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376:). Spreading disease among crop plants is incredibly difficult to control and was previously only managed by completely removing the affected crop. The field of agricultural biotechnology offers a solution through genetically engineering virus resistance. Developing GE disease-resistant crops now include
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Agricultural biotechnology can also provide a solution for plants in extreme temperature conditions. In order to maximize yield and prevent crop death, genes can be engineered that help to regulate cold and heat tolerance. For example, tobacco plants have been genetically modified to be more tolerant
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exhibits a specific texture and flavor due to the crossbreeding of its parents. In traditional practices, pollen from one plant is placed on the female part of another, which leads to a hybrid that contains genetic information from both parent plants. Plant breeders select the plants with the traits
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to come to market. The regulation process takes up to 8 years in the United States. The safety of GMOs has become a topic of debate worldwide, but scientific articles are being conducted to test the safety of consuming GMOs in addition to the FDA's work. In one such article, it was concluded that Bt
286:
in Uganda. By genetically modifying bananas to contain vitamin A and iron, Banana 21 has helped foster a solution to micronutrient deficiencies through the vessel of a staple food and major starch source in Africa. Additionally, crops can be engineered to reduce toxicity or to produce varieties with
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Weeds have proven to be an issue for farmers for thousands of years; they compete for soil nutrients, water, and sunlight and prove deadly to crops. Biotechnology has offered a solution in the form of herbicide tolerance. Chemical herbicides are sprayed directly on plants in order to kill weeds and
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involves the insertion of one piece of DNA into another organism's DNA in order to introduce new genes into the original organism. This addition of genes into an organism's genetic material creates a new variety with desired traits. The DNA must be prepared and packaged in a test tube and then
429:, and bring out flavor. The production of Bt cotton has skyrocketed in India, with 10 million hectares planted for the first time in 2011, resulting in a 50% insecticide application reduction. In 2014, Indian and Chinese farmers planted more than 15 million hectares of Bt cotton.
159:
are used to mutate crops. A radioactive core is located in the center of a circular garden and raised out of the ground to radiate the surrounding crops, generating mutations within a certain radius. Mutagenesis through radiation was the process used to produce
449:(FDA). The USDA must approve the release of any new GMOs, EPA controls the regulation of insecticide, and the FDA evaluates the safety of a particular crop sent to market. On average, it takes nearly 13 years and $ 130 million of research and development for a
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Agricultural biotechnology has been used to improve the nutritional content of a variety of crops in an effort to meet the needs of an increasing population. Genetic engineering can produce crops with a higher concentration of vitamins. For example,
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for decades of thousands of years in order to create desired traits. In the 20th century, a surge in technology resulted in an increase in agricultural biotechnology through the selection of traits like the increased yield, pest resistance,
659:
Figueroa-Yañez, Luis; Pereira-Santana, Alejandro; Arroyo-Herrera, Ana; Rodriguez-Corona, Ulises; Sanchez-Teyer, Felipe; Espadas-Alcocer, Jorge; Espadas-Gil, Francisco; Barredo-Pool, Felipe; Castaño, Enrique (2016-10-20).
319:). Bacillus thuringiensis is a bacterium that produces insect repelling proteins that are non-harmful to humans. The genes responsible for this insect resistance have been isolated and introduced into many crops.
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to protein mechanism is turned down or off in order to suppress genes. This method of genetic modification works by interfering with messenger RNA to stop the synthesis of proteins, effectively silencing a gene.
313:. This trait increases a crop's resistance to pests and allows for a higher yield. An example of this trait are crops that are genetically engineered to make insecticidal proteins originally discovered in (
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De
Beuckeleer, Mariani; De Beuckeleer, Celestina; De Beuckeleer, Marc; Truettner, Jessie; Leemans, Jan; Goldberg, Robert (1990). "Induction of Male Sterility in Plants by a Chimaeric Ribonuclease Gene".
