943:(EIA) provided a clear picture of this mechanism in their report The Laundering Machine. According to them, the biggest flaw in the Peruvian system for years has been the granting of logging permits: 'Concessionaires submit for approval lists that do not exist in the real world, and complicit authorities approve the extraction of this non-existent wood'. These permits allow companies to transport almost all sorts of wood (both legal and illegal) out of the country. There are only two ways to stop illegal loggers: catching them in the act, or, in case of controlling a shipment, environmental prosecutors have to prove that the timber does not come from the place written on the permit (which is only possible by going to this place). With not more than a hundred environmental prosecutors in Peru, it is not surprising that both methods are far from effective.
911:. In 1992 the National Institute of Natural Resources (INRENA) was founded to guarantee a more sustainable use of national resources. Yet, this institution has never been able to carry out its task due to several reasons. First of all, INRENA lacked sufficient resources compared with the magnitude of their responsibilities. Next to this, corruption was a problem in several layers of the organisation. Moreover, until recently, INRENA was part of the Ministry of Agriculture. This suggests that INRENA was not completely independent; it was housed in an institution that had to safeguard the interest of the agricultural sector, which could be conflicting with INRENA's objective.
963:(USTR) the FTA included a number of binding commitments to ensure environmental protection, focussing on the Peruvian forestry sector. Both parties agreed, amongst others, on the following measures: establishing an independent forestry oversight body, penalising those who committed logging crimes, creating new (and a better implementation of existing) laws, developing an anti-corruption plan and the US would provide monetary help. Yet the results are ambiguous. On the one hand proponents claim that the forestry sector experienced significant improvements. Some (small) improvements are indeed visible. With the formation of the
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migration. The World
Wildlife Federation concluded that the government has very little power over these oil sanctions, and there are countless loopholes in the policy, which makes stopping them in Peru extraction extremely difficult. Additionally, only seven percent of the oil blocs in the Western Amazon have been extracted, so there is potential for further illegal exploration in undiscovered areas.
895:. This has already been demonstrated on 1 September 2014, when four indigenous leaders were murdered, including the famous environmental activist Edwin Chota. These leaders were asking for governmental protection against illegal loggers, after being threatened several times. Partly due to this, illegal loggers are being blamed for the assassination.
297:. It has very warm weather with an average temperature of 28 °C, high relative humidity (over 75%) and yearly rainfall of approximately 260 cm (100 in). Its soils are very heterogeneous, but almost all have river origins. Because of high temperatures and high rainfall, they are poor soils with few nutrients.
923:(one of the most valuable and endangered types of wood in the world) from 2001 on. This Brazilian ban is likely to have caused the increase in Peruvian mahogany exports. Soon after the ban, international institutions revealed their severe concerns about the state of the Peruvian timber industry. In particular the
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Western Amazon, and today that number has grown exponentially to over 730,000 square kilometers Direct destruction and deforestation often comes from the creation of access roads for oil and gas extraction. These roads then become catalysts for other illegal industries such as logging and gold mining
1007:
is being imported into the country than ever before for mining purposes because of the price increase. In mining, mercury is used to "amalgamate gold particles and then burned off – generally without even rudimentary technology". The import of mercury for this purpose is shown through atmosphere and
1027:
on Lot 88 impacts the daily lives of indigenous residents. Project
Camisea has numerous economic benefits, including savings of up to $ 4 billion in energy costs, however the environmental and cultural payoffs are widespread. In 2008, 150,000 square kilometers was set aside for oil drilling in the
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each year because of the exponential price hike in this commodity – a 360% surge in the last ten years. This price surge is driving many people who often are not able to attain jobs into the gold mining business because of the great financial gain. With the
Interoceanic Highway available, "30,000
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Notwithstanding who was right, the FTA has not prevented illegal timber trade between Peru and the US. At least 35% of the
Peruvian timber exports to the US between 2008 and 2010, contained illegal wood. This percentage however, only covers the trade in species that are regulated by the CITES. As
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The plot of land where
Camisea is located is on one of the most highly prioritized areas for biodiversity and conservation. In addition, these oil extraction projects impact the country through: fish stock decline, deforestation, pollution, disease and death of indigenous people, and roads and
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Although it is understandable that illegal logging cannot be stopped easily in the
Peruvian Amazons (an inaccessible area bigger than Spain), the illegal exportation of timber is supposed to be more difficult; the shipments are huge and there are very few routes from the Amazons to the coast.
