763:
6759:
6755:
6751:
6748:
6744:
6740:
6736:
6732:
6727:
6724:
6723:Freedom Rides
6720:
6715:
6713:
6709:
6705:
6701:
6697:
6696:
6691:
6690:Supreme Court
6685:
6674:
6671:
6663:
6660:November 2021
6652:
6649:
6645:
6642:
6638:
6635:
6631:
6628:
6624:
6621: –
6620:
6616:
6615:Find sources:
6609:
6605:
6599:
6598:
6593:This section
6591:
6587:
6582:
6581:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6563:
6558:
6556:
6552:
6548:
6544:
6536:
6532:
6524:
6519:
6509:
6507:
6503:
6499:
6495:
6491:
6490:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6473:
6464:
6460:
6457:
6456:
6451:
6450:Gunnar Myrdal
6447:
6443:
6440:of President
6439:
6434:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6414:
6410:
6406:
6402:
6397:
6394:
6390:
6384:
6382:
6374:
6370:
6361:
6358:
6354:
6353:A Rising Wind
6350:
6346:
6341:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6325:
6322:
6317:
6313:
6308:
6306:
6305:93rd Division
6302:
6298:
6297:92nd Division
6293:
6291:
6290:
6285:
6281:
6280:Bamber Bridge
6277:
6271:
6267:
6261:
6257:
6252:
6243:
6241:
6237:
6236:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6208:
6198:
6195:
6192:
6188:
6183:
6180:
6176:
6175:sharecroppers
6166:
6164:
6160:
6154:
6152:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6134:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6118:
6115:
6111:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6093:
6091:
6087:
6082:
6079:
6075:
6069:
6067:
6061:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6036:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6018:
6013:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5998:
5995:
5994:Lorena Hickok
5986:
5982:
5977:
5964:
5963:
5958:
5957:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5942:
5941:
5940:
5935:
5931:
5921:
5919:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5898:
5893:
5889:
5887:
5886:German troops
5883:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5862:
5858:
5856:
5855:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5836:Meuse-Argonne
5833:
5829:
5820:
5816:
5810:
5805:
5801:
5799:
5795:
5790:
5788:
5783:
5780:
5777:
5774:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5739:
5734:
5730:
5728:
5724:
5718:
5716:
5712:
5697:
5691:
5686:
5678:
5673:
5667:
5657:
5655:
5651:
5646:
5636:
5634:
5630:
5624:
5614:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5595:Marcus Garvey
5592:
5588:
5583:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5528:
5525:
5518:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5500:
5486:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5461:
5459:
5455:
5449:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5425:
5415:
5413:
5407:
5405:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5388:
5379:
5375:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5352:
5348:
5342:
5340:
5335:
5332:
5328:
5325:In 1865, the
5318:
5316:
5315:sharecroppers
5310:
5308:
5307:
5302:
5301:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5287:Supreme Court
5284:
5283:
5277:
5275:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5253:
5246:
5241:
5237:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5221:
5216:
5212:
5211:Jim Crow laws
5206:
5202:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5176:
5172:
5167:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5146:
5142:
5140:
5135:
5129:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5102:
5097:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5073:
5069:
5066:
5062:
5056:
5050:
5046:
5036:
5033:
5029:
5024:
5020:
5019:obiter dictum
5015:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4983:
4978:
4975:
4971:
4966:
4962:
4961:
4953:
4943:
4940:
4939:Absalom Jones
4934:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4907:
4905:
4901:
4900:denominations
4896:
4892:
4888:
4882:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4867:
4863:
4861:
4857:
4851:
4847:
4838:
4836:
4831:
4825:
4823:
4818:
4814:
4809:
4806:
4802:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4789:
4784:
4782:
4781:Abolitionists
4777:
4773:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4729:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4702:
4700:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4684:
4679:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4647:
4637:
4635:
4630:
4628:
4627:Richard Allen
4624:
4617:
4613:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4584:
4581:
4577:
4571:
4568:
4564:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4551:freedom suits
4548:
4547:Massachusetts
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4519:
4517:
4513:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4430:
4428:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4388:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4330:
4328:
4322:
4320:
4316:
4311:
4307:
4305:
4295:
4293:
4289:
4283:
4281:
4275:
4273:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4249:
4247:
4243:
4237:
4233:
4231:
4230:Massachusetts
4225:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4198:Point Comfort
4195:
4192:In 1619, the
4190:
4188:
4179:
4175:
4168:
4166:
4160:
4150:
4147:
4139:
4128:
4125:
4121:
4118:
4114:
4111:
4107:
4104:
4100:
4097: –
4096:
4092:
4091:Find sources:
4085:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4069:This article
4067:
4063:
4058:
4057:
4049:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4034:
4032:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4011:
4005:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3948:Sierra Leone
3947:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3919:
3918:(1700–1820):
3917:
3913:
3909:
3904:
3900:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3810:
3809:Côte d'Ivoire
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3793:Guinea-Bissau
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3766:Senegal River
3763:
3759:
3756:(present-day
3755:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3742:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3665:
3660:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3572:Jim Crow laws
3570:known as the
3569:
3565:
3564:disfranchised
3561:
3557:
3553:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3481:United States
3478:
3474:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3422:Francis Drake
3419:
3418:North America
3415:
3411:
3400:
3395:
3393:
3388:
3386:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3337:
3336:Minstrel show
3334:
3332:
3331:Magical Negro
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3248:
3247:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3142:
3141:West Virginia
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3077:
3076:San Francisco
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3056:New York City
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2839:
2838:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2749:
2748:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2707:Nova Scotians
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2610:Black Indians
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2576:
2575:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2548:HBCU (HBCUAC)
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2514:
2513:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2449:Organizations
2448:
2447:
2439:
2438:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2318:Organizations
2317:
2316:
2308:
2307:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2201:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1986:Neighborhoods
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1929:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1731:
1726:
1724:
1719:
1717:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1693:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1675:List of years
1673:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1654:
1646:
1644:
1643:Urban history
1641:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1259:
1258:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1074:Thai American
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
992:
991:
990:
986:
982:
979:
978:
977:
976:
972:
970:
969:
965:
963:
962:
958:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
925:
924:
923:
922:Party Systems
919:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
886:
885:
884:
880:
878:
877:
873:
871:
870:
866:
862:
861:Voting rights
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
803:
802:
801:
797:
795:
794:
790:
786:
783:
782:
781:
780:
776:
772:
769:
768:
767:
766:
762:
758:
755:
754:
753:
752:
748:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
725:
724:
723:
719:
715:
712:
711:
710:
709:
705:
703:
702:
698:
696:
695:
691:
690:
684:
683:
673:
670:
669:
666:
664:
663:
659:
658:
654:
652:
648:
647:
644:
642:
641:
637:
636:
632:
630:
626:
625:
622:
620:
619:
615:
614:
610:
608:
604:
603:
599:
597:
593:
592:
589:
587:
586:
582:
581:
577:
575:
571:
570:
566:
564:
560:
559:
556:
554:
553:
549:
548:
544:
542:
538:
537:
533:
531:
527:
526:
522:
520:
516:
515:
511:
509:
505:
504:
501:
499:
498:
494:
493:
489:
487:
483:
482:
478:
476:
472:
471:
467:
465:
461:
460:
457:
455:
454:
450:
449:
445:
443:
442:Civil War Era
439:
438:
435:
433:
432:
428:
427:
423:
421:
417:
416:
412:
410:
406:
405:
402:
400:
399:
395:
394:
390:
388:
384:
383:
379:
377:
373:
372:
369:
367:
366:
362:
361:
357:
355:
351:
350:
346:
344:
340:
339:
336:
334:
333:
329:
328:
324:
322:
321:
317:
316:
312:
310:
309:
304:
303:
299:
298:
293:
286:
285:
281:
277:
276:
273:
272:United States
266:
265:
262:
259:
258:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
222:runaway slave
219:
209:
200:
189:
180:
169:
160:
149:
140:
131:
123:
120:
112:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70: –
69:
65:
64:Find sources:
58:
54:
48:
47:
42:This article
40:
36:
31:
30:
27:
19:
21905:
21739:Bunce Island
21660:
21600:Demographics
21581:Igbo Landing
21412:Black church
21372:
21365:
21359:Publications
21346:
21338:
21330:
21322:
21314:
21306:
21235:
21175:David Garrow
21155:John Dittmer
21026:
20953:Brown Chapel
20910:
20903:
20896:
20889:
20882:
20868:
20825:
20677:Andrew Young
20632:A. T. Walden
20627:C. T. Vivian
20587:Maxine Smith
20422:Homer Plessy
20402:James Orange
20357:Irene Morgan
20312:William Ming
20292:Ralph McGill
20227:Viola Liuzzo
20212:Jim Letherer
20197:James Lawson
20127:Vernon Johns
20117:Esau Jenkins
20072:Myles Horton
20022:Fred Hampton
20012:Prathia Hall
20002:Dick Gregory
19972:Marie Foster
19967:James Forman
19957:James Farmer
19942:Medgar Evers
19902:Angela Davis
19837:Ramsey Clark
19817:James Chaney
19812:Johnnie Carr
19792:Ralph Bunche
19787:H. Rap Brown
19777:Ruby Bridges
19737:Joanne Bland
19712:Claude Black
19692:Marion Barry
19662:Muhammad Ali
19489:
19425:
19418:
19379:
19357:
19326:
19319:
19161:
19122:
19115:
19045:Kissing Case
19020:
18977:
18960:
18951:
18944:
18937:
18930:
18923:
18899:
18891:
18693:Sportspeople
18663:Billionaires
18580:Sierra Leone
18483:Philadelphia
18319:Jacksonville
18146:Demographics
17978:Jack Johnson
17968:Muhammad Ali
17801:Conservatism
17736:Black church
17633:Andrew Young
17618:Ida B. Wells
17608:David Walker
17603:C. T. Vivian
17558:Paul Robeson
17553:Hiram Revels
17533:Colin Powell
17513:Barack Obama
17468:James Lawson
17423:Jimi Hendrix
17393:James Farmer
17388:Medgar Evers
17358:Ralph Bunche
17308:Maya Angelou
17282:Middle class
17160:Afrofuturism
17086:
17074:
17067:
16988:
16933:
16880:
16846:Afrocentrism
16836:Abolitionism
16822:
16686:Midway Atoll
16681:Kingman Reef
16661:Baker Island
16640:Puerto Rico
16552:South Dakota
16542:Rhode Island
16537:Pennsylvania
16517:North Dakota
16233:
16226:
16207:
16168:
16161:
16147:
16093:
16049:
16043:
16042:
15985:
15971:
15964:
15957:
15918:
15892:Marine Corps
15879:
15872:
15865:
15829:Debt ceiling
15814:Civil Rights
15796:
15789:
15775:
15761:
15747:
15718:
15713:Antisemitism
15711:
15704:
15660:
15621:
15557:2008–present
15509:Bush v. Gore
15507:
15445:War on drugs
15319:Mid Cold War
15171:Pearl Harbor
15166:World War II
14986:Ku Klux Klan
14583:Dummer's War
14522:
14515:
14509:Pre-Colonial
14415:. Retrieved
14411:
14370:
14315:
14305:
14295:
14285:
14275:
14266:
14256:
14236:
14227:
14220:
14210:
14200:
14193:
14186:
14175:
14168:
14150:. Retrieved
14144:
14129:
14119:
14116:
14109:
14102:
14083:
14080:
14073:
14063:
14056:
14038:
14034:
14020:
14010:
14003:
13987:
13983:
13958:
13954:
13930:
13926:
13915:. Retrieved
13908:the original
13877:
13873:
13851:
13841:
13834:
13824:
13819:Project MUSE
13814:
13811:
13793:
13789:
13769:
13765:
13755:
13745:
13740:Project MUSE
13735:
13732:
13718:
13704:
13701:
13694:
13691:
13684:
13677:
13670:
13657:
13647:
13640:
13633:
13626:
13616:
13609:
13602:
13599:
13592:
13585:
13578:
13571:
13561:
13554:
13547:
13540:
13533:
13526:
13519:
13515:
13511:
13501:
13484:
13477:
13430:
13422:
13415:
13408:
13401:
13394:
13384:
13377:
13370:
13359:
13348:
13334:
13327:
13317:
13310:
13295:
13286:
13277:
13270:
13261:
13244:
13237:
13230:
13220:
13210:
13200:
13186:
13166:
13157:
13138:
13129:
13119:
13112:
13102:
13088:
13081:
13071:
13061:
13032:
13027:
13015:. Retrieved
13005:
12996:
12990:
12974:
12969:
12961:
12956:
12937:
12932:
12924:the original
12919:
12910:
12898:. Retrieved
12891:the original
12874:
12849:
12845:
12839:
12827:. Retrieved
12823:
12813:
12805:
12800:
12786:
12777:
12768:
12760:
12744:
12732:. Retrieved
12728:
12719:
12707:. Retrieved
12703:
12694:
12674:
12667:
12655:. Retrieved
12651:
12642:
12631:
12626:
12618:
12613:
12601:. Retrieved
12572:
12567:
12559:
12554:
12546:
12541:
12533:
12528:
12503:
12499:
12493:
12485:
12480:
12472:
12467:
12451:
12446:
12438:
12433:
12425:
12420:
12412:
12388:
12383:
12375:
12370:
12362:
12357:
12341:
12335:
12322:
12314:
12309:
12301:
12283:
12278:
12270:
12252:
12224:
12204:
12199:
12191:
12186:
12178:
12154:
12149:
12141:
12136:
12128:
12123:
12115:
12110:
12102:
12071:
12066:
12059:The New Deal
12058:
12053:
12045:
12029:
12011:
12006:
11998:
11982:
11977:
11969:
11964:
11956:
11951:
11943:
11938:
11930:
11912:
11907:
11899:
11894:
11883:
11874:
11866:
11861:
11853:
11825:
11818:
11807:
11802:
11794:
11789:
11781:
11776:
11768:
11750:
11745:
11733:
11728:
11720:
11715:
11707:
11702:
11688:(1): 37–51.
