529:
918:
2007:
398:, light, precipitation, and temperature. Foliage-applied herbicides will enter the leaf more readily at high humidity by lengthening the drying time of the spray droplet and increasing cuticle hydration. Light of high intensity may break down some herbicides and cause the leaf cuticle to thicken, which can interfere with absorption. Precipitation may wash away or remove some foliage-applied herbicides, but it will increase root absorption of soil-applied herbicides. Drought-stressed plants are less likely to translocate herbicides. As temperature increases, herbicides' performance may decrease. Absorption and translocation may be reduced in very cold weather.
2604:
of the efficacy of each herbicide component is possible, provided that sufficient time elapses between each application. A disadvantage with sequences is that two separate applications have to be made and it is possible that the later application will be less effective on weeds surviving the first application. If these are resistant, then the second herbicide in the sequence may increase selection for resistant individuals by killing the susceptible plants which were damaged but not killed by the first application, but allowing the larger, less affected, resistant plants to survive. This has been cited as one reason why ALS-resistant
213:
7743:
2445:
In 2017, the USEPA issued a revised
Pesticide Registration Notice (PRN 2017-1), which provides guidance to pesticide registrants on required pesticide resistance management labeling. This requirement applies to all conventional pesticides and is meant to provide end-users with guidance on managing pesticide resistance. An example of a fully executed label compliant with the USEPA resistance management labeling guidance can be seen on the specimen label for the herbicide, cloransulam-methyl, updated in 2022.
1930:
38:
7755:
2664:, while good for grazing sheep, compete intensely with wheat. Ryegrasses produce so many seeds that, if left unchecked, they can completely choke a field. Herbicides provided excellent control, while reducing soil disrupting because of less need to plough. Within little more than a decade, ryegrass and other weeds began to develop resistance. In response Australian farmers changed methods. By 1983, patches of ryegrass had become immune to Hoegrass (
6471:
2271:, rendering the herbicides ineffective against target plants. Out of 31 known herbicide modes of action, weeds have evolved resistance to 21. 268 plant species are known to have evolved herbicide resistance at least once. Herbicide resistance was first observed in 1957, and since has evolved repeatedly in weed species from 30 families across the globe. Weed resistance to herbicides has become a major concern in crop production worldwide.
1942:
5341:
991:
7779:
46:
7767:
544:. They interfere with the metabolism in the target plants. Herbicides are often classified according to their site of action because as a general rule, herbicides within the same site of action class produce similar symptoms on susceptible plants. Classification based on the site of action of the herbicide is preferable as herbicide resistance management can be handled more effectively. Classification by
2042:(MNLA) insurgents of cover, potential sources of food and to flush them out of the jungle. Deployment of herbicides and defoliants served the dual purpose of thinning jungle trails to prevent ambushes and destroying crop fields in regions where the MNLA was active to deprive them of potential sources of food. As part of this process, herbicides and defoliants were also sprayed from
2255:, can cause significant drops in bird populations. Even when herbicides which have low toxicity to birds are used, they decrease the abundance of many types of vegetation on which the birds rely. Herbicide use in agriculture in the UK has been linked to a decline in seed-eating bird species which rely on the weeds killed by the herbicides. Heavy use of herbicides in
466:: These herbicides are applied after weed seedlings have emerged through the soil surface. They can be foliar or root absorbed, selective or nonselective, and contact or systemic. Application of these herbicides is avoided during rain since being washed off the soil makes it ineffective. 2,4-D is a selective, systemic, foliar-absorbed postemergence herbicide.
664:: The discovery of synthetic auxins inaugurated the era of organic herbicides. They were discovered in the 1940s after a long study of the plant growth regulator auxin. Synthetic auxins mimic this plant hormone in some way. They have several points of action on the cell membrane, and are effective in the control of dicot plants.
479:: Herbicides applied to the soil are usually taken up by the root or shoot of the emerging seedlings and are used as preplant or preemergence treatment. Several factors influence the effectiveness of soil-applied herbicides. Weeds absorb herbicides by both passive and active mechanisms. Herbicide adsorption to soil
2459:
genus (wild oat) can often be controlled adequately when herbicides are applied at the 2-3 leaf stage, whereas later applications at the 2-3 tiller stage can fail badly. Patch spraying, or applying herbicide to only the badly infested areas of fields, is another means of reducing total herbicide use.
929:
equipped with long booms, of 60 to 120 feet (18 to 37 m) with spray nozzles spaced every 20–30 inches (510–760 mm) apart. Towed, handheld, and even horse-drawn sprayers are also used. On large areas, herbicides may also at times be applied aerially using helicopters or airplanes, or through
2603:
No mixture is likely to have all these attributes, but the first two listed are the most important. There is a risk that mixtures will select for resistance to both components in the longer term. One practical advantage of sequences of two herbicides compared with mixtures is that a better appraisal
2444:
should be reduced. By relying on diverse weed control methods, including non-herbicide methods of weed control, the selection pressure on weeds to evolve resistance can be lowered. Researchers warn that if herbicide resistance is combatted only with more herbicides, "evolution will most likely win."
2406:
Cross-resistance: In this case, a single resistance mechanism causes resistance to several herbicides. The term target-site cross-resistance is used when the herbicides bind to the same target site, whereas non-target-site cross-resistance is due to a single non-target-site mechanism (e.g., enhanced
2315:
in 41 Missouri counties revealed glyphosate resistance in 69%. Weeds from some 500 sites throughout Iowa in 2011 and 2012 revealed glyphosate resistance in approximately 64% of waterhemp samples. As of 2023, 58 weed species have developed glyphosate resistance. Weeds resistant to multiple herbicides
2149:
Some herbicides cause a range of health effects ranging from skin rashes to death. The pathway of attack can arise from intentional or unintentional direct consumption, improper application resulting in the herbicide coming into direct contact with people or wildlife, inhalation of aerial sprays, or
483:
or organic matter often reduces the amount available for weed absorption. Positioning of the herbicide in the correct layer of soil is very important, which can be achieved mechanically and by rainfall. Herbicides on the soil surface are subjected to several processes that reduce their availability.
2352:
When mutations occur in the genes responsible for the biological mechanisms that herbicides interfere with, these mutations may cause the herbicide mode of action to work less effectively. This is called target-site resistance. Specific mutations that have the most helpful effect for the plant have
2335:
and annual bluegrass share the distinction of the species with confirmed resistance to the largest number of herbicide modes of action, both with confirmed resistance to 12 different modes of action; however, this number references how many forms of herbicide resistance are known to have emerged in
961:
in the early growth stages, when the height similarities between growing trees and growing annual crops yields a similar problem with weed competition. Unlike with annuals however, application is mostly unnecessary thereafter and is thus mostly used to decrease the delay between productive economic
519:
An herbicide is described as having low residual activity if it is neutralized within a short time of application (within a few weeks or months) – typically this is due to rainfall, or reactions in the soil. A herbicide described as having high residual activity will remain potent for the long term
347:
had been first prepared in the 1950s but its herbicidal activity was only recognized in the 1960s. It was marketed as
Roundup in 1971. The development of glyphosate-resistant crop plants, it is now used very extensively for selective weed control in growing crops. The pairing of the herbicide with
3503:
Lock, E. A.; Ellis, M. K.; Gaskin, P; Robinson, M; Auton, T. R.; Provan, W. M.; Smith, L. L.; Prisbylla, M. P.; Mutter, L. C.; Lee, D. L. (1998). "From toxicological problem to therapeutic use: The discovery of the mode of action of 2-(2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl)-1,3-cyclohexanedione (NTBC),
2397:
Non-target-site resistance: In non-target-site resistance, the genetic change giving resistance is not directly related to the target site, but causes the plant to be less susceptible by some other means. Some mechanisms include metabolic detoxification of the herbicide in the weed, reduced uptake
4527:
Robbins, C.S.; Dowell, B.A.; Dawson, D.K.; Colon, J.A.; Estrada, R.; Sutton, A.; Sutton, R.; Weyer, D. (1992). "Comparison of neotropical migrant landbird populations wintering in tropical forest, isolated forest fragments, and agricultural habitats". In Hagan, John M.; Johnston, David W. (eds.).
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When resistance is first suspected or confirmed, the efficacy of alternatives is likely to be the first consideration. If there is resistance to a single group of herbicides, then the use of herbicides from other groups may provide a simple and effective solution, at least in the short term. For
2343:
released crop seed varieties resistant to both dicamba and glyphosate, allowing for use of a greater variety of herbicides on fields without harming the crops. By 2020, five years after the release of dicamba-resistant seed, the first example of dicamba-resistant Palmer amaranth was found in one
2291:
However, in 2015, an expansive study showed an increase in herbicide resistance as a result of rotation, and instead recommended mixing multiple herbicides for simultaneous application. As of 2023, the effectiveness of combining herbicides is also questioned, particularly in light of the rise of
2145:
are acutely toxic, their use was found to be uncorrelated with any health issues like cancer in a massive US Department of Health study on 90,000 members of farmer families for over a period of 23 years. That is, the study shows lack of chronic toxicity, but cannot question the herbicide's acute
2448:
Optimising herbicide input to the economic threshold level should avoid the unnecessary use of herbicides and reduce selection pressure. Herbicides should be used to their greatest potential by ensuring that the timing, dose, application method, soil and climatic conditions are optimal for good
2307:
is one weed that has developed glyphosate resistance. Glyphosate-resistant weeds are present in the vast majority of soybean, cotton and corn farms in some U.S. states. Weeds that can resist multiple other herbicides are spreading. Few new herbicides are near commercialization, and none with a
438:. The herbicides kill weeds as they grow through the herbicide-treated zone. Volatile herbicides have to be incorporated into the soil before planting the pasture. Crops grown in soil treated with a preplant herbicide include tomatoes, corn, soybeans, and strawberries. Soil fumigants like
2201:; Vacco complained about misleading claims that its spray-on glyphosate-based herbicides, including Roundup, were safer than table salt and "practically non-toxic" to mammals, birds, and fish (though proof that this was ever said is hard to find). Roundup is toxic and has resulted in
941:
Weed-wiping may also be used, where a wick wetted with herbicide is suspended from a boom and dragged or rolled across the tops of the taller weed plants. This allows treatment of taller grassland weeds by direct contact without affecting related but desirable shorter plants in the
502:: These are applied to a portion of the plant above the ground and are absorbed by exposed tissues. These are generally postemergence herbicides and can either be translocated (systemic) throughout the plant or remain at a specific site (contact). External barriers of plants like
139:
relatively unharmed, while non-selective herbicides (sometimes called "total weed killers") kill plants indiscriminately. The combined effects of herbicides, nitrogen fertilizer, and improved cultivars has increased yields (per acre) of major crops by 3x to 6x from 1900 to 2000.
260:
to be of practical agricultural use; by 1941, his team succeeded in synthesizing a wide range of chemicals to achieve the same effect at lower cost and better efficacy, including 2,4-D. In the same year, R. Pokorny in the US achieved this as well. Independently, a team under
341:. Under alkaline soil conditions, atrazine may be carried into the soil profile as far as the water table by soil water following rainfall causing the aforementioned contamination. Atrazine is thus said to have "carryover", a generally undesirable property for herbicides.
143:
In the United States in 2012, about 91% of all herbicide usage, determined by weight applied, was in agriculture. In 2012, world pesticide expenditures totaled nearly $ 24.7 billion; herbicides were about 44% of those sales and constituted the biggest portion, followed by
452:: Preemergence herbicides are applied before the weed seedlings emerge through the soil surface. Herbicides do not prevent weeds from germinating but they kill weeds as they grow through the herbicide-treated zone by affecting the cell division in the emerging seedling.
