1434:
1385:
2076:
3060:). The parenthetical words indicate that the likelihood of their pronunciation occurs overwhelmingly in a particular region (well over 50% likelihood) but does not meet the >86% threshold set by Hedges (2017) for what necessarily defines one of the six regional accents. Blank boxes in the chart indicate regions where neither pronunciation variant particularly dominates over the other; in some of these instances, the data simply may be inconclusive or unclear.
1108:
4147:
5002:
2945:) to generate six clusters, each with American English features that naturally occurred together and each expected to match up with one of these six broad U.S. accent regions: the North, the South, the West, New England, the Midland, and the Mid-Atlantic (including New York City). The results showed that the accent regions/clusters were largely consistent with those outlined in the
4796:
462:), use one well-supported way to hierarchically classify North American English accents at the level of broad geographic regions, sub-regions, etc. The North American regional accent represented by each branch, in addition to each of its own features, also contains all the features of the branch it extends from.
5373:
is an area where, today, most speakers have clearly conformed to a
Midland regional accent, rather than any Southern accent. Charleston was once home to its own very locally-unique accent that encompassed elements of older British English while resisting Southern regional accent trends, perhaps with
4728:
does not include the North
Central region as part of the North proper, it shares all of the features listed above as properties of the North as a whole. The North Central is a linguistically conservative region; it participates in few of the major ongoing sound changes of North American English. Its
4033:
in the North around the Great Lakes and southern New
England, although the merger is in progress in the North-bordering Midland and is completed in northern New England, including as far down the Atlantic coast as Boston. The western portions of the North may also show a transitioning or completing
5144:
sounds are pronounced, historically found only in the
Midland, Appalachia, and some other Southeastern regions, has now become dominant throughout almost the entire Southeastern super-region, as in most American English, and even more so among younger and female white Southerners; major exceptions
4673:
of the rest of the nation. Southwestern New
England merely forms a "less strong" extension of the Inland North dialect region, and it centers on Connecticut and western Massachusetts. It shows the same general phonological system as the Inland North, including variable elements of Northern Cities
5846:
and the "Texas South," which only covers the north-central region of Texas (Dallas), Odessa, and
Lubbock, but not Abilene, El Paso, or southern Texas (which have accents more like the Midland region). One Texan distinction from the rest of the South is that all Texan accents have been reported as
4799:
Blue represents major cities of the
Southern accent; darker blue represents cities with the strongest features of this accent. Purple represents definitively non-Southern accents (mostly Midland accents), which together with the Southern accent fall under a "Southeastern super-region" (defined in
4333:
New
England does not form a single unified dialect region, but rather houses as few as four native varieties of English, with some linguists identifying even more. Only Southwestern New England (Connecticut and western Massachusetts) neatly fits under the aforementioned definition of "the North".
5666:
for more information) and between older and younger generations. Southern
American English as Americans popularly imagine began to take its current shape only after the beginning of the twentieth century. Some generalizations include: the conditional merger of and before nasal consonants, the
198:
Rhoticity in central and western North
America is a feature shared today with the English of Ireland, for example, rather than most of the English of England, which has become non-rhotic since the late 1700s. The sound of Western U.S. English, overall, is much more homogeneous than Eastern U.S.
