754:, the mother of the bride, arrived to promote Prussian interests. Frederick II, conscious of the instability of his French ally, now keenly wished to contract an offensive alliance with Russia. The first step to realizing that plan required the overthrow of Bestuzhev, "upon whom", Frederick II wrote to his minister Axel von Mardefeld, "the fate of Prussia and my own house depends". However, Bestuzhev succeeded, at last, in convincing the empress of Chétardie's dangerous intrigues, and on 6 June 1744, Chétardie received orders to quit Russia within twenty-four hours. Five weeks later, Bestuzhev became grand chancellor (15 July 1744). Before the end of the year, Elizabeth of Holstein also was expelled from Russia, and Bestuzhev remained supreme.
793:
while his diplomacy seemed faultless but quickly took advantage of his mistakes. When the Anglo-Prussian and Franco-Austrian
Alliances were formed in the first half of 1756, Vorontsov advocated the accession of Russia to the latter, but Bestuzhev insisted on a treaty with Britain. However, his influence had started to wane. The totally unexpected Anglo-Prussian alliance had justified the arguments of his enemies that Britain seemed impossible to deal with, while his hatred of France prevented him from adopting the only alternative of an alliance.
832:
444:
679:, to counteract the Franco-Prussian league. However, he stood on dangerous ground. Empress Elizabeth herself had an aversion to an alliance with Britain and with Austria, whose representatives had striven to prevent her accession. Many of her personal friends, in the pay of France and Prussia, took part in innumerable conspiracies to overthrow Bestuzhev. Despite those hindrances, Bestuzhev, aided by his elder brother, Mikhail, implemented his policy step by step.
79:
1035:
571:, assuring his "future sovereign" of his devotion and representing his sojourn in England as the deliberate seclusion of a zealous but powerless well wisher. That extraordinary indiscretion might well have cost him his life, but the tsarevich destroyed the letter. (A copy of the letter, taken by way of precaution beforehand by the Austrian ministers, survived in the Vienna archives.)
792:
Bestuzhev's strong political prejudices, at first, prevented him from properly recognising that change. Passion had always been too large an ingredient in his diplomacy. His
Anglomania also misled him. His enemies, headed by his elder brother, Mikhail and the vice-chancellor Vorontsov, were powerless
609:
The sudden death of Peter the Great (8 February 1725) seriously injured
Bestuzhev's prospects. For more than ten years, he remained at Copenhagen, looking vainly towards Russia as a sort of promised land from which he was excluded by enemies or rivals. He rendered some important services, however, to
654:
were diametrically opposed, and
Bestuzhev considered that Russia needed to fear the intrigues of France in all three countries, all of which bordered Russia. The enemies of France thus necessarily became the friends of Russia, and its friends were conversely viewed as Russia's enemies. Consequently,
797:
France. He endeavoured to counteract his failing influence by a secret alliance with Grand-Duchess
Catherine, whom he proposed to raise to the throne instead of her Holstein husband, Peter, from whom Bestuzhev expected nothing good either for himself or for Russia. He conducted negotiations through
690:
between
Britain and Russia. He had previously rejected with scorn French proposals to mediate between Russia and Sweden on the basis of a territorial surrender on the part of the former. Bestuzhev conducted the war so vigorously that by the end of 1742, Sweden lay at the mercy of Russia. During the
796:
To counter the covert intrigues against him, Bestuzhev now proposed the erection of a council of ministers to settle all important affairs, and its first session (14–30 March 1756) proposed an alliance with
Austria, France and Poland against Frederick II, but Bestuzhev opposed any arrangement with
762:
European diplomacy then focused on the king of
Prussia, whose apparently insatiable acquisitiveness disturbed all his neighbours. Bestuzhev's offer, communicated to the British government at the end of 1745, to attack Prussia if Britain would guarantee subsidies to the amount of some £6,000,000,
763:
carried no weight now that
Austria and Prussia had started coming to terms. Then, Bestuzhev turned to Austria and, on 22 May 1746, concluded an offensive and defensive alliance between both powers that was manifestly directed against Prussia. In 1747, he also signed alliances with
719:. Moreover Bestuzhev's efforts made the standing of the Prussian king, whom he regarded as even more dangerous than France, at the Russian court fell steadily, and the vice-chancellor prepared the way for an alliance with Austria by agreeing on 1 November 1743 to the
816:(30 August 1757), became the pretext for overthrowing the chancellor. His unwillingness to agree to the coalition became magnified in opposition accounts into a determination to defeat it although his opponents never proved anything against him.
