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834:(LGM) and subsequent deglaciation. Analyses of sediment deposits from Amazon basin paleolakes and the Amazon Fan indicate that rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower than for the present, and this was almost certainly associated with reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin. In present day, the Amazon receives approximately 9 feet of rainfall annually. There is a debate, however, over how extensive this reduction was. Some scientists argue that the rainforest was reduced to small, isolated
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2173:, published a report named: "A Balancing Act for Brazil's Amazonian States: An Economic Memorandum". The report stating that economic losses due to deforestation in Brazil could reach around 317 billion dollars per year, approximately 7 times higher in comparison to the cost of all commodities produced through deforestation, proposed non-deforestation based economic program in the region of the Amazon rainforest.
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1528:. New research however, conducted by Leydimere Oliveira et al., has shown that the more rainforest is logged in the Amazon, the less precipitation reaches the area and so the lower the yield per hectare becomes. So despite the popular perception, there has been no economical advantage for Brazil from logging rainforest zones and converting these to pastoral fields.
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Atlantic), then at 35 degrees West longitude at the eastern coast of South
America, 27.7 million tons (15%) of dust fall over the Amazon basin (22 million tons of it consisting of phosphorus), 132 million tons of dust remain in the air, 43 million tons of dust are windblown and falls on the Caribbean Sea, past 75 degrees west longitude.
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964:, 1,294 birds, 427 mammals, 428 amphibians, and 378 reptiles have been scientifically classified in the region. One in five of all bird species are found in the Amazon rainforest, and one in five of the fish species live in Amazonian rivers and streams. Scientists have described between 96,660 and 128,843
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2000 to 2005 (22,392 km or 8,646 sq mi per year) was 18% higher than in the previous five years (19,018 km or 7,343 sq mi per year). Although deforestation declined significantly in the
Brazilian Amazon between 2004 and 2014, there has been an increase to the present day.
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Covey, Kristofer; Soper, Fiona; Pangala, Sunitha; Bernardino, Angelo; Pagliaro, Zoe; Basso, Luana; Cassol, Henrique; Fearnside, Philip; Navarrete, Diego; Novoa, Sidney; Sawakuchi, Henrique; Lovejoy, Thomas; Marengo, Jose; Peres, Carlos A.; Baillie, Jonathan; Bernasconi, Paula; Camargo, Jose; Freitas,
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Nine countries share the Amazon basin—most of the rainforest, 58.4%, is contained within the borders of Brazil. The other eight countries are Peru with 12.8%, Bolivia with 7.7%, Colombia with 7.1%, Venezuela with 6.1%, Guyana with 3.1%, Suriname with 2.5%, French Guiana with 1.4% and
Ecuador with 1%.
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To accurately map the Amazon's biomass and subsequent carbon-related emissions, the classification of tree growth stages within different parts of the forest is crucial. In 2006, Tatiana
Kuplich organized the trees of the Amazon into four categories: mature forest, regenerating forest , regenerating
2065:, members of the Trio Tribe, who live in the rainforests of southern Suriname, map out their ancestral lands to help strengthen their territorial claims. Currently, most tribes in the Amazon do not have clearly defined boundaries, making it easier for commercial ventures to target their territories.
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The increased area of fire-impacted forest coincided with a relaxation of environmental regulations from the
Brazilian government. Notably, before those regulations were put in place in 2008 the fire-impacted area was also larger compared to the regulation period of 2009–2018. As these fire continue
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Between 1991 and 2000, the total area of forest lost in the Amazon rose from 415,000 to 587,000 km (160,000 to 227,000 sq mi), with most of the lost forest becoming pasture for cattle. Seventy percent of formerly forested land in the Amazon, and 91% of land deforested since 1970, have
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and weed invasion. The soils in the Amazon are productive for just a short period of time, so farmers are constantly moving to new areas and clearing more land. These farming practices led to deforestation and caused extensive environmental damage. Deforestation is considerable, and areas cleared of
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is the conversion of forested areas to non-forested areas. The main sources of deforestation in the Amazon are human settlement and the development of the land. In 2022, about 20% of the Amazon rainforest has already been deforested and a further 6% was "highly degraded". Research suggests that upon
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separated by open forest and grassland; other scientists argue that the rainforest remained largely intact but extended less far to the north, south, and east than is seen today. This debate has proved difficult to resolve because the practical limitations of working in the rainforest mean that data
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could help the Amazon to reduce deforestation and climate change. Ecotourism is currently still little practiced in the Amazon, partly due to lack of information about places where implementation is possible. Ecotourism is a sector that can also be taken up by the
Indigenous community in the Amazon
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turned down the existence of fires, calling it a "lie", despite the data produced by his own government. Satellites in
September recorded 32,017 hotspots in the world's largest rainforest, a 61% rise from the same month in 2019. In addition, October saw a huge surge in the number of hotspots in the
1999:
According to Amazon
Conservation's MAAP forest monitoring program, the deforestation rate in the Amazon from the January 1 to November 8, 2023, decreased by 56% in comparison to the same period in 2022. The main cause is the decline in deforestation rate in Brazil, due to the government's policies,
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in the first 10 months of 2023 deforestation in the
Brazilian Amazon decreased by around 50% compared to the same period in 2022. This was despite a severe drought, one of the worst on record, that exacerbated the situation. Climate change, El Nino, deforestation increases the likelihood of drought
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In
September 2019, the US and Brazil agreed to promote private-sector development in the Amazon. They also pledged a $ 100m biodiversity conservation fund for the Amazon led by the private sector. Brazil's foreign minister stated that opening the rainforest to economic development was the only way
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In 2010, the Amazon rainforest experienced another severe drought, in some ways more extreme than the 2005 drought. The affected region was approximately 3,000,000 km (1,160,000 sq mi) of rainforest, compared with 1,900,000 km (734,000 sq mi) in 2005. The 2010 drought
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impacts of not averting the tipping point. However, simulations of Amazon basin climate change across many different models are not consistent in their estimation of any rainfall response, ranging from weak increases to strong decreases. The result indicates that the rainforest could be threatened
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The biodiversity of plant species is the highest on Earth with one 2001 study finding a quarter square kilometer (62 acres) of Ecuadorian rainforest supports more than 1,100 tree species. A study in 1999 found one square kilometer (247 acres) of Amazon rainforest can contain about 90,790 tonnes of
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The needs of soy farmers have been used to justify many of the controversial transportation projects that are currently developing in the Amazon. The first two highways successfully opened up the rainforest and led to increased settlement and deforestation. The mean annual deforestation rate from
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CALIPSO uses a laser range finder to scan the Earth's atmosphere for the vertical distribution of dust and other aerosols. CALIPSO regularly tracks the Sahara-Amazon dust plume. CALIPSO has measured variations in the dust amounts transported – an 86 percent drop between the highest amount of dust
2726:
Roosevelt, A.C.; da Costa, M. Lima; Machado, C. Lopes; Michab, M.; Mercier, N.; Valladas, H.; Feathers, J.; Barnett, W.; da Silveira, M. Imazio; Henderson, A.; Sliva, J.; Chernoff, B.; Reese, D.S.; Holman, J.A.; Toth, N.; Schick, K. (April 19, 1996). "Paleoindian Cave Dwellers in the Amazon: The
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In May 2023 Brazil's bank federation decided to implement a new sustainability standard demanding from meatpackers to ensure their meat is not coming from illegally deforested area. Credits will not be given to those who will not meet the new standards. The decision came after the European Union
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The green leaf area of plants and trees in the rainforest varies by about 25% as a result of seasonal changes. Leaves expand during the dry season when sunlight is at a maximum, then undergo abscission in the cloudy wet season. These changes provide a balance of carbon between photosynthesis and
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in ecosystems – of the order of 1.1 × 10 metric tonnes of carbon. Amazonian forests are estimated to have accumulated 0.62 ± 0.37 tons of carbon per hectare per year between 1975 and 1996. In 2021 it was reported that the Amazon for the first time emitted more greenhouse gases than it absorbed.
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Leal, C.G.; Lennox, G.D.; Ferraz, S.F.B.; Ferreira, J.; Gardner, T.A.; Thomson, J.R.; Berenguer, E.; Lees, A.C.; Hughes, R.M.; MackNally, R.; Aragão, L.E.O.C.; Brito, J.G.; Castello, L.; Garret, R.D.; Hamada, N.; Juen, L.; Leitão, R.P.; Louzada, J.; Morello, T.M.; Moura, N.G.; Nessimian, J.L.;
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land cover and -change analysis, it appears likely that remote sensing technology will be an integral part of assessing the extents, locations and damage of deforestation in the basin. Furthermore, remote sensing is the best and perhaps only possible way to study the Amazon on a large scale.
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continue to struggle to fight for their cultural survival and the fate of their forested territories. Meanwhile, the relationship between non-human primates in the subsistence and symbolism of indigenous lowland South American peoples has gained increased attention, as have ethno-biology and
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satellite has measured the amount of dust transported by wind from the Sahara to the Amazon: an average of 182 million tons of dust are windblown out of the Sahara each year, at 15 degrees west longitude, across 2,600 km (1,600 mi) over the Atlantic Ocean (some dust falls into the
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reservoirs in the Amazon rainforest, oil drilling activity has steadily increased, peaking in the Western Amazon in the 1970s and ushering another drilling boom in the 2000s. Oil companies have to set up their operations by opening new roads through the forests, which often contributes to
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From 2002 to 2006, the conserved land in the Amazon rainforest almost tripled and deforestation rates dropped up to 60%. About 1,000,000 km (250,000,000 acres) have been put onto some sort of conservation, which adds up to a current amount of 1,730,000 km (430,000,000 acres).
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The influence of human alteration has been generally underestimated, reports Darna L. Dufour: "Much of what has been considered natural forest in Amazonia is probably the result of hundreds of years of human use and management." "Use of Tropical Rainforests by Native Amazonians,"
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The biodiversity in the Amazon is becoming increasingly threatened, primarily by habitat loss from deforestation as well as increased frequency of fires. Over 90% of Amazonian plant and vertebrate species (13,000–14,000 in total) may have been impacted to some degree by fires.
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living plants. The average plant biomass is estimated at 356 ± 47 tonnes per hectare. To date, an estimated 438,000 species of plants of economic and social interest have been registered in the region with many more remaining to be discovered or catalogued. The total number of
2156:, marking the worst start to the fire season in a decade. The first 10 days of August 2020 witnessed 10,136 fires. An analysis of the government figures reflected 81 per cent increase in fires in federal reserves, in comparison with the same period in 2019. However, President
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1604:, which would form one of the world's largest free trade areas, has been denounced by environmental activists and indigenous rights campaigners. The fear is that the deal could lead to more deforestation of the Amazon rainforest as it expands market access to Brazilian beef.
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Banerjee, Onil; Cicowiez, Martin; Macedo, Marcia N; Malek, Žiga; Verburg, Peter H; Goodwin, Sean; Vargas, Renato; Rattis, Ludmila; Bagstad, Kenneth J; Brando, Paulo M; Coe, Michael T; Neill, Christopher; Marti, Octavio Damiani; Murillo, Josué Ávila (December 1, 2022).
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Laurance, William F.; Fearnside, Philip M.; Laurance, Susan G.; Delamonica, Patricia; Lovejoy, Thomas E.; Rankin-de Merona, Judy M.; Chambers, Jeffrey Q.; Gascon, Claude (June 14, 1999). "Relationship between soils and Amazon forest biomass: a landscape-scale study".
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provided direct empirical evidence that more than three-quarters of the Amazon rainforest has been losing resilience since the early 2000s, risking dieback with profound implications for biodiversity, carbon storage and climate change at a global scale.
878:, a strip of semi-arid land on the southern border of the Sahara. When rain amounts in the Sahel are higher, the volume of dust is lower. The higher rainfall could make more vegetation grow in the Sahel, leaving less sand exposed to winds to blow away.
495:, and inland dwellers. Based on projections of food production, one estimate suggests over 8 million people living in the Amazon in 1492. By 1900, the native indigenous population had fallen to 1 million and by the early 1980s it was less than 200,000.
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In 2022 the supreme court of Ecuador decided that ""under no circumstances can a project be carried out that generates excessive sacrifices to the collective rights of communities and nature." It also required the government to respect the opinion of
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480:. She claimed that a population density of 0.2 inhabitants per square kilometre (0.52/sq mi) is the maximum that can be sustained in the rainforest through hunting, with agriculture needed to host a larger population. However, recent
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is occurring in the forest, creating different harmful effects. Economic losses due to deforestation in Brazil could be approximately 7 times higher in comparison to the cost of all commodities produced through deforestation. In 2023, the
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decides to implement regulations to stop deforestation. Brazil beef exporters, said the standard is not just because it is not applied to land owners. 21 banks representing 81% of the credit market in Brazil agree to follow those rules.
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in the previously hostile environment; meaning that large portions of the Amazon rainforest are probably the result of centuries of human management, rather than naturally occurring as has previously been supposed. In the region of the
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Brazil's President, Jair Bolsonaro, has supported the relaxation of regulations placed on agricultural land. He has used his time in office to allow for more deforestation and more exploitation of the Amazon's rich natural resources.
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shows that the Amazon rainforest could become unsustainable under conditions of severely reduced rainfall and increased temperatures, leading to an almost complete loss of rainforest cover in the basin by 2100., and severe economic,
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fell by 70% in the first 9 months of 2023 compared to the same period in the previous year, what can be attributed to the conservation policies of the government. One of them is paying local residents for conserving the forest.
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as a source of income and revenue. An ecotourism project in the Brazilian section of the rainforest had been under consideration by Brazil's State Secretary for the Environment and Sustainable Development in 2009, along the
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A new study by an international team of environmental scientists in the Brazilian Amazon shows that protection of freshwater biodiversity can be increased by up to 600% through integrated freshwater-terrestrial planning .
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Carolina; Hoffman, Bruce; Nardoto, Gabriela B.; Nobre, Ismael; Mayorga, Juan; Mesquita, Rita; Pavan, Silvia; Pinto, Flavia; Rocha, Flavia; de Assis Mello, Ricardo; Thuault, Alice; Bahl, Alexis Anne; Elmore, Aurora (2021).
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Watkins and Griffiths, J. (2000). Forest Destruction and Sustainable Agriculture in the Brazilian Amazon: a Literature Review (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Reading, 2000). Dissertation Abstracts International,
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Heckenberger, Michael J.; Kuikuro, Afukaka; Kuikuro, Urissapá Tabata; Russell, J. Christian; Schmidt, Morgan; Fausto, Carlos; Franchetto, Bruna (September 19, 2003). "Amazonia 1492: Pristine Forest or Cultural Parkland?".
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Gatti, Luciana V.; Basso, Luana S.; Miller, John B.; Gloor, Manuel; Gatti Domingues, Lucas; Cassol, Henrique L. G.; Tejada, Graciela; Aragão, Luiz E. O. C.; Nobre, Carlos; Peters, Wouter; Marani, Luciano (July 14, 2021).