5389:
language, Gullah African Americans. The most distinguishing feature of this now-dying accent is the way speakers pronounce the name of the city, to which a standard listener would hear "Chahlston", with a silent "r". Unlike Southern regional accents, Charlestonian speakers have never exhibited
5176:
is what twentieth-century linguists identified as the "Midland" dialect region, though this dialect's same features are now reported in certain other pockets of the country too (for example, some major cities in Texas, all in Central and South Florida, and particular cities that are otherwise
3515:
is the largest one in North America and also the one with the fewest distinctive phonological features. This can be attributed to the fact that the West is the region most recently settled by English speakers, and so there has not been sufficient time for the region either to develop highly
4996:
is becoming increasingly common throughout the United States, thus affecting Southeastern (even some Southern) dialects, towards a merged vowel . In the South, this merger, or a transition towards this merger, is especially documented in central, northern, and (particularly) western
4661:
of Boston or Maine English, and yet none of the other marked features of Eastern New England, nor much evidence of the NCS, which is more robustly documented, though still variable, in Southwestern New England. Rhoticity predominates in all of Western New England, as does the
4810:
identifies a "Southeastern super-region", in which all accents of the Southern States, as well as accents all along their regional margins, constitute a vast area of recent linguistic unity in certain respects: namely, the movement of four vowel sounds (those in the words
3593:
All of Canada, except the Atlantic Provinces and French-speaking Québec, speaks Standard Canadian English: the relatively uniform variety of North American English native to inland and western Canada. The vowel is raised and diphthongized to or and as all before
6329:
The only notable exceptions of the South being a subset of the "Southeastern super-region" are two Southern metropolitan areas, described as such because they participate in Stage 1 of the Southern Vowel Shift, but lack the other defining Southeastern features:
6010:
once had a local accent that is now "giving way to regional patterns" of the Midland. According to the ANAE, there is much transition in Savannah, and the following features are reported as inconsistent or highly variable in the city: the Southern phenomenon of
5939:
of "toity-toid street" (33rd Street) used to be a common New Orleans feature as well, though it has mostly receded today. One of the most detailed phonetic depictions of an extreme "yat" accent of the early 20th century is found in the speech of the character
5980:, according to the ANAE's research, is not quite a member of the Midland dialect region. Rather, its features seem to be a blend of the Western and Midland dialects. The overview of ANAE's studied features for Oklahoma City speakers include a conservative
5136:) was historically widespread in the South, particularly in former plantation areas. This phenomenon, non-rhoticity, was considered prestigious across the nation before World War II, after which the social perception reversed. Rhoticity (sometimes called
5237:
accent than any other region) and the "South Midland" is considered merely as the upper portion of "the South"; this ANAE reevaluation is primarily on the basis of phonology. The Midland is characterized by having a distinctly fronter realization of the
1304:," the notional accent ascribed to American English speakers who have receded away from the marked sounds of their region. Furthermore, this map does not account for speakers of ethnic, cultural, or other not-strictly-regional varieties (such as
5177:
Southern). In older and traditional dialectological research, focused on lexicology (vocabulary) rather than phonology (accent), the Midland was divided into two discrete geographical subdivisions: the "North Midland" that begins north of the
5859:
merger; the "Inland South" accent of Appalachia, however, firmly resists the merger. Pronunciations of the Southern dialect in Texas may also show notable influence derived from an early Spanish-speaking population or from German immigrants.
3720:
The English of the Pacific Northwest, a region extending from British Columbia south into the Northwestern United States (particularly Washington and Oregon), is closely linguistically related to that of Inland Canada and that of California.
5507:. While Labov et al. state that the dialect could potentially be included in the Midland super-region, the dialect is not included in Midland proper as a result of distinct phonological features defining the dialect. The Mid-Atlantic
1435:
1386:
7421:
4246:, whose accent today is non-Inland Northern and even Midland-like. The NCS itself is not uniform throughout the Inland North; it is most advanced in Western New York and Michigan, and less developed elsewhere. The NCS is a
3467:; rather, accents with a variety of features can all be perceived by Americans as "General American" so long as they lack certain sociolinguistically salient features: namely, that is, lacking regional features (such as
4546:; it shares Eastern New England's traditional non-rhoticity (or "R Dropping"). A key linguistic difference between Rhode Island and the rest of the Eastern New England, however, is that Rhode Island is subject to the
4830:
Essentially all of the modern-day Southern dialects, plus dialects marginal to the South (some even in geographically and culturally "Northern" states), are thus considered a subset of this super-region: the whole
4132:). Maintaining these two features, but also developing several new ones, a younger accent of the North is now predominating at its center, around the Great Lakes and away from the Atlantic coast: the Inland North.