635:, immediately after her accession (6 December 1741), summoned him back to court and appointed him vice-chancellor. For the next 20 years, during a period of exceptional difficulty, Bestuzhev practically controlled the foreign policy of Russia.
582:
as
Russian minister at Copenhagen. The city then formed a nexus of diplomatic intrigue, as George I of Great Britain had the aim of arming the northern powers against Peter the Great, and Bestuzhev received the commission to counteract that.
622:
in 1739, Bestuzhev returned to Russia to take Volynsky's place in the council. He assisted Biren to obtain the regency in the last days of Anne, but when his patron fell three weeks later (November 1740), his own position became precarious.
778:, formerly his friend but now his jealous rival, whom Frederick the Great secretly supported. In 1748, however, Bestuzhev was able to have Vorontsov removed by proving to the empress that Vorontsov had received money from Prussia.
819:
Nevertheless, he lost the chancellorship and suffered banishment to his estate at Goretovo (April 1759), where he remained until the accession of Catherine II (28 June 1762). Catherine recalled him to court and made him a
559:
as his accredited minister with a notification of his accession. Bestuzhev then returned to England, where he remained four years. That period laid the necessary groundwork for his brilliant diplomatic career.
714:
Bestuzhev could not prevent the signing of a Russo-Prussian defensive alliance in March 1743 but deprived it of all political significance by excluding the proposed guarantee of Frederick's conquests from the
1050:
1111:
699:
to Russia, thus completing the work of Peter the Great. However, the French contrived to get better terms for Sweden by artfully appealing to Empress Elizabeth's fondness for the House of
1104:
1097:
771:. At the same time, Bestuzhev resisted any rapprochement with France and severely rebuked the court of Saxony for its intrigues with the French court in Versailles.
785:(April to October 1748), which altered the whole situation of European politics and introduced fresh combinations, the breaking away of Prussia from France and a
1541:
1536:
730:, however, put in place by the Holstein faction and aided by France and Prussia, persuaded Elizabeth that the Austrian ambassador had intrigued to restore
742:, the empress's confidant, who shared his political views. Still, his position remained most delicate, especially when the betrothal between Grand-Duke
1318:
735:
1155:
1521:
675:, presented a danger to be guard. Bestuzhev therefore adopted the policy of bringing about a quadruple alliance of Russia, Austria, Britain and
951:
1531:
1381:
1551:
1059:
707:, Duke of Holstein, as their future king, and, in return, received Finland again, with the exception of a small strip of land up to the
1526:
1124:
376:
574:
On his return to Russia, Bestuzhev served for two years without any salary as chief gentleman of the Bedchamber at the court of
1546:
1516:
751:
564:
808:(1756–1763) occurred over Bestuzhev's head, and the cowardice and incapacity of his friend, the Russian commander-in-chief,
1120:
1074:
734:
to the throne and alienated her from Austria for a time. Bestuzhev's ruin appeared certain when, in 1743, a French agent,
1435:
480:. As the chancellor of the Russian Empire was chiefly responsible for Russian foreign policy during the reign of Empress
513:
198:
959:
789:
between Britain and Prussia, with the inevitable corollary of an alliance between France and the enemies of Prussia.
17:
782:
231:
1238:
775:
739:
276:
1013:
798:
1511:
1358:
672:
1323:
1145:
970:, vols. 1, 3, 5, 7, 12, 22, 26, 66, 79, 80, 81, 85-86, 91-92, 96, 99, 100, 103 (St Petersburg, 1870, &c.)