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Within the Amazon rainforest there are several other types of forest but they all have one characteristic in common: abundant rains. Over the course of a year, a portion of tropical forest will receive between 1,500 and 3,000 mm of rain. This creates the typical tropical atmosphere of a
407:, between 1,000 and 3,800 m above the sea level. The eastern slopes of the Andes are home to a great variety of fauna and flora because of the different altitudes and climates within the region. Temperatures are warm in the lowlands and cooler in higher altitudes. There are many
927:(CITES), started paying extra attention to Peru as the trade in mahogany falls under CITES’ regulation. Albeit the fact that from then on, one needed special permits for harvesting and exporting any endangered species, the forestry sector was still far from sustainable.
1012:, directly impacting human, animal, and plant lives in the area and beyond Much of this contamination is a result of lack of education by the people directly mining the gold in Peru. The harmful impacts of gold mining in Madre De Dios can be seen from space.
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On the other hand, the FTA caused a lot of social unrest as indigenous groups expected the FTA to 'give incentives for further and irreversible destruction of virgin rainforest'. Local communities were not the only ones who criticised the agreement. In 2010
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Nevertheless, until now it has been relatively easy for companies to ship and export illegal timber. Despite the fact that the
Peruvian government claims that it does not know anything about the method used by these companies, it is common-knowledge.
851:. Several Spanish military expeditions tried to suppress the rebellion but failed or were defeated. The rebellion destroyed the missionary enterprise and left the Gran Pajonal in Asháninka control for 150 years although they suffered from periodic
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In 2000 Peru modified the
Forestry and Wildlife Law in order to improve the logging sector. In the subsequent years however, the situation in the Peruvian timber industry only deteriorated. To some extent this can be explained by the fact that
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Swenson, Jennifer J. et al. "Gold Mining in the
Peruvian Amazon: Global Prices, Deforestation, and Mercury Imports." Ed. Guy J-P. Schumann. PLoS ONE 6.4 (2011): e18875. PMC. Web. 17 Feb. 2015.
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Swenson, Jennifer J. et al. “Gold Mining in the
Peruvian Amazon: Global Prices, Deforestation, and Mercury Imports.” Ed. Guy J-P. Schumann. PLoS ONE 6.4 (2011): e18875. PMC. Web. 17 Feb. 2015.
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In an attempt to support local incomes in the Amazon, the Peruvian government granted non-transferable contracts to some farmers to perform small-scale logging activities. Soon however, big
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Public Citizen (2010). A Year after Implementation of Peru Free Trade Agreement, U.S. and Peru Left with Broken Promises and No New Trade Model. Washington, DC: McArthur, T. & Tucker T.
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Most Peruvian territory is covered by dense forests on the east side of the Andes, yet only 5% of Peruvians live in this area. More than 60% of Peruvian territory is covered by the
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published an article, which stated that, despite all promises, 'environmental and labour conditions in Peru have deteriorated rapidly since the congressional passage of the FTA'.
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is a critical threat to the health of Peruvian Amazonia. While the land is potentially oil-rich, there are also many indigenous peoples living within the Amazon rainforest. The
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184:. This region comprises 60% of the country and is marked by a large degree of biodiversity. Peru has the second-largest portion of the Amazon rainforest after the
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only very few types of timber fall under this legislation, the real percentage of illegally harvested timber in Peru is assumed to be significantly higher.
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criteria or basin criteria: 96,922.47 km (37,421.97 sq mi) (75.31% of Peruvian territory and approximately 16.13% of the whole Amazon basin).
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Smith, J., Colan, V., Sabogal, C., & Snook, L. (2006). Why policy reforms fail to improve logging practices: The role of governance and norms in Peru.
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Smith, J., Colan, V., Sabogal, C., & Snook, L. (2006). Why policy reforms fail to improve logging practices: The role of governance and norms in Peru.
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Although it is the largest region of Peru, the Peruvian Amazon is the least populated. It is home to approximately 5% of the country's population. Many
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967:(OSINFOR), the first promise was met. Next to this, US officials started training Peruvian law enforcement officers, although only on a minor scale.
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1507:"The Amazon's Oil Boom: Concessions Cover a Chile-sized Bloc of Rainforest." Mongabay. N.p., 3 Feb. 2015. Web. 16 Mar. 2015.