352:. Northern U.S. English, however, tends to keep all these vowels more backed. Southern and some Midland U.S. accents are often most quickly recognized by the weakening or deleting of the "glide" sound of the
4542:, dialectally identified as "Southeastern New England", is sometimes grouped with the Eastern New England dialect region, both by the dialectologists of the mid–20th century and in certain situations by the
3417:★ Hedges (2017) acknowledges that the two pronunciations marked by this star are discrepancies of her latent class analysis, since they conflict with Vaux (2004)'s surveys. Conversely, the surveys show that
281:, all strongly resist this merger, keeping the two sounds separate and thus maintaining an extra distinct vowel sound. The rest of the U.S. largely shows a transitional state of the merger, particularly the
3766:
California, the most populated U.S. state, has been documented as having some notable new subsets of Western U.S. English. Some youthful urban Californians possess a vowel shift partly identical to the
176:
spread throughout the entire Southern United States since the late 1800s and into the early 1900s. In-between the two aforementioned rivers, some other variations exist, most famous among them being
3451:
General American is an umbrella accent of American English perceived by many Americans to be "neutral" and free of regional characteristics. A General American accent is not a specific well-defined
5842:
The ANAE identifies two important, especially advanced subsets of the South in terms of their leading the Southern Vowel Shift (detailed above): the "Inland South" located in the southern half of
6065:), going from Chicago southwest to St. Louis. This corridor of speakers cuts right through the center of what is otherwise the firmly-documented Midland region. Older St. Louisans demonstrate a
202:
Certain particular vowel sounds are the best defining characteristics of regional North American English including any given speaker's presence, absence, or transitional state of the so-called
5868:
The following Southeastern super-regional locations fit cleanly into none of the aforementioned subsets of the Southeast, and may even be marginal-at-best members of the super-region itself:
3748:
is more restricted to Canadian part. The Canadian shift was observed in Vancouver independently of the shift further east, and has now spread throughout the region. In Oregon, a split in
6899:
Labov et al. 2006; Charles Boberg, "The Canadian Shift in Montreal"; Robert Hagiwara. "Vowel production in Winnipeg"; Rebecca V. Roeder and Lidia Jarmasz. "The Canadian Shift in Toronto."
4410:
merger, which is not associated with rest of "the North". Most famously, Northern New England accents (with the exception of Northwestern New England, much of southern New Hampshire, and
199:
English. The interior and western half of the country was settled by people who were no longer closely connected to England, living farther from the British-influenced Atlantic Coast.
4150:
This map shows the approximate extent of the Northern Cities Vowel Shift, and thus the approximate area where the Inland North dialect predominates. Note that the region surrounding
5916:
has been locally nicknamed "Yat" since at least the 1980s, from a traditional greeting "Where y'at" ("Where are you at?", meaning "How are you?"). The Yat/NYC parallels include the
5706:; it also includes some of North Florida, namely around Jacksonville. It most noticeably has the loss of the diphthong , which becomes . It also shows fronting of initial vowel of
4694:
merger is approximated in western Massachusetts but usually still resisted in Connecticut. The "tail" of Connecticut may have some character diffused from New York City English.