2377:
Target-site resistance: In target-site resistance, the genetic change that causes the resistance directly alters the chemical mechanism the herbicide targets. The mutation may relate to an enzyme with a crucial function in a metabolic pathway, or to a component of an
2279:, neglecting non-herbicide weed control practices, and reliance on one herbicide for weed control. To minimize resistance, rotational programs of herbicide application, where herbicides with multiple modes of action are used, have been widely promoted. In particular,
3245:
Dill, Gerald M.; Sammons, R. Douglas; Feng, Paul C. C.; Kohn, Frank; Kretzmer, Keith; Mehrsheikh, Akbar; Bleeke, Marion; Honegger, Joy L.; Farmer, Donna; Wright, Dan; Haupfear, Eric A. (2010). "Glyphosate: Discovery, Development, Applications, and
Properties".
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Alberto, Diana; Serra, Anne-Antonella; Sulmon, Cécile; Gouesbet, Gwenola; Couée, Ivan (2016). "Herbicide-related signaling in plants reveals novel insights for herbicide use strategies, environmental risk assessment and global change assessment challenges".
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Ryegrass populations were large, and had substantial genetic diversity, because farmers had planted many varieties. Ryegrass is cross-pollinated by wind, so genes shuffle frequently. To control its distribution farmers sprayed inexpensive
Hoegrass, creating
2093:
In general, many questions exist about the health and environmental effects of many herbicides because of the large number of herbicides and the myriad potential targets, mostly unintended. For example, a 1995 panel of 13 scientists reviewing studies on the
2684:. Once again, ryegrass in Australia evolved a kind of "cross-resistance" that allowed it to rapidly break down a variety of herbicides. Four classes of herbicides become ineffective within a few years. In 2013 only two herbicide classes, called
4093:
Andreotti, Gabriella; Koutros, Stella; Hofmann, Jonathan N; Sandler, Dale P; Lubin, Jay H; Lynch, Charles F; Lerro, Catherine C; De Roos, Anneclaire J; Parks, Christine G; Alavanja, Michael C; Silverman, Debra T; Beane
Freeman, Laura E (2018).
903:(WSSA) developed a classification system. Groups in the WSSA and the HRAC systems are designated by numbers and letters, inform users awareness of herbicide mode of action and provide more accurate recommendations for resistance management.
2246:
Bird populations are one of many indicators of herbicide damage.Most observed effects are due not to toxicity, but to habitat changes and the decreases in abundance of species on which birds rely for food or shelter. Herbicide use in
2061:
and U.S soldiers that handled the chemicals. More than 20% of South
Vietnam's forests and 3.2% of its cultivated land were sprayed at least once between during the war. The government of Vietnam says that up to four million people in
2382:. For example, ALS-resistant weeds developed by genetic mutations leading to an altered enzyme. Such changes render the herbicide impotent. Target-site resistance may also be caused by an over-expression of the target enzyme (via
811:
Complementary to mechanism-based classifications, herbicides are often classified according to their chemical structures or motifs. Similar structural types work in similar ways. For example, aryloxphenoxypropionates herbicides
2398:
and translocation, sequestration of the herbicide, or reduced penetration of the herbicide into the leaf surface. These mechanisms all cause less of the herbicide's active ingredient to reach the target site in the first place.
430:: Preplant herbicides are nonselective herbicides applied to the soil before planting. Some preplant herbicides may be mechanically incorporated into the soil. The objective for incorporation is to prevent dissipation through
255:
indicated that "growth substances applied appropriately would kill certain broad-leaved weeds in cereals without harming the crops," though these substances were too expensive and too short-lived in soil due to degradation by
2158:
to contaminate groundwater or distant surface water sources. Generally, the conditions that promote herbicide transport include intense storm events (particularly shortly after application) and soils with limited capacity to
4428:
Solomon, Keith R.; Carr, James A.; Du Preez, Louis H.; Giesy, John P.; Kendall, Ronald J.; Smith, Ernest E.; Van Der Kraak, Glen J. (2008). "Effects of
Atrazine on Fish, Amphibians, and Aquatic Reptiles: A Critical Review".
2274:
Resistance to herbicides is often attributed to overuse as well as the strong evolutionary pressure on the affected weeds. Three agricultural practices account for the evolutionary pressure upon weeds to evolve resistance:
898:
Using the Weed
Science Society of America (WSSA) and herbicide Resistance and World Grains (HRAC) systems, herbicides are classified by mode of action. Eventually the Herbicide Resistance Action Committee (HRAC) and the
2287:
use first began, it was continuously and heavily relied upon for weed control. This caused incredibly strong selective pressure upon weeds, encouraging mutations conferring glyphosate resistance to persist and spread.
313:(grasses). The low cost of 2,4-D has led to continued usage today, and it remains one of the most commonly used herbicides in the world. Like other acid herbicides, current formulations use either an amine salt (often
2229:
Herbicide use generally has negative impacts on many aspects of the environment. Insects, non-targeted plants, animals, and aquatic systems subject to serious damage from herbicides. Impacts are highly variable.
2360:
Recently, incidences of non-target site resistance have increasingly emerged, such as examples where plants are capable of producing enzymes that neutralize herbicides before they can enter the plant's cells –
2357:. Some mutations conferring herbicide resistance may have fitness costs, reducing the plant's ability to survive in other ways, but over time, the least costly mutations tend to dominate in weed populations.
2680:. In addition, farmers sometimes diluted the herbicide in order to save money, which allowed some plants to survive application. When resistance appeared farmers turned to a group of herbicides that block
363:
Herbicides can be classified/grouped in various ways; for example, according to their activity, the timing of application, method of application, mechanism of their action, and their chemical structures.
288:
When 2,4-D was commercially released in 1946, it became the first successful selective herbicide, triggering a worldwide revolution in agricultural output. It allowed for greatly enhanced weed control in
4635:
Forouzesh, Abed; Zand, Eskandar; Soufizadeh, Saeid; Samadi
Foroushani, Sadegh (2015). "Classification of herbicides according to chemical family for weed resistance management strategies–an update".
488:
are two common processes that reduce the availability of herbicides. Many soil-applied herbicides are absorbed through plant shoots while they are still underground leading to their death or injury.
2320:
samples were resistant to two different herbicides; 6% resisted three; and 0.5% resisted four. In Iowa 89% of waterhemp samples resist two or more herbicides, 25% resist three, and 10% resist five.
2110:
were too few to accurately assess the risk of many types of cancer from these herbicides, even although evidence was stronger that exposure to these herbicides is associated with increased risk of
2070:
estimates that up to one million people were disabled or have health problems as a result of exposure to Agent Orange. The United States government has described these figures as unreliable.
2308:
molecular mode of action for which there is no resistance. Because most herbicides could not kill all weeds, farmers rotate crops and herbicides to stop the development of resistant weeds.
626:
2205:
after being ingested in quantities ranging from 85 to 200 ml, although it has also been ingested in quantities as large as 500 ml with only mild or moderate symptoms. The manufacturer of
4298:
Talbot, AR; Shiaw, MH; Huang, JS; Yang, SF; Goo, TS; Wang, SH; Chen, CL; Sanford, TR (1991). "Acute poisoning with a glyphosate-surfactant herbicide ('Roundup'): A review of 93 cases".
1710:
460:
are preemergence herbicides. Weeds that have already emerged before application or activation are not affected by pre-herbicides as their primary growing point escapes the treatment.
1889:
1988:
or spray drift may result in herbicide affecting neighboring fields or plants, particularly in windy conditions. Sometimes, the wrong field or plants may be sprayed due to error.
1884:
489:
3620:
Shaner, D. L.; Leonard, P. (2001). "Regulatory aspects of resistance management for herbicides and other crop protection products". In Powles, S. B.; Shaner, D. L. (eds.).
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2365:. This form of resistance is particularly challenging, since plants can develop non-target-site resistance to herbicides their ancestors were never directly exposed to.
795:, which protect chlorophyll in plants from being destroyed by sunlight. If this happens, the plants turn white due to complete loss of chlorophyll, and the plants die.
5113:
Dimaano, Niña Gracel; Iwakami, Satoshi (2021). "Cytochrome <SCP>P450</SCP>-mediated herbicide metabolism in plants: Current understanding and prospects".
3794:
MacKinnon, D. S.; Freedman, B. (1993). "Effects of
Silvicultural Use of the Herbicide Glyphosate on Breeding Birds of Regenerating Clearcuts in Nova Scotia, Canada".
2580:
The use of two or more herbicides which have differing modes of action can reduce the selection for resistant genotypes. Ideally, each component in a mixture should:
622:
3923:
2133:
arising from environmental and occupational exposure over long periods. Much public suspicion of herbicides revolves around a confusion between valid statements of
273:(ARC) to discover methods for improving crop yield. By analyzing soil as a dynamic system, rather than an inert substance, he was able to apply techniques such as
925:
Most herbicides are applied as water-based sprays using ground equipment. Ground equipment varies in design, but large areas can be sprayed using self-propelled
2163:
or retain the herbicides. Herbicide properties that increase likelihood of transport include persistence (resistance to degradation) and high water solubility.
823:) appear to all act as ACCase inhibitors. The so-called cyclohexanedione herbicides, which are used against grasses, include the following commercial products
4878:
2440:
Integrated weed management (IWM) approach utilizes several tactics to combat weeds and forestall resistance. This approach relies less on herbicides and so
6711:
4471:
Laboratory studies have at times overestimated negative impacts on birds due to toxicity, predicting serious problems that were not observed in the field.
629:(SCTs). The ALS biological pathway exists only in plants and microorganisms (but not animals), thus making the ALS-inhibitors among the safest herbicides.
2781:
7391:
5188:
528:
285:. While the full work of the unit remained secret, certain discoveries were developed for commercial use after the war, including the 2,4-D compound.
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5400:
4897:
2665:
240:
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204:
were used to control weeds, but these chemicals were either toxic, flammable or corrosive and were expensive and ineffective at controlling weeds.
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6817:
3955:
3312:
Kukorelli, Gábor; Reisinger, Péter; Pinke, Gyula (2013). "ACCase inhibitor herbicides – selectivity, weed resistance and fitness cost: A review".
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5975:
4363:
3099:
Hamner, Charles L.; Tukey, H. B. (1944). "The Herbicidal Action of 2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic and 2,4,5 Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid on Bindweed".
768:
4578:"Evolutionary and ecological insights from herbicide-resistant weeds: what have we learned about plant adaptation, and what is left to uncover?"
5534:
2259:
agricultural areas has been one of many factors implicated in limiting the usefulness of such agricultural land for wintering migratory birds.
2217:) has claimed Tordon 101 has no effects on animals and insects, in spite of evidence of strong carcinogenic activity of the active ingredient,
2026:, its main purpose is to disrupt agricultural food production or to destroy plants which provide cover or concealment to the enemy. During the
1894:
748:
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5648:
5595:
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Vats, S. (2015). "Herbicides: history, classification and genetic manipulation of plants for herbicide resistance". In Lichtfouse, E. (ed.).
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Multiple resistance: In this situation, two or more resistance mechanisms are present within individual plants, or within a plant population.
832:
800:
778:
4500:
Newton, Ian (2004). "The recent declines of farmland bird populations in Britain: An appraisal of causal factors and conservation actions".
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Retzinger, E. J. Jr.; Mallory-Smith, C. (1997). "Classification of herbicides by site of action for weed resistance management strategies".
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4195:"Cancer mortality in workers exposed to phenoxy herbicides, chlorophenols, and dioxins. An expanded and updated international cohort study"
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agriculture, after many Australian sheep farmers began to exclusively grow wheat in their pastures in the 1970s. Introduced varieties of
1972:
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example, many triazine-resistant weeds have been readily controlled by the use of alternative herbicides such as dicamba or glyphosate.
7835:
6130:
5719:
5509:
2941:"Herbicides as Weed Control Agents: State of the Art: I. Weed Control Research and Safener Technology: The Path to Modern Agriculture"
581:(ALS; also known as acetohydroxyacid synthase, or AHAS) is part of the first step in the synthesis of the branched-chain amino acids (
6191:
6090:
3723:. Proceedings of an international conference, Brighton, UK, 17–20 November 1997, British Crop Protection Council. pp. 1133–1140.
2178:; research has suggested such contamination results in a small rise in cancer risk after occupational exposure to these herbicides.
