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oxidizer into the combustion chamber first and then followed with the fuel, the GATV was modified to do the reverse because the normal start method had a tendency to leak oxidizer. While this would not be a problem for the Agena D with its single restart, the multi-restart GATV would eventually lose all of its oxidizer before the stage's operating life (which would last weeks instead of hours) could be completed. Unfortunately, pumping the fuel into the combustion chamber first caused the engine to backfire and rupture from mechanical shock. It was found out that
Lockheed engineers did not properly test the GATV to root out this problem (it had been tested at a simulated altitude of 21 miles up when actual Agena engine start would occur at around 75 miles up). The solution to the problem was switching back to the normal oxidizer-first engine start and also testing the GATV in appropriate conditions. Bell Aerosystems, the manufacturer of the Agena's engine, were also instructed to perform further ground-level tests.
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since the proper altitude and velocity had not been attained, preventing the guidance system from sending the start command. While the exact cause of the engine gimbal control loss was not found, telemetry indicated that a short-to-ground occurred in the circuit for the servoamplifier output command signal, which may have been caused by cryogenic leakage in the thrust section. Substantiating this theory were abnormally low thrust section temperatures starting at T+65 seconds. The source of the cryogenic leakage was not identified. The loss of the lock on the ground prevented normal engine cutoff signals from being transmitted to the Atlas; BECO was generated by the staging backup accelerometer, SECO at T+273 seconds due to LOX depletion, and VECO and Agena staging from a backup command generated by the missile programmer. Aside from the flight control system, all Atlas systems functioned properly.
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commands, surpassing the contractual requirement of 1,000. This allowed a detailed assessment of its command and communication systems. The vehicle was eventually placed in a 220 nmi (410 km; 250 mi) circular decay orbit, facilitating its observation during the Gemini 10 mission. Similarly, GATV 5005 performed three orbital maneuvers post-Gemini 10 separation, including adjustments to study temperature effects in varying orbits and executing 1,700 commands, some of which were relayed from Gemini 10.
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that protected the docking adapter during launch failed to separate, due to lanyards being incorrectly secured with adhesive tape. Gemini 9A was launched on June 3, and when in orbit, the crew observed that the shroud of the ATDA had partially opened and was described by
Stafford as "looking like an
630:
While
Convair accepted responsibility for the launch failure, Lockheed engineers expressed concern about telemetry data that indicated a servo failure in the Agena, leading to doubts as to whether the stage would have still operated properly if the Atlas hadn't malfunctioned. However, the true cause
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propulsion system based on the Gemini
Reentry Control System. The ATDA was 10.9 feet (3.3 m) long, with a mass of 1,750 pounds (794 kg). A few questions were raised about the compatibility of the ATDA with the Atlas booster, since it had much lower mass than the GATV, potentially throwing
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tracked it heading north and descending. Vehicle stability was gradually regained following BECO, however it had pitched approximately 231° from its intended flight path. Both vehicles plunged into the
Atlantic Ocean 107 nautical miles (198 km) downrange. The Agena's engine did not activate
565:
The first Gemini-Agena Target
Vehicle (GATV) was launched on October 25, 1965, while the Gemini 6 astronauts were waiting on the pad. While the Atlas performed normally, the Agena's engine exploded during orbital injection. Since the rendezvous and docking was the primary objective, the Gemini 6
561:
After detaching from their respective Gemini capsules, Agena target vehicles continued to execute post-mission operations under ground control. For instance, GATV 5003, post-separation from Gemini 8, underwent extensive systems testing. Its main engine was fired nine times, and it executed 5,000
621:
Telemetry indicated that Agena staging had taken place on schedule at T+300 seconds. The Agena continued transmitting signals until T+436 seconds, when all telemetry ceased. Hidden behind clouds, the Atlas's B-2 engine gimbaled hard to right starting at T+120 seconds and remained fixed in that
577:
An investigation into the failure concluded that it was most likely caused by design modifications to the GATV versus a standard Agena D stage. The Agena D was designed to have its engine restarted just once while the GATV would need to be restarted five times. While a standard Agena D pumped
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of failure surfaced when the Air Force released film taken by tracking cameras at
Melbourne Beach, Florida, which showed the Atlas pitching over and heading downward. It was then determined that the Agena's servo malfunction was caused by passing through the Atlas's ionized exhaust trail.