66:
biotechnology is one aspect of agricultural biotechnology which has been greatly developed upon in recent times. Desired trait are exported from a particular species of Crop to an entirely different
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are available for purchase and consumption in the United States. The USDA has approved soybeans, corn, canola, sugar beets, papaya, squash, alfalfa, cotton, apples, and potatoes. GMO apples (
662:"RAP2.4a Is Transported through the Phloem to Regulate Cold and Heat Tolerance in Papaya Tree (Carica papaya cv. Maradol): Implications for Protection Against Abiotic Stress"
183:. However, either naturally or through the use of chemicals, that number of chromosomes can change, resulting in fertility changes or size modification within the crop.
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is the use of an enzyme system to modify the DNA directly within the cell. Genome editing is used to develop herbicide resistant canola to help farmers control weeds.
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Quality traits include increased nutritional or dietary value, improved food processing and storage, or the elimination of toxins and allergens in crop plants.
801:"Edible Safety Assessment of Genetically Modified Rice T1C-1 for Sprague Dawley Rats through Horizontal Gene Transfer, Allergenicity and Intestinal Microbiota"
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crops possess desirable characteristics in terms of flavor, color of flowers, growth rate, size of harvested products and resistance to diseases and pests.
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is the joining of cells or cell components to transfer traits between species. For example, the trait of male sterility is transferred from radishes to
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they're looking to pass on and continue to breed those plants. Note that crossbreeding can only be utilized within the same or closely related species.
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was sold in 1990, and by 2003, 7 million farmers were utilizing biotech crops. More than 85% of these farmers were located in developing countries.
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Momoh James
Osamede (2016). Crop Biotechnology in Nigeria. Procedure for Postgraduate workshop, UNIBEN, Nigeria 27 April 2016. BENIN CITY, Nigeria
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can be induced to modify the number of chromosomes in a crop in order to influence its fertility or size. Usually, organisms have two sets of
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246:/biolistics. An example of a gene gun transgenic is the rainbow papaya, which is modified with a gene that gives it resistance to the
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mates two sexually compatible species to create a new and special variety with the desired traits of the parents. For example, the
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Zhao, Kai; Ren, Fangfang; Han, Fangting; Liu, Qiwen; Wu, Guogan; Xu, Yan; Zhang, Jian; Wu, Xiao; Wang, Jinbin (2016-10-05).
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to hot and cold conditions, with genes originally found in Carica papaya. Other traits include water use efficiency,
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uses radioactivity to induce random mutations in the hopes of stumbling upon the desired trait. Scientists can use
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of any organism. In order to create variety within crops, scientists can randomly induce mutations within plants.
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in the human body. This nutritionally improved rice is designed to combat the world's leading cause of blindness—
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Agricultural biotechnology regulation in the US falls under three main government agencies: The
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therefore competition, and herbicide resistant crops have to the opportunity to flourish.
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contains three genes that allow plants to produce compounds that are converted to
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530:"Infographic: Crop Modification Techniques - Biology Fortified, Inc"
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Often, crops are afflicted by disease spread through insects (like
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has been used for centuries to improve crop quality and quantity.
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776:"What does it take to bring a new GM product to market? #GMOFAQ"
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involving the use of scientific tools and techniques, including
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510:. PBS, ABSP II, US Agency for International Development. 2004
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rice did not adversely affect digestion and did not induce
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is crossed with a 2-set chromosome watermelon to create a
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98:. The first food product produced through
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433:Safety testing and government regulations
355:are all being studied in relation to Bt.
225:(RNAIi) is the process in which a cell's
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614:American Council on Science and Health
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295:Genes and traits of interest for crops
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476:"What is Agricultural Biotechnology?"
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323:and cotton are now commonplace, and
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417:Currently, only a small number of
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309:One highly sought after trait is
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609:"The Gene Gun That Saved Hawaii"
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50:, to modify living organisms:
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501:"Agricultural Biotechnology"
447:Food and Drug Administration
265:Improved nutritional content
106:Crop modification techniques
16:Area of agricultural science
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563:. 437.6295 (6295): 737–41.