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6704:
4056:
4001:
Ibrahim MA, Bond GG, Burke TA, Cole P, Dost FN, Enterline PE, Gough M, Greenberg RS, Halperin WE, McConnell E, et al. (1991).
851:. Knowing about herbicide chemical family grouping serves as a short-term strategy for managing resistance to site of action. The
2630:. Few natural herbicides rival the effectiveness of synthetics. Some plants also produce their own herbicides, such as the genus
3875:
2238:
Atrazine has often been blamed for affecting reproductive behavior of aquatic life, but the data do not support this assertion.
2193:
Herbicide manufacturers have at times made false or misleading claims about the safety of their products. Chemical manufacturer
270:
917:
387:
alter the physical properties of the spray solution and the overall phytotoxicity of the herbicide, increasing translocation.
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4156:
3985:
3460:
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food consumption prior to the labelled preharvest interval. Under some conditions, certain herbicides can be transported via
1879:
333:, was introduced in the 1950s; they have the current distinction of being the herbicide family of greatest concern regarding
2066:
were exposed to the defoliant, and as many as three million people have suffered illness because of Agent Orange, while the
6367:
5436:
3053:
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collected from a golf course in the U.S. state of Tennessee was found in 2020 to be resistant to seven herbicides at once.
1153:
17:
3907:
2006:
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Selectivity is determined by the circumstances and technique of application. Climatic factors affect absorption including
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2079:
1280:
1200:
784:
4673:
Tranel, Patrick J.; Wright, Terry R. (2002). "Resistance of Weeds to ALS-inhibiting Herbicides: What Have We Learned?".
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4537:
4473:
Blus, Lawrence J.; Henny, Charles J. (1997). "Field Studies on Pesticides and Birds: Unexpected and Unique Relations".
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Keith G. Watson (2011). "Cyclohexane-1,3-dione Oxime Ether Grass-Specific Herbicides and the Discovery of Butroxydim".
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Van Almsick, A. (2009). "New HPPD-Inhibitors – A Proven Mode of Action as a New Hope to Solve Current Weed Problems".
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are produced and oxidation reactions in excess of those normally tolerated by the cell occur, leading to plant death.
697:, and prevent quinone from binding to this site. Therefore, this group of compounds causes electrons to accumulate on
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and flooding were also used to control weeds. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, inorganic chemicals such as
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been shown to occur in separate instances and dominate throughout resistant weed populations. This is an example of
391:
enhance the selectivity by boosting herbicide resistance by the crop but allowing the herbicide to damage the weed.
6645:
2840:
2402:
The following terms are also used to describe cases where plants are resistant to multiple herbicides at once:
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2039:
281:, inhibitors, and other chemicals on the activity of microorganisms in the soil and assess their direct impact on
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1965:
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as the result of research conducted independently in the United Kingdom and the United States into the potential
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Herbicides interfere with the biochemical machinery that supports plant growth. Herbicides often mimic natural
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2099:
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5202:
2789:
2778:
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1910:
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556:
548:(MOA) indicates the first enzyme, protein, or biochemical step affected in the plant following application:
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6790:
6530:
6485:
5395:
3347:
Zhou Q, Liu W, Zhang Y, Liu KK (2007). "Action Mechanisms of Acetolactate Synthase-Inhibiting Herbicides".
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1070:
618:
244:
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4905:
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Gianessi, Leonard P.; Reigner, Nathan P. (April 2007). "The Value of Herbicides in U.S. Crop Production".
2141:
toxicity at the recommended levels of usage. For instance, while glyphosate formulations with tallowamine
510:
etc. affect herbicide absorption and action. Glyphosate, 2,4-D, and dicamba are foliar-applied herbicides.
348:
the resistant seed contributed to the consolidation of the seed and chemistry industry in the late 1990s.
337:. Atrazine does not break down readily (within a few weeks) after being applied to soils of above-neutral
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6755:
6668:
6595:
6515:
6032:
5806:
5638:
5325:
4995:
2723:
2434:
2420:
2067:
2050:
1958:
1315:
1165:
725:) are photosystem II inhibitors. Other members of this class are chlorbromuron, pyrazon, isoproturon,
520:
in the soil. For some compounds, the residual activity can leave the ground almost permanently barren.
4712:
4371:
7631:
7585:
7435:
6650:
6565:
5696:
5294:
2379:
1690:
1655:
1615:
1268:
1235:
1085:
567:
of the grass plant. The ACCases of grasses are sensitive to these herbicides, whereas the ACCases of
334:
2267:
One major complication to the use of herbicides for weed control is the ability of plants to evolve
7025:
6882:
6605:
6600:
6525:
6510:
6360:
6289:
5633:
5429:
2407:
metabolic detoxification) that entails resistance across herbicides with different sites of action.
1985:
1685:
1305:
1240:
1177:
950:, a scheme offering free weed-wiper hire was launched in 2015 in an effort to reduce the levels of
252:
4973:
4172:
7669:
7445:
7347:
7342:
7060:
6937:
6505:
4236:"Triazine herbicide exposure and breast cancer incidence: An ecologic study of Kentucky counties"
2031:
1715:
1670:
1290:
744:
541:
185:
4919:
3734:
Mallory-Smith, C. (1999). "Impact of labeling herbicides by site of action: A University view".
2879:"Governments say glyphosate is safe, but some say 'poison' is being sprayed on northern forests"
7570:
7507:
7455:
7418:
7413:
6887:
6618:
6259:
5232:
2451:
2151:
1853:
1340:
435:
4144:
614:
7759:
7517:
7234:
6852:
6847:
6740:
6555:
6550:
6540:
6520:
6211:
4955:
4937:
2733:
2689:
2681:
2610:
has evolved in Scotland recently (2000), despite the regular use of a sequence incorporating
2280:
1823:
1665:
1531:
1443:
1140:
912:
602:
578:
156:. Herbicide is also used in forestry, where certain formulations have been found to suppress
5189:"PRN 2017-1: Guidance for Pesticide Registrants on Pesticide Resistance Management Labeling"
7621:
7562:
7055:
7006:
6867:
6842:
6822:
6640:
6585:
5260:
5079:
4644:
4394:
4307:
3803:
3108:
2426:
2362:
2354:
2214:
2115:
1365:
1098:
248:
5051:
3184:
Quastel, J. H. (1950). "2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) as a Selective Herbicide".
2336:
the species at some point, not how many have been found simultaneously in a single plant.
705:
reactions in excess of those normally tolerated by the cell occur, killing the plant. The
8:
7825:
7810:
7805:
7540:
7403:
6959:
6827:
6812:
6760:
6750:
6678:
6570:
6353:
6269:
6234:
5628:
5422:
3769:
2644:; such actions of natural herbicides, and other related chemical interactions, is called
2111:
1700:
1645:
1610:
1536:
1463:
1413:
1408:
1393:
1050:
545:
266:
262:
212:
5346:
5264:
5083:
4648:
4398:
4311:
4049:
3807:
3719:
Schmidt, R. R. (1997). "HRAC classification of herbicides according to mode of action".
3112:
410:, are used to clear industrial sites, waste grounds, railways, and railway embankments.
7820:
7742:
7616:
7530:
7495:
7381:
7274:
7254:
6575:
6229:
5138:
4822:
4740:
4690:
4617:
4454:
4331:
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4235:
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4194:
4120:
4095:
4027:
4002:
3819:
3751:
3701:
3529:
3329:
3081:
3007:
2967:
2940:
2738:
2701:
2677:
2441:
2383:
2373:
Resistance to herbicides can be based on one of the following biochemical mechanisms:
2324:
2316:
with completely different biological action modes are on the rise. In Missouri, 43% of
2167:
2023:
2001:
1934:
1695:
1571:
1333:
1115:
1055:
1025:
974:
852:
610:
431:
232:
31:
3856:
7830:
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7525:
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7352:
7194:
6979:
6927:
6590:
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5744:
5276:
5168:
5142:
5130:
5095:
5055:
5018:
4778:
4744:
4732:
4609:
4533:
4513:
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4410:
4323:
4265:
4216:
4152:
4125:
4075:
4032:
3981:
3915:
3705:
3625:
3521:
3456:
3426:
3382:
3259:
3197:
3164:
3124:
3073:
3032:
2972:
2921:
2911:
2819:
2304:
2107:
2027:
1997:
1583:
1506:
1499:
1453:
1320:
1110:
1105:
1015:
859:
388:
177:
7018:
5091:
5038:
Powles, S.B.; Yu, Q. (2010). "Evolution in action: plants resistant to herbicides".
4826:
4694:
4621:
4458:
3978:
The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War : a Political, Social, and Military History
3755:
3333:
3085:
3011:
2939:
Kraehmer, Hansjoerg; Laber, Bernd; Rosinger, Chris; Schulz, Arno (5 November 2014).
7747:
7721:
7475:
7239:
6964:
6912:
6765:
6560:
5268:
5122:
5087:
5047:
4812:
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4724:
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4652:
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4402:
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4247:
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4065:
4022:
4014:
3811:
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3693:
3600:
3590:
3556:
3533:
3513:
3485:
3418:
3356:
3321:
3251:
3189:
3188:. Advances in Chemistry. Vol. 1. American Chemical Society. pp. 244–249.
3116:
3065:
2999:
2962:
2952:
2811:
2317:
2312:
2303:
relatively early, but more recently, glyphosate resistance has dramatically risen.
2210:
2194:
2130:
1843:
1740:
1680:
1566:
1519:
1468:
1428:
1403:
1388:
1370:
1345:
1285:
1170:
1120:
503:
228:
220:
106:
65:
59:
7162:
4774:
4050:
Howard I. Morrison; Kathryn Wilkins; Robert Semenciw; Yang Mao; Don Wigle (1992).
601:. They affect grasses and dicots alike. The ALS inhibitor family includes various
7726:
7711:
7706:
7398:
7304:
7284:
7184:
7172:
7157:
7137:
7132:
6996:
6947:
6922:
6902:
6545:
5946:
5272:
3360:
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3026:
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2627:
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2498:
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2095:
2043:
1628:
1588:
1458:
1423:
1355:
1295:
1223:
1160:
1060:
743:
to Fdx to NADP, leading to direct discharge of electrons on oxygen. As a result,
560:
507:
201:
100:
7189:
4526:
355:
are specifically formulated to degrade within a short period after application.
7701:
7691:
7535:
7480:
7470:
7289:
7264:
7244:
7112:
7107:
7097:
6989:
6984:
6969:
6897:
6797:
6624:
6168:
6135:
6082:
5623:
5322:
A Brief History of On-track Weed Control in the N.S.W. SRA during the Steam Era
4319:
3839:
The Global Politics of Pesticides: Forging Consensus from Conflicting Interests
3193:
2743:
2685:
2641:
2332:
2197:
agreed to change its advertising after pressure from New York attorney general
2155:
2126:
1946:
1750:
1650:
1605:
1598:
1593:
1350:
1045:
760:
690:
680:
314:
135:. Selective herbicides control specific weed species while leaving the desired
7425:
5753:
4713:"Herbicide resistance evolution, fitness cost, and the fear of the superweeds"
4442:
4406:
4070:
4051:
3747:
3697:
3517:
3422:
3255:
7799:
7696:
7674:
7450:
7359:
7309:
7294:
7229:
7224:
7209:
7179:
7142:
7122:
7082:
7077:
7047:
7013:
6952:
6932:
6917:
6877:
6785:
6689:
6611:
6224:
6219:
6041:
5980:
5889:
5863:
5815:
5666:
5529:
3919:
3077:
2925:
2815:
2387:
2300:
2183:
1929:
1765:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1003:
644:
636:
606:
598:
537:
457:
372:
Chemical structure of the herbicide is of primary affecting efficacy. 2,4-D,
278:
257:
193:
5163:
Moss, S. R. (2002). "Herbicide-Resistant Weeds". In Naylor, R. E. L. (ed.).