210:
31:
813:
1283:
1140:
683:
284:
1180:
809:
1195:
696:
1313:
704:
619:
548:
413:
1165:
1089:
656:
579:
536:
1016:["System of Peter the Great": on Chancellor A. P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin Diplomacy (1748—1756)]
1014:""Система Петра Великого": к вопросу о дипломатии канцлера А. П. Бестужева-Рюмина (1748—1756 гг.)"
614:(reigned 1730–1740), who decorated him and made him a privy councillor. He also won the favour of
664:
1278:
1263:
747:
615:
501:
180:
964:
The Winter Palace by Eva Stachniak, Chancellor and the teacher of spies to the main character.
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1371:
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727:
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8:
1447:
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1303:
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805:
743:
632:
481:
469:
215:
1410:
1333:
1288:
1046:
716:
687:
591:
543:
and, for the same reason, permitted him in 1713 to enter the service of the elector of
252:
1069:
1348:
1328:
1258:
1228:
1132:
1000:
955:
831:
731:
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660:
639:
509:
264:
103:
1470:
1415:
1400:
1218:
1170:
825:
611:
606:, that he sent a letter of thanks written in his own hand along with his portrait.
587:
575:
556:
461:
443:
359:
121:
48:
692:
563:
Bestuzhev curiously illustrated his passion for intrigue in a letter to Tsarevich
1420:
1298:
1268:
1223:
738:, arrived to reinforce his enemies. However, Bestuzhev found a friend in need in
528:
524:, Alexey especially distinguished himself in languages and the applied sciences.
448:
1465:
1425:
1405:
1366:
1343:
1338:
1210:
1200:
768:
643:
505:
397:
125:
988:
1495:
1480:
1248:
1190:
1175:
1150:
1054:
1041:
1004:
821:
786:
708:
668:
532:
1063:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 824–826.
695:(January to August 1743) Bestuzhev insisted for Sweden to cede the whole of
1441:
1395:
1387:
1308:
1243:
1160:
824:. However, he took no leading part in affairs and died on 21 April 1766 in
774:
He then felt hampered by the persistent opposition of the Vice-Chancellor
1475:
801:
and then the Russian ambassador of Saxony, later Stanisław II of Poland.
663:
became Russia's "natural" allies, and the aggressive and energetic King
602:
with a panegyrical Latin inscription, which so delighted Peter, then at
517:
78:
35:
804:
The inclusion of Russia in the anti-Prussian coalition (1756) in the
781:
The hour of Bestuzhev's triumph coincided with the peace congress of
540:
473:
1119:
642:
the natural enemy of Russia. The interests of the two states in the
836:
700:
497:
1040:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
764:
603:
401:
43:
1457:
651:
595:
568:
552:
521:
493:
477:
99:
27:
Russian diplomat, chancellor of the Russian Empire (1693–1766)
599:
454:
839:
with impressions of portrait medallions minted to his order.
703:. The Swedes, with the encouragement of Elizabeth, accepted
954:. Peter III. Der Prinz von Holstein. Sutton, Germany, 2005
468:; 1 June 1693 – 21 April 1766) was a Russian diplomat and
626:
929:
850:
904:
902:
900:
919:
917:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
867:
865:
598:, Bestuzhev designed and had minted a commemorative
472:. He was one of the most influential and successful
504:, was Novgorod governor and a confidant of Empress
914:
877:
862:
508:. Later, he became the Russian ambassador to the
1493:
974:Politische Correspondenz Friedrichs des Grossen
736:Jacques-Joachim Trotti, marquis de la Chétardie
1075:Great Russian Encyclopedia. Electronic version
1105:
991:[Alexei Petrovich Bestuzhev-Riumin].