11685:
11681:
11675:
11667:
11662:
11650:
11642:
11637:
11629:
11624:
11616:
11600:
11595:
11587:
11582:
11573:
11565:
11560:
11552:
11547:
11538:
11530:
11525:
11513:
11508:
11494:
11480:
11471:
11463:
11458:
11447:
11439:
11434:
11426:
11420:
11408:. Retrieved
11404:
11372:
11365:
11353:. Retrieved
11349:
11340:
11328:. Retrieved
11324:
11315:
11304:
11299:
11288:
11283:
11268:
11263:
11255:
11246:
11238:
11233:
11225:
11220:
11202:
11197:
11185:
11180:
11172:
11167:
11159:
11154:
11146:
11141:
11133:
11128:
11120:
11115:
11104:
11099:
11087:. Retrieved
11083:
11073:
11065:
11061:
11056:
11046:
11039:
11031:
11026:
11017:
11011:
11003:
10998:
10990:
10969:
10963:
10951:
10939:
10934:
10926:
10921:
10913:
10908:
10898:December 11,
10896:. Retrieved
10892:the original
10882:
10870:. Retrieved
10860:
10852:the original
10839:
10835:
10825:
10813:. Retrieved
10809:
10800:
10781:
10753:
10747:
10723:December 11,
10721:. Retrieved
10711:
10703:
10698:
10690:
10685:
10677:
10672:
10661:
10653:
10648:
10636:. Retrieved
10630:
10621:
10609:. Retrieved
10605:
10596:
10584:. Retrieved
10577:the original
10573:stanford.edu
10572:
10563:
10556:
10544:. Retrieved
10537:the original
10533:stanford.edu
10532:
10523:
10516:
10492:
10467:. Retrieved
10453:
10434:
10428:
10416:. Retrieved
10411:
10398:
10378:
10371:
10361:December 27,
10359:. Retrieved
10344:
10337:
10325:. Retrieved
10311:
10294:
10290:
10284:
10275:
10271:
10265:
10253:. Retrieved
10249:
10240:
10221:
10215:
10196:
10145:
10141:
10132:
10123:
10111:
10106:
10098:
10097:Ira Berlin,
10093:
10085:
10080:
10069:
10064:
10039:
10035:
10029:
10021:
10016:
10004:. Retrieved
9994:
9982:. Retrieved
9977:
9968:
9943:
9939:
9933:
9925:
9920:
9904:
9899:
9883:
9878:
9868:
9863:
9855:
9850:
9842:
9837:
9817:
9810:
9802:
9797:
9789:
9784:
9776:
9771:
9759:. Retrieved
9755:
9731:. Retrieved
9722:
9713:
9693:
9686:
9660:
9652:
9639:
9633:
9621:
9615:
9606:
9602:
9592:
9580:. Retrieved
9576:the original
9571:
9562:
9553:
9549:
9539:
9527:. Retrieved
9522:
9513:
9505:
9500:
9492:
9487:
9479:
9474:
9466:
9461:
9453:
9452:Ira Berlin,
9448:
9436:. Retrieved
9431:
9422:
9410:. Retrieved
9406:
9397:
9385:. Retrieved
9375:
9332:
9328:
9318:
9298:
9291:
9271:
9264:
9250:
9238:. Retrieved
9234:
9225:
9215:November 16,
9213:. Retrieved
9204:
9194:
9182:. Retrieved
9178:
9169:
9157:. Retrieved
9153:
9144:
9136:
9127:
9111:. ABC-CLIO.
9107:
9100:
9088:. Retrieved
9079:
9055:. Retrieved
9046:
9037:
9028:
9019:
9010:
9001:
8989:. Retrieved
8979:
8971:
8966:
8947:
8916:
8911:
8903:
8898:
8888:December 27,
8886:. Retrieved
8881:
8872:
8860:. Retrieved
8856:the original
8845:
8830:
8781:
8777:
8771:
8757:
8747:February 26,
8745:. Retrieved
8731:
8717:
8709:
8704:
8684:
8679:
8660:
8654:
8633:
8625:
8605:
8598:
8578:
8571:
8566:(2000) p. 3)
8563:
8558:
8538:
8528:
8504:
8497:
8488:
8484:
8474:
8455:
8426:
8419:
8409:September 5,
8407:. Retrieved
8402:
8393:
8385:
8378:. Retrieved
8374:
8364:
8355:
8349:
8228:
8227:
8086:
8059:
8058:
7825:Black church
7694:
7685:Black school
7444:Lonnie Bunch
7401:
7385:
7377:
7361:
7356:
7352:
7348:
7344:
7340:
7311:
7299:
7279:black people
7271:
7250:ethnic group
7227:
7211:
7188:
7176:Barack Obama
7173:
7149:
7121:Colin Powell
7114:
7095:
7088:
7084:Barack Obama
7055:
7046:
7036:
7029:
7022:
7015:
7003:
6991:Please help
6986:verification
6983:
6957:Black flight
6920:
6893:
6877:James Chaney
6873:
6842:
6820:(CORE); and
6814:James Farmer
6767:
6746:
6728:
6716:
6693:
6687:
6666:
6657:
6647:
6640:
6633:
6626:
6614:
6602:Please help
6597:verification
6594:
6570:
6566:
6559:
6551:World War II
6540:
6494:Ethel Waters
6487:
6470:
6461:
6454:
6435:
6417:
6398:
6385:
6377:
6352:
6342:
6326:
6312:Port Chicago
6309:
6294:
6287:
6272:
6268:
6265:
6234:
6231:
6201:World War II
6196:
6190:
6184:
6172:
6155:
6135:
6119:
6094:
6083:
6070:
6062:
6037:
6021:Harold Ickes
6014:
5999:
5990:
5960:
5954:
5947:
5937:
5902:
5897:Barbara Bush
5867:
5853:
5825:
5813:
5792:Among these
5791:
5784:
5781:
5778:
5775:
5772:
5769:
5742:
5719:
5708:
5692:who won the
5642:
5626:
5584:
5560:Claude McKay
5556:Nella Larsen
5536:Aimé Césaire
5529:
5521:
5483:says it is:
5481:Rupert Vance
5476:
5462:
5450:
5427:
5408:
5400:Ida B. Wells
5384:
5364:White League
5356:
5343:
5327:Ku Klux Klan
5324:
5311:
5304:
5298:
5280:
5278:
5254:
5250:
5222:
5218:
5180:
5168:
5153:Hiram Revels
5151:
5130:
5113:
5107:
5070:
5058:
5012:
4981:
4959:
4955:
4935:
4908:
4887:Black church
4883:
4879:middle class
4875:James Forten
4868:
4864:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4834:
4826:
4810:
4804:
4798:
4792:
4785:
4779:
4766:Abolitionism
4749:
4730:
4722:sectionalism
4703:
4687:
4680:
4676:Pennsylvania
4665:
4631:
4623:Black church
4619:
4616:Black church
4585:
4572:
4559:
4543:Quock Walker
4527:constitution
4520:
4508:
4495:Sierra Leone
4467:
4446:Lord Dunmore
4438:emancipation
4431:
4427:Agrippa Hull
4424:
4389:
4379:—founder of
4350:
4323:
4312:
4308:
4301:
4284:
4276:
4269:
4261:
4253:expansionism
4250:
4245:
4238:
4234:
4226:
4191:
4183:
4177:
4162:
4142:
4133:
4123:
4116:
4109:
4102:
4090:
4078:Please help
4073:verification
4070:
4052:Colonial era
4046:
4041:
4035:
4028:
4007:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3801:Sierra Leone
3781:Sierra Leone
3748:
3738:creolization
3675:
3637:, including
3620:
3614:to pass the
3590:to overturn
3554:defeat, the
3549:
3509:slave system
3470:
3409:
3408:
3234:Sierra Leone
3066:Philadelphia
3036:Jacksonville
2632:Brass Ankles
2385:Conservatism
2360:Afrocentrism
2332:Joint Center
2223:Black church
2214:Institutions
2129:Billionaires
2119:Middle class
2072:Celebrations
2035:Fraternities
1761:
1230:
1223:
1204:
1165:
1158:
1144:
1085:
1041:
1034:
987:
973:
968:Social class
966:
959:
920:
894:Marine Corps
881:
874:
867:
831:Debt ceiling
816:Civil rights
798:
791:
777:
763:
749:
720:
708:Civil unrest
706:
701:Antisemitism
699:
692:
674:2008–present
662:2008–present
660:
638:
616:
583:
550:
541:World War II
495:
451:
429:
396:
363:
330:
320:Colonial Era
318:
306:
300:
260:
130:
115:
106:
96:
89:
82:
75:
63:
51:Please help
46:verification
43:
26:
21638:Hog Hammock
21508:Ranky Tanky
21442:Goofer dust
21351:(1994–2000)
21195:Doug McAdam
21165:Chuck Fager
20792:Nonviolence
20697:James Zwerg
20692:Bob Zellner
20652:Roy Wilkins
20602:Hank Thomas
20537:Pete Seeger
20532:Bobby Seale
20397:Jack O'Dell
20392:Edgar Nixon
20322:Amzie Moore
20317:Jack Minnis
20257:Mae Mallory
20242:Clara Luper
20202:Bernard Lee
20092:Cecil Ivory
20087:Ruby Hurley
20057:Oliver Hill
20052:Aaron Henry
19952:Chuck Fager
19912:Dave Dennis
19802:Guy Carawan
19742:Julian Bond
19707:James Bevel
19697:Daisy Bates
18968:Emmett Till
18851:(1954–1968)
18713:US senators
18683:Republicans
18668:Journalists
18525:San Antonio
18490:Puerto Rico
18431:Mississippi
18324:Tallahassee
18297:Los Angeles
17988:Jesse Owens
17973:Arthur Ashe
17831:Nationalism
17821:Raised fist
17784:Black power
17689:in medicine
17623:Roy Wilkins
17578:Emmett Till
17563:Al Sharpton
17328:Julian Bond
17323:James Bevel
17287:Upper class
17277:Stereotypes
17170:Black mecca
17082:Plantations
16861:Black Codes
16701:Wake Island
16467:Mississippi
16382:Connecticut
16326:New England
15993:Agriculture
15912:Coast Guard
15907:Space Force
15755:Immigration
15483:WTC bombing
15401:Reaganomics
15329:Vietnam War
15245:McCarthyism
15127:Second Klan
15112:Prohibition
15090:World War I
15065:Square Deal
15055:Imperialism
14790:War of 1812
14517:Prehistoric
14417:October 25,
13990:(1): 1–23.
13493:081012315-0
12916:"One in 31"
11551:Jam Voogd,
11084:Guncite.com
10872:December 6,
10815:December 6,
10702:Jim Downs,
10042:(1): 5–20.
9154:www.nps.gov
7519:Brent Leggs
7484:Steven Hahn
7380:Gerald Ford
7184:Mitt Romney
7168:Bob Johnson
7127:, 2001–05;
7110:U.S. Senate
6939:Black Power
6851:, and then
6794:Roy Wilkins
6409:Los Angeles
6284:Frank Capra
5809:World War I
5660:World War I
5404:due process
5329:, a secret
5303:(1903) and
5007:bullwhipped
4602:to Africa.
4512:Nova Scotia
4463:Boston King
4459:Colonel Tye
4416:Bunker Hill
4383:—submitted
4377:Prince Hall
4327:field hands
4292:West Africa
4202:Fort Monroe
4008:Before the
3964:Gold Coast
3956:Senegambia
3927:Percentage
3886:, parts of
3835:Benue River
3831:Volta River
3774:Niger River
3653:Enslavement
3552:Confederate
3543:issued the
3517:free states
3505:plantations
3426:Golden Hind
3302:Stereotypes
3229:Nova Scotia
3111:Mississippi
3071:San Antonio
3051:Los Angeles
2986:Black mecca
2913:Mississippi
2820:Negro Dutch
2642:Dominickers
2586:Multiethnic
2495:TransAfrica
2405:Nationalism
2375:Black power
2159:Black pride
2124:Upper class
1823:Politicians
1594:Territories
1315:New England
995:Agriculture
914:Coast Guard
909:Space Force
757:Immigration
607:Vietnam War
508:World War I
302:Prehistoric
218:field hands
21921:Categories
21886:Toucouleur
21717:Senegambia
21467:Ring shout
21447:Haint blue
21138:historians
20819:Satyagraha
20785:Influences
20477:James Reeb
20412:James Peck
20407:Rosa Parks
20377:Diane Nash
20247:Danny Lyon
20222:John Lewis
20167:A. D. King
20067:James Hood
19682:Ella Baker
19652:Zev Aelony
18658:Astronauts
18448:New Jersey
18292:California
17796:Capitalism
17593:Nat Turner
17523:Rosa Parks
17508:Diane Nash
17478:John Lewis
17267:Newspapers
17237:Literature
17222:Juneteenth
17175:Businesses
17029:Exodusters
16997:Free Negro
16582:Washington
16502:New Mexico
16497:New Jersey
16372:California
15867:Journalism
15819:Corruption
15798:Government
15749:Demography
15736:Newspapers
15585:Sandy Hook
15488:Waco siege
15396:Reagan era
15302:Space Race
15235:Korean War
15176:home front
15008:Gilded Age
14976:Amendments
14029:0631230661
13804:Fulltext:
13780:Fulltext:
13498:Boyd, Herb
13487:, (2005).
13342:Since 1914
13195:B08SCBR8WY
12948:Fulltext:
12900:August 28,
12829:August 12,
12657:August 28,
12350:0786412046
11410:August 28,
11256:Charm 2007
11089:August 28,
10611:August 28,
10586:August 28,
10546:August 28,
9946:(3): 393.