1480:"The Amazon's Oil Boom: Concessions Cover a Chile-sized Bloc of Rainforest." Mongabay. N.p., 3 Feb. 2015. Web. 16 Mar. 2015.
1471:"The Amazon's Oil Boom: Concessions Cover a Chile-sized Bloc of Rainforest." Mongabay. N.p., 3 Feb. 2015. Web. 16 Mar. 2015.
439:; 44% of bird species and 63% of mammal species inhabit the Peruvian Amazon. Peru also has a very high number of species of
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Ecological criteria: 782,880.55 km (60.91% of Peruvian territory and approximately 11.05% of the entire Amazon jungle).
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was elaborated by Edwin JesĂşs Villacorta MonzĂłn, with data obtained among many sources from years 1997, 2001 and 2006.
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Naughton-Treves, L. Deforestation and carbon emissions at tropical frontiers: a case study from the Peruvian Amazon.
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of European diseases and in the late 19th century from slave raids by businesses engaged in the gathering of
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Peru’s mahogany exports threaten survival of indigenous tribes and violate international environmental laws
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started paying individual loggers for the use of their contracts and established an illegal, large-scale
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SiamazonĂa - Sistema de InformaciĂłn de la Diversidad BiolĂłgica y Ambiental de la AmazonĂa Peruana
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UNITED STATES – PERU TRADE PROMOTION AGREEMENT: STRENGTHENING FOREST SECTOR GOVERNANCE IN PERU
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UNITED STATES – PERU TRADE PROMOTION AGREEMENT: STRENGTHENING FOREST SECTOR GOVERNANCE IN PERU
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estimated that 80% of Peru's timber exports are illegally harvested. This uncontrolled
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1498:"Oil and Gas Extraction in the Amazon: Camisea." WWF -. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2015.
1489:"Oil and Gas Extraction in the Amazon: Camisea." WWF -. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2015.
1462:"Oil and Gas Extraction in the Amazon: Camisea." WWF -. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2015.
1453:"Oil and Gas Extraction in the Amazon: Camisea." WWF -. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2015.
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1435:"Overview." Amazon Conservation Association, About,. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2015.
1417:"Overview." Amazon Conservation Association, About,. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2015.
1408:"Overview." Amazon Conservation Association, About,. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2015.
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of Peru, and is extremely harmful to the environment. Individuals are mining more
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Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
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The international attention levels increased again in 2007, when Peru and the
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FundaciĂłn Para el Desarrollo de la Selva-Universidad Nacional de San MartĂn
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Peruvian Tourism Board with information about Iquitos and Loreto (English).
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Matalon, L. (2014). Building a Template for Sustainable Forestry. Revista:
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Las ocho regiones naturales del PerĂş, BoletĂn del Museo de historia natural
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The Peruvian Amazon is traditionally divided into two distinct ecoregions:
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Edit. Universo S.A., Lima 1979. First Edition (his dissertation of 1940):
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fauna because of the isolation caused by the rugged terrain of the area.
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could negatively affect the habitats of indigenous tribes, the Peruvian
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207:, IIAP), the spatial delineation of the Peruvian Amazon is as follows:
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rainforest, with an average temperature of around 24 °C or more.
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AsociacĂon InterĂ©tnica de Desarrollo de la Selva Peruanana (2007).
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has become a serious problem in the Peruvian Amazon. In 2012 the
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miners are estimated to be in operation without legal permits."
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Improving Criminal Justice Efforts to Combat Illegal Logging
1161:"Atahualpa (Juan Santos) (1710?–c. 1756) | Encyclopedia.com"
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Urarina Society, Cosmology, and History in Peruvian Amazonia
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According to the Research Institute of the Peruvian Amazon (
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Illegal loggers blamed for murder of Peru forest campaigner
1102:, „Javier Prado", n° especial, Lima, 1941, 17, pp. 145-161.
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The primary cities located in the Peruvian Amazon include:
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403:. This ecoregion extends into the eastern foothills of the
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IIAP - Instituto de Investigaciones de la AmazonĂa Peruana
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GeografĂa del PerĂş; Las Ocho Regiones Naturales del PerĂş.