617:
sat on their pad awaiting launch. The Atlas–Agena lifted smoothly into a cloudy sky, vanishing from view around T+50 seconds. Shortly before
Booster Engine Cutoff (BECO), the guidance control officer announced that he had lost contact with the booster.
491:, as soon as 90 minutes later. Both countdowns would proceed in parallel and required close synchronization. The Gemini would rendezvous and dock with the Agena as soon as Gemini's first orbit toward the end of the program.
1831:
511:. And if it looks like you're going too fast you take a little off with the translational controller. And just like flying an aerial refueling, you did all this with just the old Mark-VIII eyeball.
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Once docked, the astronaut in the right seat could control Agena's thrusters and engine. They would fly the combined spacecraft in a stabilized mode and perform a number of experiments:
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position, flipping the launch vehicle 216° around and sending it back towards Cape
Kennedy. This rotation had made it impossible for ground guidance to lock on. Radar stations in the
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launch vehicle. It carried about 14,000 pounds (6,400 kg) of propellant and gas at launch, and had a gross mass at orbital insertion of about 7,200 pounds (3,300 kg).
1837:
539:" configuration with the Agena below the astronauts, to check the gravitational effect on the formation stability in uncontrolled mode. This technique is now known as
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off the launch vehicle's aerodynamics and calibrated settings. However, Convair assured McDonnell that it would pose no technical issues with the booster.
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You get yourself lined up, maybe five to ten feet out. And if everything looks all right and you look lined up with the docking cone, all you do is
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Refiring the Agena engine to raise the spacecraft's apogee. Gemini 11 reached a record of 739.2 nautical miles (1,369.0 km). The modified
386:, also known as Agena. The combined spacecraft was a 26-foot (7.92 m)-long cylinder with a diameter of 5 feet (1.52 m), placed into
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After the failure of the first GATV, NASA commissioned McDonnell to develop a backup docking target minus the
Lockheed Agena rocket, the
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to perform practice work on a tool panel. This required installing handrails on later flights to prevent excessive astronaut exertion.
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Using a similar tether and a few thruster bursts to rotate the two craft around each other as an early test of artificial gravity.
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after a second ATV launch failure on May 17, 1966, but failed as a docking target because its launch shroud failed to separate.
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to develop a backup: the Augmented Target Docking Adapter (ATDA), a smaller spacecraft consisting of the docking target with an
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Using the Agena's attitude control system to stabilize the combination, which saved the Gemini's propellants
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Undocking, unreeling a 50-foot (15 m) nylon tether between the capsule and the Agena and flying in a "
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472:. The Agena first burn would occur shortly after shroud jettison and separation from the Atlas over the
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The Gemini 9A modified mission launch was rescheduled for June 1, 1966, using the ATDA. However, the
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angry alligator". Docking was not possible, but the rendezvous maneuver was practiced instead.
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No Agena rocket. Successful rendezvous, but no docking due to shroud separation failure.
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propulsion system but without the Agena orbital change rocket. The ATDA was used once on
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944:'s docking with the Agena was shown in episode 1 "Can We Do This?", of the 1998
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Achieved first docking, but mission soon aborted due to stuck Gemini thruster.
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Gemini 6/Agena target vehicle 5002 systems test evaluation (PDF) December 1965
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A second GATV launch failure occurred on May 17, 1966, as Gemini 9 astronauts
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No apogee boost due to defective Agena engine. Performed tether experiment.
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1126:"Atlas SLV-3 Flight Evaluation Report, Vehicle 5303" Convair June 27, 1966.
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Boosted Gemini 11 to record 739.2-nautical-mile (1,369.0 km) apogee.
817:
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produced by nrgpix as an entry to the London Sci Fi film festival 2020.