191:, where non-rhoticity is one of several features in common with British English, and despite the decline of the quasi-British "Van-Isle" accent once spoken throughout southern
5636:
According to linguist Barbara Johnstone, migration patterns and geography affected the Philadelphia dialect's development, which was especially influenced by immigrants from
6133:
shows an especially advanced subset of Western Pennsylvania English, additionally characterized by a sound change that is unique in North America: the monophthongization of
7327:
5340:
has been characterized by a massive movement of non-Southerners into the area during the 1990s, leading the city to becoming hugely mixed in terms of dialect. Currently,
5499:(South Jersey, southeastern Pennsylvania, northern Delaware, and eastern Maryland) are typically classified together, their speakers most popularly labelled as having a
5084:, respectively. The merger is towards the sound . This merger is now firmly completed throughout the Southern dialect region; however, it is not found in some vestigial
7275:
5013:
in Southern American English. In the purple areas, the merger is complete for most speakers. Note the exclusion of the New Orleans area, Southern Florida, and of the
3516:
distinctive innovations or to split into strongly distinct dialectological subregions. The main phonological features of the Western U.S. and Canada are a completed
3935:, while other greater New York area varieties falling under the same sweeping dialect are usually rhotic or variably rhotic. Metropolitan New York shows the back
187:
sounds), since the very first arrival of English-speaking settlers. An exception is the English spoken in the insular and culturally British-associated city of
99:, which is more homogeneous geographically. American English (especially Western dialects) and Canadian English have more in common with each other than with
4166:(NCS), which is now the region's main outstanding feature, though it has been observed to be reversing at least in some areas, in particular with regards to
6296:, with the vowel usually realized in the back or middle of the mouth as . Finally, most of the U.S. participates in a continuous nasal system of the "short
5662:
The Southern United States is often dialectally identified as "The South," as in ANAE. There is still great variation between sub-regions in the South (see
8781:
1975:
Eastern New England dialect, including Maine and Boston sub-types (with Rhode Island English an intermediate sub-type between ENE and NYC), is defined by:
5246:) than many other American accents, particularly those of the North; the phoneme is frequently realized with a central nucleus, approximating . Likewise,
8721:
6125:
is noticeably complete here, whereas it is still in progress in most of the Midland. The merger has also spread from Western Pennsylvania into adjacent
5318:
5149:
continues to be mostly non-rhotic as well as most of southern Louisiana, where non-rhotic accents still dominate. The sound quality of the Southeastern
4610:
in North America. Therefore, Rhode Island English aligns in some features more with Boston English and other features more with New York City English.
56:
4638:
and the Inland North. Dialectological research has revealed some phonological nuances separating a Northwestern and Southwestern New England accent.
7182:
5686:. The South Midland dialect (now considered the upper portion of the Southern U.S. dialect and often not distinguished phonologically) follows the
5181:
valley area and, south of that, the "South Midland" dialect area. The North Midland region stretches from east-to-west across central and southern
4002:. The New York accent is well attested in American movies and television shows, often exaggerated, particularly in movies and shows about American
4006:
from the area. Though it is sometimes known as a "Bronx" or "Brooklyn accent", no research has confirmed differences of accent between the city's
3970:
is back and often rounded , and not fronted as it famously is in Boston. New York City and its surrounding areas are also known for a complicated
183:
Outside of the Eastern seaboard, virtually all other North American English (both in the U.S. and Canada) has been firmly rhotic (pronouncing all
4445:, so that the two words do not rhyme as they do in most American accents. Many Eastern New England speakers also once had a class of words with "
1365:
The Western dialect, including Californian and New Mexican sub-types (with Pacific Northwest English also, arguably, a sub-type), is defined by:
5440:
counties, a unique dialect, commonly called the "Miami accent", is widely spoken. The dialect first developed among second- or third-generation
5726:, now mostly declined. In the Southern Vowel Shift of the early 1900s up to the present, moves to become a high front vowel, and to become a
5515:, similar to but not exactly the same as New York City English, is one major defining feature of the dialect region, as is a resistance to the
5416:
merger, and South Florida does not. Otherwise, Central and South Florida easily fit under the definition of the Midland dialect, including the
4755:, which takes place in the North Central region, famously features strong versions of this accent. Unlike most of the rest of the North, the
2952:
The defining particular pronunciations of particular words that have more than an 86% likelihood of occurring in a particular cluster are:
3632:, mainly found in Ontario, English-speaking Montreal, and further west, and led by Ontarians and women; it involves the front lax vowels
379:
One phenomenon apparently unique to North American U.S. accents is the irregular behavior of words that in the British English standard,
8816:
7789:
5782:
merger. The lowering movement of the Southern Vowel Shift is also accompanied by a raising and "drawling" movement of vowels. The term
4618:
Recognized by research since the 1940s is the linguistic boundary between Eastern and Western New England, the latter settled from the
6451:
6373:
100:
7717:
6088:
merger and middle-aged speakers show the most advanced stages of the NCS, while maintaining many of the other Midland features.