9756:Revolution
9723:Revolution
9582:August 28,
9523:Revolution
9438:August 28,
9428:"Clotilde"
9412:August 28,
8697:0195167791
8687:(5 vol.).
8670:0679733477
8645:0766012972
8638:. Enslow.
8589:0060524308
8078:incomplete
7449:Eric Foner
7424:Ira Berlin
7228:After the
7160:Forbes 400
7075:The first
7019:newspapers
6840:" speech.
6822:John Lewis
6698:(1954) of
6630:newspapers
6562:West Coast
6506:race films
6476:Lena Horne
6430:Appalachia
6422:zoot suits
6364:Home front
6205:See also:
6025:Alger Hiss
5950:Red Summer
5664:See also:
5633:Ivy League
5372:Red Shirts
5368:Deep South
5261:poll taxes
5234:Exodusters
5209:See also:
5114:Dred Scott
5094:See also:
5053:See also:
5014:Dred Scott
4997:Peter aka
4856:stevedores
4770:See also:
4714:indentured
4699:Deep South
4690:cotton gin
4644:See also:
4600:emigrating
4555:Paul Cuffe
4337:See also:
4214:Portuguese
4106:newspapers
4039:slave ship
3912:New France
3892:Madagascar
3884:Mozambique
3837:in modern
3816:Gold Coast
3762:The Gambia
3754:Senegambia
3639:literature
3604:Rosa Parks
3430:New Albion
2868:California
2842:Population
2415:Patriotism
2400:Liberalism
2380:Capitalism
2351:Ideologies
2232:Theologies
2091:Juneteenth
2063:Literature
1991:Newspapers
1899:Migrations
1830:Juneteenth
869:Journalism
821:Corruption
800:Government
751:Demography
738:Newspapers
629:Reagan Era
475:Gilded Age
313:until 1607
109:April 2023
79:newspapers
20797:Padayatra
20746:"Kumbaya"
20706:By region
20362:Bob Moses
20267:Bob Mants
20252:Malcolm X
20172:C.B. King
19992:Fred Gray
19635:Activists
19276:1964–1968
19059:1960–1963
18917:1954–1959
18772:Monuments
18648:Activists
18500:Tennessee
18420:Michigan
18404:Baltimore
18394:Louisiana
18387:Lexington
18370:Davenport
18309:Cleveland
18208:Languages
18137:Melungeon
18115:Blaxicans
17983:Joe Louis
17838:Socialism
17774:Anarchism
17503:Bob Moses
17488:Malcolm X
17408:Fred Gray
17272:Soul food
17210:New Negro
17195:Folktales
17105:Redlining
16592:Wisconsin
16557:Tennessee
16462:Minnesota
16437:Louisiana
16331:The South
15902:Air Force
15777:Education
15639:recession
15595:Las Vegas
15503:Columbine
15460:1991–2008
15388:1980–1991
15289:1964–1980
15200:1945–1964
15154:Dust Bowl
15082:1917–1945
14963:1865–1917
14941:Civil War
14934:Secession
14879:1849–1865
14802:1815–1849
14773:Quasi-War
14750:1789–1815
14670:1776–1789
14623:Sugar Act
14152:April 18,
14047:0048-7511
13975:144201941
13939:0002-8762
13903:149836969
13802:0021-8723
13778:1548-1867
13457:153118305
13273:. (1988)
12983:0197-4327
12946:0197-4327
12603:March 18,
11706:Kennedy,
10303:0022-4642
10170:132137921
10114:(London,
10101:(2000).32
10056:143734647
10006:April 12,
9960:145385967
9609:(3): 2–3.
9556:(3): 1–2.
9349:0144-039X
8798:0043-5597
7386:In 2021,
7281:. During
7133:Ron Brown
7096:In 1989,
6923:Malcolm X
6808:, of the
6800:, of the
6547:the South
6543:migration
6467:Hollywood
6316:explosion
5868:Corporal
5544:négritude
5517:1940–1970
5396:lynchings
5339:terrorism
4793:In 1852,
4718:kidnapped
4660:Louisiana
4580:Moravians
4483:Loyalists
4434:Loyalists
4385:petitions
4361:manifesto
4222:Caribbean
4165:Jamestown
4136:July 2022
4025:Transport
3916:New Spain
3785:Casamance
3576:lynchings
3446:cash crop
3326:Hollywood
3316:Blackface
3251:Prejudice
3169:US cities
3046:Lexington
3021:Davenport
3001:Baltimore
2977:US cities
2953:Tennessee
2903:Louisiana
2849:US states
2657:Melungeon
2627:Blaxicans
2425:Socialism
2390:Garveyism
2365:Anarchism
2169:Good hair
1996:Soul food
1966:Folktales
1320:The South
904:Air Force
779:Education
655:1991–2008
640:1991–2008
633:1981–1991
618:1980–1991
611:1964–1975
600:1954–1968
585:1964–1980
578:1954–1968
567:1945–1964
552:1945–1964
545:1941–1945
534:1929–1941
523:1918–1929
512:1917–1918
497:1917–1945
490:1896–1917
479:1877–1896
468:1865–1877
453:1865–1917
446:1849–1865
431:1849–1865
424:1825–1849
413:1817–1825
398:1815–1849
391:1801–1817
380:1788–1801
365:1789–1815
358:1783–1788
347:1765–1783
332:1776–1789
325:1607–1765
248:'s hair,
242:Malcolm X
224:rewards,
21907:Category
21864:Niominka
21819:Mandinka
21384:Language
20727:Movement
20157:Tom Kahn
19441:Activist
18861:timeline
18795:Category
18586:America
18552:Diaspora
18537:Virginia
18470:Oklahoma
18453:New York
18436:Nebraska
18399:Maryland
18382:Kentucky
18348:Illinois
18287:Arkansas
18192:Illinois
18130:of color
17816:Populism
17789:Movement
17706:Religion
17048:Lynching
16831:Timeline
16763:Category
16577:Virginia
16527:Oklahoma
16507:New York
16482:Nebraska
16472:Missouri
16457:Michigan
16447:Maryland
16432:Kentucky
16412:Illinois
16387:Delaware
16377:Colorado
16367:Arkansas
16246:Lesbians
16220:Comanche
16215:Cherokee
16008:Medicine
15966:Genocide
15959:Religion
15881:Military
15854:Taxation
15804:Abortion
15720:Cultural
15600:Parkland
15530:Iraq War
15468:Gulf War
15240:Ivy Mike
15159:New Deal
14535:Colonial
14480:Timeline
14288:(1992),
14259:(1992),
14088:in JSTOR
14066:(2000),
14051:in Jstor
14013:(1999),
13929:, 1987,
13846:in JSTOR
13518:(1998);
13514:(1988);
13213:(1982).
13122:(1992),
13105:(2005),
13074:(2000),
12866:14332898
12753:Archived
12597:Archived
12520:20174036
11812:in JSTOR
11710:, p. 212
11656:in JSTOR
11291:(2007).