1589:, which attracrted many illegal miners to the Amazon. This led to deforestation, different environmental and social problems. Hydropower also creates significant problems in the Amazon. Such activities are defined by the
930:, and tropical forests in the Americas are consistently more species rich than the wet forests in Africa and Asia. As the largest tract of tropical rainforest in the Americas, the Amazonian rainforests have unparalleled
461:, human inhabitants first settled in the Amazon region at least 11,200 years ago. Subsequent development led to late-prehistoric settlements along the periphery of the forest by AD 1250, which induced alterations in the
1737:
Though often referenced as producing more than a quarter of the Earth's oxygen, this often stated, but misused statistic actually refers to oxygen turnover. The net contribution of the ecosystem is approximately zero.
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5013:
2142:. In a typical year, the Amazon absorbs 1.5 gigatons of carbon dioxide; during 2005 instead 5 gigatons were released and in 2010 8 gigatons were released. Additional severe droughts occurred in 2010, 2015, and 2016.
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A 2009 study found that a 4 °C rise (above pre-industrial levels) in global temperatures by 2100 would kill 85% of the Amazon rainforest while a temperature rise of 3 °C would kill some 75% of the Amazon.
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In 2005, parts of the Amazon basin experienced the worst drought in one hundred years, and there were indications that 2006 may have been a second successive year of drought. A 2006 article in the UK newspaper
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Overall, 20% of the Amazon rainforest has been "transformed" (deforested) and another 6% has been "highly degraded", causing Amazon Watch to warn that the Amazonia is in the midst of a tipping point crisis.
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presents evidence that Orellana, rather than exaggerating his claims as previously thought, was correct in his observations that a complex civilization was flourishing along the Amazon in the 1540s. The
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Feng, Xiao; Merow, Cory; Liu, Zhihua; Park, Daniel S.; Roehrdanz, Patrick R.; Maitner, Brian; Newman, Erica A.; Boyle, Brad L.; Lien, Aaron; Burger, Joseph R.; Pires, Mathias M. (September 1, 2021).
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Prior to the early 1960s, access to the forest's interior was highly restricted, and the forest remained basically intact. Farms established during the 1960s were based on crop cultivation and the
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3859:; Hamilton, Douglas S.; Popendorf, Kimberly J.; Oehlert, Amanda M.; Pourmand, Ali; Gatineau, Alexandre; Panechou-Pulcherie, Kathy; Blackwelder, Patricia; Gaston, Cassandra J. (August 13, 2019).
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to move closer to the heart of the Amazon basin, their impact on biodiversity will only increase in scale, as the cumulative fire-impacted area is correlated with the number of species impacted.
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The use of remote sensing for the conservation of the Amazon is also being used by the indigenous tribes of the basin to protect their tribal lands from commercial interests. Using handheld
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had widened sufficiently to provide a warm, moist climate to the Amazon basin. The rainforest has been in existence for at least 55 million years, and most of the region remained free of
5687:
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Colinvaux, P.A.; De Oliveira, P.E.; Bush, M.B. (January 2000). "Amazonian and neotropical plant communities on glacial time-scales: The failure of the aridity and refuge hypotheses".
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about different industrial projects on their land. Advocates of the decision argue that it will have consequences far beyond Ecuador. In general, ecosystems are in better shape when
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NASA satellite observation of deforestation in the Mato Grosso state of Brazil. The transformation from forest to farm is evident by the paler square shaped areas under development.
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3755:"The fertilizing role of African dust in the Amazon rainforest: A first multiyear assessment based on data from Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations"
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in the early twentieth century. The results of his expeditions were inconclusive, and he disappeared mysteriously on his last trip. His name for this lost civilization was the
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Melillo, J.M.; McGuire, A.D.; Kicklighter, D.W.; Moore III, B.; Vörösmarty, C.J.; Schloss, A.L. (May 20, 1993). "Global climate change and terrestrial net primary production".
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More than 30 million people of 350 different ethnic groups live in the Amazon, which are subdivided into 9 different national political systems and 3,344 formally acknowledged
4994:
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Heckenberger, M.J.; Kuikuro, A; Kuikuro, UT; Russell, JC; Schmidt, M; Fausto, C; Franchetto, B (September 19, 2003), "Amazonia 1492: Pristine Forest or Cultural Parkland?",
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was sufficiently advanced to support prosperous and populous societies. It is believed that civilization was later devastated by the spread of diseases from Europe, such as
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Clement, Charles R.; Denevan, William M.; Heckenberger, Michael J.; Junqueira, André Braga; Neves, Eduardo G.; Teixeira, Wenceslau G.; Woods, William I. (August 7, 2015).
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2430:, descendants of Amazonian indigenous people and white Portuguese colonizers. Despite their indigenous ancestry, they no longer identify with any indigenous ethnicity.
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Graphic 2: Current State of the Amazon by country, by percentage / Source: RAISG (Red Amazónica de Información Socioambiental Georreferenciada) Elaborated by authors.
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civilizations. Ondemar Dias is accredited with first discovering the geoglyphs in 1977, and Alceu Ranzi is credited with furthering their discovery after flying over
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7358:"Community-Based Ecotourism in the Mamirauá Reserve: evaluation of product quality and reflections regarding the economic and financial feasibility of the activity"
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is sustainably harvested for fruits, latex, and timber; $ 1000 if clear-cut for commercial timber (not sustainably harvested); or $ 148 if used as cattle pasture.
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In 1989, environmentalist C.M. Peters and two colleagues stated there is economic as well as biological incentive to protecting the rainforest. One hectare in the
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Kirby, Kathryn R.; Laurance, William F.; Albernaz, Ana K.; Schroth, Götz; Fearnside, Philip M.; Bergen, Scott; M. Venticinque, Eduardo; Costa, Carlos da (2006).
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had three epicenters where vegetation died off, whereas in 2005, the drought was focused on the southwestern part. The findings were published in the journal
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For a long time, it was thought that the Amazon rainforest was never more than sparsely populated, as it was impossible to sustain a large population through
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in October 2020 found that about 40% of the Amazon rainforest is at risk of becoming a savanna-like ecosystem due to reduced rainfall. A study published in
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859:, important for plant growth. The yearly Sahara dust replaces the equivalent amount of phosphorus washed away yearly in Amazon soil from rains and floods.
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river and its tributaries and were feared by neighboring tribes. In the early 19th century, the Munduruku were pacified and subjugated by the Brazilians.
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Costa, João Batista Sena; Bemerguy, Ruth Léa; Hasui, Yociteru; Borges, Maurício da Silva (2001). "Tectonics and paleogeography along the Amazon river".
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argued in the article that this drought response, coupled with the effects of deforestation on regional climate, are pushing the rainforest towards a "
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tribe, remains of some of these large settlements in the middle of the Amazon forest were found in 2003 by Michael Heckenberger and colleagues of the
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Martti Pärssinen; Denise Schaan; Alceu Ranzi (2009). "Pre-Columbian geometric earthworks in the upper Purús: a complex society in western Amazonia".
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2149:(INPE), deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon rose more than 50% in the first three months of 2020 compared to the same three-month period in 2019.
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is most generally associated with the Amazon Rainforest, it may also be found in other parts of South America if ecological conditions are favorable
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2003:
In January 2024 published data showed a 50% decline in deforestation rate in the Amazon rainforest and 43% rise in vegetation loss in the neighbor
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220:
238:. This basin encompasses 7,000,000 km (2,700,000 sq mi), of which 6,000,000 km (2,300,000 sq mi) are covered by the
1516:. This highway represented a major threat to the Amazon rainforest. The highway still has not been completed, limiting the environmental damage.
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forest (more than 17,000 fires are burning in the Amazon's rainforest) – with more than double the amount detected in the same month last year.
812:. Within the last 5–10 million years, this accumulating water broke through the Purus Arch, joining the easterly flow toward the Atlantic.
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made their first permanent contact with the outside world in 1969. Before that date, they were effectively at-war with the Peruvian government.
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There were 72,843 fires in Brazil in 2019, with more than half within the Amazon region. In August 2019 there were a record number of fires.
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166:
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Van Der Hammen, Thomas; Hooghiemstra, Henry (2000). "Neogene and Quaternary history of vegetation, climate, and plant diversity in Amazonia".
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Ribeirinhos dwellings. Ribeirinhos are a traditional rural non-indigenous population in the Amazon rainforest, who live near rivers
514:
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Kuplich, Tatiana M. (October 2006). "Classifying regenerating forest stages in Amazônia using remotely sensed images and a neural network".
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sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin, and both explanations are reasonably well supported by the available data.
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era (from 56 million years to 33.9 million years ago). It appeared following a global reduction of tropical temperatures when the
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4003:
3861:"African biomass burning is a substantial source of phosphorus deposition to the Amazon, Tropical Atlantic Ocean, and Southern Ocean"
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598:. The accounts of missionaries to the area in the borderlands between Brazil and Venezuela have recounted constant infighting in the
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1497:– (in eastern, southern and central Amazonia) will be reached. This process of savanisation would take decades to take full effect.
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5352:
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Oliveira-Junior, J.M.B.; Oliveira, V.H.F.; Oliveira, V.C.; Parry, L.; Pompeu, P.S.; Solar, R.R.C.; Zuanon, J.; Barlow, J. (2020).
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Colinvaux, Paul A.; Oliveira, Paulo E. De (2000). "Palaeoecology and climate of the Amazon basin during the last glacial cycle".
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Some 5 million people may have lived in the Amazon region in AD 1500, divided between dense coastal settlements, such as that at
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In 2019 Brazil's protections of the Amazon rainforest were slashed, resulting in a severe loss of trees. According to Brazil's
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301:" for French Guiana's protected rainforest area. The Amazon represents over half of the total area of remaining rainforests on
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6601:"A Preliminary Review of Neotropical Primates in the Subsistence and Symbolism of Indigenous Lowland South American Peoples"
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5925:"A Preliminary Review of Neotropical Primates in the Subsistence and Symbolism of Indigenous Lowland South American Peoples"
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Wright, S. Joseph (October 12, 2001). "Plant diversity in tropical forests: a review of mechanisms of species coexistence".
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results, showing that the forest in its present form could survive only three years of drought. Scientists at the Brazilian
1345:
906:
in the Amazon rainforest threatens many species of tree frogs, which are very sensitive to environmental changes (pictured:
757:. Climate fluctuations during the last 34 million years have allowed savanna regions to expand into the tropics. During the
9423:
9118:
9082:
9021:
2049:
data is dramatically improving conservationists' knowledge of the Amazon basin. Given the objectivity and lowered costs of
1531:
1490:
1477:
6491:
6190:
6093:
5598:
Tian, H.; Melillo, J.M.; Kicklighter, D.W.; McGuire, A.D.; Helfrich III, J.; Moore III, B.; Vörösmarty, C.J. (July 2000).
5415:
1314:
934:. One in ten known species in the world lives in the Amazon rainforest. This constitutes the largest collection of living
9438:
9111:
9106:
9052:
2517:
399:
3151:
40, no. 9 (October 1990):658. For an example of how such peoples integrated planting into their nomadic lifestyles, see
9468:
9463:
9433:
8980:
7849:
7565:
5522:
4667:
3036:
2704:
1981:
6273:
5720:
9453:
9062:
7579:
7540:
3960:
3355:
7493:
Cleary, David (2000). "Towards an Environmental History of the Amazon: From Pre-history to the Nineteenth Century".
1937:
in the Amazon rainforest region has a negative impact on local climate. It was one of the main causes of the severe
562:. Terra preta is found over large areas in the Amazon forest; and is now widely accepted as a product of indigenous
9428:
9077:
9067:
9009:
8987:
8970:
8965:
8884:
7755:
7335:
7034:
5425:
2153:
1732:. Amazonian evergreen forests account for about 10% of the world's terrestrial primary productivity and 10% of the
1699:
1624:
6111:
2866:
749:
and the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent. From 66 to 34
352:
and other tribes. The women of the tribe fought alongside the men, as was their custom. Orellana derived the name
9443:
9087:
8916:
8782:
8691:
8641:
7697:
6658:
Asner, Gregory P.; Knapp, David E.; Cooper, Amanda N.; Bustamante, Mercedes M.C.; Olander, Lydia P. (June 2005).
5486:
2403:. In English, the names are sometimes capitalized further, as Amazon Rainforest, Amazon Forest, or Amazon Jungle.
2284:
2020:
2007:
during the year of 2023 in comparison to 2022. Both biomes together lose 12,980 km², 18% less than in 2022.
1230:
508:
5903:
Dean, Bartholomew. (2003) State Power and Indigenous Peoples in Peruvian Amazonia: A Lost Decade, 1990–2000. In
5599:
1775:
1566:
Mining is also a major driver of deforestation. 17% of the area of the Amazon Rainforest is affected by mining.
9031:
7610:
7406:"Brazilian banks are denying credit to meatpackers that deal in beef illegally raised in the Amazon rainforest"
7305:
6945:
6660:"Ecosystem Structure throughout the Brazilian Amazon from Landsat Observations and Automated Spectral Unmixing"
3825:
2108:" where it would irreversibly start to die. It concluded that the forest is on the brink of being turned into
1445:
1079:
The rainforest contains several species that can pose a hazard. Among the largest predatory creatures are the
9341:
9326:
7842:
4887:
3918:
2572:
2451:
1452:
835:
317:
243:
17:
7712:
Sustainable Development in the Extractive Reserve of the Baixo Rio Branco – Rio Jauaperi – Brazilian Amazon.
3133:
9374:
9026:
8651:
8378:
8083:
7694:
Good daily updated Amazon information database on the web, held by Friends of The Earth – Brazilian Amazon.
6574:
2259:
2130:, the combination of climate change and deforestation increases the drying effect of dead trees that fuels
1851:
In July 2019, the Ecuadorian court forbade the government to sell territory with forests to oil companies.
1834:
663:
5116:
4816:
3234:
1992:
1972:
overall. Climate change impacts and human activities in the area – mainly wildfires, current land-use and
381:
8508:
2769:
2105:
2050:
1916:
1429:
9403:
8686:
8671:
7969:
7954:
7042:
5804:
5069:
3976:
3952:
2329:
2316:
2264:
2199:, in the Aripuanã Sustainable Development Reserve. Also, some community-based ecotourism exists in the
2127:
2097:
1848:
court stopped oil exploration activities in 180,000 hectares (440,000 acres) of the Amazon rainforest.
1546:
1504:
method. However, the colonists were unable to manage their fields and the crops because of the loss of
1200:
320:. Indigenous peoples make up 9% of the total population, and 60 of the groups remain largely isolated.
95:
7709:
7306:"Silvopasture could tackle Colombian Amazon's high deforestation rates and help achieve COP26 targets"
1941:
of 2014–2015 in Brazil. This is because the moisture from the forests is important to the rainfall in
1286:
9072:
9004:
8975:
8960:
8696:
8621:
7378:
3488:"New views on an old forest: assessing the longevity, resilience and future of the Amazon rainforest"
3153:
Rival, Laura (1993). "The Growth of Family Trees: Understanding Huaorani Perceptions of the Forest".
2306:
2058:
1883:
scale (yellow to dark reddish-brown) indicates the relative amount of particles that absorb sunlight.