4018:
One vast super-dialectal area commonly identified by linguists is "the North", usually meaning New England, inland areas of the
4827:) towards the center or front of the mouth, all of which is notably different from the accents of the Northern United States.
8866:
8651:
7699:
7312:
7219:
7200:
7152:
7133:
6560:
6988:
8886:
7959:
7844:
7469:
7287:
6180:
6045:
is historically one among several (North) Midland cities, but it is largely considered by ANAE to classify under blends of
5912:
has been home to a type of accent with parallels to the New York City accent reported for over a century. This variety of
3474:, which usually identifies an American speaker as being from the East Coast or South), ethnic features (such as the "clear
71:(English of the United States and Canada)—what are commonly known simply as "regional accents". Though studies of regional
4914:
may even end in a very forward position—something like . However, this fronting does not occur in younger speakers before
2310:
The Atlantic Canadian ("Maritimer") dialect, including Cape Breton, Lunenburg, and Newfoundland sub-types, is defined by:
8937:
8367:
5146:
2163:
1305:
1292:
454:
5573:; all of these features are shared between Mid-Atlantic American and New York City English. Other features include that
8472:
6308:
to be pronounced with the tongue raised and with a glide quality (typically sounding like ) particularly when before a
324:. This fronting characterizes Midland, Mid-Atlantic, and Southern U.S. accents; these accents also front and raise the
6054:
1874:
The New York City dialect (with New Orleans English an intermediate sub-type between NYC and Southern) is defined by:
106:
The most recent work documenting and studying the phonology of North American English dialects as a whole is the 2006
7608:
7459:
7394:
5882:
is typically backed and rounded. Many other features of phonological (and lexical) note exist here too; for example,
5233:, in which the former "North Midland" is now simply called "the Midland" (and argued to have a "stronger claim" to a
4977:
is mainly preserved. In much of the South during the 1900s, there was a trend to lower the vowel found in words like
4158:
The Inland North is a dialect region once considered the home of "standard Midwestern" speech that was the basis for
168:
generally divides a group of Northeastern coastal dialects from an area of older Southeastern coastal dialects. All
8271:
4141:
8917:
8519:
8315:
7636:
7514:
6984:
5723:
5516:
5085:
4806:
2398:
1849:
1332:
605:
432:
169:
137:
108:
38:
17:
4334:
Otherwise, speakers, namely of Eastern New England, show very unusual other qualities. All of New England has a
8836:
8276:
7782:
7245:
4703:
3668:) are lowered in the direction of and and/or retracted; the exact trajectory of the shift is still disputed.
2656:
2219:
The Standard Canadian dialect, including its most advanced Inland Canadian sub-type and others, is defined by:
1409:
1172:
802:
5663:
8876:
8569:
8531:
5710:
to (often lengthened and prolonged) yielding ; nasalization of vowels, esp. diphthongs, before ; raising of
5469:
5453:
5441:
4415:
2527:
2121:
1783:
The Mid-Atlantic ("Delaware Valley") dialect, including Philadelphia and Baltimore sub-types, is defined by:
1778:
895:
124:
dating to the 1960s; earlier large-scale American dialectology focused more on lexicology than on phonology.
5541:(a raising and diphthongizing of the "caught" vowel), and a maintained distinction between historical short
3963:
vowel is traditionally kept distinct from either vowel, resulting in a three "lot-palm-father distinction".
195:, this makes it unique as the only distinguishable local dialect of Canadian English spoken west of Quebec.