11210:Archived
11109:in JSTOR
10733:cite web
10638:June 12,
10490:(1988).
10469:June 17,
10463:Archived
10418:April 6,
10327:June 17,
10321:Archived
10255:June 17,
10195:(2011).
10118:, 1969).
9984:June 16,
9892:20085586
9761:June 15,
9733:June 15,
9727:Archived
9529:June 14,
9508:, 2012).
9367:33281246
9209:Archived
9090:June 14,
9084:Archived
9057:June 14,
9051:Archived
8375:The Root
8060:By state
7745:genocide
7596:See also
7351:(1962),
7347:(1961),
7343:(1953),
7166:founder
7106:Illinois
6812:(SCLC);
6776:and the
6731:Virginia
6708:Boycotts
6331:and the
5970:New Deal
5909:Congress
5852:Général
5840:Lorraine
5747:and the
5705:Soldiers
5387:Jim Crow
5334:criminal
4972:and the
4811:In 1856
4606:Religion
4592:Maryland
4563:freedmen
4533:and the
4436:offered
3888:Tanzania
3862:Cameroon
3860:through
3714:Mandinka
3678:Africans
3523:via the
3493:American
3491:and the
3414:Africans
3366:Category
3189:Diaspora
3116:Missouri
3041:Kentucky
2968:Virginia
2938:Oklahoma
2923:New York
2918:Nebraska
2908:Maryland
2883:Illinois
2863:Arkansas
2702:Merikins
2647:Freedmen
2620:Mascogos
2420:Populism
2311:Politics
2206:Religion
2176:Stepping
1942:Lifeways
1778:Timeline
1745:a series
1743:Part of
1692:Category
1243:Lesbians
1217:Comanche
1212:Cherokee
1010:Medicine
961:Religion
883:Military
856:Taxation
806:Abortion
722:Cultural
21774:Ambundu
21622:Georgia
21562:History
21498:Kumbaya
21417:Boo Hag
21308:Conrack
21293:Culture
20852:Related
20442:Al Raby
19397:funeral
19260:Big Six
18723:Writers
18688:Singers
18673:Jurists
18621:Europe
18575:Liberia
18520:Houston
18424:Detroit
18360:Indiana
18353:Chicago
18336:Atlanta
18331:Georgia
18314:Florida
18282:Alabama
18232:English
17806:Leftism
17676:Museums
17227:Kwanzaa
17152:Culture
17120:Slavery
16823:History
16597:Wyoming
16572:Vermont
16477:Montana
16417:Indiana
16397:Georgia
16392:Florida
16362:Arizona
16352:Alabama
16319:Regions
16241:Gay men
16013:Railway
15973:Slavery
15769:Banking
15763:Economy
15605:El Paso
15590:Orlando
15324:Détente
14485:Outline
14308:(1999)
14278:(2007)
14213:(2003)
14203:(1917)
14178:(1908)
14076:(1988).
14006:(1980).
13947:1868489
13917:June 1,
13894:2717569
13837:(1982),
13758:(2007)
13687:(2004).
13663:(1996)
13397:(2007).
13337:(2004).
13330:(2011).
13320:(2007)
13291:(1992).
13260:, eds.
13174:Surveys
13169:(1997).
12734:May 17,
12709:May 17,
12488:(1999).
12460:1917685
12441:(2001).
12365:(1986).
12131:(1966).
12076:online.
11753:(2001).
11466:, 1919]
11429:, 1928.
11405:Pbs.org
11355:May 24,
11330:May 24,
11309:excerpt
11307:(2002)
11293:excerpt
11277:excerpt
11175:(1967).
10693:(2003).
10680:(2010).
10656:(2001).
10461:. PBS.
10319:. PBS.
10162:2716942
10088:(2005).
10072:(2010)
9913:2652438
9873:(1978).
9845:(2001).
9456:(2000).
9407:Nps.gov
9387:May 14,
9358:7716878
9240:May 14,
9184:May 14,
9082:. PBS.
9049:. PBS.
9029:HISTORY
8991:May 17,
8862:June 4,
8806:1920429
8380:July 8,
7364:slavery
7254:slavery
7203:Florida
7199:Georgia
7033:scholar
6933:of the
6925:of the
6824:of the
6816:of the
6786:Big Six
6644:scholar
6418:Chicano
6405:Detroit
6401:Chicago
5872:of the
5245:Georgia
5009:, 1863.
4672:abolish
4576:Quakers
4516:Jamaica
4442:Patriot
4414:and at
4353:British
4200:(today
4187:Estéban
4169:, 1901.
4120:scholar
3991:100.0%
3924:Region
3858:Nigeria
3847:Nigeria
3833:to the
3805:Liberia
3789:Assinie
3787:to the
3768:to the
3758:Senegal
3706:Bakongo
3698:Eastern
3586:led to
3535:on the
3489:British
3450:arrived
3224:Liberia
3106:Georgia
3101:Florida
3031:Houston
3026:Detroit
3011:Chicago
2996:Atlanta
2888:Indiana
2878:Georgia
2873:Florida
2858:Alabama
2790:Tutnese
2669:Redbone
2395:Leftism
2096:Kwanzaa
2053:Studies
2005:Schools
1934:Culture
1863:Aspects
1808:Slavery
1770:Periods
1762:History
1670:Outline
1307:Regions
1238:Gay men
1015:Railway
975:Slavery
771:Banking
765:Economy
238:MLK Jr.
232:, 1963
93:scholar
21854:Laalaa
21809:Kpelle
21427:Hoodoo
21343:(1991)
21335:(1989)
21327:(1984)
21319:(1982)
21311:(1974)
21287:topics
21038:Legacy
20814:Ahimsa
19443:groups
18904:(1950)
18896:(1950)
18857:Events
18735:Mayors
18653:Actors
18625:France
18617:Israel
18605:Mexico
18590:Canada
18565:Gambia
18560:Africa
18510:Austin
18475:Oregon
18414:Boston
18377:Kansas
18343:Hawaii
18261:Gullah
18071:Yoruba
18061:Gullah
17932:Sports
17850:groups
17680:Women
17217:Hoodoo
17091:(1896)
17017:Second
16993:(1857)
16938:(1956)
16885:(1954)
16773:Portal
16727:Cities
16710:Cities
16532:Oregon
16487:Nevada
16427:Kansas
16402:Hawaii
16357:Alaska
16345:States
16271:Places
16033:Groups
16003:Lumber
15941:Fourth
15931:Second
15741:Sports
15726:Cinema
15695:Topics
15610:Uvalde
15580:Aurora
15575:Tucson
14499:Events
14348:(2006)
14318:(2001)
14244:
14205:online
14189:(1995)
14180:online
14094:online
14059:(1986)
14045:
14027:
13994:
13973:
13945:
13937:
13900:
13892:
13854:(1993)
13800:
13776:
13721:(1998)
13712:online
13673:(1992)
13665:online
13652:online
13643:(1969)
13636:(2003)
13621:online
13612:(1999)
13595:(1966)
13588:(2000)
13581:(2009)
13574:(2010)
13564:(2009)
13557:(1991)
13550:(2012)
13543:(1999)
13522:(2006)
13500:, ed.