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969:'s docking with the Agena featured in the short science fiction drama
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Grimwood, James M.; Hacker, Barton C.; Vorzimmer, Peter J. (1969).
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First demonstration of artificial gravity created in microgravity.
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upper stage rocket, fitted with a docking target manufactured by
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mission was scrubbed, and replaced with the alternate mission
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Boosted Gemini 10 to 412-nautical-mile (763 km) apogee.
1014:
Gemini 6 Target: NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive
1729:
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Lockheed Missiles & Space Company (February 25, 1972).
601:(ATDA). This consisted of the Gemini docking collar and an
402:
347:
322:
307:
74:
313:
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1053:
Project Gemini Technology and Operations – A Chronology
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add a little thrust with the translational controller
319:
16:
Uncrewed spacecraft used during NASA's Gemini program
1045:
1043:
581:
310:
1606:Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 19
1001:"Shuttle/Agena study. Volume 1: Executive summary"
1139:(Version 4.0.25 ed.). NASA. August 16, 2013.
746:ATV later used as secondary target on Gemini 10.
3133:
1175:(Version 4.0.25 ed.). NASA. August 16, 2013
1153:(Version 4.0.25 ed.). NASA. August 16, 2013
1040:
994:
992:
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553:performed a second rendezvous with the ATV from
401:failed on launch on October 25, 1965, which led
570:, which rendezvoused (but could not dock) with
1714:
1253:
1202:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
985:
1023:
1021:
370:lunar missions. The spacecraft was based on
532:engine was qualified for up to 15 restarts.
3157:Spacecraft launched by Atlas-Agena rockets
2093:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
1721:
1707:
1260:
1246:
1231:On the Shoulders of Titans, Project Gemini
1103:"Spacecraft – Details – Gemini 9 Target B"
119:18,030–18,100 pounds (8,180–8,210 kg)
27:
2987:Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images
1018:
704:Gemini 6A achieved first rendezvous with
468:booster built by the Convair division of
382:. The name 'Agena' derived from the star
585:
444:-derivative upper rocket stage built by
420:
127:4,012–4,085 pounds (1,820–1,853 kg)
3072:NASA International Space Apps Challenge
3134:
1860:Administrator and Deputy Administrator
1070:from the original on September 8, 2023
957:and in the 2018 Neil Armstrong biopic
432:launches GATV-5006 into orbit for the
2650:Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
1702:
1570:Orbit Attitude and Maneuvering System
1241:
936:
3112:
1027:
702:Atlas-Agena exploded during launch.
642:
1635:Military Orbital Development System
1088:Or "Atlas Target Docking Adapter",
549:After rendezvous with its own ATV,
499:compared docking with the Agena to
13:
1766:National Aeronautics and Space Act
1267:
1200:from websites or documents of the
14:
3168:
2720:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
2274:Commercial Lunar Payload Services
1207:
362:techniques, and to perform large
3111:
3100:
3099:
3015:Apollo 15 postal covers incident
2773:Space Flight Operations Facility
1959:Operations and Checkout Building
1368:
1196: This article incorporates
1191:
926:
890:
852:
816:
749:
711:
599:Augmented Target Docking Adapter
582:Augmented Target Docking Adapter
354:to develop and practice orbital
303:
277:Augmented Target Docking Adapter
2234:Lunar Precursor Robotic Program
1165:
590:The ATDA in orbit as seen from
1143:
1129:
1120:
1095:
1082:
1028:Agle, D. C. (September 1998).