4817:
4800:
7641:
7460:
7440:
7408:
7337:
7324:
7299:
7279:
7249:
6974:
6942:
6720:
6535:
6440:
6413:
6408:
6329:
6324:
6314:
6176:
5959:
5661:
5570:
5562:
5504:
5499:
5457:
5445:
5414:
5280:
5134:
5099:
5059:
4782:
4736:
4613:
4450:
4129:
3455:(2nd, rev. and enl. ed.). Weinheim: Wiley-VCH-Verl. pp. 197–276.
3430:
3221:
3128:
2976:
2753:
2708:
2464:
Agronomic factors influencing the risk of herbicide resistance development
2252:
2248:
2198:
2182:
exposure has been implicated in a likely relationship to increased risk of
2015:
1798:
1760:
1745:
1576:
1541:
1486:
1205:
1065:
673:
439:
282:
165:
4604:
4532:. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London. pp. 207–220.
4414:
4327:
4269:
4251:
4220:
4111:
4079:
4036:
3525:
3054:"In the beginning: the multiple discovery of the first hormone herbicides"
2957:
2433:– a number of products combine herbicides with different means of action.
921:
Herbicides being sprayed from the spray arms of a tractor in North Dakota.
380:
control many broadleaf weeds but remain ineffective against turf grasses.
7552:
7547:
7332:
7219:
7214:
7204:
7199:
7127:
7117:
6892:
6857:
6837:
6802:
6770:
6455:
6435:
6398:
6201:
6196:
5954:
5936:
5916:
5906:
5898:
5823:
5771:
5724:
5559:
5549:
5519:
5484:
3220:. The Industry Task Force II on 2,4-D Research Data. 2015. Archived from
2793:
2645:
2430:
2276:
2256:
2054:
1720:
1418:
1398:
1035:
935:
816:
792:
772:
698:
493:
415:
145:
37:
4842:"Tank mixing herbicides may not be enough to avoid herbicide resistance"
4634:
4553:
4018:
3003:
2806:
Appleby, Arnold P.; Müller, Franz; Carpy, Serge (2001). "Weed Control".
2327:
with resistance to six different herbicide modes of action has emerged.
7269:
7152:
7087:
7072:
7030:
6907:
6807:
6495:
6445:
6319:
6299:
6279:
6239:
6145:
6105:
6007:
5871:
5853:
5838:
5729:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5600:
5580:
5575:
5539:
5469:
4761:
Service, R. F. (2013). "What Happens when Weed Killers Stop Killing?".
4554:"Current Status of the International Herbicide-Resistant Weed Database"
3823:
2284:
2206:
1770:
1526:
1030:
931:
883:
848:
840:
836:
804:
796:
740:
736:
694:
652:
640:
594:
590:
485:
384:
344:
6470:
4656:
4594:
4577:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4096:"Glyphosate Use and Cancer Incidence in the Agricultural Health Study"
3605:
946:
sward beneath. The method has the benefit of avoiding spray drift. In
807:, was discovered in the course of developing this class of herbicides.
7716:
7679:
7626:
7601:
7259:
6745:
6732:
6724:
6460:
6450:
6428:
6418:
6393:
6384:
6376:
6309:
6284:
6264:
6100:
6022:
6002:
5921:
5848:
5843:
5828:
5709:
5704:
5489:
3842:
2758:
2657:
2328:
2035:
1838:
1793:
1755:
1705:
1640:
1546:
1010:
982:
943:
887:
828:
820:
714:
702:
564:
453:
407:
352:
274:
153:
149:
5126:
4794:
4792:
3815:
3595:
3578:
3560:
3489:
2779:
Pesticides Industry. Sales and Usage 2006 and 2007: Market Estimates
2593:
Have similar persistence in the soil (if it is a residual herbicide)
655:(Roundup) is a systemic EPSPS inhibitor inactivated by soil contact.
219:, the first selective chemical herbicide, was discovered during the
7575:
7502:
7430:
7167:
7042:
6832:
6274:
6125:
6110:
6095:
6073:
6059:
6012:
5994:
5931:
5926:
5833:
5791:
5776:
5714:
5590:
5544:
5524:
5474:
4564:
2862:"Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage: 2008 – 2012 Market Estimates"
2661:
2611:
2340:
2296:
2218:
2179:
2122:
1210:
958:
875:
813:
788:
764:
756:
726:
718:
710:
706:
648:
411:
395:
373:
330:
310:
197:
161:
157:
4938:"Multiple resistant Amaranthus palmeri from United States, Kansas"
791:
breakdown. Tyrosine breakdown products are used by plants to make
7684:
7646:
7636:
7512:
7147:
7037:
6403:
6304:
6294:
6186:
5911:
5615:
5585:
5461:
4789:
2651:
2632:
2063:
2011:
990:
926:
879:
871:
669:
586:
563:. Thus, ACCase inhibitors affect cell membrane production in the
480:
443:
377:
189:
181:
45:
7376:
7369:
7364:
6780:
6054:
5766:
5479:
3577:
Beckie, H. J.; Harker, L. M.; Hall, S. I.; et al. (2006).
2637:
2187:
2160:
2103:
1991:
1848:
1828:
1735:
1725:
1433:
752:
722:
582:
306:
302:
4092:
4003:"Weight of the evidence on the human carcinogenicity of 2,4-D"
3024:
2129:
arising from ingestion of a significant quantity rapidly, and
7465:
6345:
6049:
5405:
4920:"Number of Resistant Species to Individual Active Herbicides"
4233:
2456:
2449:
activity. In the UK, partially resistant grass weeds such as
2202:
1858:
1803:
1195:
947:
867:
856:
665:
659:
568:
318:
294:
290:
236:
216:
184:, salinity, or fertility levels, were used to control weeds.
128:
5378:
4234:
Kettles, MK; Browning, SR; Prince, TS; Horstman, SW (1997).
3793:
2390:). A related mechanism is that an adaptable enzyme such as
115:
71:
30:"Weedkiller" redirects here. For the album by Ashnikko, see
7386:
7001:
6181:
6159:
5786:
5781:
4989:
4987:
4956:"Multiple resistant Poa Anna from United States, Tennessee"
4687:
10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0700:rrowta]2.0.co;2
4487:
10.1890/1051-0761(1997)007[1125:FSOPAB]2.0.CO;2
4192:
3070:
10.1614/0043-1745(2001)049[0290:ITBTMD]2.0.CO;2
2938:
2748:
2137:
toxicity as opposed to equally valid statements of lack of
1833:
1080:
1075:
1040:
951:
863:
686:
593:). These herbicides slowly starve affected plants of these
298:
136:
132:
83:
5072:
3946:"U.S. in first effort to clean up Agent Orange in Vietnam"
3789:
3787:
3645:
7314:
5251:
Stokstad, E. (2013). "The War Against Weeds Down Under".
5167:(9th ed.). Blackwell Science Ltd. pp. 225–252.
4801:"The "Wicked" Nature of the Herbicide Resistance Problem"
4530:
Ecology and Conservation of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds
3950:
2561:
2437:
may use herbicides alongside other pest control methods.
77:
6081:
4984:
4427:
4368:
Ontario Ministry of Agriculture Food & Rural Affairs
4173:"Facts About Herbicide - Department Of Veterans Affairs"
2668:), a family of herbicides that inhibit an enzyme called
277:. Quastel was able to quantify the influence of various
6040:
5372:
3784:
3502:
3311:
338:
4711:
Damalas, Christos A.; Koutroubas, Spyridon D. (2024).
4193:
Kogevinas, M; Becher, H; Benn, T; et al. (1997).
3876:"Agent Orange's Long Legacy, for Vietnam and Veterans"
3770:"Campaign launched to halt Welsh river pesticide rise"
3683:
3298:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 153–192.
5390:
4350:"Complaints halt herbicide spraying in Eastern Shore"
89:
80:
4974:"Resistant Species by # of Sites of Action (Top 15)"
4297:
4000:
3663:
3142:
Templeman, W. G. (1945). "Harnessing the hormones".
2102:
had divided opinions on the likelihood 2,4-D causes
639:(EPSPS) is used in the synthesis of the amino acids
86:
74:
3899:
3244:
2859:
2073:
759:) inhibit the FeS to Fdx step of that chain, while
269:made the same discovery. Quastel was tasked by the
112:
109:
68:
4385:Reuber, MD (1981). "Carcinogenicity of Picloram".
4283:"Monsanto Pulls Roundup Advertising in New York".
3572:
3570:
2805:
2656:Herbicide resistance became a critical problem in
2251:, used to favor certain types of growth following
2049:The use of herbicides as a chemical weapon by the
532:Herbicides classified by their mechanism of action
329:The triazine family of herbicides, which includes
4710:
4628:
3579:"A decade of herbicide-resistant crops in Canada"
2910:. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. p. 862.
2394:is redesigned to neutralize the pesticide itself.
2038:in the Malaysian countryside in order to deprive
7797:
4879:"Herbicide-resistant weeds raise more questions"
3576:
3156:
3025:Andrew H. Cobb; John P. H. Reade (2011). "7.1".
2648:. The applicability of these agents is unclear.
637:Enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase enzyme
3976:Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2011). "Defoliation".
3721:1997 Brighton crop protection conference: weeds
3624:. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. pp. 279–294.
3567:
3546:
3346:
2989:
2614:, a herbicide with a different mode of action.
2590:Be detoxified by different biochemical pathways
893:
418:, and glyphosate are non-selective herbicides.
351:Many modern herbicides used in agriculture and
6719:
5326:Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin
5112:
4387:Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health
3646:"PROTECTING CROP YIELDS AND QUALITY WORLDWIDE"
3160:A History of Weed Science in the United States
2860:Atwood, Donald; Paisley-Jones, Claire (2017).
2808:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
2792:Main page for EPA reports on pesticide use is
2652:Farming practices and resistance: a case study
597:, which eventually leads to the inhibition of
6705:
6361:
5430:
4100:JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute
3836:
3733:
3727:
3619:
2692:inhibitors, were effective against ryegrass.
2599:Synergise the activity of the other component
2368:
1966:
406:Non-selective herbicides, generally known as
27:Type of chemical used to kill unwanted plants
7581:List of organic gardening and farming topics
5444:
5375:, Information about pesticide-related topics
5012:
4672:
4668:
4666:
3937:
3896:, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 263
1992:Use politically, militarily, and in conflict
965:
227:The major breakthroughs occurred during the
5013:Powles, S. B.; Shaner, D. L., eds. (2001).
3504:its toxicology and development as a drug".
3475:
3098:
2771:
676:are examples of synthetic auxin herbicides.
401:
176:Prior to the widespread use of herbicides,
127:, are substances used to control undesired
6712:
6698:
6368:
6354:
5437:
5423:
5017:. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. p. 328.
4861:"The grim reality of herbicide resistance"
4706:
4704:
4384:
4145:"8: Fate of herbicides in the environment"
3969:
2841:"Nitrogen Cycle and World Food Production"
1973:
1959:
989:
739:, specifically the normal pathway through
383:Chemical additives influence selectivity.
5401:European Commission pesticide information
5233:"Natural Herbicides: Are they effective?"
4816:
4663:
4603:
4593:
4472:
4259:
4210:
4136:
4119:
4069:
4026:
3677:
3604:
3594:
3381:. W.H. Freeman and Company. p. 670.
3372:
3370:
3307:
3305:
3141:
2966:
2956:
2626:has come to mean herbicides intended for
2575:
2566:
2311:A 2008–2009 survey of 144 populations of
5379:National Agricultural Statistics Service
5250:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5230:
5037:
4756:
4754:
4057:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
3905:
3873:
3401:
3314:International Journal of Pest Management
3248:Glyphosate Resistance in Crops and Weeds
3240:
3238:
2414:
2347:
2005:
916:
651:. They affect grasses and dicots alike.