1590:
286:
38:
5743:
4836:
4556:
4540:
2077:(TM) to accurately place the different portions of the Amazon into one of the four classifications.
1158:
8656:
8573:
8156:
7869:
7724:
Information about the Amazon rainforest, its people, places of interest, and how everyone can help.
6805:
5911:
3695:
3605:"An outline of the geology and petroleum systems of the Paleozoic interior basins of South America"
2289:
2070:
2016:
1749:
1216:
659:
458:
7834:
4814:
4237:
2632:"A Balancing Act for Brazil's Amazonian States: An Economic Memorandum." Executive Summary booklet
2542:
9308:
8999:
8906:
8578:
8288:
8283:
7778:
6636:
4609:
Various (2001). Bierregaard, Richard; Gascon, Claude; Lovejoy, Thomas E.; Mesquita, Rita (eds.).
4101:
Da Silva; Jose Maria Cardoso; et al. (2005). "The Fate of the Amazonian Areas of Endemism".
4054:
2024:
1798:
1630:
1513:
1407:
1403:
991:. The amount of species per hectare in the Amazon rainforest can be presented in the next table:
914:
313:
rainforest in the world, with an estimated 390 billion individual trees in about 16,000 species.
31:
7160:"Scientists fear deforestation, fires and Covid-19 could create a 'perfect storm' in the Amazon"
1417:
1186:
640:
9285:
9092:
8681:
8484:
7054:
6828:
4831:
4144:
Lewinsohn, Thomas M.; Paulo Inácio Prado (June 2005). "How Many Species Are There in Brazil?".
3690:
3567:
848:
7456:
6657:
5207:"How different forms of 'green' extractivism are causing the destruction of the Amazon forest"
4953:
2905:
2029:
85:
9418:
9413:
9408:
9378:
9242:
9162:
8805:
8701:
8310:
7731:
7487:
Underdeveloping the Amazon: Extraction, Unequal Exchange, and the Failure of the Modern State
6144:"Integrated terrestrial-freshwater planning doubles conservation of tropical aquatic species"
5936:
5056:
3919:"Smoke from Africa fertilizes the Amazon and tropical ocean regions with soluble phosphorous"
2658:
2215:
2038:
1920:
1578:
1250:
761:, for example, the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band. It expanded again during the
576:
503:
345:
298:
258:
138:
6784:
4028:
3518:
2660:
Names and Their Histories: A Handbook of Historical Geography and Topographical Nomenclature
1563:
deforestation in the region. 9.4% of the territory of the Amazon is affected by oil fields.
9448:
9252:
8223:
7941:
6988:
6890:
6750:
6671:
6612:
6428:
6339:
6220:
6158:
6057:
5870:
5781:
5614:
5561:
5461:
4763:
4706:
4477:
4313:
4248:
4196:
4153:
4110:
3972:
3872:
3766:
3727:
3682:
3647:
3577:
3502:
3321:
3193:
2780:
2736:
1741:
1717:
1336:
1222:
1178:
907:
831:
390:
7077:
4752:"The South American monsoon approaches a critical transition in response to deforestation"
3623:
3604:
1879:
Aerosols over the Amazon each September for four burning seasons (2005 through 2008). The
1272:
808:
Mountains rose, however, a large basin was created that enclosed a lake; now known as the
536:
have been discovered on deforested land dating between AD 1–1250, furthering claims about
8:
8901:
8561:
8498:
8474:
8305:
8166:
8112:
8053:
8024:
7964:
7959:
7618:"The value of tropical forest to local communities: complications, caveats, and cautions"
7585:
Wade, Lizzie (2015). "Drones and satellites spot lost civilizations in unlikely places".
5907:
5861:
Peters, C.M.; Gentry, A.H.; Mendelsohn, R.O. (1989). "Valuation of an Amazonian forest".
5718:"Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model"
4579:"Amazon Against the Clock: A Regional Assessment on Where and How to Protect 80% by 2025"
3378:
Coca-Castro, Alejandro; Reymondin, Louis; Bellfield, Helen; Hyman, Glenn (January 2013),
2354:
2335:
2311:
1809:
1351:
766:
754:
648:
223:
52:
7572:
The Burning Season: The Murder of Chico Mendes and the Fight for the Amazon Rain Forest
6992:
6894:
6754:
6675:
6616:
6432:
6343:
6224:
6162:
6061:
5874:
5785:
5618:
5565:
5374:
5344:
4792:
4767:
4751:
4710:
4481:
4382:
4360:
4317:
4252:
4200:
4157:
4114:
3876:
3770:
3731:
3686:
3651:
3581:
3506:
3197:
2784:
2740:
2112:
or desert, with catastrophic consequences for the world's climate. A study published in
1672:
One consequence of forest clearing in the Amazon: thick smoke that hangs over the forest
582:
In the Amazonas, there has been fighting and wars between the neighboring tribes of the
425:
are a group of approximately 32,000 indigenous people who live in the Amazon rainforest.
9189:
8810:
8773:
8646:
8092:
8014:
7974:
7949:
7014:
6921:
6878:
6689:
6628:
6460:
6360:
6327:
6249:
6208:
6182:
5886:
5817:
5630:
5577:
4727:
4694:
4611:
4509:
4438:
4413:
4336:
4301:
4220:
4169:
4126:
3895:
3860:
3609:
3463:
3438:
3217:
3170:
3106:
2977:
2944:
2936:
2871:
2847:
2804:
2752:
2204:
1985:
1825:
1782:
1721:
1615:, deforestation has increased by 22% over 2020 and is at its highest level since 2006.
1320:
621:
485:
394:
332:
published a report proposing a non-deforestation based economic program in the region.
4260:
3739:
3704:
3589:
2187:(integrating trees, forage and grazing) can help to stop deforestation in the region.
1976:– are causing a release of forcing agents that likely result in a net warming effect.
9270:
8711:
8676:
8537:
8532:
8513:
8322:
8149:
7909:
7606:
7575:
7561:
7536:
7502:
7357:
7018:
7006:
6926:
6908:
6716:
6632:
6464:
6452:
6444:
6365:
6254:
6236:
6186:
6174:
6075:
5821:
5809:
5626:
5094:
5003:
4961:
4895:
4797:
4779:
4732:
4618:
4513:
4501:
4493:
4465:
4443:
4341:
4212:
4165:
4122:
4073:
3956:
3900:
3548:
3514:
3485:
3468:
3417:
3351:
3209:
3007:
3001:
2982:
2964:
2911:
2876:
2839:
2796:
2756:
2664:
2495:
2254:
1957:
1787:
1758:
1467:
1144:
894:
537:
492:
434:
254:
7099:"Study finds human influence in the Amazon's third 1-in-100 year drought since 2005"
6693:
5634:
4955:
4173:
4130:
3110:
2196:
826:
There is evidence that there have been significant changes in the Amazon rainforest
809:
636:
250:
9351:
9346:
9336:
9265:
8942:
8896:
8839:
8768:
8626:
8520:
8469:
8447:
8300:
8247:
8186:
7640:
7632:
7590:
6996:
6916:
6898:
6758:
6679:
6620:
6436:
6355:
6347:
6244:
6228:
6166:
6065:
5890:
5878:
5841:
5834:
5799:
5789:
5729:
5717:
5622:
5581:
5569:
4841:
4787:
4771:
4722:
4714:
4485:
4433:
4425:
4331:
4321:
4256:
4224:
4204:
4161:
4118:
3890:
3880:
3856:
3774:
3735:
3700:
3655:
3618:
3585:
3510:
3458:
3450:
3303:
3221:
3201:
3162:
3098:
2972:
2956:
2851:
2835:
2831:
2808:
2788:
2744:
2368:
1867:
Anthropogenic emission of greenhouse gases broken down by sector for the year 2000.
1114:
toxins through their flesh. There are also numerous parasites and disease vectors.
1104:
961:
583:
553:
385:
369:
62:
5551:
5452:"Parts of the Amazon rainforest are on fire – and smoke can be spotted from space"
4845:
1258:
667:
643:' campaign, which faced strong opposition from the government and the ranchers of
9237:
8738:
8726:
8706:
8661:
8611:
8551:
8493:
8454:
8442:
8435:
8344:
8161:
8144:
8119:
7813:
7798:
7704:
7332:"Ecotourism could help the Amazon reduce deforestation and handle climate change"
7084:
7061:
7038:
6860:
6840:
6835:
6812:
6762:
6598:
6097:
5848:
5750:
5724:
5379:
5181:"The Amazon will reach tipping point if current trend of deforestation continues"
5073:
4923:
4278:
2748:
2602:"World Bank: Brazil faces $ 317 billion in annual losses to Amazon deforestation"
2388:
2234:
2092:
2074:
1821:
1794:
1765:
1754:
1300:
1236:
770:
735:
563:
429:
361:
6806:
Drought Threatens Amazon Basin – Extreme conditions felt for second year running
6046:"Carbon and Beyond: The Biogeochemistry of Climate in a Rapidly Changing Amazon"
5233:"The lawless mining gangs targeting the Amazon's precious green energy minerals"
2477:
602:
tribes. More than a third of the Yanomamo males, on average, died from warfare.
9382:
9331:
9230:
9194:
9174:
9157:
9097:
8861:
8753:
8731:
8721:
8716:
8568:
8546:
8430:
8425:
8410:
8405:
8332:
8278:
8230:
8201:
8107:
8097:
7823:
7738:
7001:
6976:
6492:"Ecuador Court Gives Indigenous Groups a Boost in Mining and Drilling Disputes"
6440:
6090:
5794:
5769:
5600:"Climatic and biotic controls on annual carbon storage in Amazonian ecosystems"
5597:
4643:"Drying of Amazon could be early warning of 'tipping point' for the rainforest"
4489:
2396:
2157:
2046:
1965:
1745:
1729:
1569:
The transition to solar and wind energy, digitalization, raised the demand for
1536:
1505:
1501:
1278:
801:
789:
762:
723:
72:
7130:"Under Brazil's Far Right Leader, Amazon Protections Slashed and Forests Fall"
6624:
5055:
Barreto, P.; Souza Jr. C.; Noguerón, R.; Anderson, A. & Salomão, R. 2006.
3102:
488:
in present-day eastern Ecuador predate all known complex Amazonian societies.
9397:
9356:
9225:
9217:
9184:
8921:
8871:
8763:
8758:
8748:
8593:
8556:
8464:
8459:
8361:
8266:
7010:
6912:
6720:
6448:
6240:
6079:
6070:
6045:
5813:
4954:
Steinfeld, Henning; Gerber, Pierre; Wassenaar, T.D.; Castel, Vincent (2006).
4783:
4497:
4466:"How deregulation, drought and increasing fire impact Amazonian biodiversity"
3277:
2968:
2880:
2513:
1934:
1924:
1485:
1368:
1192:
1164:
903:
595:
572:
552:, has been shaped by man for at least 11,000 years through practices such as
522:
473:
324:
270:
235:
181:
168:
133:
7636:
7594:
6170:
5770:"Can we avert an Amazon tipping point? The economic and environmental costs"
4326:
3885:
3205:
3032:
2792:
2696:
2214:
According to a statement of the Colombian government deforestation rates in
2207:. A few ecolodges are for instance present between Cusco and Madre de Dios.
548:
presented evidence that the Amazon rainforest, rather than being a pristine
484:
findings have suggested that the region was actually densely populated. The
413:, with 2.2 million inhabitants, is the largest city in the Amazon basin
406:
9260:
9199:
9179:
9169:
8879:
8851:
8601:
8339:
8273:
8242:
8191:
8063:
7992:
7929:
7919:
7803:
7793:
7676:
7551:
The Fate of the Forest: Developers, Destroyers, and Defenders of the Amazon
7506:
6930:
6903:
6708:
6456:
6369:
6351:
6258:
6232:
6178:
5496:
4801:
4775:
4736:
4718:
4505:
4447:
4429:
4345:
4216:
3904:
3472:
3454:
3213:
2986:
2960:
2843:
2800:
2295:
2239:
2184:
2062:
1961:
1383:
1292:
1131:
1127:
1096:
1080:
988:
965:
931:
847:
More than 56% of the dust fertilizing the Amazon rainforest comes from the
773:, allowing for the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species.
587:
567:
541:
499:
481:
462:
438:
417:
231:
227:
99:
91:
7747:
7681:
6140:
4613:
Lessons from Amazonia: The Ecology and Conservation of a Fragmented Forest
4208:
3486:
Maslin, Mark; Malhi, Yadvinder; Phillips, Oliver; Cowling, Sharon (2005).
9316:
9275:
9206:
8911:
8800:
8743:
8666:
8616:
8503:
8479:
8368:
8206:
8124:
8102:
8078:
7924:
7914:
7808:
7513:
5456:
5187:. Amazon Network of Georeferenced Socio-Environmental Information (RAISG)
3779:
3754:
2822:
Meggers, Betty J. (December 19, 2003). "Revisiting Amazonia Circa 1492".
1969:
1762:
through the 21st century by climate change in addition to deforestation.
1733:
1570:
1559:
1470:
1264:
1115:
899:
652:
644:
591:
558:
469:
454:
7331:
6946:"40% of Amazon could now exist as rainforest or savanna-like ecosystems"
6417:"Amazonia as a carbon source linked to deforestation and climate change"
3439:"South American palaeobotany and the origins of neotropical rainforests"
3088:
2069:
forest , and regenerating forest . The researcher used a combination of
1816:
As indigenous territories continue to be destroyed by deforestation and
1804:
1658:
1436:
987:
Each hectare of the Amazon rainforest contains around 1 billion of
881:
Amazon phosphorus also comes as smoke due to biomass burning in Africa.
8846:
8815:
8636:
8631:
8295:
8256:
8218:
8136:
8009:
7894:
7889:
7031:
6977:"Pronounced loss of Amazon rainforest resilience since the early 2000s"
6385:"The Amazon Rainforest Now Emits More Greenhouse Gases Than It Absorbs"
5657:"The Amazon Rainforest Now Emits More Greenhouse Gases Than It Absorbs"
5384:
3174:
3060:"Once Hidden by Forest, Carvings in Land Attest to Amazon's Lost World"
2191:
2180:
Silvopasture integrates livestock, forage, and trees. (Photo: USDA NAC)
2170:
2034:
1828:' rainforest communities continue to disappear, while others, like the
1108:
856:
827:
793:
785:
750:
549:
329:
306:
239:
7645:
6975:
Boulton, Chris A.; Lenton, Timothy M.; Boers, Niklas (March 7, 2022).
5985:"Ecuador court rules Amazon rainforest can't be sold to oil companies"
2420:
2205:
Ecotourism is also practiced in the Peruvian section of the rainforest
1953:. Half of the rainfall in the Amazon area is produced by the forests.
1633:
rose more than 88% in June 2019 compared with the same month in 2018.
614:
9293:
8952:
8926:
8856:
8834:
8827:
8606:
8383:
8317:
8213:
8036:
8019:
7904:
7899:
7873:
6274:"The Amazon effect: how deforestation is starving São Paulo of water"
5905:
The Politics of Ethnicity Indigenous Peoples in Latin American States
5882:
5573:
5076:
web site contains many resources relating to the Brazilian Amazonia.)