13491:
13455:
13445:
13425:(2011)
13389:online
13380:(1990)
13364:online
13353:online
13193:
13146:
13066:online
12981:
12944:
12864:
12682:
12636:online
12518:
12458:
12424:Wynn,
12348:
11833:
11518:online
11380:
11207:online
11149:(2014)
11006:(1995)
10944:online
10788:
10760:
10706:(2015)
10504:
10441:
10386:
10352:
10301:
10228:
10203:
10168:
10160:
10054:
9958:
9911:
9890:
9825:
9701:
9673:
9669:–114.
9495:(1998)
9482:(1975)
9365:
9355:
9347:
9306:
9279:
9115:
8954:
8884:. 2003
8837:
8804:
8796:
8695:
8667:
8642:
8613:
8586:
8546:
8516:
8462:
8434:
7035:
7028:
7021:
7014:
7006:
6963:, and
6898:, its
6700:Topeka
6646:
6639:
6632:
6625:
6617:
6482:, and
6426:pogrom
6413:Harlem
6411:, and
6254:Eight
6209:, and
6169:Cotton
6129:, and
5911:, the
5882:France
5854:Goybet
5844:Alsace
5711:Allied
5601:, the
5370:; the
5347:Colfax
5247:, 1943
5088:, and
5003:keloid
4999:Gordon
4448:, the
4345:, and
4122:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4093:
4042:Thomas
3988:Total
3967:13.1%
3959:14.5%
3951:15.8%
3943:24.4%
3935:26.1%
3914:, and
3890:, and
3877:Angola
3807:, and
3797:Guinea
3732:, and
3730:Yoruba
3643:cinema
3596:racism
3533:served
3521:Canada
3258:Racism
3219:Israel
3209:France
3204:Canada
3199:Africa
3006:Boston
2943:Oregon
2898:Kansas
2808:Gullah
2697:Gullah
2517:Sports
2264:Hoodoo
1702:Portal
1653:Cities
1635:Cities
1333:States
1262:Places
1029:Groups
1005:Lumber
943:Fourth
933:Second
743:Sports
728:Cinema
687:Topics
240:&
95:
88:
81:
74:
66:
21879:Saafi
21874:Palor
21849:Serer
21844:Wolof
21834:Temne
21824:Mende
21814:Limba
21804:Kongo
21799:Kissi
21713:Sahel
21332:Glory
21136:Noted
20729:songs
19549:NAACP
19402:riots
18636:Lists
18600:Haiti
18570:Ghana
18505:Texas
18441:Omaha
17719:Islam
17252:Names
17242:Music
17180:Dance
16562:Texas
16442:Maine
16407:Idaho
16235:LGBTQ
16228:Women
15998:Labor
15951:Sixth
15946:Fifth
15936:Third
15926:First
15731:Music
15473:NAFTA
14037:1987
13992:JSTOR
13971:S2CID
13943:JSTOR
13911:(PDF)
13898:S2CID
13890:JSTOR
13870:(PDF)
13792:2007
13782:Ebsco
13768:2007
13453:S2CID
12950:Ebsco
12894:(PDF)
12883:(PDF)
12862:S2CID
12516:JSTOR
12456:JSTOR
10580:(PDF)
10569:(PDF)
10540:(PDF)
10529:(PDF)
10408:(PDF)
10166:S2CID
10158:JSTOR
10052:S2CID
10002:. PBS
9980:. PBS
9956:S2CID
9909:JSTOR
9888:JSTOR
9525:. PBS
9135:, in
8802:JSTOR
8341:Notes
7195:Texas
7040:JSTOR
7026:books
6741:, in
6651:JSTOR
6637:books
6535:First
5745:371st
5463:Some
5293:, of
4408:White
4127:JSTOR
4113:books
4019:Benin
3983:1.8%
3975:4.3%
3879:; and
3873:Congo
3866:Gabon
3864:into
3843:Benin
3820:Ghana
3734:Makua
3718:Wolof
3694:Sahel
3647:music
3537:Union
3371:Index
3214:Ghana
3136:Texas
3061:Omaha
2958:Texas
2470:NAACP
1981:Names
1971:Music
1951:Dance
1232:LGBTQ
1225:Women
1000:Labor
953:Sixth
948:Fifth
938:Third
928:First
733:Music
100:JSTOR
86:books
21869:Noon
21859:Ndut
21829:Susu
21794:Jola
21789:Igbo
21784:Fula
21779:Baga
21432:Mojo
18532:Utah
18365:Iowa
18197:Ohio
18158:list
18066:Igbo
18056:Fula
17200:Hair
17190:Film
16907:1968
16897:1964
16630:Guam
16567:Utah
16522:Ohio
16422:Iowa
15897:Navy
15887:Army
15791:Flag
14419:2017
14242:ISBN
14154:2018
14043:ISSN
14025:ISBN
13935:ISSN
13919:2017
13798:ISSN
13774:ISSN
13489:ISBN
13443:ISBN
13256:and
13191:ASIN
13144:ISBN
13019:2022
12979:ISSN
12942:ISSN
12902:2017
12831:2020
12736:2022
12711:2022
12680:ISBN
12659:2017
12605:2007
12346:ISBN
11831:ISBN
11412:2017
11378:ISBN
11357:2020
11332:2020
11091:2017
10900:2012
10874:2012
10817:2012
10786:ISBN
10758:ISBN
10739:link
10725:2012
10640:2012
10613:2017
10588:2017
10548:2017
10502:ISBN
10471:2007
10439:ISBN
10420:2013
10384:ISBN
10363:2008
10350:ISBN
10329:2007
10299:ISSN
10257:2007
10226:ISBN
10201:ISBN
10008:2012
9986:2007
9823:ISBN
9763:2007
9735:2007
9699:ISBN
9671:ISBN
9584:2017
9531:2007
9440:2017
9414:2017
9389:2022
9363:PMID
9345:ISSN
9304:ISBN
9277:ISBN
9242:2022
9217:2021
9186:2022
9161:2024
9113:ISBN
9092:2007
9059:2007
8993:2022
8952:ISBN
8890:2023
8864:2007
8835:ISBN
8794:ISSN
8749:2017
8693:ASIN
8665:ISBN
8640:ISBN
8611:ISBN
8584:ISBN
8544:ISBN
8514:ISBN
8491:(1).
8460:ISBN
8432:ISBN
8411:2018
8382:2018
7366:and
7256:and
7205:and
7143:and
7012:news
6929:and
6883:and
6688:The
6623:news
6260:P-40
6006:FERA
5932:and
5842:and
5585:The
5578:and
5562:and
5538:and
5511:The
5501:and
5385:The
5349:and
5213:and
5203:and
5108:The
5059:The
5047:and
4921:and
4774:and
4674:it.