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The jungle contains long and powerful rivers such as the
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and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as
959:(FTA), which was implemented in 2009. According to the
1113:"Oh no! The page you are looking for has gone extinct"
843:, but the missions were destroyed in the 1740s by the
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species in the world and the third-largest number of
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Instituto de Investigaciones de la AmazonĂa Peruana
1562:(Peruvian Amazon Bio-Diversity Information System)
1555:Peru Cultural Society - The Peruvian Amazon Jungle
965:Supervisory Body of Forest and Wildlife Resources
1596:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
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690:Amazon River floating village neighborhood in
431:. As a nation, Peru has the largest number of
423:The Peruvian Amazon jungle is one of the most
374:Tamshiyacu Tahuayo Regional Conservation Area
38:, which are uninformative and vulnerable to
1395:Environmental Investigation Agency (2012).
1341:United States Trade Representative (2013).
1324:United States Trade Representative (2013).
1311:Environmental Investigation Agency (2012).
1285:Environmental Investigation Agency (2012).
1246:Environmental Investigation Agency (2012).
1220:Environmental Investigation Agency (2012).
1207:Environmental Investigation Agency (2012).
1143:, Gainesville: University Press of Florida
53:and maintains a consistent citation style.
947:The American-Peruvian Free Trade Agreement
747:, with 380,000 inhabitants at 154 m (
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221:
95:Learn how and when to remove this message
777:with 181,000 inhabitants at 350 m (
767:with 104,000 inhabitants at 139 m (
757:with 140,000 inhabitants at 182 m (
737:with 500,000 inhabitants at 104 m (
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364:is the source of the Amazon River. The
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1177:World Bank (2012) Justice for Forests.
797:with 77,000 inhabitants at 860 m (
787:with 86,743 inhabitants at 729 m (
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1546:Iquitos tourist information (English).
1532:Seasons in the Amazon and river levels
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817:with 60,000 inh. at 848 m (at
370:Allpahuayo-Mishana National Reserve
132:), informally known locally as the
45:Please consider converting them to
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1359:http://www.osinfor.gob.pe/osinfor/
961:United States Trade Representative
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1566:WWF in the Amazon rainforest
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472:In the Peruvian Amazon
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1190:Collins, D. (2014).
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425:biologically diverse
245:Peruvian researcher
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1313:La Máquina Lavadora
1287:La Máquina Lavadora
1248:La Máquina Lavadora
1222:La Máquina Lavadora
1209:La Máquina Lavadora
1025:Camisea Gas Project
983:Illegal gold mining
278:) is also known as
1606:Ecoregions of Peru
1537:2 May 2023 at the
1050:Environment portal
887:and contribute to
861:Amazon rubber boom
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1616:Geography of Peru
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1149:978-0-8130-3378-5
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30:
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1626:Upper Amazon
1591:Amazon basin
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841:Gran Pajonal
837:missionaries
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637:(river fish)
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556:Pteridophyta
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256:next to the
215:Hydrographic
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71:Citation bot
33:
989:gold mining
859:during the
609:Lepidoptera
603:Butterflies
441:butterflies
250: [
85:August 2022
1575:Categories
1126:This table
1083:References
877:World Bank
834:Franciscan
819:San MartĂn
799:San MartĂn
779:San MartĂn
755:Yurimaguas
682:Demography
484:Amphibians
386:Selva Alta
276:Selva Baja
146:the jungle
144:) or just
51:verifiable
853:epidemics
845:Asháninka
795:Moyobamba
789:Cajamarca
427:areas on
391:Rupa-Rupa
192:Extension
36:bare URLs
1535:Archived
1036:See also
987:Illegal
921:mahogany
809:Amazonas
775:Tarapoto
745:Pucallpa
720:and the
714:Aguaruna
703:Pucallpa
659:Reptiles
532:250,000
469:In Peru
372:and the
330:Putumayo
322:Huallaga
314:Urubamba
302:Apurimac
174:Colombia
154:la selva
40:link rot
1250:, p. 20
1224:, p. 20
1005:mercury
828:History
821:region)
811:region)
801:region)
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771:region)
761:region)
751:region)
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741:region)
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722:Urarina
692:Iquitos
616:16,000
581:Mammals
563:10,000
535:17,144
445:orchids
437:mammals
409:endemic
342:Pastaza
326:Marañón
318:Ucayali
306:Mantaro
182:Bolivia
170:Ecuador
150:Spanish
138:Spanish
126:Spanish
1399:, p. 3
1315:, p. 4
1289:, p. 6
1211:, p. 8
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917:Brazil
893:crimes
857:rubber
759:Loreto
739:Loreto
663:7,855
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283:region
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180:, and
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