1950:
1582:
1207:
1048:
758:
606:
526:
365:
282:
242:. This region includes territory belonging to nine nations and 3,344
154:
7721:
7533:
The Fishes and the Forest: Explorations in Amazonian Natural History
7525:
Brazil and the Struggle for Rubber: A Study in Environmental History
6684:
6659:
3717:
3660:
10.1002/1099-1417(200005)15:4<347::AID-JQS537>3.0.CO;2-A
3166:
2543:"Field Museum scientists estimate 16,000 tree species in the Amazon"
2229:
674:
635:
In the 1950s, Brazilian explorer and defender of indigenous people,
8820:
8420:
8356:
8327:
8237:
8196:
8004:
7984:
7864:
7186:"Brazil experiences worst start to Amazon fire season for 10 years"
6549:"Climate boost: 2023 Amazon deforestation drops 55.8%, study finds"
5002:. World Bank Working Paper No. 22. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
4563:. World Resources Institute / Global Forest Review. April 4, 2024.
3330:
3192:, vol. 301, no. 5640 (published 2003), pp. 1710–14,
2942:
2414:
2131:
1946:
1703:
1494:
1111:
1092:
1028:
797:
746:
599:
533:
518:
422:
278:
150:
124:
6112:"Amazon could shrink by 85% due to climate change, scientists say"
3377:
1708:
815:
707:
8792:
8525:
8415:
8373:
8261:
8073:
8068:
7997:
5688:"Why the Amazon doesn't really produce 20% of the world's oxygen"
5285:"We must not barter the Amazon rainforest for burgers and steaks"
5255:"EU urged to halt trade talks with S. America over Brazil abuses"
3326:
3187:
2301:
Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin
2109:
2004:
1938:
1880:
1845:
1829:
1817:
1525:
1150:
1123:
1100:
1068:
1038:
953:
942:
863:
792:
of the Amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the
727:
629:
610:
476:
was a prominent proponent of this idea, as described in her book
357:
349:
310:
290:
266:
262:
128:
116:
6709:"With the Help of GPS, Amazonian Tribes Reclaim the Rain Forest"
6599:
Wynne, R.H.; Joseph, K.A.; Browder, J.O.; Summers, P.M. (2007).
776:
579:. Among those were evidence of roads, bridges and large plazas.
9298:
8397:
8351:
8058:
8045:
7686:
5062:
4894:(Abridged ed.). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
3854:
2176:
2080:
1942:
1586:
1306:
1119:
1088:
1084:
969:
957:
939:
852:
820:
800:, while to the west water flowed toward the Pacific across the
769:. However, the rainforest still managed to thrive during these
719:
712:
699:
625:
566:. The development of this fertile soil allowed agriculture and
410:
294:
274:
142:
120:
5959:"Ecuador Amazon tribe win first victory against oil companies"
5315:"Deforestation in Brazil's Amazon at highest level since 2006"
4071:
3371:
2867:"Remnants of Sprawling Ancient Cities Are Found in the Amazon"
2725:
445:
9149:
9044:
8583:
7881:
7865:
6085:
2426:
2000:
while Columbia, Peru and Bolivia also reduced deforestation.
1521:
946:
935:
927:
919:
875:
842:
805:
731:
624:
it is estimated that diseases brought by immigrants, such as
521:. This civilization was investigated by the British explorer
302:
7558:
Greening Brazil: Environmental Activism in State and Society
7457:"Deforestation in Colombia Down 70 Percent So Far This Year"
7246:"Brazil's Amazon rainforest suffers worst fires in a decade"
6038:
6036:
5345:"Brazil: Amazon sees worst deforestation levels in 15 years"
5066:
8178:
7691:
6943:
6301:"The science is clear: Forest loss behind Brazil's drought"
6042:
5766:
5491:
4960:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
4143:
1099:
can produce an electric shock that can stun or kill, while
1058:
1018:
1008:
977:
146:
7276:"Campaigners' anger after huge surge in rainforest blazes"
4414:"Bat-transmitted Human Rabies Outbreaks, Brazilian Amazon"
4302:"Large seasonal swings in leaf area of Amazon rainforests"
4100:
3672:
7032:"Climate change a threat to Amazon rainforest, warns WWF"
6522:"Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon falls 22% in 2023"
6033:
5487:"Record-breaking number of fires burn in Brazil's Amazon"
5420:
5388:
4957:
Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options
4944:
Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) (2004)
4916:"Impacts and Causes of Deforestation in the Amazon Basin"
2164:
1574:
1466:
Home to much of the Amazon rainforest, Brazil's tropical
289:" as the name of one of their first-level administrative
7078:"Amazon drought 'severe' in 2010, raising warming fears"
5416:"Brazil's Amazon rainforest is burning at a record rate"
4075:
Historical Biogeography of Neotropical Freshwater Fishes
3973:"Amazon Rainforest, Amazon Plants, Amazon River Animals"
2945:"The domestication of Amazonia before European conquest"
1728:
contained within the vegetation, which could accelerate
1103:
are known to bite and injure humans. Various species of
956:, tens of thousands of plants, and some 2,000 birds and
891:
List of plants of Amazon Rainforest vegetation of Brazil
738:
when the climate was drier and savanna more widespread.
7216:"Brazil's Bolsonaro calls surging Amazon fires a 'lie'"
7087:, BBC News, February 3, 2011. Retrieved August 23, 2014
6326:
E. Lovejoy, Thomas; Nobre, Carlos (February 21, 2018).
6207:
Lovejoy, Thomas E.; Nobre, Carlos (December 20, 2019).
4892:
Deforesting the Earth: From Prehistory to Global Crisis
3436:
3333:. September 8, 1961. p. 8 – via Google News.
2949:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2037:
interact to create a uniform layer of "popcorn-shaped"
1423:
Timelapse of the deforestation 1984–2018 (bottom right)
995:
Amount of species per hectare in the Amazon rainforest
6877:
Nobre, Carlos; Lovejoy, Thomas E. (February 1, 2018).
6303:. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR).
5860:
4411:
1964:
with the Amazon rainforest is currently emitting more
1524:. Currently, Brazil is the largest global producer of
1509:
forest are visible to the naked eye from outer space.
586:. Several tribes of the Jivaroan group, including the
7728:
Conference: Climate change and the fate of the Amazon
6413:
5523:"Brazil registers huge spike in Amazon deforestation"
4817:"The future of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon"
4412:
da Rosa; Elizabeth S. T.; et al. (August 2006).
3542:
3304:
From the first expedition to the creation of the Park
3294:
La Republica Oligarchic. Editorial Lexus 2000 p. 925.
765:, then retracted to a mostly inland formation at the
7432:"BNDES to join anti-deforestation effort from banks"
5039:"Research paper of Leydimere Oliveira on the amazon"
4872:
4870:
3495:
Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers
1550:
Brazilian mining operation in the Amazon Rainforest.
952:
The region is home to about 2.5 million insect
7518:
Rio Claro: A Brazilian Plantation System, 1820–1920
7128:Casado, Letícia; Londoño, Ernesto (July 28, 2019).
4668:"Amazon Rainforest 'heading to point of no return'"
4361:"Amazon under threat: Fires, loggers and now virus"
3350:(Kindle ed.). Garland, Texas: Hannibal Books.
1895:
Aerial roots of red mangrove on an Amazonian river.
1684:
Impact of deforestation on natural habitat of trees
478:
Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise
6974:
6575:"Deforestation in Brazilian Amazon halved in 2023"
5375:"'Record number of fires' in Brazilian rainforest"
4610:
4571:
4072:James S. Albert; Roberto E. Reis (March 8, 2011).
3387:, Amazonia Security Agenda Project, archived from
1693:
1493:to flip it into a non-forest ecosystem – degraded
5987:. Newshub. Reuters. July 13, 2019. Archived from
5414:Yeung, Jessie; Alvarado, Abel (August 21, 2019).
4867:
4557:"Forest Pulse: The Latest on the World's Forests"
4541:"Forest Pulse: The Latest on the World's Forests"
4300:Mynenia, Ranga B.; et al. (March 13, 2007).
4299:
3826:"Desert Dust Feeds Amazon Forests – NASA Science"
3637:
3603:Milani, Edison José; Zalán, Pedro Victor (1999).
1797:has been calculated to have a value of $ 6820 if
9459:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
9395:
7535:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
4463:
4004:"Ancient giant dolphin discovered in the Amazon"
3949:The ecology of trees in the tropical rain forest
3545:Tropical Forests & Global Atmospheric Change
2865:Yuhas, Alan; Jiménez, Jesus (January 23, 2024).
2537:
2535:
2362:
1960:indicate that, in terms of global warming, the
1607:According to a November 2021 report by Brazil's
960:. To date, at least 40,000 plant species, 2,200
884:
7615:
6944:Stockholm Resilience Centre (October 5, 2020).
6325:
5716:Cox, Betts, Jones, Spall and Totterdell. 2000.
4996:Causes of Deforestation of the Brazilian Amazon
4750:Bochow, Nils; Boers, Niklas (October 6, 2023).
4306:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4078:. University of California Press. p. 308.
3865:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3443:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
926:Wet tropical forests are the most species-rich
498:The first European to travel the length of the
37:"Amazonia" redirects here. For other uses, see
7549:Hecht, Susanna and Alexander Cockburn (1990).
7429:
6844:, July 23, 2006. Retrieved September 28, 2006.
6209:"Amazon tipping point: Last chance for action"
5087:"INPE: Estimativas Anuais desde 1988 até 2009"
5058:Human Pressure on the Brazilian Amazon Forests
4808:
4636:
4634:
4137:
4065:
3235:"The Amazon's head hunters and body shrinkers"
2596:
2594:
980:species in the region is estimated at 16,000.
796:. Water on the eastern side flowed toward the
7850:
7763:
7127:
7068:, February 4, 2011. Retrieved August 23, 2014
5413:
4094:
3414:Origin and Evolution of Tropical Rain Forests
2903:
2652:
2650:
2532:
2484:. Encyclopaedia Britannica. January 11, 2024.
2382:
2376:
1489:reaching about 20–25% (hence 0–5% more), the
1134:can also be contracted in the Amazon region.
515:Pre-Columbian agriculture in the Amazon Basin
201:5,500,000 km (2,100,000 sq mi)
7045:, March 22, 2006. Retrieved August 23, 2014.
6876:
6206:
5851:. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
5733:, November 9, 2000. (subscription required)
4692:
4532:
4459:
4457:
4029:"Photos / Pictures of the Amazon Rainforest"
3666:
3437:Burnham, Robyn J.; Johnson, Kirk R. (2004).
3057:
2864:
2152:In 2020, a 17 percent rise was noted in the
2083:Impact of early 21st-century Amazon droughts
1602:European Union–Mercosur free trade agreement
1356:, a species of frog found within the Amazon.
871:transported in 2007 and the lowest in 2011.
7777:
6867:, July 23, 2006. Retrieved August 23, 2014.
6854:"Dying Forest: One year to save the Amazon"
6829:"Amazon rainforest 'could become a desert'"
6011:"US and Brazil agree to Amazon development"
5842:"Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis"
5805:1871.1/949d3af3-f463-40cc-90ab-1f9ff3060125
5174:
5172:
4749:
4631:
4277:. South AmericaTravel Guide. Archived from
3941:
3602:
3543:Malhi, Yadvinder; Phillips, Oliver (2005).
2625:
2623:
2591:
1907:Climate change disturbances of rainforests.
1118:dwell in the rainforest and can spread the
874:A possibility causing the variation is the
711:Aerial view of the Amazon rainforest, near
7857:
7843:
7770:
7756:
7734:, University of Oxford, March 20–22, 2007.
7682:The Amazon: The World's Largest Rainforest
7055:2010 Amazon drought record: 8 Gt extra CO2
6819:, July 16, 2006. Retrieved August 23, 2014
6109:
5117:"Oil Drilling Contaminated Western Amazon"
4693:Lovejoy, Thomas E.; Nobre, Carlos (2018).
4001:
3711:
3631:
2647:
2033:This image reveals how the forest and the
843:Sahara Desert dust windblown to the Amazon
819:Aerial view of the Amazon rainforest near
753:, the rainforest extended as far south as
7644:
7000:
6920:
6902:
6683:
6359:
6248:
6069:
5929:Ecological and Environmental Anthropology
5803:
5793:
5178:
4938:
4835:
4791:
4726:
4595:from the original on September 10, 2022.
4454:
4437:
4335:
4325:
3894:
3884:
3778:
3694:
3622:
3536:
3462:
2976:
2502:. Encyclopaedia Britannica. May 30, 2024.
7530:
7430:Ziolla Menezes, Fabiane (May 30, 2023).
5736:
5685:
5169:
4992:
4886:
4547:. World Resources Institute. June 2023.
3570:Journal of South American Earth Sciences
3430:
3267:. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
3006:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2620:
2201:Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve
2175:
2102:National Institute of Amazonian Research
2028:
1915:
1803:
1764:
1707:
1657:Fires and deforestation in the state of
1545:
1530:
1512:In the 1970s, construction began on the
1476:
1473:greatly exceeds that of other countries.
1461:
913:
898:
814:
775:
718:The rainforest likely formed during the
706:
698:
444:
428:
416:
405:
389:
7096:
6740:
6605:International Journal of Remote Sensing
6489:
6298:
5922:
5854:
5593:
5591:
5545:
5449:
5019:from the original on September 10, 2008
4674:from the original on September 22, 2020
4608:
4520:from the original on September 12, 2021
3855:Barkley, Anne E.; Prospero, Joseph M.;
2899:
2897:
2821:
2250:Environmental impact of meat production
830:over the last 21,000 years through the
249:The majority of the forest, 60%, is in
14:
9396:
7698:Seasons in the Amazon and river levels
7492:
6546:
6050:Frontiers in Forests and Global Change
5325:from the original on November 18, 2021
5157:from the original on February 18, 2019
5147:"Oil and Gas Extraction in the Amazon"
5127:from the original on February 18, 2019
5065:. Retrieved September 28, 2006. (The
4640:
4186:
4035:from the original on December 17, 2008
3793:
3411:
3405:
3381:Land use Status and Trends in Amazonia
3123:
3070:from the original on December 26, 2019
3027:
3025:
3023:
2656:
2279:Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization
2245:Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest
2165:Possibility of forest-friendly economy
1812:, around the start of the 21st century
1716:Environmentalists are concerned about
1398:Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest
437:encountered in the Brazilian state of
382:History of South America § Amazon
7838:
7751:
7656:from the original on January 24, 2021
7286:from the original on November 7, 2020
7109:from the original on October 31, 2019
6502:from the original on February 6, 2022
6272:Watts, Jonathan (November 28, 2017).
6271:
5897:
5828:
5744:"World may be warming up even faster"
5450:Garrand, Danielle (August 20, 2019).
5230:
4358:
3343:
3245:from the original on October 13, 2018
3152:
2999:
2924:from the original on January 10, 2022
2553:from the original on December 7, 2019
2147:National Institute for Space Research
1631:Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon
1371:, indigenous to the American tropics.
743:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
305:, and comprises the largest and most
7718:Original news updates on the Amazon.
7584:
7556:Hochstetler, K. and M. Keck (2007).
7256:from the original on October 2, 2020
7226:from the original on August 12, 2020
7196:from the original on August 14, 2020
7140:from the original on August 18, 2020
6956:from the original on October 8, 2020
6706:
6490:Einhorn, Catrin (February 4, 2022).
5686:Katarina, Zimmer (August 28, 2019).
5644:from the original on April 21, 2021.
5588:
5467:from the original on August 27, 2019
5431:from the original on August 14, 2020
5395:from the original on August 22, 2019
5295:from the original on August 24, 2019
5265:from the original on August 25, 2019
4002:Weisberger, Mindy (March 26, 2024).
3929:from the original on August 14, 2019
3796:"Saharan Dust Feeds Amazon's Plants"
3039:from the original on January 8, 2020
2894:
2579:from the original on October 7, 2019
2458:from the original on October 7, 2019
1991:Due to the conservation policies of
780:Aerial view of the Amazon rainforest
662:was killed by an uncontacted Amazon
647:and led to the establishment of the
261:with 10%, and with minor amounts in
7403:
6777:"Amazon Drought Worst in 100 Years"
6307:from the original on August 9, 2020
6299:Verchot, Louis (January 29, 2015).
6122:from the original on April 14, 2020
5654:
4567:from the original on April 4, 2024.
4551:from the original on June 27, 2023.
4383:"Piranha 'less deadly than feared'"
3020:
2520:from the original on April 13, 2020
2332:(Sistema de Vigilância da Amazônia)
632:, killed 40,000 native Amazonians.
400:The Naturalist on the River Amazons
24:
7478:
7166:from the original on July 25, 2020
6547:Spring, Jake (November 29, 2023).
6471:from the original on July 15, 2021
6395:from the original on April 7, 2021
6021:from the original on March 7, 2021
5965:from the original on July 25, 2020
5667:from the original on April 7, 2021
5533:from the original on July 25, 2020
5503:from the original on July 25, 2020
5355:from the original on July 15, 2022
4974:from the original on July 26, 2008
4855:from the original on July 22, 2018
4641:Tandon, Ayesha (October 4, 2023).
4082:from the original on June 30, 2011
3806:from the original on June 23, 2019
3752:
2707:from the original on July 25, 2020
2677:from the original on July 25, 2020
1982:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
472:given the poor soil. Archeologist
25:
9480:
7819:Puerto Princesa Underground River
7670:
7385:from the original on May 18, 2021
7338:from the original on May 18, 2021
6280:from the original on June 7, 2020
4393:from the original on July 7, 2007
3983:from the original on May 17, 2008
3836:from the original on May 14, 2017
3794:Garner, Rob (February 24, 2015).
3317:"Rain delays rescue of explorers"
3058:Simon Romero (January 14, 2012).
2010:
27:Large rainforest in South America
9370:
9369:
8697:West South Central United States
7603:The Amazon Rubber Boom 1850–1920
7449:
7423:
7397:
7371:
7350:
7324:
7298:
7268:
7238:
7208:
7178:
7152:
7121:
7097:Abraham, John (August 3, 2017).
7090:
7071:
7048:
7025:
6968:
6937:
6870:
6847:
6822:
6799:
6769:
6734:
6700:
6651:
6592:
6567:
6540:
6514:
6483:
6407:
6376:
6319:
6292:
6265:
6200:
6134:
6103:
6084:
6003:
5977:
5961:. Devdiscourse. April 27, 2019.
5951:
5916:
5760:
5627:10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00198.x
5426:Turner Broadcasting System, Inc.
4166:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00680.x
4123:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00705.x
3515:10.1111/j.1475-5661.2005.00181.x
3124:Junior, Gonçalo (October 2008).
1900:
1888:
1872:
1860:
1700:Deforestation and climate change
1677:
1665:
1650:
1638:
1625:2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires
1444:
1428:
1416:
1391:
1376:
1361:
1344:
1328:
1313:
1299:
1285:
1271:
1257:
1243:
1229:
1215:
1199:
1185:
1171:
1157:
1143:
651:for indigenous people along the
84:
8917:Latin America and the Caribbean
8783:Latin America and the Caribbean
7489:. University of Illinois Press.
6382:
5710:
5679:
5648:
5607:Global Ecology and Biogeography
5515:
5479:
5443:
5407:
5367:
5337:
5307:
5277:
5247:
5224:
5199:
5139:
5109:
5079:
5049:
5031:
4986:
4947:
4908:
4880:
4743:
4686:
4660:
4602:
4405:
4375:
4359:Costa, Camilla (May 21, 2020).
4352:
4293:
4267:
4231:
4180:
4047:
4021:
3995:
3965:
3911:
3848:
3818:
3787:
3746:
3624:10.18814/epiiugs/1999/v22i3/007
3596:
3561:
3479:
3344:Snell, Ron (February 2, 2006).
3337:
3309:
3297:
3288:
3270:
3257:
3227:
3181:
3140:
3117:
3082:
3051:
2993:
2858:
2815:
2763:
2719:
2689:
2406:
2285:Amazon Conservation Association
2021:Environmental management system
1694:Conservation and climate change
1323:have an extremely painful sting
457:evidence from an excavation at
7616:Sheil, D.; Wunder, S. (2002).
7495:Latin American Research Review
5923:Cormier, L. (April 16, 2006).
5774:Environmental Research Letters
3033:"Unnatural Histories – Amazon"
2836:10.1126/science.302.5653.2067b
2565:
2506:
2488:
2470:
2444:
2348:
1003:Number of species per hectare
613:tribe that expanded along the
13:
1:
7730:. Podcasts of talks given at
7605:. Stanford University Press.
7553:. New York: Harper Perennial.
7527:. Cambridge University Press.
6743:Forest Ecology and Management
6110:David Adam (March 11, 2009).
5231:Cowie, Sam (August 2, 2024).
4846:10.1016/j.futures.2005.07.011
4588:. September 2022. p. 8.
4261:10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00494-0
4241:Forest Ecology and Management
3740:10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00059-1
3705:10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00024-4
3640:Journal of Quaternary Science
3590:10.1016/S0895-9811(01)00025-6
3263:Chagnon, Napoleon A. (1992).
2437:
1618:
885:Biodiversity, flora and fauna
703:Amazon rainforest in Colombia
649:first Brazilian National Park
8379:Middle East and North Africa
8084:Middle East and North Africa
7687:WWF in the Amazon rainforest
7520:. Stanford University Press.
6763:10.1016/j.foreco.2006.05.066
5655:Fox, Alex (March 26, 2021).
4418:Emerging Infectious Diseases
3759:Geophysical Research Letters
2749:10.1126/science.272.5260.373
2260:Indigenous peoples in Brazil
1835:community-based conservation
680:
344:is said to arise from a war
335:
92:Amazon rainforest ecoregions
7:
9424:Ecoregions of South America
7601:Weinstein, Barbara (1983).
6859:September 25, 2015, at the
3547:. Oxford University Press.
3284:. Encyclopaedia Britannica.
2727:Peopling of the Americas".
2222:
1535:Indigenous protesters from
685:
386:Amazon River § History
10:
9485:
9439:Natural history of Ecuador
8672:Northeastern United States
7531:Goulding, Michael (2021).
7043:World Wide Fund for Nature
7002:10.1038/s41558-022-01287-8
6441:10.1038/s41586-021-03629-6
5935:(1): 14–32. Archived from
5072:September 1, 2004, at the
4490:10.1038/s41586-021-03876-7
3977:World Wide Fund for Nature
3953:Cambridge University Press
3720:Quaternary Science Reviews
3675:Quaternary Science Reviews
3412:Morley, Robert J. (2000).
2910:. Routledge. p. 108.
2608:. World Bank. May 24, 2023
2424:(mixed-race), also called
2330:Amazon Surveillance System
2317:Rainforest Foundation Fund
2128:World Wide Fund for Nature
2098:Woods Hole Research Center
2061:devices and programs like
2014:
1697:
1622:
1401:
1395:
888:
855:desert. The dust contains
788:, it is believed that the
694:
658:In 1961, British explorer
532:Since the 1970s, numerous
379:
375:
36:
29:
9469:Droughts in South America
9464:Forestry in South America
9434:Natural history of Brazil
9365:
9307:
9284:
9251:
9215:
9148:
9042:
8950:
8941:
8870:
8791:
8592:
8396:
8177:
8135:
8044:
8035:
7983:
7940:
7880:
7785:
7560:. Duke University Press.
6625:10.1080/01431160600928609
6096:October 16, 2017, at the
5211:World Rainforest Movement
4993:Margulis, Sergio (2004).
4617:. Yale University Press.
3126:"Amazonia lost and found"
3103:10.1017/s0003598x00099373
2307:Rainforest Action Network
1996:condition in the Amazon.
1993:Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
1722:destruction of the forest
1591:World Rainforest Movement
1179:Giant Amazonian centipede
197:
160:
112:
107:
83:
48:
39:Amazonia (disambiguation)
9454:Regions of South America
9158:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
8157:Transantarctic Mountains
6071:10.3389/ffgc.2021.618401
5912:Harvard University Press
5795:10.1088/1748-9326/aca3b8
5749:August 18, 2020, at the
5723:August 18, 2020, at the
3306:, pib.socioambiental.org
2701:Encyclopaedia Britannica
2452:"WWF – About the Amazon"
2341:
2290:Amazon Conservation Team
2071:synthetic aperture radar
2017:Environmental monitoring
1988:own or manage the land.
1750:greenhouse gas emissions
1577:used also for financing
1520:been used for livestock
1335:Parrots at clay lick in
851:in Northern Chad in the
745:, the extinction of the
459:Caverna da Pedra Pintada
230:that covers most of the
9429:Natural history of Peru
8907:Caribbean South America
7779:New 7 Wonders of Nature
7637:10.5751/ES-00458-060209
7595:10.1126/science.aaa7864
7312:. University of Bristol
7083:April 15, 2016, at the
7060:March 27, 2019, at the
6834:August 6, 2006, at the
6171:10.1126/science.aba7580
5179:Sierra Praeli, Yvette.
4327:10.1073/pnas.0611338104
4031:. Travel.mongabay.com.
3886:10.1073/pnas.1906091116
3206:10.1126/science.1086112
3003:Explorers of the Amazon
2793:10.1126/science.1086112
2265:Tapiche Ohara's Reserve
2025:Unmanned aerial vehicle
1558:Since the discovery of
1514:Trans-Amazonian highway
1408:Trans-Amazonian Railway
1404:Trans-Amazonian Highway
9444:Neotropical ecoregions
8682:Southern United States
8485:Scandinavian Peninsula
7716:Amazon Rainforest News
7162:. CNN. June 19, 2020.
7037:June 14, 2020, at the
6904:10.1126/sciadv.aat2340
6879:"Amazon Tipping Point"
6498:. The New York Times.
6352:10.1126/sciadv.aat2340
6328:"Amazon Tipping Point"
6233:10.1126/sciadv.aba2949
6017:. September 14, 2019.
4776:10.1126/sciadv.add9973
4719:10.1126/sciadv.aat2340
4695:"Amazon Tipping Point"
4554:● 2022 and 2023 data:
4430:10.3201/eid1708.050929
3455:10.1098/rstb.2004.1531
2961:10.1098/rspb.2015.0813
2904:Chris C. Park (2003).
2663:. London: Rivingtons.
2657:Taylor, Isaac (1898).
2635:. The World Bank. 2023
2400:
2392:
2383:
2377:
2372:
2363:
2358:
2181:
2042:
1927:
1813:
1790:
1720:that will result from
1713:
1551:
1539:
1482:
1474:
1451:Wildfires in Brazil's
923:
911:
823:
781:
715:
704:
450:
442:
426:
414:
403:
318:indigenous territories
244:indigenous territories
98:in dark green and the
76:
66:
56:
9163:Antarctic Convergence
8702:Western United States
7804:Iguazu / Iguaçu Falls
7722:Amazon-Rainforest.org
7677:Journey into Amazonia
7523:Dean, Warren (1997).
7485:Bunker, S.G. (1985).
7064:, Rolf Schuttenhelm,
6981:Nature Climate Change
6811:May 11, 2020, at the
5351:. November 19, 2021.
5321:. November 18, 2021.
4670:. February 22, 2018.
4209:10.1007/s004420100809
3947:Turner, I.M. (2001).
2514:"WNF: Places: Amazon"
2179:
2119:Nature climate change
2114:Nature Communications
2032:
1921:Guiana Amazonian Park
1919:
1807:
1768:
1726:release of the carbon
1724:, and also about the
1711:
1549:
1534:
1480:
1465:
1439:state of Brazil, 2016
1435:Deforestation in the
1251:Blue poison dart frog
917:
902:
818:
779:
710:
702:
577:University of Florida
504:Francisco de Orellana
448:
432:
420:
409:
393:
346:Francisco de Orellana
299:Guiana Amazonian Park
285:. Four nations have "
100:Amazon drainage basin
94:as delineated by the
8224:Greater Central Asia
7703:May 2, 2023, at the
7625:Conservation Ecology
7574:. Houghton Mifflin.
7461:Yale Environment 360
7436:The Brazilian Report
6787:on November 15, 2019
6781:www.ens-newswire.com
6639:on December 21, 2008
6389:Smithsonian Magazine
5939:on December 21, 2008
5847:May 7, 2006, at the
5698:on February 18, 2021
5661:Smithsonian Magazine
5462:CBS Interactive Inc.
5319:Reuters/The Guardian
5097:on November 30, 2010
4146:Conservation Biology
4103:Conservation Biology
3780:10.1002/2015GL063040
3753:Yu, Hongbin (2015).
3241:. January 20, 2012.
2907:Tropical Rainforests
2549:. October 17, 2013.
2216:the Colombian Amazon
1958:scientific synthesis
1769:Peruvian researcher
1718:loss of biodiversity
1468:primary (old-growth)
1453:indigenous territory
1337:Yasuni National Park
1223:Brown-throated sloth
832:last glacial maximum
767:last glacial maximum
641:Villas-Bôas brothers
30:For other uses, see
9375:Continents of Earth
8902:Brazilian Highlands
8306:Indian subcontinent
8167:Antarctic Peninsula
7965:Southern Hemisphere
7960:Northern Hemisphere
7570:Revkin, A. (1990).
7252:. October 1, 2020.
7222:. August 11, 2020.
7192:. August 13, 2020.
6993:2022NatCC..12..271B
6895:2018SciA....4.2340L
6755:2006ForEM.234....1K
6676:2005EaInt...9g...1A
6617:2007IJRS...28.1299W
6528:. November 11, 2023
6433:2021Natur.595..388G
6344:2018SciA....4.2340L
6225:2019SciA....5A2949L
6163:2020Sci...370..117L
6062:2021FrFGC...4.8401C
5908:David Maybury-Lewis
5875:1989Natur.339..655P
5786:2022ERL....17l5005B
5692:National Geographic
5619:2000GloEB...9..315T
5566:1993Natur.363..234M
5499:. August 21, 2019.