527:
470:
421:
211:
44:
41:A field after application of a herbicide
36:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5152:
4895:
4760:
4701:
3908:"Agent Orange Still Haunts Vietnam, US"
3718:
3712:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3183:
2908:Encyclopedia of environment and society
2905:
2893:"GLYPHOSATE AND THE POLITICS OF SAFETY"
2867:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
14:
7798:
4575:
4499:
3975:
3613:
3506:Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease
3450:
3376:
3367:
3302:
3051:
2562:Approaches to treating resistant weeds
906:
803:are herbicides in this class; a drug,
559:(ACCase) is part of the first step of
523:
324:
6693:
6349:
5418:
5373:National Pesticide Information Center
5239:
5052:10.1146/annurev-arplant-042809-112119
5015:Herbicide Resistance and World Grains
4993:
4751:
4142:
3650:Herbicide Resistance Action Committee
3622:Herbicide Resistance and World Grains
3404:"4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase"
3395:
3349:Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology
3235:
2283:evolved rapidly in part because when
2224:
7766:
5162:
5149:
4798:
4043:
3943:
3886:
3293:
3272:
2871:
2855:
2853:
2729:List of environmental health hazards
2617:
627:sulfonylamino carbonyl triazolinones
7778:
4994:Brown, H. Claire (18 August 2021).
4300:Human & Experimental Toxicology
4149:Handbook of Weed Management Systems
3830:
2895:. Halifax Examiner. 7 October 2016.
2584:Be active at different target sites
2241:
2080:Environmental effects of pesticides
1201:Radium and radon in the environment
785:4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase
685:reduce electron flow from water to
207:
24:
5315:
5295:"Hoegrass 500 Selective Herbicide"
4898:"Marestail Jumps Glyphosate Fence"
4858:
4212:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009069
3296:Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 15
2106:in humans. As of 1992, studies on
2059:impacts upon the Vietnamese people
693:. They bind to the Qb site on the
446:are in use as preplant herbicides.
25:
7847:
7836:Chemical anti-agriculture weapons
5409:Pest Management Regulatory Agency
5332:
4839:
4240:Environmental Health Perspectives
3664:"Weed Science Society of America"
3583:Canadian Journal of Plant Science
2850:
2022:Although herbicidal warfare uses
309:(broadleaf plants), but not most
7777:
7765:
7754:
7753:
7741:
6469:
5396:UK Pesticides Safety Directorate
5339:
5076:Science of the Total Environment
4896:Marking, Syl (January 1, 2002).
4514:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2004.00375.x
4199:American Journal of Epidemiology
3453:Modern crop protection compounds
2838:
2121:Herbicides have widely variable
2074:Health and environmental effects
2040:Malayan National Liberation Army
1940:
1928:
105:
64:
5287:
5224:
5195:
5181:
5106:
5092:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.064
5066:
5031:
5006:
4966:
4948:
4930:
4912:
4889:
4871:
4852:
4833:
4546:
4520:
4493:
4465:
4421:
4378:
4356:
4342:
4291:
4276:
4227:
4186:
4165:
4151:. CRC Press. pp. 245–278.
4086:
3994:
3958:from the original on 2013-03-03
3926:from the original on 2017-03-30
3874:Haberman, Clyde (11 May 2014).
3867:
3849:
3762:
3656:
3638:
3540:
3496:
3469:
3444:
3340:
3210:
3177:
3150:
3135:
3092:
3052:Troyer, James R. (March 2001).
3045:
3028:Herbicides and Plant Physiology
3018:
2714:Environmental impact assessment
2596:Exert negative cross-resistance
2295:Plants developed resistance to
2233:
2166:Cases have been reported where
2088:
2034:forces deployed herbicides and
1021:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
901:Weed Science Society of America
775:) inhibit the Fdx to NADP step.
267:Rothamsted Experimental Station
49:Weeds controlled with herbicide
6375:
5040:Annual Review of Plant Biology
4729:10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111934
4431:Critical Reviews in Toxicology
3451:Krämer, Wolfgang, ed. (2012).
3186:Agricultural Control Chemicals
2983:
2932:
2899:
2885:
2832:
2799:
2190:relationship remains unclear.
1890:Least polluted cities by PM2.5
957:There is little difference in
514:
367:
358:
305:grass crops, because it kills
168:, as well as pasture systems.
13:
1:
4775:10.1126/science.341.6152.1329
2765:
2670:acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase
2587:Have a high level of efficacy
2262:
2057:has left tangible, long-term
1361:Electrical resistance heating
862:(IAA). This family includes
701:molecules. As a consequence,
689:at the photochemical step in
557:Acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase
271:Agricultural Research Council
6531:Persistent organic pollutant
5273:10.1126/science.341.6147.734
4364:"Tordon 101: picloram/2,4-D"
3944:King, Jessica (2012-08-10).
3906:Stocking, Ben (2007-06-14).
3857:"The legacy of Agent Orange"
3361:10.1016/j.pestbp.2007.04.004
3326:10.1080/09670874.2013.821212
3121:10.1126/science.100.2590.154
2906:Robbins, Paul (2007-08-27).
2292:non-target site resistance.
2084:Health effects of pesticides
1071:Persistent organic pollutant
995:Air pollution from a factory
894:WSSA and HRAC classification
496:are soil-applied herbicides.
245:Imperial Chemical Industries
7:
7612:Index of pesticide articles
6674:Index of pesticide articles
6501:Agricultural spray adjuvant
3478:Outlooks on Pest Management
2788:. Summary in press release
2719:Index of pesticide articles
2695:
10:
7852:
6756:Climate-friendly gardening
6669:Integrated Pest Management
6516:Integrated pest management
4996:"Attack of the Superweeds"
4576:Baucom, Regina S. (2019).
4352:. CBC News. June 16, 2009.
4320:10.1177/096032719101000101
3980:(2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO.
3796:Journal of Applied Ecology
3194:10.1021/ba-1950-0001.ch045
2724:Integrated pest management
2699:
2435:Integrated pest management
2421:Integrated pest management
2418:
2369:Biochemistry of resistance
2077:
2068:Viet Nam Red Cross Society
2014:, most of them victims of
1995:
910:
171:
123:), also commonly known as
29:
7735:
7657:
7632:Plant disease forecasting
7594:
7586:Vegan organic agriculture
7561:
7436:Genetically modified tree
7323:
6866:
6731:
6664:
6633:
6566:Paradox of the pesticides
6478:
6467:
6383:
6252:
6210:
6169:Photosystem II inhibitors
6167:
6158:
6083:Photosystem II inhibitors
6072:
6031:
5993:
5968:
5945:
5897:
5888:
5862:
5814:
5805:
5752:
5743:
5695:
5647:
5614:
5558:
5456:
5203:"Pesticide Product Label"
4443:10.1080/10408440802116496
4407:10.1080/15287398109529973
3748:10.1017/S0890037X00046376
3698:10.1017/S0890037X00043116
3423:10.1016/j.abb.2004.08.015
3379:Biochemistry, 4th Edition
3256:10.1002/9780470634394.ch1
3157:Robert L Zimdahl (2007).
3031:. John Wiley & Sons.
2527:Control in previous years
2380:electron-transport system
1616:War and environmental law
1236:Health effects from noise
1086:Volatile organic compound
966:Misuse and misapplication
540:, enzyme substrates, and
335:groundwater contamination
247:. In 1940, his work with
239:was first synthesized by
196:, arsenic, copper salts,
6606:Pesticide Action Network
6526:Non-pesticide management
6042:Photosystem I inhibitors
5165:Weed management handbook
2881:. CBC News. 2 July 2019.
2816:10.1002/14356007.a28_165
2010:Handicapped children in
1986:Herbicide volatilisation
1241:Marine mammals and sonar
962:cycles of lumber crops.
787:, which are involved in
733:Photosystem I inhibitors
721:) and urea derivatives (
623:pyrimidinyl oxybenzoates
402:Non-selective herbicides
321:of the parent compound.
233:use of herbicides in war
6506:Biological pest control
5115:Pest Management Science
4902:Corn and Soybean Digest
4818:10.1614/WS-D-15-00035.1
4799:Shaw, David R. (2016).
4475:Ecological Applications
4071:10.1093/jnci/84.24.1866
4052:"Herbicides and Cancer"
4007:Environ Health Perspect
3518:10.1023/A:1005458703363
3377:Stryer, Lubert (1995).
2522:Single modes of action
1716:Freshwater salinization
1636:Agricultural wastewater
745:reactive oxygen species
7571:Biodynamic agriculture
7508:Postharvest physiology
7456:Landscape architecture
7153:Indonesian home garden
6619:The Pesticide Question
5328:, April, 1996 pp99–116
5078:. 569–570: 1618–1628.
4143:Smith (18 July 1995).
3892:Lewy, Guenter (1978),
3837:Bruce Cumings (1998).
2576:Mixtures and sequences
2567:Alternative herbicides
2549:Resistance in vicinity
2452:Alopecurus myosuroides
2221:, in studies on rats.
2170:are contaminated with
2019:
1935:Environment portal
922:
709:herbicides (including
533:
253:naphthaleneacetic acid
224:
160:varieties in favor of
50:
42:
6818:Historic conservation
6521:Maximum residue limit
6491:Environmental effects
4252:10.1289/ehp.971051222
3402:Moran GR (Jan 2005).
2958:10.1104/pp.114.241901
2734:Preemergent herbicide
2700:Further information:
2690:long-chain fatty acid
2682:acetolactate synthase
2429:– a major concern in
2415:Resistance management
2348:Evolutionary insights
2281:glyphosate resistance
2009:
1676:Industrial wastewater
1444:Municipal solid waste
1366:Soil guideline values
920:
913:Pesticide application
911:Further information:
735:steal electrons from
579:Acetolactate synthase
531:
471:Method of application
422:Timing of application
215:
48:
40:
7748:Gardening portal
7647:Aquamog weed remover
7622:List of insecticides
6679:Pesticide categories
5191:. 21 September 2017.
3772:. BBC. 16 April 2015
3411:Arch Biochem Biophys
2519:Many modes of action
2427:herbicide resistance
2363:metabolic resistance
2355:convergent evolution
2269:herbicide resistance
2215:Dow Chemical Company
2116:non-Hodgkin lymphoma
2032:British Commonwealth
1885:Most polluted cities
1537:Overhead power lines
763:herbicides (such as
751:herbicides (such as
18:Herbicide resistance
6270:aminocyclopyrachlor
6235:sulfometuron methyl
5367:General Information
5300:. Bayer CropScience
5265:2013Sci...341..734S
5084:2016ScTEn.569.1618A
4846:farmers advance.com
4649:2015WeedR..55..334F
4582:The New Phytologist
4399:1981JTEH....7..207R
4312:1991HETox..10....1T
4112:10.1093/jnci/djx233
4019:10.1289/ehp.9196213
3912:The Washington Post
3808:1993JApEc..30..395M
3113:1944Sci...100..154H
3004:10.1614/WT-06-130.1
2777:EPA. February 2011
2465:
2112:soft tissue sarcoma
2024:chemical substances
1701:Ocean acidification
1611:Unexploded ordnance
1532:Advertising clutter
1464:Post-consumer waste
1409:Foam food container
1394:Biodegradable waste
1051:Global distillation
907:Use and application
619:triazolopyrimidines
546:mechanism of action
524:Mechanism of action
325:Further discoveries
263:Juda Hirsch Quastel
180:, such as altering
7816:Soil contamination
7617:List of fungicides
7382:Companion planting
6230:metsulfuron-methyl
5899:Nitrophenyl ethers
5000:The New York Times
3894:America in Vietnam
3880:The New York Times
2784:2015-03-18 at the
2739:Soil contamination
2702:List of herbicides
2678:selection pressure
2491:Cultivation system
2463:
2442:selection pressure
2384:gene amplification
2225:Ecological effects
2168:Phenoxy herbicides
2108:phenoxy herbicides
2020:
2002:Herbicidal warfare
1947:Ecology portal
1572:Herbicidal warfare
1116:Introduced species
1056:Indoor air quality
1026:Chlorofluorocarbon
954:in water courses.
934:systems (known as
923:
855:mimic the natural
853:phenoxyacetic acid
611:metsulfuron-methyl
534:
432:photodecomposition
389:Herbicide safeners
225:
186:Mechanical control
51:
43:
32:Weedkiller (album)
7793:
7792:
7665:Community orchard
7491:drought tolerance
6687:
6686:
6343:
6342:
6248:
6247:
6154:
6153:
6068:
6067:
5989:
5988:
5890:Protox inhibitors
5884:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5807:ACCase inhibitors
5385:Regulatory policy
5259:(6147): 734–736.