1007:
541:gravity-gradient stabilization
456:. The Agena was launched from
1:
1219:Gemini 6 Agena Target vehicle
978:
920:7,117 pounds (3,228 kg)
882:7,271 pounds (3,298 kg)
846:7,236 pounds (3,282 kg)
741:7,117 pounds (3,228 kg)
416:
138:5 feet (1.52 m) diameter
3052:Space program on U.S. stamps
2977:Gemini and Apollo medallions
2927:Solar System Family Portrait
2703:Joint Polar Satellite System
2572:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
1826:Vision for Space Exploration
1796:Space Exploration Initiative
1683:Rendezvous Docking Simulator
487:would then be launched from
7:
3047:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame
3004:We choose to go to the Moon
2967:Apollo 11 goodwill messages
2525:International Space Station
2505:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
2244:Great Observatories program
2088:International Space Station
2066:Roscosmos State Corporation
1983:Science Mission Directorate
1929:Manned Space Flight Network
1678:Manned Space Flight Network
810:1,750 pounds (794 kg)
336:Gemini-Agena Target Vehicle
22:Gemini-Agena Target Vehicle
10:
3173:
2864:NASA cameras on spacecraft
2675:James Webb Space Telescope
2587:Solar Dynamics Observatory
1808:U.S. National Space Policy
1640:Manned Orbiting Laboratory
953:From the Earth to the Moon
166:Flight control electronics
141:26 feet (7.92 m) long
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2080:
2006:
1995:
1939:Vehicle Assembly Building
1847:
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1618:
1598:
1550:
1377:
1366:
1303:
1282:
1275:
1224:Gemini 8 Docks with Agena
1090:Encyclopedia Astronautica
440:Each ATV consisted of an
366:, in preparation for the
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178:Propellant pressurization
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70:
60:
39:
35:
26:
3010:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
2934:The Day the Earth Smiled
2269:Solar Terrestrial Probes
1728:
1580:Gemini Guidance Computer
523:Extra-vehicular activity
3067:Other primates in space
2779:Deep Space Atomic Clock
2599:Mars Science Laboratory
2387:Spitzer Space Telescope
1976:Lunar Sample Laboratory
1919:Launch Services Program
3082:National Astronaut Day
3025:The Astronaut Monument
2847:Space Shuttle missions
2547:Mars Exploration Rover
2530:Hubble Space Telescope
2439:Kepler space telescope
2239:Earth Observing System
2213:Mars Exploration Rover
1924:Mercury Control Center
1198:public domain material
1030:"Flying the Gusmobile"
594:
513:
497:Richard F. Gordon, Jr.
437:
3030:Lunar sample displays
3020:Space Mirror Memorial
2962:Voyager Golden Record
2854:United States rockets
2046: (with the
1954:Launch Control Center
589:
505:
424:
2048:Soviet space program
1966:Johnson Space Center
1934:Kennedy Space Center
1897:spinoff technologies
1688:1966 NASA T-38 crash
1585:Agena target vehicle
1059:(Technical report).
665:Gross mass in orbit
501:air-to-air refueling
299:Agena Target Vehicle
3147:1966 in spaceflight
3142:1965 in spaceflight
3057:Apollo 17 Moon mice
2913:Pillars of Creation
2820:Space Shuttle crews
2298:(human and robotic)
2292:Individual featured
1875:Ranks and positions
1173:"Gemini 9 Target B"
1137:"Gemini 9 Target A"
869:September 12, 1966
733:September 15, 1967
344:uncrewed spacecraft
23:
2859:NASA cancellations
2754:Deep Space Network
2744:Near Earth Network
2229:Living With a Star
2203:Project Prometheus
2183:Planetary Observer
937:In popular culture
912:December 23, 1966
907:November 11, 1966
874:December 30, 1966
838:December 29, 1966
595:
454:McDonnell Aircraft
438:
380:McDonnell Aircraft
259:Related spacecraft
52:McDonnell Aircraft
21:
3127:
3126:
3040:stolen or missing
2837:uncrewed missions
2815:Apollo astronauts
2810:Gemini astronauts
2728:
2727:
2512:2001 Mars Odyssey
2287:
2286:
2163:Mars Surveyor '98
2121:
2120:
2064: (with
1997:Human spaceflight
1991:
1990:
1949:Launch Complex 48
1944:Launch Complex 39
1696:
1695:
1610:Launch Complex 14
1590:Gemini space suit
1558:Gemini spacecraft
1539:(command pilot),
1523:(command pilot),
1507:(command pilot),
1491:(command pilot),
1475:(command pilot),
1459:(command pilot),
1443:(command pilot),
1427:(command pilot),
1411:(command pilot),
1395:(command pilot),
1364:
1363:
934:
933:
782:Failed to orbit.