4648:and
4632:The
4614:and
4590:, a
4578:and
4541:and
4521:The
4461:and
4099:news
4017:and
4015:Mali
3875:and
3852:The
3839:Togo
3825:The
3814:The
3779:The
3760:and
3722:Akan
3710:Igbo
3700:and
3688:and
3686:West
3645:and
3621:The
3606:and
3594:and
3519:and
3471:The
3466:free
3304:and
2963:Utah
2933:Ohio
2893:Iowa
2500:UNCF
1961:Film
1810:and
899:Navy
889:Army
793:Flag
305:and
72:news
21839:Vai
17165:Art
17022:New
14683:War
13963:doi
13882:doi
13435:doi
13300:doi
12854:doi
12508:doi
11690:doi
11254:".
10844:doi
10632:PBS
10498:204
10150:doi
10044:doi
9948:doi
9353:PMC
9337:doi
8882:PBS
8786:doi
8084:.
7164:BET
7104:of
6995:by
6887:in
6780:in
6729:In
6606:by
6191:not
6187:AAA
6103:in
6010:WPA
6002:CCC
5985:WPA
5609:'s
5597:'s
4925:of
4294:".
4204:in
4196:to
4082:by
3726:Fon
3428:at
3416:to
2058:Art
55:by
21923::
21715:/
17036:/
14410:.
14143:.
14101:.
14084:75
14049:,
14039:15
13986:.
13969:.
13959:17
13957:.
13941:,
13931:92
13896:.
13888:.
13878:57
13876:.
13872:.
13815:14
13794:93
13770:92
13736:26
13705:19
13695:33
13603:10
13510:.
13451:.
13441:.
13433:.
12918:.
12885:.
12860:.
12850:69
12848:.
12822:.
12776:.
12759:.
12727:.
12702:.
12650:.
12595:.
12580:^
12514:.
12504:29
12502:.
12396:^
12291:^
12260:^
12232:^
12212:^
12162:^
12082:^
12037:^
12019:^
11990:^
11920:^
11882:.
11845:^
11758:^
11686:16
11684:.
11608:^
11403:.
11392:^
11348:.
11323:.
11275:;
11082:.
10989:,
10979:^
10840:96
10838:.
10834:.
10808:.
10772:^
10735:}}
10731:{{
10629:.
10604:.
10571:.
10531:.
10500:.
10479:^
10410:.
10295:78
10293:.
10276:90
10274:.
10248:.
10178:^
10164:.
10156:.
10146:64
10144:.
10050:.
10038:.
9976:.
9954:.
9942:.
9754:.
9743:^
9725:.
9721:.
9667:94
9607:83
9605:.
9601:.
9570:.
9554:83
9552:.
9548:.
9521:.
9430:.
9405:.
9361:.
9351:.
9343:.
9333:41
9331:.
9327:.
9233:.
9207:.
9203:.
9177:.
9152:.
9078:.
9067:^
9045:.
9027:.
9009:.
8924:^
8880:.
8814:^
8800:.
8792:.
8782:42
8780:.
8740:.
8691:.
8512:.
8510:14
8487:.
8483:.
8446:^
8401:.
8384:.
8373:.
8062::
7220:.
7201:,
7197:,
7135:,
7082:,
6959:,
6879:,
6804:;
6714:.
6706:.
6496:,
6478:,
6407:,
6403:,
6355:,
6292:.
6177:.
6125:,
6092:.
5888:.
5838:,
5767:.
5729:.
5574:,
5558:,
5554:,
5550:,
5460:.
5084:,
4893:,
4881:.
4858:,
4754:.
4514:,
4465:.
4341:,
4282:.
3910:,
3841:,
3803:,
3799:,
3795:,
3728:,
3724:,
3720:,
3716:,
3712:,
3708:,
3649:.
3641:,
1747:on
1627:VI
1622:PR
1617:MP
1612:GU
1607:AS
1602:DC
1586:WY
1581:WI
1576:WV
1571:WA
1566:VA
1561:VT
1556:UT
1551:TX
1546:TN
1541:SD
1536:SC
1531:RI
1526:PA
1521:OR
1516:OK
1511:OH
1506:ND
1501:NC
1496:NY
1491:NM
1486:NJ
1481:NH
1476:NV
1471:NE
1466:MT
1461:MO
1456:MS
1451:MN
1446:MI
1441:MA
1436:MD
1431:ME
1426:LA
1421:KY
1416:KS
1411:IA
1406:IN
1401:IL
1396:ID
1391:HI
1386:GA
1381:FL
1376:DE
1371:CT
1366:CO
1361:CA
1356:AR
1351:AZ
1346:AK
1341:AL
21277:e
21270:t
21263:v
21006:"
21002:"
19347:"
19343:"
19187:"
19183:"
19005:"
19001:"
18863:)
18859:(
18841:e
18834:t
18827:v
16807:e
16800:t
16793:v
14461:e
14454:t
14447:v
14421:.
14250:.
14182:.
14156:.
14120:7
13998:.
13988:1
13977:.
13965::
13949:.
13884::
13714:.
13459:.
13437::
13355:.
13306:.
13302::
13152:.
13021:.
12904:.
12868:.
12856::
12833:.
12794:.
12780:.
12738:.
12713:.
12688:.
12661:.
12607:.
12522:.
12510::
12462:.
12352:.
11839:.
11740:.
11696:.
11692::
11520:.
11414:.
11386:.
11359:.
11334:.
11258:.
11192:.
11093:.
10946:.
10902:.
10876:.
10846::
10819:.
10794:.
10766:.
10741:)
10727:.
10642:.
10615:.
10590:.
10566:"
10562:"
10550:.
10526:"
10522:"
10510:.
10473:.
10447:.
10422:.
10392:.
10365:.
10331:.
10305:.
10259:.
10234:.
10209:.
10172:.
10152::
10058:.
10046::
10040:1
10010:.
9988:.
9962:.
9950::
9944:7
9915:.
9894:.
9831:.
9765:.
9737:.
9707:.
9679:.
9642:.
9586:.
9533:.
9442:.
9416:.
9391:.
9369:.
9339::
9312:.
9285:.
9258:.
9244:.
9219:.
9188:.
9163:.
9121:.
9094:.
9061:.
9031:.
9013:.
8995:.
8960:.
8892:.
8866:.
8808:.
8788::
8765:.
8751:.
8725:.
8699:.
8673:.
8648:.
8619:.
8592:.
8552:.
8522:.
8489:1
8468:.
8440:.
8413:.
8091:)
8087:(
7062:)
7056:(
7051:)
7047:(
7037:·
7030:·
7023:·
7016:·
6989:.
6870:.
6673:)
6667:(
6662:)
6658:(
6648:·
6641:·
6634:·
6627:·
6600:.
4662:.
4149:)
4143:(
4138:)
4134:(
4124:·
4117:·
4110:·
4103:·
4076:.
3894:.
3868:;
3849:;
3822:;
3811:;
3398:e
3391:t
3384:v
2184:"
2180:"
1729:e
1722:t
1715:v
122:)
116:(
111:)
107:(
97:·
90:·
83:·
76:·
49:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.