8871:
8524:
8344:
8161:
7982:
6097:
2885:
2100:
1427:
1033:
222:
6928:
6305:
6267:
6259:
6158:
6154:
6146:
6134:
6111:
6107:
6036:
6016:
6012:
5985:
5981:
5899:
5879:
5848:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5806:. these develop a glide up from their original starting position to , and then in some cases back down to
5767:
5755:
5747:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5711:
5707:
5683:
5679:
5626:
5618:
5602:
5590:
5586:
5550:
5510:
5405:
5395:
5391:
5341:
5322:
5310:
5291:
5283:
5267:
5259:
5251:
5247:
5239:
5088:, and other geographically Southern U.S. varieties that have eluded the Southern Vowel Shift, such as the
4958:
4954:
4939:
4915:
4911:
4899:
4887:
4880:
4876:
4781:
4774:
4767:
4738:
4730:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4658:
4654:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4528:
4524:
4512:
4461:
4453:
4442:
4438:
4399:
4395:
4311:
4299:
4295:
4283:
4271:
4259:
4171:
4167:
4129:
4117:
4113:
4087:
4079:
4071:
4067:
4051:
4047:
4043:
3956:
3871:
3867:
3855:
3843:
3831:
3819:
3811:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3776:
3772:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3683:
3679:
3661:
3653:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3599:
3595:
3562:
3558:
3430:
3426:
3418:
3409:
3401:
3393:
3388:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3346:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3306:
3298:
3287:
3281:
3275:
3261:
3248:
3243:
3236:
3231:
3225:
3218:
3207:
3194:
3189:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3160:
3141:
3134:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3057:
3053:
3041:
3037:
3025:
3021:
3013:
3009:
2997:
2993:
2985:
2981:
2973:
2969:
2961:
2957:
2381:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2277:
2273:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2017:
2013:
1919:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1822:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1610:
1604:
1600:
1574:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1489:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1050:
1046:
998:
994:
990:
968:
964:
960:
952:
924:
900:
888:
868:
864:
860:
831:
823:
819:
815:
794:
790:
773:
769:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
690:
679:
675:
647:
643:
639:
601:
589:
585:
581:
559:
555:
551:
547:
539:
535:
531:
512:
508:
486:
482:
436:
416:
412:
404:
396:
384:
353:
325:
309:
293:
234:
230:
52:
48:
8247:
8237:
7835:
7802:
7798:
6050:
5026:
4709:
4418:. Some Northeastern New England accents are unique in North America for having resisted what is known as
4371:
4355:
4163:
2518:
1970:
1493:
1121:
1112:
727:
214:
161:
8922:
8831:
8546:
8404:
7815:
7031:
4871:. These are the minimal necessary features that identify a speaker from the Southeastern super-region:
3557:
than the accents of the whole rest of English-speaking Canada. English of this region broadly includes
855:
576:
188:
7767:
6942:
8932:
8927:
8811:
8337:
8295:
8266:
8198:
8166:
7775:
6215:
6170:
6077:
6058:
5657:
5014:
4570:. Indeed, Rhode Island shares with New York and Philadelphia an unusually high and back allophone of
4162:
in the mid-20th century. However, the Inland North dialect has been modified in the mid-1900s by the
4103:
3715:
3544:
2790:
2747:
2439:
2305:
2214:
2128:
2091:
2080:
1659:
1425:
1378:
1376:
1240:
1203:
947:
662:
526:
522:
503:
278:
173:
95:, which has several highly developed and distinct regional varieties, along with the closely related
6963:
5108:
merger has also spread beyond the South in recent decades and is now found in isolated parts of the
4294:, but without the two merging due to the previous step), then the backing and sometimes lowering of
91:(grammar-based), this article focuses only on the former two items. North American English includes
8536:
8490:
8389:
8362:
8327:
8222:
8093:
7688:
Van Riper, William (2014). "General American: An Ambiguity". In Harold Allen; Michael Linn (eds.).
7509:
6248:
5883:
5456:. It also incorporates a rhythm and pronunciation heavily influenced by Spanish (wherein rhythm is
5167:
5113:
4663:
4627:
4591:
4477:
4419:
3502:
2838:
2570:
2181:
2047:
1529:
1360:
1321:
1192:
1181:
919:
758:
634:
477:
282:
226:
7090:
4985:, often with an upglide, so that the most common result today is the gliding vowel . However, the
1414:
The North Central ("Upper Midwest") dialect, including an Upper Michigan sub-type, is defined by:
8748:
8581:
8399:
8374:
5966:
5022:
5018:
4501:
4007:
6850:
Hedges, Stephanie Nicole (2017). "A Latent Class Analysis of American English Dialects" (2017).