689:October 25, 1965
684:October 25, 1965
643:Flight statistics
489:Launch Complex 19
485:Gemini spacecraft
462:Launch Complex 14
452:adapter built by
446:Lockheed Aircraft
372:Lockheed Aircraft
334:), also known as
295:
294:
246:November 11, 1966
61:Country of origin
47:Lockheed Aircraft
3164:
3115:
3114:
3103:
3102:
2941:Fallen Astronaut
2582:Van Allen Probes
2302:
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2208:Mars Exploration
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2004:
2003:
1772:Space Task Group
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603:attitude control
478:Ascension Island
470:General Dynamics
407:attitude control
356:space rendezvous
329:
328:
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238:October 25, 1965
31:
24:
20:
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2991:
2982:Mission patches
2957:Pioneer plaques
2920:Mystic Mountain
2897:Family Portrait
2890:The Blue Marble
2874:
2868:
2842:Apollo missions
2783:
2735:
2724:
2691:
2496:
2490:
2327:Mercury-Atlas 6
2297:
2293:
2283:
2217:
2153:Mariner Mark II
2117:
2098:Commercial Crew
2076:
1999:
1987:
1971:Mission Control
1870:Astronaut Corps
1865:Chief Scientist
1843:
1748:
1732:
1727:
1697:
1692:
1668:Charles Bassett
1656:
1626:Advanced Gemini
1614:
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1546:
1509:Michael Collins
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2044:Apollo–Soyuz
1619:Developments
1599:Launch sites
1584:
1575:Titan rocket
1530:
1514:
1498:
1489:Tom Stafford
1482:
1466:
1461:Tom Stafford
1450:
1441:Frank Borman
1434:
1418:
1402:
1386:
1230:
1190:
1177:. Retrieved
1167:
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1145:
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1106:
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1074:September 8,
1072:. Retrieved
1052:
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629:
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611:Tom Stafford
608:
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458:Cape Kennedy
439:
397:The ATV for
396:
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331:
298:
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264:Derived from
81:Applications
40:Manufacturer
18:
2947:Deep fields
2875:and artwork
2873:NASA images
2445:Opportunity
1914:NASA Social
1740:and history
1631:Blue Gemini
1541:Buzz Aldrin
1521:Pete Conrad
1493:Gene Cernan
1477:David Scott
1429:Pete Conrad
1393:Gus Grissom
1179:October 30,
1157:October 30,
1151:"Gemini 9A"
1063:. SP-4002.
899:GATV-5001A
427:Atlas-Agena
392:Atlas-Agena
350:during its
274:Derivatives
243:Last launch
116:Launch mass
3136:Categories
3035:Moon rocks
2795:Astronauts
2788:NASA lists
2645:OSIRIS-REx
2479:helicopter
2347:Pioneer 11
2340:Pioneer 10
2143:Hitchhiker
2018:suborbital
1855:Space Race
1673:Elliot See
1652:Big Gemini
1551:Components
1537:Jim Lovell
1505:John Young
1445:Jim Lovell
1397:John Young
1379:Astronauts
1112:August 24,
979:References
949:miniseries
861:GATV-5006
825:GATV-5005
758:GATV-5004
720:GATV-5003
676:GATV-5002
659:Reentered
417:Operations
342:), was an
282:Flown with
198:Production
132:Dimensions
3062:Moon tree
2883:Earthrise
2758:Goldstone
2655:Mars 2020
2624:Voyager 2
2617:Voyager 1
2553:Curiosity
2497:operating
2495:Currently
2477:Ingenuity
2414:MESSENGER
2393:Sojourner
2322:Mercury 3
2312:Apollo 11
2259:Discovery
2249:Explorers
1838:Augustine
1802:Augustine
1532:Gemini 12
1516:Gemini 11
1500:Gemini 10
1484:Gemini 9A
1452:Gemini 6A
960:First Man
916:1966-103A
903:Gemini 12
878:1966-080A
865:Gemini 11
842:1966-065A
829:Gemini 10
806:1966-046A
793:Gemini 9A
761:Gemini 9
737:1966-019A
708:instead.