968:The Sbornik of the Russian Historical Society
1542:Ambassadors of the Russian Empire to Denmark
1537:18th-century diplomats of the Russian Empire
686:. On 11 December 1742 Bestuzhev concluded a
594:'s 21 years of struggle between Russia and
1112:
1098:
1051:Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Alexius Petrovich, Count
757:
512:. Educated abroad with his elder brother,
389:29 August 1740 – 19 November 1740
77:
1067:
1011:
935:
830:
487:
442:
1522:Foreign ministers of the Russian Empire
986:
856:
14:
1494:
627:Grand Chancellor of the Russian Empire
1093:
631:Bestuzhev's chance came when Empress
330:Vice-Chancellor of the Russian Empire
1532:Field marshals of the Russian Empire
1045:
923:
908:
871:
750:) took place against his will, and
746:and Sophia of Anhalt-Zerbst (later
186:Yevdokia Ivanovna Talyzina (mother)
181:Pyotr Mikhailovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin
24:
1552:Prisoners of Shlisselburg fortress
199:Mikhail Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin
169:Andrey Alexeevich Bestuzhev-Ryumin
25:
1563:
1527:Chancellors of the Russian Empire
1070:"БЕСТУЖЕВ-РЮМИН АЛЕКСЕЙ ПЕТРОВИЧ"
989:"Алексей Петрович Бестужев-Рюмин"
976:, vols. 1–21 (Berlin, 1879–1904.)
684:had commenced hostilities in 1741
458:Alexey Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin
1033:
232:Chancellor of the Russian Empire
981:The Daughter of Peter the Great
740:Mikhail Illarionovich Vorontsov
547:. The elector, who became King
466:Алексей Петрович Бестужев-Рюмин
371:Mikhail Illarionovich Vorontsov
325:Mikhail Illarionovich Vorontsov
277:Mikhail Illarionovich Vorontsov
673:War of the Austrian Succession
671:and allied with France in the
638:At the time, Bestuzhev judged
315:Alexey Mikhailovich Cherkassky
265:Alexey Mikhailovich Cherkassky
13:
1:
1146:Vasily and Andrey Shchelkalov
843:
590:(1721), which terminated the
531:attached Bestuzhev to Prince
211:Order of St. Alexander Nevsky
32:Eastern Slavic naming customs
1547:Court of Elizabeth of Russia
1517:Counts of the Russian Empire
1284:Andreas Eberhard von Budberg
799:Stanisław August Poniatowski
618:, and on the tragic fall of
425:Mikhail Gavrilovich Golovkin
360:Mikhail Gavrilovich Golovkin
285:Collegium of Foreign Affairs
7:
1121:Foreign ministers of Russia
1028:(44). Gorno-Altaysk: 36–54.
810:Stepan Fyodorovich Apraksin
10:
1568:
1012:Kindinov, Mikhail (2015).
945:
814:Battle of Gross-Jägersdorf
496:to an old noble family of
30:In this name that follows
29:
1456:
1380:
1357:
1314:Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky
1209:
1131:
620:Artemy Petrovich Volynsky
549:George I of Great Britain
465:
437:
433:
429:
419:
414:Artemy Petrovich Volynsky
407:
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85:
76:
67:
57:
1166:Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin
1068:Anisimov, E. V. (2023).
578:. In 1721, he succeeded
555:in 1714 and sent him to
68:
1234:Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin
1060:Encyclopædia Britannica
758:Anti-Prussian coalition
665:Frederick II of Prussia
586:On the occasion of the
161:Anna Ivanovna Bötticher
62:Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin
1436:Aleksandr Bessmertnykh
1359:Provisional Government
1299:Karl Robert Nesselrode
1279:Adam Jerzy Czartoryski
1264:Nikita Petrovich Panin
1244:Nikita Ivanovich Panin
840:
667:, then engaged in the
539:, that he might learn
502:Pyotr Bestuzhev-Ryumin
451:
70:Алексей Бестужев-Рюмин
1512:Diplomats from Moscow
834:
752:Elizabeth of Holstein
691:negotiations for the
500:descent. His father,
488:Early life and career
446:
1372:Mikhail Tereshchenko
1294:Ioannis Kapodistrias
1254:Alexander Bezborodko
987:Emelina, M. (2007).