5174:978-0-632-05732-0
4657:10.1111/wre.12153
4595:10.1111/nph.15723
4158:978-0-8247-9547-4
4064:(24): 1866–1874.
3987:978-1-85109-961-0
3462:978-3-527-32965-6
3388:978-0-7167-2009-6
3250:. pp. 1–33.
3203:978-0-8412-2442-1
3107:(2590): 154–155.
2624:organic herbicide
2618:Natural herbicide
2559:
2558:
2486:Crop monoculture
2455:(blackgrass) and
2028:Malayan Emergency
1998:Rainbow herbicide
1983:
1982:
1918:
1917:
1584:Nuclear holocaust
1507:Urban heat island
1321:Radioactive waste
1106:Biological hazard
1016:Air quality index
860:indoleacetic acid
553:ACCase inhibitors
317:) or one of many
265:, working at the
249:indoleacetic acid
178:cultural controls
16:(Redirected from
7843:
7781:
7780:
7769:
7768:
7757:
7756:
7746:
7745:
7722:Plant collecting
7658:Related articles
7595:Plant protection
6776:French intensive
6714:
6707:
6700:
6691:
6690:
6473:
6370:
6363:
6356:
6347:
6346:
6165:
6164:
6079:
6078:
6038:
6037:
5947:Pyrimidinediones
5895:
5894:
5812:
5811:
5750:
5749:
5697:Organophosphorus
5439:
5432:
5425:
5416:
5415:
5343:
5342:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5305:
5299:
5291:
5285:
5284:
5248:
5237:
5236:
5228:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5207:
5199:
5193:
5192:
5185:
5179:
5178:
5160:
5147:
5146:
5110:
5104:
5103:
5070:
5064:
5063:
5035:
5029:
5028:
5010:
5004:
5003:
4991:
4982:
4981:
4970:
4964:
4963:
4952:
4946:
4945:
4934:
4928:
4927:
4916:
4910:
4909:
4904:. Archived from
4893:
4887:
4886:
4875:
4869:
4868:
4865:farmprogress.com
4856:
4850:
4849:
4837:
4831:
4830:
4820:
4811:(SP1): 552–558.
4796:
4787:
4786:
4758:
4749:
4748:
4708:
4699:
4698:
4670:
4661:
4660:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4607:
4597:
4573:
4562:
4561:
4550:
4544:
4543:
4524:
4518:
4517:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4481:(4): 1125–1132.
4469:
4463:
4462:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4382:
4376:
4375:
4370:. Archived from
4360:
4354:
4353:
4346:
4340:
4339:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4263:
4231:
4225:
4224:
4214:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4123:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4073:
4047:
4041:
4040:
4030:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3903:
3897:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3863:. 29 April 2005.
3853:
3847:
3846:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3791:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3598:
3589:(4): 1243–1264.
3574:
3565:
3564:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3433:. Archived from
3408:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3374:
3365:
3364:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3309:
3300:
3299:
3291:
3270:
3269:
3242:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3218:"2,4-D Benefits"
3214:
3208:
3207:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3022:
3016:
3015:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2970:
2960:
2951:(3): 1119–1131.
2945:Plant Physiology
2936:
2930:
2929:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2857:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2803:
2797:
2775:
2538:Weed infestation
2494:Annual ploughing
2466:
2462:
2386:or changes in a
2329:Annual bluegrass
2242:Bird populations
2211:Dow AgroSciences
2195:Monsanto Company
2131:chronic toxicity
1975:
1968:
1961:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1933:
1932:
1864:
1863:
1567:Chemical warfare
1469:Waste management
1429:Industrial waste
1404:Electronic waste
1389:Advertising mail
1371:Phytoremediation
1346:Land degradation
1286:Depleted uranium
1171:Overillumination
1121:Invasive species
993:
970:
969:
662:-like herbicides
633:EPSPS inhibitors
229:Second World War
221:Second World War
208:First herbicides
131:, also known as
122:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
104:
96:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
79:
76:
73:
70:
63:
21:
7851:
7850:
7846:
7845:
7844:
7842:
7841:
7840:
7796:
7795:
7794:
7789:
7740:
7731:
7727:Turf management
7712:Lists of plants
7707:List of gardens
7653:
7590:
7557:
7319:
6869:
6862:
6727:
6718:
6688:
6683:
6660:
6629:
6474:
6465:
6379:
6374:
6344:
6339:
6244:
6206:
6150:
6064:
6027:
5985:
5964:
5941:
5876:
5858:
5801:
5739:
5691:
5657:flurochloridone
5643:
5629:copper arsenate
5610:
5554:
5452:
5443:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5344:
5340:
5335:
5324:Longworth, Jim
5318:
5316:Further reading
5313:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5292:
5288:
5249:
5240:
5229:
5225:
5215:
5213:
5205:
5201:
5200:
5196:
5187:
5186:
5182:
5175:
5161:
5150:
5127:10.1002/ps.6040
5111:
5107:
5071:
5067:
5036:
5032:
5025:
5011:
5007:
4992:
4985:
4978:weedscience.org
4972:
4971:
4967:
4960:weedscience.org
4954:
4953:
4949:
4942:weedscience.org
4936:
4935:
4931:
4924:weedscience.org
4918:
4917:
4913:
4894:
4890:
4877:
4876:
4872:
4859:Haynes, Betty.
4857:
4853:
4840:Quinn, Lauren.
4838:
4834:
4797:
4790:
4759:
4752:
4709:
4702:
4671:
4664:
4633:
4629:
4574:
4565:
4558:weedscience.org
4552:
4551:
4547:
4540:
4525:
4521:
4498:
4494:
4470:
4466:
4426:
4422:
4383:
4379:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4348:
4347:
4343:
4296:
4292:
4287:. Nov 27, 1996.
4282:
4281:
4277:
4232:
4228:
4205:(12): 1061–75.
4191:
4187:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4159:
4141:
4137:
4091:
4087:
4048:
4044:
3999:
3995:
3988:
3974:
3970:
3961:
3959:
3942:
3938:
3929:
3927:
3904:
3900:
3891:
3887:
3872:
3868:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3835:
3831:
3816:10.2307/2404181
3792:
3785:
3775:
3773:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3736:Weed Technology
3732:
3728:
3717:
3713:
3686:Weed Technology
3682:
3678:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3632:
3618:
3614:
3596:10.4141/P05-193
3575:
3568:
3561:10.1071/CH10366
3545:
3541:
3501:
3497:
3490:10.1564/20feb09
3474:
3470:
3463:
3449:
3445:
3437:
3406:
3400:
3396:
3389:
3375:
3368:
3345:
3341:
3310:
3303:
3292:
3273:
3266:
3243:
3236:
3227:
3225:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3204:
3182:
3178:
3171:
3155:
3151:
3140:
3136:
3097:
3093:
3050:
3046:
3039:
3023:
3019:
2992:Weed Technology
2988:
2984:
2937:
2933:
2918:
2904:
2900:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2864:
2858:
2851:
2843:
2837:
2833:
2826:
2804:
2800:
2786:Wayback Machine
2776:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2704:
2698:
2666:diclofop-methyl
2654:
2628:organic farming
2620:
2607:Stellaria media
2578:
2569:
2564:
2511:Herbicide only
2499:minimum tillage
2480:Cropping system
2423:
2417:
2392:cytochrome P450
2371:
2350:
2325:Palmer amaranth
2265:
2244:
2236:
2227:
2213:, owned by the
2125:in addition to
2096:carcinogenicity
2091:
2086:
2076:
2044:Royal Air Force
2004:
1996:Main articles:
1994:
1979:
1941:
1939:
1927:
1920:
1919:
1819:
1811:
1810:
1784:
1776:
1775:
1711:Pharmaceuticals
1691:Nonpoint source
1631:
1621:
1620:
1589:Nuclear fallout
1562:
1552:
1551:
1522:
1512:
1511:
1502:
1492:
1491:
1482:
1474:
1473:
1459:Packaging waste
1424:Hazardous waste
1384:
1376:
1375:
1336:
1326:
1325:
1296:Nuclear fallout
1291:Nuclear fission
1271:
1261:
1260:
1226:
1216:
1215:
1191:
1183:
1182:
1156:
1154:Electromagnetic
1146:
1145:
1136:
1128:
1127:
1101:
1091:
1090:
1061:Ozone depletion
1006:
996:
968:
915:
909:
896:
780:HPPD inhibitors
729:, and terbacil.
605:(SUs) (such as
571:plants are not.
561:lipid synthesis
526:
517:
484:Volatility and
473:
424:
404:
370:
361:
327:
241:W. G. Templeman
235:. The compound
210:
202:sodium chlorate
174:
108:
99:
98:
67:
58:
57:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7849:
7839:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7791:
7790:
7788:
7787:
7775:
7763:
7751:
7736:
7733:
7732:
7730:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7702:Garden tourism
7699:
7694:
7692:Groundskeeping
7689:
7688:
7687:
7682:
7672:
7667:
7661:
7659:
7655:
7654:
7652:
7651:
7650:
7649:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7598:
7596:
7592:
7591:
7589:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7567:
7565:
7559:
7558:
7556:
7555:
7550:
7545:
7544:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7520:
7515:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7499:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7481:free-flowering
7478:
7473:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7422:
7421:
7416:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7395:
7394:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7373:
7372:
7362:
7357:
7356:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7329:
7327:
7321:
7320:
7318:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7176:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7069:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7034:
7033:
7023:
7022:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7010:
7009:
7004:
6994:
6993:
6992:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6956:
6955:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6874:
6872:
6864:
6863:
6861:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6798:Groundskeeping
6795:
6794:
6793:
6791:computer-aided
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6737:
6735:
6729:
6728:
6717:
6716:
6709:
6702:
6694:
6685:
6684:
6682:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6665:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6646:European Union
6643:
6637:
6635:
6631:
6630:
6628:
6627:
6625:Toxicity class
6622:
6615:
6608:
6603:
6601:Restricted use
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6511:Gene silencing
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6486:Health effects
6482:
6480:
6479:Related topics
6476:
6475:
6468:
6466:
6464:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6432:
6431:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6390:
6388:
6381:
6380:
6373:
6372:
6365:
6358:
6350:
6341:
6340:
6338:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6256:
6254:
6250:
6249:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6216:
6214:
6212:ALS inhibitors
6208:
6207:
6205:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6173:
6171:
6162:
6156:
6155:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6136:terbuthylazine
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6087:
6085:
6076:
6070:
6069:
6066:
6065:
6063:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6046:
6044:
6035:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
5999:
5997:
5991:
5990:
5987:
5986:
5984:
5983:
5978:
5972:
5970:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5962:
5957:
5951:
5949:
5943:
5942:
5940:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5903:
5901:
5892:
5886:
5885:
5882:
5881:
5878:
5877:
5875:
5874:
5868:
5866:
5864:DIM herbicides
5860:
5859:
5857:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5820:
5818:
5816:FOP herbicides
5809:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5758:
5756:
5747:
5741:
5740:
5738:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5701:
5699:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5653:
5651:
5649:HPPD inhbitors
5645:
5644:
5642:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5624:cacodylic acid
5620:
5618:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5567:
5565:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5466:
5464:
5454:
5453:
5442:
5441:
5434:
5427:
5419:
5413:
5412:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5387:
5386:
5382:
5381:
5376:
5369:
5368:
5345:
5338:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5333:External links
5331:
5330:
5329:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5311:
5286:
5238:
5231:Cheryl Wilen.
5223:
5194:
5180:
5173:
5148:
5105:
5065:
5046:(1): 317–347.
5030:
5023:
5005:
4983:
4965:
4947:
4929:
4911:
4908:on 2009-07-10.
4888:
4885:. 23 May 2023.
4870:
4851:
4832:
4788:
4769:(6152): 1329.
4750:
4700:
4681:(6): 700–712.