668:Comments
662:NSSDC ID
656:Launched
592:Gemini 9A
568:Gemini 6A
551:Gemini 10
530:Bell 8247
493:Gemini 11
434:Gemini 11
411:Gemini 9A
390:with the
169:Telemetry
157:Equipment
152:Batteries
94:Space tug
3106:Category
2768:Canberra
2680:timeline
2668:timeline
2604:timeline
2560:timeline
2457:observed
2452:timeline
2420:Aquarius
2360:timeline
2333:Magellan
2295:missions
2193:Surveyor
2129:programs
2059:Shuttle–
2000:programs
1832:Aldridge
1751:creation
1645:OPS 0855
1468:Gemini 8
1436:Gemini 7
1420:Gemini 5
1413:Ed White
1404:Gemini 4
1388:Gemini 3
1311:Gemini 3
1290:Gemini 1
1283:Uncrewed
1276:Missions
1065:Archived
972:DARKSIDE
967:Gemini 8
942:Gemini 8
724:Gemini 8
706:Gemini 7
680:Gemini 6
572:Gemini 7
555:Gemini 8
537:dumbbell
436:mission.
399:Gemini 6
346:used by
219:Launched
175:Tracking
163:Guidance
124:Dry mass
71:Operator
3118:Commons
2996:Related
2805:by year
2800:by name
2577:GOES 15
2567:GOES 14
2484:flights
2470:InSight
2426:Cassini
2354:Galileo
2279:SIMPLEx
2254:Voyager
2222:Current
2178:Pioneer
2148:Mariner
2127:Robotic
2108:Artemis
2081:Current
2024:Mercury
2016: (
1909:NASA TV
1848:General
1747:History
1661:Related
1543:(pilot)
1527:(pilot)
1511:(pilot)
1495:(pilot)
1479:(pilot)
1463:(pilot)
1447:(pilot)
1431:(pilot)
1415:(pilot)
1399:(pilot)
1003:. NASA.
650:Target
624:Bahamas
476:. Over
450:docking
442:Agena-D
376:Agena-D
360:docking
268:Agena-D
206:Retired
172:Command
88:Docking
2763:Madrid
2696:Future
2611:NuSTAR
2542:THEMIS
2464:RHESSI
2401:Spirit
2198:Viking
2188:Ranger
2039:Skylab
2034:Apollo
2029:Gemini
1887:Budget
1840:(2009)
1834:(2004)
1828:(2004)
1822:(2003)
1816:(2002)
1814:CFUSAI
1810:(1996)
1804:(1990)
1798:(1989)
1792:(1987)
1786:(1986)
1784:Rogers
1780:(1986)
1774:(1958)
1768:(1958)
1762:(1915)
1738:Policy
1304:Crewed
775:GEM9TA
671:Photo
636:shroud
448:and a
286:Gemini
227:Failed
203:Status
90:target
2708:NISAR
2663:rover
2635:MAVEN
2555:rover
2536:Swift
2447:rover
2408:LADEE
2403:rover
2395:rover
2372:GRAIL
2367:GALEX
2158:MESUR
2103:Orion
1904:NASA+
1880:Chief
1778:Paine
1226:Video
1068:(PDF)
1057:(PDF)
695:GEM6T
466:Atlas
211:Built
149:Power
2687:PACE
2630:WISE
2593:Juno
2433:Dawn
2377:WMAP
2317:COBE
2305:Past
2136:Past
2014:X-15
2007:Past
1820:CAIB
1790:Ride
1760:NACA
1730:NASA
1563:SC-2
1181:2013
1159:2013
1114:2017
1107:NASA
1076:2023
1061:NASA
779:N/A
699:N/A
613:and
403:NASA
358:and
348:NASA
340:GATV
297:The
75:NASA
2640:MMS
2061:Mir
946:HBO
495:'s
460:'s
425:An
374:'s
332:ATV
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