5391:. August 21, 2019.
4768:2023SciA....9D9973B
4711:2018SciA....4.2340L
4482:2021Natur.597..516F
4318:2007PNAS..104.4820M
4275:"Amazon Rainforest"
4253:1999ForEM.118..127L
4201:2002Oecol.130....1W
4158:2005ConBi..19..619L
4115:2005ConBi..19..689D
4059:National Geographic
3877:2019PNAS..11616216B
3871:(33): 16216–16221.
3771:2015GeoRL..42.1984Y
3732:2000QSRv...19..141C
3687:2000QSRv...19..725V
3652:2000JQS....15..347C
3582:2001JSAES..14..335C
3507:2005TrIBG..30..477M
3449:(1450): 1595–1610.
3198:2003Sci...301.1710H
3136:on August 12, 2014.
2830:(5653): 2067–2070.
2785:2003Sci...301.1710H
2779:(5640): 1710–1714.
2741:1996Sci...272..373R
2573:"Inside the Amazon"
2496:"Amazon Rainforest"
2336:Global Forest Watch
2312:Rainforest Alliance
1844:In April 2019, the
996:
734:at least until the
546:Unnatural Histories
509:Unnatural Histories
506:in 1542. The BBC's
224:tropical rainforest
178: /
9190:Great Barrier Reef
8811:Mainland Australia
7975:Western Hemisphere
7950:Eastern Hemisphere
7404:FREITAS, TATIANA.
7134:The New York Times
6664:Earth Interactions
6496:The New York Times
5742:Radford, T. 2002.
5045:on August 3, 2013.
4281:on August 12, 2008
3524:on October 1, 2008
3278:"Mundurukú people"
3097:(322): 1084–1095.
3064:The New York Times
2955:(1812): 20150813.
2872:The New York Times
2359:Floresta amazônica
2190:According to WWF,
2182:
2043:
1986:indigenous peoples
1956:Results of a 2021
1928:
1826:indigenous peoples
1814:
1810:uncontacted tribes
1791:
1783:Dipteryx micrantha
1759:ecosystem services
1714:
1595:Green extractivism
1552:
1540:
1483:
1475:
994:
924:
912:
824:
782:
716:
705:
622:Amazon rubber boom
486:Upano Valley sites
451:
443:
427:
415:
404:
57:Floresta amazônica
9404:Amazon rainforest
9391:
9390:
9271:Mediterranean Rim
9144:
9143:
9083:Mediterranean Sea
8937:
8936:
8890:Amazon Rainforest
8712:Canadian Prairies
8677:Pacific Northwest
8538:Iberian Peninsula
8514:Italian Peninsula
8323:Arabian Peninsula
8150:Antarctic Plateau
7910:Three/Four Worlds
7832:
7831:
7790:Amazon rainforest
6427:(7867): 388–393.
6196:on July 15, 2021.
6157:(6512): 117–121.
5869:(6227): 656–657.
5560:(6426): 234–240.
5261:. June 18, 2019.
5123:. June 13, 2014.
5009:978-0-8213-5691-3
4967:978-92-5-105571-7
4920:kanat.jsc.vsc.edu
4901:978-0-226-89947-3
4624:978-0-300-08483-2
4476:(7877): 516–521.
4312:(12): 4820–4823.
3857:Mahowald, Natalie
3554:978-0-19-856706-6
3423:978-0-471-98326-2
3394:on March 19, 2016
3130:Pesquisa (Ed.220)
3013:978-0-226-76337-8
3000:Smith, A (1994).
2917:978-0-415-06239-8
2735:(5260): 373–384.
2670:978-0-559-29668-0
2393:Forêt amazonienne
2255:Forest protection
2126:According to the
1788:Peruvian Amazonia
1712:Amazon rainforest
1573:(the main ore of
1105:poison dart frogs
1077:
1076:
922:in western Brazil
918:A giant, bundled
895:Amazonian manatee
849:Bodélé depression
594:for trophies and
435:uncontacted tribe
209:Amazon rainforest
205:
204:
49:Amazon rainforest
16:(Redirected from
9476:
9373:
9372:
9352:Global Southwest
9347:Global Southeast
9337:Global Northwest
9332:Global Northeast
9322:Global Heartland
9266:Indian Ocean Rim
8948:
8947:
8840:Island Melanesia
8526:Balkan Peninsula
8301:Himalayan states
8248:Russian Far East
8042:
8041:
7970:Water Hemisphere
7859:
7852:
7845:
7836:
7835:
7772:
7765:
7758:
7749:
7748:
7665:
7663:
7661:
7655:
7648:
7622:
7598:
7546:
7510:
7472:
7471:
7469:
7467:
7453:
7447:
7446:
7444:
7442:
7427:
7421:
7420:
7418:
7416:
7401:
7395:
7394:
7392:
7390:
7375:
7369:
7368:
7366:
7364:
7354:
7348:
7347:
7345:
7343:
7328:
7322:
7321:
7319:
7317:
7302:
7296:
7295:
7293:
7291:
7272:
7266:
7265:
7263:
7261:
7242:
7236:
7235:
7233:
7231:
7212:
7206:
7205:
7203:
7201:
7182:
7176:
7175:
7173:
7171:
7156:
7150:
7149:
7147:
7145:
7125:
7119:
7118:
7116:
7114:
7094:
7088:
7075:
7069:
7052:
7046:
7029:
7023:
7022:
7004:
6972:
6966:
6965:
6963:
6961:
6941:
6935:
6934:
6924:
6906:
6883:Science Advances
6874:
6868:
6851:
6845:
6826:
6820:
6803:
6797:
6796:
6794:
6792:
6783:. Archived from
6773:
6767:
6766:
6738:
6732:
6731:
6729:
6727:
6707:Isaacson, Andy.
6704:
6698:
6697:
6687:
6655:
6649:
6648:
6646:
6644:
6635:. Archived from
6611:(6): 1299–1315.
6596:
6590:
6589:
6587:
6585:
6571:
6565:
6564:
6562:
6560:
6544:
6538:
6537:
6535:
6533:
6518:
6512:
6511:
6509:
6507:
6487:
6481:
6480:
6478:
6476:
6411:
6405:
6404:
6402:
6400:
6380:
6374:
6373:
6363:
6332:Science Advances
6323:
6317:
6316:
6314:
6312:
6296:
6290:
6289:
6287:
6285:
6276:. The Guardian.
6269:
6263:
6262:
6252:
6219:(12): eaba2949.
6213:Science Advances
6204:
6198:
6197:
6195:
6189:. Archived from
6148:
6138:
6132:
6131:
6129:
6127:
6107:
6101:
6089:Available under
6088:
6083:
6073:
6040:
6031:
6030:
6028:
6026:
6007:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5996:
5991:on July 19, 2019
5981:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5970:
5955:
5949:
5948:
5946:
5944:
5920:
5914:
5901:
5895:
5894:
5883:10.1038/339655a0
5858:
5852:
5832:
5826:
5825:
5807:
5797:
5764:
5758:
5740:
5734:
5714:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5703:
5694:. Archived from
5683:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5672:
5652:
5646:
5645:
5643:
5604:
5595:
5586:
5585:
5574:10.1038/363234a0
5549:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5538:
5529:. July 3, 2019.
5519:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5483:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5472:
5447:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5411:
5405:
5404:
5402:
5400:
5371:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5360:
5341:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5330:
5311:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5300:
5291:. July 2, 2019.
5281:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5270:
5251:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5240:
5228:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5203:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5192:
5176:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5143:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5121:livesciences.com
5113:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5093:. Archived from
5083:
5077:
5053:
5047:
5046:
5041:. Archived from
5035:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5024:
5018:
5001:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4979:
4951:
4945:
4942:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4931:
4926:on June 15, 2013
4922:. Archived from
4912:
4906:
4905:
4884:
4878:
4874:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4854:
4839:
4821:
4812:
4806:
4805:
4795:
4762:(40): eadd9973.
4756:Science Advances
4747:
4741:
4740:
4730:
4699:Science Advances
4690:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4638:
4629:
4628:
4616:
4606:
4600:
4599:
4594:
4583:
4575:
4569:
4568:
4552:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4461:
4452:
4451:
4441:
4424:(8): 1197–1202.
4409:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4389:. July 2, 2007.
4379:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4339:
4329:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4247:(1–3): 127–138.
4235:
4229:
4228:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4014:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3969:
3963:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3898:
3888:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3765:(6): 1984–1991.
3750:
3744:
3743:
3726:(1–5): 141–169.
3715:
3709:
3708:
3698:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3523:
3517:. Archived from
3492:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3466:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3393:
3386:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3313:
3307:
3301:
3295:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3274:
3268:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3132:. Archived from
3121:
3115:
3114:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3029:
3018:
3017:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2980:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2901:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2654:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2627:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2598:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2539:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2448:
2431:
2410:
2404:
2401:Amazoneregenwoud
2386:
2380:
2366:
2352:
2154:Amazon wildfires
2085:
2084:
1966:greenhouse gases
1904:
1892:
1876:
1864:
1820:(such as in the
1779:
1771:Tatiana Espinosa
1681:
1669:
1654:
1642:
1448:
1432:
1420:
1380:
1365:
1348:
1332:
1317:
1303:
1289:
1275:
1261:
1247:
1233:
1219:
1203:
1189:
1175:
1161:
1147:
1095:. In the river,
1000:Type of organism
997:
993:
639:, supported the
554:forest gardening
348:fought with the
193:
192:
190:
189:
188:
183:
179:
176:
175:
174:
171:
88:
79:
77:Amazoneregenwoud
69:
59:
46:
45:
21:
9484:
9483:
9479:
9478:
9477:
9475:
9474:
9473:
9394:
9393:
9392:
9387:
9361:
9303:
9280:
9247:
9211:
9140:
9129:South China Sea
9038:
8981:Central America
8933:
8866:
8787:
8739:Northern Mexico
8727:Northern Canada
8707:Atlantic Canada
8662:Mountain states
8588:
8443:European Russia
8436:Southern Russia
8392:
8345:Iranian Plateau
8173:
8162:West Antarctica
8145:East Antarctica
8131:
8031:
7979:
7955:Land Hemisphere
7936:
7876:
7863:
7833:
7828:
7781:
7776:
7705:Wayback Machine
7692:Amazonia.org.br
7673:
7668:
7659:
7657:
7653:
7620:
7543:
7481:
7479:Further reading
7476:
7475:
7465:
7463:
7455:
7454:
7450:
7440:
7438:
7428:
7424:
7414:
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7402:
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7379:"Our ecolodges"
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7085:Wayback Machine
7076:
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7066:Bits Of Science
7062:Wayback Machine
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7039:Wayback Machine
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7026:
6973:
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6959:
6957:
6942:
6938:
6889:(2): eaat2340.
6875:
6871:
6865:The Independent
6861:Wayback Machine
6852:
6848:
6841:The Independent
6836:Wayback Machine
6827:
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6813:Wayback Machine
6804:
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6790:
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6338:(2): eaat2340.
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4837:10.1.1.573.1317
4819:
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4705:(2): eaat2340.
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3186:
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3167:10.2307/2803990
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2461:
2459:
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2449:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2434:
2411:
2407:
2373:Selva amazónica
2353:
2349:
2344:
2321:
2269:
2235:Atlantic Forest
2225:
2167:
2093:The Independent
2087:
2082:
2081:
2075:Thematic Mapper
2051:satellite-based
2047:remotely sensed
2027:
2013:
1908:
1905:
1896:
1893:
1884:
1877:
1868:
1865:
1855:to protect it.
1822:Peruvian Amazon
1795:Peruvian Amazon
1773:
1755:natural capital
1706:
1696:
1685:
1682:
1673:
1670:
1661:
1655:
1646:
1643:
1627:
1621:
1460:
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1318:
1309:
1304:
1295:
1290:
1281:
1276:
1267:
1262:
1253:
1248:
1239:
1237:Emperor tamarin
1234:
1225:
1220:
1211:
1204:
1195:
1190:
1181:
1176:
1167:
1162:
1153:
1148:
908:giant leaf frog
897:
887:
845:
771:glacial periods
736:current ice age
697:
688:
683:
564:soil management
482:anthropological
388:
378:
364:, described by
362:Greek mythology
338:
297:uses the name "
221:moist broadleaf
186:
184:
180:
177:
172:
169:
167:
165:
164:
103:
102:in light green.
71:
70:
67:Selva amazónica
61:
60:
51:
50:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9482:
9472:
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9436:
9431:
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9406:
9389:
9388:
9386:
9385:
9383:Physical Earth
9366:
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9233:
9222:
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9213:
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9210:
9209:
9204:
9203:
9202:
9197:
9195:Mariana Trench
9192:
9182:
9177:
9175:Atlantic Ocean
9172:
9167:
9166:
9165:
9154:
9152:
9146:
9145:
9142:
9141:
9139:
9138:
9136:Southern Ocean
9133:
9132:
9131:
9126:
9124:East China Sea
9116:
9115:
9114:
9104:
9103:
9102:
9101:
9100:
9095:
9090:
9080:
9075:
9070:
9065:
9058:Atlantic Ocean
9055:
9049:
9047:
9040:
9039:
9037:
9036:
9035:
9034:
9029:
9019:
9018:
9017:
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8899:
8894:
8893:
8892:
8887:
8876:
8874:
8868:
8867:
8865:
8864:
8862:Remote Oceania
8859:
8854:
8849:
8844:
8843:
8842:
8832:
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8830:
8825:
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8823:
8818:
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8795:
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8788:
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8785:
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8779:
8778:
8777:
8776:
8771:
8756:
8751:
8746:
8741:
8736:
8735:
8734:
8732:Western Canada
8729:
8724:
8722:Eastern Canada
8719:
8717:Central Canada
8714:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8694:
8689:
8684:
8679:
8674:
8669:
8664:
8659:
8654:
8649:
8644:
8639:
8634:
8624:
8619:
8614:
8609:
8604:
8598:
8596:
8590:
8589:
8587:
8586:
8581:
8576:
8571:
8566:
8565:
8564:
8559:
8554:
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8506:
8501:
8491:
8490:
8489:
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8487:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8452:
8451:
8450:
8445:
8440:
8439:
8438:
8433:
8431:South Caucasus
8428:
8426:North Caucasus
8418:
8408:
8402:
8400:
8394:
8393:
8391:
8390:
8389:
8388:
8387:
8386:
8381:
8376:
8366:
8365:
8364:
8359:
8349:
8348:
8347:
8337:
8336:
8335:
8333:South Caucasus
8325:
8315:
8314:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8293:
8292:
8291:
8286:
8276:
8271:
8270:
8269:
8264:
8254:
8253:
8252:
8251:
8250:
8235:
8234:
8233:
8228:
8227:
8226:
8211:
8210:
8209:
8204:
8202:Aralkum Desert
8199:
8189:
8183:
8181:
8175:
8174:
8172:
8171:
8170:
8169:
8159:
8154:
8153:
8152:
8141:
8139:
8133:
8132:
8130:
8129:
8128:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8116:
8115:
8110:
8100:
8090:
8089:
8088:
8087:
8086:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8056:
8050:
8048:
8039:
8033:
8032:
8030:
8029:
8028:
8027:
8017:
8012:
8007:
8002:
8001:
8000:
7993:Africa-Eurasia
7989:
7987:
7981:
7980:
7978:
7977:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7946:
7944:
7938:
7937:
7935:
7934:
7933:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7907:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7886:
7884:
7878:
7877:
7862:
7861:
7854:
7847:
7839:
7830:
7829:
7827:
7826:
7824:Table Mountain
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7786:
7783:
7782:
7775:
7774:
7767:
7760:
7752:
7746:
7745:
7739:humpback whale
7735:
7725:
7719:
7713:
7707:
7695:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7672:
7671:External links
7669:
7667:
7666:
7613:
7599:
7582:
7568:
7566:978-0822340317
7554:
7547:
7541:
7528:
7521:
7511:
7490:
7482:
7480:
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7474:
7473:
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7349:
7323:
7297:
7267:
7237:
7207:
7177:
7151:
7120:
7089:
7070:
7047:
7024:
6987:(3): 271–278.