4662:
4643:(4): 334–358.
4627:
4605:2027.42/149516
4563:
4545:
4539:978-1560981138
4538:
4519:
4508:(4): 579–600.
4492:
4464:
4437:(9): 721–772.
4420:
4393:(2): 207–222.
4377:
4374:on 2010-03-12.
4355:
4341:
4290:
4275:
4246:(11): 1222–7.
4226:
4185:
4164:
4157:
4135:
4106:(5): 509–516.
4085:
4042:
3993:
3986:
3968:
3936:
3898:
3885:
3866:
3848:
3829:
3802:(3): 395–406.
3783:
3761:
3726:
3711:
3692:(2): 384–393.
3676:
3655:
3637:
3630:
3612:
3566:
3555:(4): 367–372.
3539:
3512:(5): 498–506.
3495:
3468:
3461:
3443:
3440:on 2014-03-03.
3394:
3387:
3366:
3339:
3320:(3): 165–173.
3301:
3271:
3264:
3234:
3209:
3202:
3176:
3169:
3149:
3134:
3091:
3064:(2): 290–297.
3044:
3037:
3017:
2998:(2): 559–566.
2982:
2931:
2916:
2898:
2884:
2870:
2849:
2839:Smil, Vaclav.
2831:
2824:
2798:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2744:Surface runoff
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2705:
2697:
2694:
2686:Photosystem II
2653:
2650:
2642:tree of heaven
2619:
2616:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2577:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2370:
2367:
2349:
2346:
2333:Rigid ryegrass
2301:ALS-inhibitors
2264:
2261:
2243:
2240:
2235:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2156:surface runoff
2127:acute toxicity
2090:
2087:
2075:
2072:
1993:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1937:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1880:Law by country
1877:
1869:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1751:Surface runoff
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1651:Eutrophication
1648:
1643:
1638:
1632:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1606:Scorched earth
1603:
1602:
1601:
1599:Nuclear winter
1596:
1594:Nuclear famine
1591:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1569:
1563:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1503:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1351:Bioremediation
1348:
1343:
1337:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1281:Bioremediation
1278:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1231:Transportation
1227:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1178:Radio spectrum
1175:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1157:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1113:
1108:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1046:Global dimming
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1007:
1002:
1001:
998:
997:
994:
986:
985:
979:
978:
967:
964:
908:
905:
895:
892:
809:
808:
776:
761:diphenyl ether
730:
691:photosynthesis
681:Photosystem II
677:
656:
630:
615:imidazolinones
575:ALS inhibitors
572:
538:plant hormones
525:
522:
516:
513:
512:
511:
500:Foliar applied
497:
472:
469:
468:
467:
461:
447:
423:
420:
403:
400:
369:
366:
360:
357:
326:
323:
315:trimethylamine
301:, and similar
279:plant hormones
258:microorganisms
209:
206:
173:
170:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7848:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7803:
7801:
7786:
7785:
7776:
7774:
7773:
7764:
7762:
7761:
7752:
7750:
7749:
7744:
7738:
7737:
7734:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7697:Garden centre
7695:
7693:
7690:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7677:
7676:
7675:Floral design
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7662:
7660:
7656:
7648:
7645:
7644:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7599:
7597:
7593:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7568:
7566:
7564:
7560:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7542:
7541:reforestation
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7523:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7468:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7451:Intercropping
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7411:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7393:
7392:most valuable
7390:
7389:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7371:
7368:
7367:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7360:Arboriculture
7358:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7335:
7334:
7331:
7330:
7328:
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7316:
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7311:
7308:
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7301:
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7218:
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7119:
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7111:
7109:
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7104:
7101:
7099:
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7091:
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7084:
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7079:
7076:
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7064:
7062:
7059:
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7036:
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7024:
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7017:
7015:
7012:
7008:
7005:
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7000:
6999:
6998:
6995:
6991:
6988:
6987:
6986:
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6982:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6954:
6953:Garden square
6951:
6950:
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6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
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6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6883:Ancient Egypt
6881:
6879:
6876:
6875:
6873:
6871:
6865:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
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6831:
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6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6792:
6789:
6788:
6787:
6786:Garden design
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
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6749:
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6736:
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6715:
6710:
6708:
6703:
6701:
6696:
6695:
6692:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6666:
6663:
6657:
6656:United States
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6638:
6636:
6632:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6620:
6616:
6614:
6613:
6612:Silent Spring
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
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6569:
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6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6371:
6366:
6364:
6359:
6357:
6352:
6351:
6348:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6257:
6255:
6251:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6225:flazasulfuron
6223:
6221:
6220:chlorsulfuron
6218:
6217:
6215:
6213:
6209:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
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6157:
6147:
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6142:
6139:
6137:
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6129:
6127:
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6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
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6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
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6089:
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6084:
6080:
6077:
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6053:
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6045:
6043:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6030:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5996:
5992:
5982:
5981:sulfentrazone
5979:
5977:
5976:carfentrazone
5974:
5973:
5971:
5969:Triazolinones
5967:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5952:
5950:
5948:
5944:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5900:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5887:
5873:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5865:
5861:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5817:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5804:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5755:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5742:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5698:
5694:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5667:leptospermone
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5646:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
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5619:
5617:
5613:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
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5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5557:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5530:pendimethalin
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5440:
5435:
5433:
5428:
5426:
5421:
5420:
5417:
5410:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5384:
5383:
5380:
5377:
5374:
5371:
5370:
5366:
5365:
5360:
5359:
5358:
5352:
5348:
5327:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5296:
5290:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5247:
5245:
5243:
5234:
5227:
5212:. 19 May 2022
5211:
5204:
5198:
5190:
5184:
5176:
5170:
5166:
5159:
5157:
5155:
5153:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5109:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5069:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5034:
5026:
5024:9781420039085
5020:
5016:
5009:
5001:
4997:
4990:
4988:
4979:
4975:
4969:
4961:
4957:
4951:
4943:
4939:
4933:
4925:
4921:
4915:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4892:
4884:
4880:
4874:
4866:
4862:
4855:
4847:
4843:
4836:
4828:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4795:
4793:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4757:
4755:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4717:Plant Science
4714:
4707:
4705:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4669:
4667:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4637:Weed Research
4631:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4559:
4555:
4549:
4541:
4535:
4531:
4523:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4496:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4468:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4424:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4381:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4359:
4351:
4345:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4294:
4286:
4285:Wichita Eagle
4279:
4271:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4230:
4222:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4189:
4174:
4168:
4160:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4139:
4131:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4089:
4081:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4046:
4038:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3997:
3989:
3983:
3979:
3972:
3957:
3953:
3952:
3947:
3940:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3902:
3895:
3889:
3881:
3877:
3870:
3862:
3858:
3852:
3845:. p. 61.
3844:
3840:
3833:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3790:
3788:
3771:
3765:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3730:
3722:
3715:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3680:
3665:
3659:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3633:
3631:9781420039085
3627:
3623:
3616:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3573:
3571:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3549:Aust. J. Chem
3543:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3499:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3472:
3464:
3458:
3454:
3447:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3417:(1): 117–28.
3416:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3390:
3384:
3380:
3373:
3371:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3343:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3308:
3306:
3297:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3267:
3265:9780470410318
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3241:
3239:
3224:on 2015-11-02
3223:
3219:
3213:
3205:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3180:
3172:
3170:9780123815026
3166:
3162:
3161:
3153:
3145:
3138:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3095:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3048:
3040:
3038:9781444322491
3034:
3030:
3029:
3021:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2986:
2978:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2935:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2917:9781452265582
2913:
2909:
2902:
2894:
2888:
2880:
2874:
2863:
2856:
2854:
2842:
2835:
2827:
2825:3-527-30673-0
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2774:
2770:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2573:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2516:Herbicide use
2515:
2514:
2510:
2508:Cultural only
2507:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2483:Good rotation
2482:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2446:
2443:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2388:gene promoter
2385:
2381:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2366:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2345:
2342:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2270:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2239:
2231:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2189:
2186:, although a
2185:
2184:breast cancer
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2085:
2081:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2051:U.S. military
2047:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1987:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1938:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
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1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1766:Water quality
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
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1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1625:
1624:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1556:
1555:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1542:Traffic signs
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1449:Nanomaterials
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1311:Radioactivity
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1256:Soundproofing
1254:
1252:
1251:Noise control
1249:
1247:
1246:Noise barrier
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1000:
999:
992:
988:
987:
984:
981:
980:
976:
972:
971:
963:
960:
955:
953:
949:
945:
939:
937:
933:
928:
919:
914:
904:
902:
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
815:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
781:
777:
774:
770:
769:nitrofluorfen
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
731:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
682:
678:
675:
671:
667:
663:
661:
657:
654:
650:
646:
645:phenylalanine
642:
638:
634:
631:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
607:flazasulfuron
604:
603:sulfonylureas
600:
599:DNA synthesis
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
573:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
551:
550:
549:
547:
543:
539:
530:
521:
509:
505:
501:
498:
495:
491:
487:
482:
478:
475:
474:
465:
464:Postemergence
462:
459:
458:pendimethalin
455:
451:
448:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
426:
425:
419:
417:
413:
409:
399:
397:
392:
390:
386:
381:
379:
375:
365:
356:
354:
349:
346:
342:
340:
336:
332:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
259:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
222:
218:
214:
205:
203:
199:
195:
194:sulfuric acid
191:
187:
183:
179:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
141:
138:
134:
130:
126:
120:
102:
94:
61:
55:
47:
39:
33:
19:
7782:
7770:
7758:
7739:
7642:Weed control
7606:
7531:horticulture
7461:Olericulture
7441:Hydroculture
7431:Fruticulture
7409:Floriculture
7338:Permaculture
7325:Horticulture
6721:Horticulture
6617:
6610:
6596:Bee toxicity
6536:Pest control
6441:Molluscicide
6423:
6414:Biopesticide
6409:Bioherbicide
6330:pyribenzoxim
6325:prosulfocarb
6315:metam sodium
6177:chlortoluron
5960:saflufenacil
5662:isoxaflutole
5571:aminopyralid
5535:pretilachlor
5505:dimethenamid
5500:diflufenican
5449:
5446:Pest control
5355:
5354:
5353:profile for
5350:
5321:
5302:. Retrieved
5289:
5256:
5252:
5226:
5214:. Retrieved
5209:
5197:
5183:
5164:
5121:(1): 22–32.
5118:
5114:
5108:
5075:
5068:
5043:
5039:
5033:
5014:
5008:
4999:
4977:
4968:
4959:
4950:
4941:
4932:
4923:
4914:
4906:the original
4901:
4891:
4883:agupdate.com
4882:
4873:
4864:
4854:
4845:
4835:
4808:
4805:Weed Science
4804:
4766:
4762:
4720:
4716:
4678:
4675:Weed Science
4674:
4640:
4636:
4630:
4588:(1): 68–82.
4585:
4581:
4557:
4548:
4529:
4522:
4505:
4501:
4495:
4478:
4474:
4467:
4434:
4430:
4423:
4390:
4386:
4380:
4372:the original
4367:
4358:
4344:
4303:
4299:
4293:
4284:
4278:
4243:
4239:
4229:
4202:
4198:
4188:
4178:September 1,
4176:. Retrieved
4167:
4148:
4138:
4103:
4099:
4088:
4061:
4055:
4045:
4010:
4006:
3996:
3977:
3971:
3960:. Retrieved
3949:
3939:
3928:. Retrieved
3911:
3901:
3893:
3888:
3879:
3869:
3860:
3851:
3838:
3832:
3799:
3795:
3774:. Retrieved
3764:
3739:
3735:
3729:
3720:
3714:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3667:. Retrieved
3658:
3649:
3640:
3621:
3615:
3586:
3582:
3552:
3548:
3542:
3509:
3505:
3498:
3484:(1): 27–30.
3481:
3477:
3471:
3452:
3446:
3435:the original
3414:
3410:
3397:
3378:
3355:(2): 89–96.