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1187:Agriculture in Mesoamerica
419:genetically modified crops
284:micronutrient deficiencies
139:can occur randomly in the
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456:horizontal gene transfer
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1427:Agricultural wastewater
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1145:Sustainable agriculture
1036:Animal-free agriculture
1006:Agricultural technology
399:nitrogen use efficiency
179:, otherwise known as a
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1485:History of agriculture
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1103:Mechanised agriculture
534:Biology Fortified, Inc
316:Bacillus thuringiensis
153:ethyl methanesulfonate
1532:Government ministries
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991:Agricultural supplies
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392:Temperature tolerance
248:papaya ringspot virus
40:molecular diagnostics
1182:Neolithic Revolution
1041:Cellular agriculture
996:Agricultural science
481:. Cornell University
401:and salt tolerance.
280:vitamin A deficiency
185:Seedless watermelons
162:ruby red grapefruits
111:Traditional breeding
96:herbicide resistance
28:agricultural science
817:2016PLoSO..1163352Z
678:2016PLoSO..1165030F
569:1990Natur.347..737M
359:Herbicide tolerance
214:make hybrid crops.
32:genetic engineering
1316:Rotational grazing
1232:Columbian exchange
368:Disease resistance
149:mutating chemicals
92:drought resistance
87:selective breeding
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1432:Overgrazing
1367:Pig farming
1350:Paddy field
1323:Hydroponics
1296:Fur farming
1281:Aquaculture
1276:Agrivoltaic
1257:Monoculture
1178:Prehistory
1128:Polyculture
951:Farm worker
929:Occupations
899:Agriculture
508:cornell.edu
272:golden rice
239:Transgenics
234:Transgenics
177:chromosomes
145:Mutagenesis
132:Mutagenesis
1607:Categories
1458:Categories
1123:Plantation
1071:Free range
1066:Feed ratio
785:2016-12-05
761:2016-12-05
737:2016-12-05
645:2016-12-05
621:2021-12-01
586:2066/17394
544:2016-12-05
514:1 December
485:3 February
462:References
427:food waste
349:sugar cane
189:watermelon
173:Polyploidy
168:Polyploidy
1490:Livestock
1333:Livestock
1061:Farmhouse
835:1932-6203
696:1932-6203
329:sunflower
289:allergens
276:vitamin A
244:gene guns
137:Mutations
72:transgene
1556:Category
1382:Orchards
1355:Pastoral
1026:Agronomy
853:27706188
805:PLOS ONE
714:27764197
666:PLOS ONE
337:tomatoes
333:soybeans
287:removed
181:diploidy
151:such as
70:. These
44:vaccines
24:agritech
1580:Commons
1392:Terrace
1338:Pasture
1306:Grazing
1252:Organic
1172:History
1086:animals
1011:Digital
971:General
915:History
910:Outline
844:5051820
813:Bibcode
780:GMO FAQ
705:5072549
674:Bibcode
595:2755373
565:Bibcode
378:cassava
341:tobacco
325:cowpeas
321:Bt corn
83:Farmers
78:History
68:species
56:animals
1568:Portal
1409:impact
1360:Bocage
1286:Cattle
956:Herder
946:Farmer
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561:Nature
384:, and
374:aphids
351:, and
345:walnut
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52:plants
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1514:Lists
1377:Ranch
1345:Mixed
1096:crops
920:Index
728:"MVD"
591:S2CID
504:(PDF)
479:(PDF)
382:maize
1091:pigs
1056:Farm
849:PMID
831:ISSN
710:PMID
692:ISSN
516:2016
487:2015
353:rice
64:Crop
839:PMC
821:doi
700:PMC
682:doi
581:hdl
573:doi
227:RNA
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