6967:
6936:
6869:
6846:
6821:
6815:, Paul Brown,
6798:
6768:
6733:
6699:
6650:
6591:
6566:
6553:The NRI Nation
6539:
6513:
6482:
6406:
6375:
6318:
6291:
6264:
6199:
6133:
6102:
6032:
6002:
5976:
5950:
5915:
5896:
5853:
5835:Houghton, J.T.
5827:
5780:(12): 125005.
5759:
5735:
5709:
5678:
5647:
5613:(4): 315–335.
5587:
5544:
5527:Deutsche Welle
5514:
5478:
5442:
5406:
5366:
5336:
5306:
5276:
5246:
5235:. The Guardian
5223:
5198:
5168:
5138:
5108:
5078:
5048:
5030:
5008:
4985:
4966:
4946:
4937:
4907:
4900:
4879:
4866:
4830:(4): 432–453.
4807:
4742:
4685:
4659:
4630:
4623:
4601:
4570:
4531:
4453:
4404:
4374:
4351:
4292:
4266:
4230:
4179:
4152:(3): 619–624.
4136:
4109:(3): 689–694.
4093:
4064:
4046:
4020:
3994:
3964:
3940:
3910:
3847:
3817:
3786:
3745:
3710:
3696:10.1.1.536.519
3665:
3646:(4): 347–356.
3630:
3617:(3): 199–205.
3595:
3576:(4): 335–347.
3560:
3553:
3535:
3501:(4): 477–499.
3478:
3429:
3422:
3404:
3370:
3356:
3336:
3308:
3296:
3287:
3282:britannica.com
3269:
3256:
3226:
3180:
3161:(4): 635–652.
3139:
3116:
3081:
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3019:
3012:
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2935:
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2857:
2814:
2762:
2718:
2688:
2669:
2646:
2619:
2590:
2564:
2531:
2505:
2500:britannica.com
2487:
2482:britannica.com
2478:"Amazon River"
2469:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2405:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
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2314:
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2287:
2282:
2275:
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2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2197:Aripuanã River
2166:
2163:
2158:Jair Bolsonaro
2086:
2079:
2039:cumulus clouds
2012:
2011:Remote sensing
2009:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1887:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1859:
1746:climate change
1742:computer model
1730:global warming
1695:
1692:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1664:
1662:
1656:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1637:
1623:Main article:
1620:
1617:
1613:satellite data
1537:Vale do Javari
1506:soil fertility
1502:slash and burn
1450:
1443:
1442:
1434:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1396:Main article:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1382:
1375:
1373:
1367:
1360:
1358:
1350:
1343:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1325:
1319:
1312:
1310:
1305:
1298:
1296:
1291:
1284:
1282:
1279:Green anaconda
1277:
1270:
1268:
1263:
1256:
1254:
1249:
1242:
1240:
1235:
1228:
1226:
1221:
1214:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1196:
1191:
1184:
1182:
1177:
1170:
1168:
1163:
1156:
1154:
1149:
1142:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1001:
886:
883:
844:
841:
810:Solimões Basin
802:Amazonas Basin
790:drainage basin
763:Middle Miocene
741:Following the
724:Atlantic Ocean
696:
693:
687:
684:
682:
679:
637:Cândido Rondon
455:archaeological
433:Members of an
377:
374:
337:
334:
253:, followed by
211:, also called
203:
202:
199:
195:
194:
162:
158:
157:
114:
110:
109:
105:
104:
89:
81:
80:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9481:
9470:
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9457:
9455:
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9450:
9447:
9445:
9442:
9440:
9437:
9435:
9432:
9430:
9427:
9425:
9422:
9420:
9417:
9415:
9412:
9410:
9407:
9405:
9402:
9401:
9399:
9384:
9380:
9376:
9368:
9367:
9364:
9358:
9355:
9353:
9350:
9348:
9345:
9343:
9340:
9338:
9335:
9333:
9330:
9328:
9325:
9323:
9320:
9318:
9315:
9314:
9312:
9310:
9306:
9300:
9297:
9295:
9292:
9291:
9289:
9287:
9283:
9277:
9274:
9272:
9269:
9267:
9264:
9262:
9259:
9258:
9256:
9254:
9250:
9244:
9241:
9239:
9236:
9232:
9229:
9228:
9227:
9224:
9223:
9221:
9219:
9214:
9208:
9205:
9201:
9198:
9196:
9193:
9191:
9188:
9187:
9186:
9185:Pacific Ocean
9183:
9181:
9178:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9168:
9164:
9161:
9160:
9159:
9156:
9155:
9153:
9151:
9147:
9137:
9134:
9130:
9127:
9125:
9122:
9121:
9120:
9119:Pacific Ocean
9117:
9113:
9110:
9109:
9108:
9105:
9099:
9096:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9086:
9085:
9084:
9081:
9079:
9076:
9074:
9073:Caribbean Sea
9071:
9069:
9066:
9064:
9061:
9060:
9059:
9056:
9054:
9051:
9050:
9048:
9046:
9041:
9033:
9030:
9028:
9025:
9024:
9023:
9020:
9016:
9015:by population
9013:
9011:
9008:
9007:
9006:
9003:
9001:
8998:
8996:
8993:
8989:
8988:South America
8986:
8982:
8979:
8977:
8974:
8973:
8972:
8971:North America
8969:
8968:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8958:
8956:
8954:
8949:
8946:
8944:
8940:
8928:
8925:
8924:
8923:
8922:Southern Cone
8920:
8918:
8915:
8913:
8910:
8908:
8905:
8903:
8900:
8898:
8897:Andean States
8895:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8883:
8882:
8881:
8878:
8877:
8875:
8873:
8872:South America
8869:
8863:
8860:
8858:
8855:
8853:
8850:
8848:
8845:
8841:
8838:
8837:
8836:
8833:
8829:
8826:
8822:
8819:
8817:
8814:
8812:
8809:
8808:
8807:
8804:
8803:
8802:
8799:
8798:
8796:
8794:
8790:
8784:
8781:
8775:
8772:
8770:
8767:
8766:
8765:
8762:
8761:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8750:
8747:
8745:
8742:
8740:
8737:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8725:
8723:
8720:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8673:
8670:
8668:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8650:
8648:
8645:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8635:
8633:
8630:
8629:
8628:
8625:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8615:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8599:
8597:
8595:
8594:North America
8591:
8585:
8582:
8580:
8577:
8575:
8572:
8570:
8567:
8563:
8560:
8558:
8557:Low Countries
8555:
8553:
8550:
8549:
8548:
8545:
8539:
8536:
8535:
8534:
8533:South-western
8531:
8527:
8524:
8523:
8522:
8521:South-eastern
8519:
8515:
8512:
8511:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8502:
8500:
8499:Mediterranean
8497:
8496:
8495:
8492:
8486:
8483:
8482:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8465:British Isles
8463:
8461:
8458:
8457:
8456:
8453:
8449:
8446:
8444:
8441:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8423:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8414:
8413:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8403:
8401:
8399:
8395:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8372:
8371:
8370:
8367:
8363:
8362:Levantine Sea
8360:
8358:
8355:
8354:
8353:
8350:
8346:
8343:
8342:
8341:
8338:
8334:
8331:
8330:
8329:
8326:
8324:
8321:
8320:
8319:
8316:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8298:
8297:
8294:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8281:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8259:
8258:
8255:
8249:
8246:
8245:
8244:
8241:
8240:
8239:
8236:
8232:
8229:
8225:
8222:
8221:
8220:
8217:
8216:
8215:
8212:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8194:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8184:
8182:
8180:
8176:
8168:
8165:
8164:
8163:
8160:
8158:
8155:
8151:
8148:
8147:
8146:
8143:
8142:
8140:
8138:
8134:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8105:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8096:
8095:
8094:
8091:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8066:
8065:
8062:
8061:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8054:Mediterranean
8052:
8051:
8049:
8047:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8034:
8026:
8023:
8022:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
7999:
7996:
7995:
7994:
7991:
7990:
7988:
7986:
7982:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7947:
7945:
7943:
7939:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7912:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7887:
7885:
7883:
7879:
7875:
7871:
7867:
7860:
7855:
7853:
7848:
7846:
7841:
7840:
7837:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7814:Komodo Island
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7791:
7788:
7787:
7784:
7780:
7773:
7768:
7766:
7761:
7759:
7754:
7753:
7750:
7744:
7743:in the Amazon
7740:
7736:
7733:
7732:Oriel College
7729:
7726:
7723:
7720:
7717:
7714:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7702:
7699:
7696:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7674:
7660:September 25,
7652:
7647:
7642:
7638:
7634:
7630:
7626:
7619:
7614:
7612:
7608:
7604:
7600:
7596:
7592:
7588:
7583:
7581:
7580:9780002158862
7577:
7573:
7569:
7567:
7563:
7559:
7555:
7552:
7548:
7544:
7542:9780520316126
7538:
7534:
7529:
7526:
7522:
7519:
7515:
7512:
7508:
7504:
7500:
7496:
7491:
7488:
7484:
7483:
7462:
7458:
7452:
7437:
7433:
7426:
7411:
7407:
7400:
7384:
7380:
7374:
7359:
7353:
7337:
7333:
7327:
7311:
7307:
7301:
7285:
7281:
7277:
7271:
7255:
7251:
7247:
7241:
7225:
7221:
7217:
7211:
7195:
7191:
7187:
7181:
7165:
7161:
7155:
7139:
7135:
7131:
7124:
7108:
7104:
7100:
7093:
7086:
7082:
7079:
7074:
7067:
7063:
7059:
7056:
7051:
7044:
7040:
7036:
7033:
7028:
7020:
7016:
7012:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6994:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6971:
6955:
6951:
6947:
6940:
6932:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6914:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6896:
6892:
6888:
6884:
6880:
6873:
6866:
6862:
6858:
6855:
6850:
6843:
6842:
6837:
6833:
6830:
6825:
6818:
6814:
6810:
6807:
6802:
6786:
6782:
6778:
6772:
6764:
6760:
6756:
6752:
6748:
6744:
6737:
6722:
6718:
6714:
6710:
6703:
6695:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6677:
6673:
6669:
6665:
6661:
6654:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6626:
6622:
6618:
6614:
6610:
6606:
6602:
6595:
6580:
6576:
6570:
6554:
6550:
6543:
6527:
6523:
6517:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6486:
6470:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6418:
6410:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6379:
6371:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6353:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6322:
6306:
6302:
6295:
6279:
6275:
6268:
6260:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6203:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6172:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6145:
6137:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6106:
6099:
6095:
6092:
6087:
6081:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6063:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6039:
6037:
6025:September 15,
6020:
6016:
6012:
6006:
5990:
5986:
5980:
5964:
5960:
5954:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5919:
5913:
5909:
5906:
5900:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5857:
5850:
5846:
5843:
5839:
5836:
5831:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5763:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5745:
5739:
5732:
5731:
5726:
5722:
5719:
5713:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5682:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5651:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5601:
5594:
5592:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5548:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5518:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5493:
5488:
5482:
5466:
5463:
5459:
5458:
5453:
5446:
5430:
5427:
5423:
5422:
5417:
5410:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5381:
5376:
5370:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5340:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5310:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5280:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5250:
5234:
5227:
5212:
5208:
5202:
5186:
5182:
5175:
5173:
5156:
5152:
5151:wwf.panda.org
5148:
5142:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5112:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5082:
5075:
5071:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5059:
5052:
5044:
5040:
5034:
5015:
5011:
5005:
4998:
4997:
4989:
4973:
4969:
4963:
4959:
4958:
4950:
4941:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4911:
4903:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4883:
4873:
4871:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4818:
4811:
4803:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4746:
4738:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4689:
4673:
4669:
4663:
4648:
4644:
4637:
4635:
4626:
4620:
4615:
4614:
4605:
4598:
4591:
4587:
4580:
4574:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:● 2021 data:
4535:
4524:September 11,
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4460:
4458:
4449:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4408:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4378:
4362:
4355:
4347:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4296:
4280:
4276:
4270:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4234:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4183:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4140:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4097:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4068:
4060:
4056:
4050:
4034:
4030:
4024:
4009:
4005:
3998:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3968:
3962:
3961:0-521-80183-4
3958:
3955:, Cambridge.
3954:
3950:
3944:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3914:
3906:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3851:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3821:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3790:
3781:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3749:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3714:
3706:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3669:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3634:
3625:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3599:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3564:
3556:
3550:
3546:
3539:
3528:September 25,
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3489:
3482:
3474:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3433:
3425:
3419:
3415:
3408:
3390:
3383:
3382:
3374:
3359:
3357:0-929292-86-3
3353:
3349:
3348:
3340:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3312:
3305:
3300:
3291:
3283:
3279:
3273:
3266:
3260:
3249:September 12,
3244:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3184:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3143:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3120:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3085:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3015:
3009:
3005:
3004:
2996:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2939:
2923:
2919:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2900:
2898:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2861:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2766:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2722:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2662:
2661:
2653:
2651:
2634:
2633:
2626:
2624:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2595:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2536:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2443:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2381:, or usually
2379:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2356:
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2273:Organizations
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2135:
2133:
2129:
2124:
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2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2106:tipping point
2103:
2099:
2096:reported the
2095:
2094:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2008:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1975:
1974:deforestation
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1935:Deforestation
1932:
1926:
1925:French Guiana
1922:
1918:
1914:
1903:
1898:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1870:
1863:
1858:
1857:
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1852:
1849:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1800:
1799:intact forest
1796:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1735:
1734:carbon stores
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1691:
1680:
1675:
1668:
1663:
1660:
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1626:
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1610:
1605:
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1598:
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1576:
1572:
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1564:
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1533:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1515:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1491:tipping point
1487:
1486:Deforestation
1479:
1472:
1469:
1464:
1454:
1447:
1438:
1431:
1419:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1392:Deforestation
1385:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1369:Scarlet macaw
1364:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1311:
1308:
1302:
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1255:
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1241:
1238:
1232:
1227:
1224:
1218:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1202:
1197:
1194:
1193:Howler monkey
1188:
1183:
1180:
1174:
1169:
1166:
1165:Mygalomorphae
1160:
1155:
1152:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1097:electric eels
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1052:
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1047:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1002:
999:
998:
992:
990:
989:invertebrates
985:
984:respiration.