812:, after winning the
728:Lopukhina Conspiracy
1448:Eduard Shevardnadze
1431:Eduard Shevardnadze
1304:Alexander Gorchakov
1274:Alexander Vorontsov
1229:Aleksey Tcherkassky
1186:Yemelyan Ukraintsev
1047:Bain, Robert Nisbet
835:Bestuzhev's silver
492:Alexey was born at
216:Order of St. Andrew
1458:Russian Federation
1411:Vyacheslav Molotov
1334:Alexander Izvolsky
1289:Nikolay Rumyantsev
1239:Mikhailo Vorontsov
841:
717:First Silesian War
705:Adolphus Frederick
688:defensive alliance
682:Russia and Sweden
592:Great Northern War
482:Elizaveta Petrovna
452:
349:Elizabeth Petrovna
305:Elizabeth Petrovna
253:Elizabeth Petrovna
1489:
1488:
1349:Nikolai Pokrovsky
1329:Vladimir Lamsdorf
1259:Fyodor Rostopchin
1133:Tsardom of Russia
776:Mikhail Vorontsov
723:of 11 June 1742.
721:Treaty of Breslau
580:Vasily Dolgorukov
510:duchy of Courland
441:
440:
283:President of the
104:Tsardom of Russia
18:Aleksey Bestuzhev
16:(Redirected from
1559:
1471:Yevgeny Primakov
1416:Andrey Vyshinsky
1401:Georgy Chicherin
1324:Mikhail Muravyov
1319:Nikolay Shishkin
1219:Gavrila Golovkin
1171:Artamon Matveyev
1114:
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1090:
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979:R. Nisbet Bain,
939:
938:, p. 36-54.
933:
927:
921:
912:
906:
875:
869:
860:
859:, p. 29-45.
854:
826:Saint Petersburg
806:Seven Years' War
588:Treaty of Nystad
576:Anne of Courland
565:Alexey Petrovich
557:Saint Petersburg
537:Utrecht Congress
476:in 18th-century
467:
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410:
387:
377:Cabinet Minister
368:
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261:
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122:Saint Petersburg
117:
95:
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81:
71:
55:
54:
49:Bestuzhev-Ryumin
21:
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1562:
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1556:
1492:
1491:
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1485:
1452:
1421:Dmitri Shepilov
1385:
1376:
1353:
1269:Viktor Kochubey
1224:Andrey Osterman
1205:
1181:Vasily Golitsyn
1156:Pyotr Tretyakov
1141:Ivan Viskovatyi
1127:
1118:
1080:
1078:
1034:
1032:
1017:
993:Вопросы истории
983:(London, 1899).
948:
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783:Aix-la-Chapelle
760:
629:
616:Ernst von Biren
529:Peter the Great
490:
420:
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388:
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5:
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1466:Andrei Kozyrev
1462:
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1433:
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1426:Andrei Gromyko
1423:
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1406:Maxim Litvinov
1403:
1398:
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1378:
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1369:
1367:Pavel Milyukov
1363:
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1344:Boris Shturmer
1341:
1339:Sergey Sazonov
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1211:Russian Empire
1207:
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1204:
1203:
1201:Peter Shafirov
1198:
1196:Fyodor Golovin
1193:
1188:
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1102:
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1087:
1065:
1055:Chisholm, Hugh
1030:
1024:(in Russian).
1022:Nauchny Dialog
1009:
995:(in Russian).
984:
977:
971:
965:
962:
947:
944:
941:
940:
928:
926:, p. 826.
913:
911:, p. 825.
876:
874:, p. 824.
861:
848:
847:
845:
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759:
756:
644:Ottoman Empire
628:
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551:, took him to
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126:Russian Empire
120:
118:(aged 72)
114:April 21, 1766
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1481:Sergey Lavrov
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518:Copenhagen
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183:(father)
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150:Diplomat
1057:(ed.).
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514:Mikhail
462:Russian
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346:Monarch
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207:Honours
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136:Russian
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100:Moscow
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