3352:
3348:
3342:
3317:
3313:
3295:
3247:
3226:. Retrieved
3222:the original
3212:
3185:
3179:
3163:. Elsevier.
3159:
3152:
3143:
3137:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3061:
3058:Weed Science
3057:
3047:
3027:
3020:
2995:
2991:
2985:
2948:
2944:
2934:
2907:
2901:
2887:
2873:
2834:
2807:
2801:
2773:
2754:Weed control
2709:Bioherbicide
2674:
2655:
2631:
2623:
2621:
2605:
2602:
2579:
2570:
2505:Weed control
2450:
2447:
2439:
2424:
2401:
2372:
2359:
2351:
2338:
2323:As of 2023,
2322:
2310:
2294:
2290:
2273:
2268:
2266:
2253:clearcutting
2249:silviculture
2245:
2237:
2234:Aquatic life
2228:
2199:Dennis Vacco
2192:
2165:
2148:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2120:
2092:
2089:Human health
2048:
2021:
2016:Agent Orange
1984:
1854:Point source
1799:Heavy metals
1761:Urban runoff
1746:Sulfur water
1721:Septic tanks
1577:Agent Orange
1487:Space debris
1341:Agricultural
1206:Volcanic ash
1066:Particulates
956:
940:
924:
897:
810:
779:
749:Bipyridinium
732:
679:
674:Aminopyralid
658:
632:
625:(POBs), and
574:
552:
535:
518:
499:
477:Soil applied
476:
463:
450:Preemergence
449:
440:metam-sodium
427:
405:
393:
382:
371:
362:
350:
343:
328:
287:
283:plant growth
226:
175:
166:clearcutting
146:insecticides
142:
125:weed killers
124:
53:
52:
7784:WikiProject
7553:Monoculture
7548:Viticulture
7526:agriculture
7486:propagation
7426:Hügelkultur
7348:sustainable
7333:Agriculture
7275:Therapeutic
7255:Shakespeare
7066:Renaissance
6858:Xeriscaping
6853:Sustainable
6848:Square foot
6838:Proplifting
6803:Garden tool
6771:Foodscaping
6651:New Zealand
6556:Degradation
6551:Formulation
6541:Application
6456:Rodenticide
6436:Insecticide
6399:Bactericide
6202:tebuthiuron
6197:monolinuron
5955:butafenacil
5937:oxyfluorfen
5917:fluorodifen
5907:acifluorfen
5824:chlorazifop
5772:dichlorprop
5725:glufosinate
5687:sulcotrione
5596:pyrithiobac
5550:trifluralin
5520:metolachlor
5515:metazachlor
5485:benfluralin
5304:13 December
4013:: 213–222.
2646:allelopathy
2497:Continuous
2431:agriculture
2277:monoculture
2257:neotropical
2055:Vietnam War
2053:during the
2046:aircraft.
1824:Area source
1666:Groundwater
1419:Green waste
1399:Brown waste
1383:Solid waste
1141:Information
1036:Exhaust gas
936:chemigation
833:tralkoxydim
817:chlorazifop
801:sulcotrione
793:carotenoids
773:acifluorfen
737:ferredoxins
699:chlorophyll
595:amino acids
515:Persistence
494:trifluralin
416:glufosinate
385:Surfactants
368:Selectivity
359:Terminology
7826:Toxicology
7811:Pesticides
7806:Herbicides
7800:Categories
7446:Indigenous
7343:stock-free
7315:Zoological
7195:Pollinator
7088:Greenhouse
7031:Sharawadgi
7019:Vietnamese
6980:East Asian
6888:Australian
6843:Raised bed
6808:Green wall
6634:By country
6591:Resurgence
6586:Resistance
6496:Fumigation
6446:Nematicide
6377:Pesticides
6320:metribuzin
6300:indaziflam
6280:bromoxynil
6240:tribenuron
6146:metamitron
6106:hexazinone
6033:Quaternary
6008:fluroxypyr
5872:sethoxydim
5854:quizalofop
5839:fenoxaprop
5735:piperophos
5730:glyphosate
5682:sethoxydim
5677:nitisinone
5672:mesotrione
5616:Arsenicals
5601:quinclorac
5581:clopyralid
5576:chloramben
5540:propachlor
5470:acetochlor
5450:herbicides
4306:(1): 1–8.
3962:2021-12-20
3930:2021-12-20
3742:(3): 662.
3606:10388/9421
3228:2015-11-06
3146:(98): 923.
3144:Ctry. Life
2766:References
2658:Australian
2640:), or the
2475:High risk
2419:See also:
2344:location.
2285:glyphosate
2263:Resistance
2207:Tordon 101
2146:toxicity.
2078:See also:
2036:defoliants
1911:By country
1903:Categories
1794:Pollutants
1771:Wastewater
1741:Stagnation
1686:Monitoring
1661:Freshwater
1527:Air travel
1414:Food waste
1356:Defecation
1166:Ecological
1099:Biological
1031:Combustion
973:Part of a
932:irrigation
884:clopyralid
849:mesotrione
845:profoxydim
841:sethoxydim
837:butroxydim
825:cycloxydim
805:nitisinone
797:Mesotrione
695:D1 protein
683:inhibitors
653:Glyphosate
641:tryptophan
591:isoleucine
508:cell walls
486:photolysis
436:volatility
408:defoliants
345:Glyphosate
188:including
150:fungicides
54:Herbicides
7821:Lawn care
7717:Perennial
7680:Floristry
7627:Pesticide
7607:Herbicide
7602:Fungicide
7496:hardiness
7260:Shrubbery
7240:Sculpture
7061:landscape
6990:Cantonese
6965:Container
6960:Community
6928:Byzantine
6923:Butterfly
6913:Botanical
6813:Guerrilla
6761:Community
6751:Butterfly
6746:Arboretum
6741:Allotment
6733:Gardening
6725:gardening
6571:Poisoning
6461:Slimicide
6451:Piscicide
6429:Defoliant
6424:Herbicide
6419:Fungicide
6394:Acaricide
6385:Pesticide
6310:methazole
6285:clomazone
6265:aclonifen
6141:terbutryn
6121:propazine
6116:prometryn
6101:cyanazine
6074:Triazines
6050:cyperquat
6023:triclopyr
6018:thiazopyr
6003:dithiopyr
5995:Pyridines
5922:fomesafen
5849:haloxyfop
5844:fluazifop
5829:cyhalofop
5710:bialaphos
5705:bensulide
5606:quinmerac
5495:diethatyl
5490:butachlor
5411:of Canada
5357:Herbicide
5143:221101653
4745:265513316
3920:0190-8286
3843:Earthscan
3706:251572710
3078:0043-1745
2926:228071686
2759:Defoliant
2622:The term
2530:Excellent
2339:In 2015,
2318:waterhemp
2313:waterhemp
2305:Marestail
2143:adjuvants
1839:Garbology
1756:Turbidity
1706:Oil spill
1656:Firewater
1641:Biosolids
1547:Vandalism
1306:Poisoning
1301:Plutonium
1276:Actinides
1269:Radiation
1011:Acid rain
983:Pollution
944:grassland
888:triclopyr
829:clethodim
821:fluazifop
715:cyanazine
703:oxidation
565:meristems
542:cofactors
506:, waxes,
454:Dithiopyr
353:gardening
275:perfusion
154:fumigants
7831:Biocides
7760:Category
7670:Features
7576:Grafting
7536:forestry
7518:Tropical
7503:Pomology
7476:cuttings
7471:breeding
7305:Wildlife
7285:Tropical
7235:Scottish
7185:Pleasure
7173:Paradise
7168:Charbagh
7138:Monastic
7133:Medieval
7043:Floating
6997:Japanese
6948:Communal
6938:Colonial
6903:Biblical
6868:Types of
6833:Parterre
6576:Research
6275:Bentazon
6131:simetryn
6126:simazine
6111:prometon
6096:atrazine
6060:paraquat
6013:imazapyr
5932:nitrofen
5927:lactofen
5834:diclofop
5792:mecoprop
5777:fenoprop
5720:fosamine
5715:ethephon
5591:picloram
5560:Aromatic
5545:propanil
5525:oryzalin
5510:flamprop
5475:alachlor
5462:anilines
5458:Anilides
5281:23950526
5135:32776423
5100:27318518
5060:20192743
4827:89070499
4783:24052282
4737:38036222
4695:53132597
4622:73439248
4614:30710343
4459:85648794
4451:18941967
4130:29136183
3956:Archived
3924:Archived
3861:BBC News
3776:17 April
3756:89106416
3431:15581571
3334:83922917
3129:17778584
3086:85637273
3012:86114859
2977:25104723
2782:Archived
2696:See also
2662:ryegrass
2612:mecoprop
2472:Low risk
2341:Monsanto
2297:atrazine
2219:picloram
2180:Triazine
2174:such as
2152:leaching
2123:toxicity
1895:Treaties
1875:Diseases
1731:Shipping
1696:Nutrient
1646:Diseases
1211:Wildfire
959:forestry
927:sprayers
876:picloram
814:diclofop
789:tyrosine
783:inhibit
765:nitrofen
757:paraquat
727:bromacil
719:atrazine
711:simazine
707:triazine
649:tyrosine
617:(IMIs),
504:cuticles
481:colloids
428:Preplant
412:Paraquat
396:humidity
374:mecoprop
331:atrazine
311:monocots
297:(corn),
198:kerosene
162:conifers
158:hardwood
7772:Commons
7685:Ikebana
7637:Pruning
7563:Organic
7513:Roguing
7399:Cutting
7290:Victory
7265:Spanish
7245:Sensory
7190:Prairie
7158:Persian
7148:Orchard
7113:Kitchen
7108:Keyhole
7103:Italian
7098:Islamic
7093:Hanging
7052:French
7038:Fernery
7026:English
6985:Chinese
6970:Cottage
6898:Baroque
6870:gardens
6823:History
6581:Residue
6404:Biocide
6305:juglone
6295:dinoseb
6192:monuron
6187:linuron
6091:ametryn
5912:bifenox
5797:2,4,5-T
5745:Phenoxy
5586:dicamba
5347:Scholia
5261:Bibcode
5253:Science
5216:4 April
5210:epa.gov
5080:Bibcode
4763:Science
4645:Bibcode
4415:7014921
4395:Bibcode
4336:8028945
4328:1673618
4308:Bibcode
4270:9370519
4261:1470339
4221:9199536
4121:6279255
4080:1460670
4037:1820267
4028:1568222
3824:2404181
3804:Bibcode
3669:4 April
3534:6717818
3526:9728330
3109:Bibcode
3101:Science
2968:4226364
2638:walnuts
2633:Juglans
2555:Common
2552:Unknown
2425:Due to
2299:and to
2172:dioxins
2139:chronic
2064:Vietnam
2012:Vietnam
1789:History
1671:Hypoxia
1500:Thermal
1454:Plastic
1316:Uranium
1190:Natural
1135:Digital
1111:Genetic
880:dicamba
872:2,4,5-T
670:2,4,5-T
621:(TPs),
587:leucine
444:dazomet
434:and/or
378:dicamba
190:tillage
182:soil pH
172:History
7522:Urban
7419:Taiwan
7414:Canada
7377:Botany
7370:Saikei
7365:Bonsai
7310:Winter
7295:Walled
7230:School
7225:Sacred
7180:Physic
7143:Mughal
7123:Market
7078:German
7056:formal
7048:Flower
7014:Korean
6933:Cactus
6918:Bottle
6878:Alpine
6828:Native
6781:Garden
6766:Forest
6641:Canada
6561:Misuse
6253:Others
6055:diquat
5767:2,4-DB
5754:Auxins
5480:asulam
5391:US EPA
5349:has a
5279:
5171:
5141:
5133:
5098:
5058:
5021:
4825:
4781:
4743:
4735:
4693:
4620:
4612:
4536:
4457:
4449:
4413:
4334:
4326:
4268:
4258:
4219:
4155:
4128:
4118:
4078:
4035:
4025:
3984:
3918:
3822:
3754:
3704:
3628:
3532:
3524:
3459:
3429:
3385:
3332:
3262:
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