981:
979:
973:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
950:
948:
944:
941:
937:
933:
929:
921:
916:
909:
905:
904:Deforestation
901:
896:
892:
882:
879:
877:
872:
868:
865:
860:
858:
854:
850:
840:
837:
833:
829:
822:
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813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
778:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
714:
709:
701:
692:
678:
676:
671:
669:
666:known as the
665:
661:
660:Richard Mason
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
633:
631:
627:
623:
618:
616:
612:
608:
603:
601:
597:
596:headshrinking
593:
589:
585:
580:
578:
574:
569:
565:
561:
560:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
538:Pre-Columbian
535:
530:
528:
524:
523:Percy Fawcett
520:
516:
511:
510:
505:
501:
496:
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
474:Betty Meggers
471:
466:
464:
460:
456:
447:
440:
436:
431:
424:
419:
412:
408:
402:
401:
396:
392:
387:
383:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
333:
331:
326:
325:deforestation
321:
319:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
271:French Guiana
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
247:
245:
241:
237:
236:South America
233:
229:
225:
222:
218:
214:
213:Amazon jungle
210:
200:
196:
191:
163:
159:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
135:
134:French Guiana
130:
126:
122:
118:
115:
111:
106:
101:
97:
93:
87:
82:
78:
74:
68:
64:
58:
54:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
18:Amazon forest
9419:Amazon River
9414:Amazon biome
9409:Amazon basin
9381: /
9379:List of seas
9377: /
9342:Global South
9327:Global North
9261:Atlantic Rim
9200:Ring of Fire
9180:Indian Ocean
9170:Arctic Ocean
9112:Persian Gulf
9107:Indian Ocean
9088:Adriatic Sea
9053:Arctic Ocean
8889:
8885:Amazon Basin
8880:Amazon Plain
8852:Near Oceania
8652:Mid-Atlantic
8602:Aridoamerica
8562:Northwestern
8475:Northwestern
8448:Southeastern
8340:Greater Iran
8279:Southeastern
8274:Pacific Asia
8243:Pacific Asia
8231:Northeastern
8187:Asia–Pacific
7930:Fourth World
7920:Second World
7789:
7710:amazonia.org
7658:. Retrieved
7628:
7624:
7602:
7587:Science News
7586:
7571:
7557:
7550:
7532:
7524:
7517:
7514:Dean, Warren
7501:(2): 64–96.
7498:
7494:
7486:
7466:November 13,
7464:. Retrieved
7460:
7451:
7439:. Retrieved
7435:
7425:
7413:. Retrieved
7409:
7399:
7387:. Retrieved
7373:
7361:. Retrieved
7352:
7340:. Retrieved
7326:
7314:. Retrieved
7309:
7300:
7288:. Retrieved
7279:
7270:
7258:. Retrieved
7250:The Guardian
7249:
7240:
7228:. Retrieved
7219:
7210:
7198:. Retrieved
7190:The Guardian
7189:
7180:
7168:. Retrieved
7154:
7142:. Retrieved
7133:
7123:
7111:. Retrieved
7103:The Guardian
7102:
7092:
7073:
7065:
7050:
7027:
6984:
6980:
6970:
6958:. Retrieved
6949:
6939:
6886:
6882:
6872:
6864:
6849:
6839:
6824:
6817:The Guardian
6816:
6801:
6789:. Retrieved
6785:the original
6780:
6771:
6749:(1–3): 1–9.
6746:
6742:
6736:
6724:. Retrieved
6712:
6702:
6667:
6663:
6653:
6643:September 4,
6641:. Retrieved
6637:the original
6608:
6604:
6594:
6582:. Retrieved
6578:
6569:
6557:. Retrieved
6552:
6542:
6532:November 13,
6530:. Retrieved
6525:
6516:
6504:. Retrieved
6495:
6485:
6473:. Retrieved
6424:
6420:
6409:
6397:. Retrieved
6388:
6378:
6335:
6331:
6321:
6309:. Retrieved
6294:
6282:. Retrieved
6267:
6216:
6212:
6202:
6191:the original
6154:
6150:
6136:
6126:December 11,
6124:. Retrieved
6116:The Guardian
6115:
6105:
6053:
6049:
6023:. Retrieved
6014:
6005:
5993:. Retrieved
5989:the original
5979:
5967:. Retrieved
5953:
5943:September 4,
5941:. Retrieved
5937:the original
5932:
5928:
5918:
5904:
5899:
5866:
5862:
5856:
5837:
5830:
5777:
5773:
5762:
5755:The Guardian
5754:
5738:
5728:
5712:
5700:. Retrieved
5696:the original
5691:
5681:
5669:. Retrieved
5660:
5650:
5610:
5606:
5557:
5553:
5547:
5535:. Retrieved
5526:
5517:
5505:. Retrieved
5497:NBCUniversal
5490:
5481:
5469:. Retrieved
5455:
5445:
5433:. Retrieved
5419:
5409:
5397:. Retrieved
5378:
5369:
5357:. Retrieved
5348:
5339:
5327:. Retrieved
5318:
5309:
5297:. Retrieved
5289:The Guardian
5288:
5279:
5267:. Retrieved
5258:
5249:
5237:. Retrieved
5226:
5214:. Retrieved
5210:
5201:
5189:. Retrieved
5184:
5161:February 17,
5159:. Retrieved
5150:
5141:
5131:February 17,
5129:. Retrieved
5120:
5111:
5099:. Retrieved
5095:the original
5090:
5081:
5057:
5051:
5043:the original
5033:
5023:September 4,
5021:. Retrieved
4995:
4988:
4976:. Retrieved
4956:
4949:
4940:
4928:. Retrieved
4924:the original
4919:
4910:
4891:
4888:Williams, M.
4882:
4857:. Retrieved
4827:
4823:
4810:
4759:
4755:
4745:
4702:
4698:
4688:
4676:. Retrieved
4662:
4650:. Retrieved
4647:Carbon Brief
4646:
4612:
4604:
4596:
4586:Amazon Watch
4585:
4573:
4560:
4544:
4534:
4522:. Retrieved
4473:
4469:
4421:
4417:
4407:
4395:. Retrieved
4386:
4377:
4367:November 14,
4365:. Retrieved
4354:
4309:
4305:
4295:
4283:. Retrieved
4279:the original
4269:
4244:
4240:
4233:
4192:
4188:
4182:
4149:
4145:
4139:
4106:
4102:
4096:
4084:. Retrieved
4074:
4067:
4058:
4055:"Rainforest"
4049:
4039:December 18,
4037:. Retrieved
4023:
4011:. Retrieved
4007:
3997:
3985:. Retrieved
3967:
3948:
3943:
3931:. Retrieved
3922:
3913:
3868:
3864:
3850:
3838:. Retrieved
3829:
3820:
3808:. Retrieved
3799:
3789:
3762:
3758:
3748:
3723:
3719:
3713:
3678:
3674:
3668:
3643:
3639:
3633:
3614:
3608:
3598:
3573:
3569:
3563:
3544:
3538:
3526:. Retrieved
3519:the original
3498:
3494:
3481:
3446:
3442:
3432:
3413:
3407:
3396:, retrieved
3389:the original
3380:
3373:
3361:. Retrieved
3347:Jungle Calls
3346:
3339:
3320:
3311:
3299:
3290:
3281:
3272:
3264:
3259:
3247:. Retrieved
3238:
3229:
3189:
3183:
3158:
3154:
3148:
3142:
3134:the original
3129:
3119:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3074:February 26,
3072:. Retrieved
3063:
3053:
3041:. Retrieved
3035:. BBC Four.
3002:
2995:
2952:
2948:
2938:
2926:. Retrieved
2906:
2884:. Retrieved
2870:
2860:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2776:
2772:
2765:
2732:
2728:
2721:
2709:. Retrieved
2700:
2691:
2679:. Retrieved
2659:
2637:. Retrieved
2631:
2610:. Retrieved
2605:
2581:. Retrieved
2567:
2555:. Retrieved
2547:Field Museum
2546:
2522:. Retrieved
2508:
2499:
2490:
2481:
2472:
2460:. Retrieved
2446:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2408:
2350:
2296:Amazon Watch
2240:Bandeirantes
2213:
2209:
2189:
2185:Silvopasture
2183:
2169:In 2023 the
2168:
2151:
2144:
2139:
2136:
2132:forest fires
2125:
2117:
2113:
2091:
2088:
2067:
2063:Google Earth
2056:
2044:
2002:
1998:
1990:
1978:
1962:Amazon basin
1955:
1933:
1929:
1911:
1853:
1850:
1843:
1839:
1815:
1792:
1786:tree in the
1781:
1739:
1715:
1688:
1628:
1606:
1599:
1568:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1541:
1518:
1511:
1499:
1484:
1384:Titan Beetle
1352:
1293:Black caiman
1206:
1136:
1132:dengue fever
1128:yellow fever
1116:Vampire bats
1081:black caiman
1078:
986:
982:
974:
966:invertebrate
951:
932:biodiversity
925:
880:
873:
869:
861:
846:
825:
783:
740:
717:
689:
672:
657:
634:
619:
604:
590:, practised
581:
568:silviculture
557:
545:
544:. The BBC's
531:
507:
500:Amazon River
497:
490:
477:
467:
463:forest cover
452:
398:
353:
341:
339:
323:Large scale
322:
315:
248:
232:Amazon basin
228:Amazon biome
216:
212:
208:
206:
132:
43:
9449:Rainforests
9357:Global West
9317:Global East
9276:Pacific Rim
9218:waterbodies
9207:World Ocean
9032:New Zealand
8912:The Guianas
8801:Australasia
8744:West Indies
8667:New England
8647:Great Lakes
8617:Mesoamerica
8504:Middle East
8480:Scandinavia
8369:Middle East
8207:Caspian Sea
8113:Great Lakes
8093:Sub-Saharan
8079:Middle East
7942:Hemispheres
7925:Third World
7915:First World
7868:'s primary
7809:Jeju Island
7799:Hạ Long Bay
7290:November 5,
6670:(1): 1–31.
6559:December 3,
6506:February 6,
6383:Fox, Alex.
6311:November 8,
6284:November 8,
5457:cbsnews.com
5101:November 3,
4859:October 27,
4195:(1): 1–14.
2681:October 12,
2583:November 5,
2557:October 18,
2462:October 11,
2045:The use of
1774: [
1611:, based on
1579:gold mining
1571:cassiterite
1560:fossil fuel
1471:forest loss
1321:Bullet ants
1265:Bald uakari
968:species in
784:During the
653:Xingu River
645:Mato Grosso
620:During the
592:headhunting
559:terra preta
470:agriculture
185: /
161:Coordinates
90:Map of the
9398:Categories
9098:Ionian Sea
9093:Aegean Sea
9063:Baltic Sea
8995:Antarctica
8847:Micronesia
8816:New Guinea
8774:Portuguese
8692:West Coast
8642:East Coast
8637:Bible Belt
8632:Appalachia
8311:Subregions
8219:Inner Asia
8137:Antarctica
8037:Continents
8010:Antarctica
7985:Landmasses
7895:Down Under
7890:Arab World
7874:subregions
7646:10535/2768
7611:0804711682
7260:October 2,
7230:August 11,
7200:August 13,
6960:October 6,
6726:August 11,
6584:January 9,
5702:October 8,
5537:August 22,
5507:August 21,
5471:August 21,
5435:August 21,
5399:August 21,
5385:BBC Online
5299:August 25,
5269:August 25,
5239:August 20,
5216:August 20,
5191:August 22,
4978:August 19,
4652:October 6,
4285:August 19,
3933:August 14,
3681:(8): 725.
3398:August 25,
3322:The Herald
3149:BioScience
2928:August 24,
2697:"Yanomami"
2438:References
2355:Portuguese
2324:Technology
2192:ecotourism
2171:World Bank
2073:(SAR) and
2035:atmosphere
2015:See also:
1970:it absorbs
1846:Ecuadorian
1748:caused by
1744:of future
1698:See also:
1619:2019 fires
1402:See also:
1109:lipophilic
1049:Amphibians
889:See also:
857:phosphorus
828:vegetation
794:Purus Arch
786:mid-Eocene
550:wilderness
380:See also:
330:World Bank
307:biodiverse
257:with 13%,
240:rainforest
53:Portuguese
9294:Antarctic
9078:Irish Sea
9068:Black Sea
9027:Australia
8976:Caribbean
8953:continent
8927:Patagonia
8857:Polynesia
8835:Melanesia
8828:Zealandia
8806:Australia
8687:Southwest
8607:Caribbean
8384:Near East
8025:submerged
8020:Zealandia
8015:Australia
7905:Old World
7900:New World
7363:March 19,
7113:August 8,
7019:247255222
7011:1758-6798
6913:2375-2548
6721:1059-1028
6633:128603494
6555:. Reuters
6465:235906356
6449:0028-0836
6399:April 19,
6241:2375-2548
6187:222080850
6091:CC BY 4.0
6080:2624-893X
5969:April 28,
5822:253666282
5814:1748-9326
5259:France 24
4832:CiteSeerX
4784:2375-2548
4514:237388791
4498:1476-4687
4189:Oecologia
4013:March 29,
3691:CiteSeerX
3416:. Wiley.
3091:Antiquity
2969:0962-8452
2881:0362-4331
2757:129231783
2412:Many are
1951:Argentina
1837:efforts.
1808:A map of
1583:manganese
1353:Pipa pipa
1339:, Ecuador
1208:Heliconia
1029:Epiphytes
804:. As the
759:Oligocene
747:dinosaurs
681:Geography
655:in 1961.
607:Munduruku
534:geoglyphs
527:City of Z
453:Based on
366:Herodotus
356:from the
340:The name
336:Etymology
309:tract of
283:Venezuela
155:Venezuela
108:Geography
8821:Tasmania
8769:Hispanic
8627:Northern
8574:Germanic
8552:Atlantic
8494:Southern
8455:Northern
8421:Caucasus
8357:Dead Sea
8328:Caucasus
8296:Southern
8289:Maritime
8284:Mainland
8257:Northern
8238:Far East
8197:Aral Sea
8120:Southern
8064:Northern
7701:Archived
7651:Archived
7631:(2): 9.
7516:(1976).
7507:18524060
7383:Archived
7336:Archived
7310:Phys.org
7284:Archived
7280:Sky News
7254:Archived
7224:Archived
7194:Archived
7170:June 20,
7164:Archived
7144:July 28,
7138:Archived
7107:Archived
7081:Archived
7058:Archived
7035:Archived
6954:Archived
6950:phys.org
6931:29492460
6857:Archived
6832:Archived
6809:Archived
6791:July 25,
6694:31023189
6579:Phys.org
6526:Mongabay
6500:Archived
6475:July 15,
6469:Archived
6457:34262208
6393:Archived
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