6358:
5851:
vowel, and the identified "Texas South" accent, specifically, is at a transitional stage of the
8663:
8641:
8445:
8142:
8111:
7989:
7758:
Stanford.edu: Penny Eckert Blog − "Vowel Shifts in Northern California and the Detroit Suburbs"
5895:
5437:
5130:
4843:, and a transitional Midland dialect area between the South and the North, comprising parts of
4207:
3456:
2937:(2006) and the phonological research through surveys of Vaux (2004), Hedges (2017) performed a
380:
68:
34:
8559:
1712:, or word-finally, and potentially elsewhere, the triggering event for the Southern Shift ( ←
8861:
8646:
8541:
8254:
8188:
7942:
7932:
7927:
7502:
7497:
6950:
6205:
6115:
5123:
5109:
4986:
4840:
4756:
4023:
3910:
3618:
3508:
2938:
2386:
2222:
2114:
1869:
1589:
The Western Pennsylvania dialect, including its advanced Pittsburgh sub-type, is defined by:
1130:
878:
698:
490:
420:
270:
203:
177:
8854:
148:, and certain Southern cities, all of these accents historically noted by their London-like
8283:
8176:
8116:
7994:
7967:
7884:
7036:
6459:
University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 22.2: Selected Papers from NWAV 44
6240:
6103:
5929:
5485:
5254:, approaching . Another feature distinguishing the Midland from the North is that the word
5119:
4927:
4411:
4346:
vowel most strongly raises before nasal consonants, as in much of the rest of the country.
4187:
3932:
3687:
3468:
2933:
Combining information from the phonetic research through interviews of Labov et al. in the
2177:
2168:
2146:
1988:
1954:
1912:
1893:
vowel is ; this severe distinction is the triggering event for the Back Vowel Shift before
1802:
vowel is ; this severe distinction is the triggering event for the Back Vowel Shift before
1616:
1317:
1316:, etc.). All regional American English dialects, unless specifically stated otherwise, are
1297:
1141:
1054:
1002:
732:
289:
266:
153:
7631:
5593:, so that, as in the South and Midland (and unlike New York and the North) it rhymes with
4370:
The local and historical dialect of the coastal portions of New England, sometimes called
3628:
to creates a hole in the short vowel sub-system and triggers a sound change known as the
8:
8881:
8711:
8703:
8601:
8564:
8450:
8435:
8310:
8300:
8227:
8066:
5920:
of the historic short-a class into tense and lax versions, as well as pronunciation of
5913:
5837:
5500:
5492:
5475:
4836:
4191:
4091:
4019:
2702:
2269:
2025:
1265:
1226:
79:(sound-based, focusing on major word-differentiating patterns and structures in speech),
4708:
The North Central or Upper Midwest dialect region of the United States extends from the
3652:
is retracted to (except before nasals, where it is raised and diphthongized to ), then
1667:
Variable rhoticity (parts of Louisiana are still non-rhotic, even among younger people )
156:), a feature gradually receding among younger generations, especially in the South. The
8771:
8738:
8673:
8656:
8511:
8332:
7879:
7869:
7723:
7653:
7560:
7531:
6190:
5971:
5961:
5668:
5613:
is fronted, so it is pronounced , as in the advanced accents of the Midland and South.
5357:
5278:
line". However, since the twentieth century, this area is currently undergoing a vowel
5046:
4619:
4315:
4243:
4239:
4183:
4151:
4094:
occurs is common in the North, and is becoming more common elsewhere in North America.
3883:
3761:
2414:
1634:
1599:
merger to , the triggering event for the Pittsburgh Chain Shift in the city itself ( ←
1219:
1161:
7422:
The American Language: An Inquiry into the Development of English in the United States
7328:"Where Yinz At; Why Pennsylvania is the most linguistically rich state in the country"
5754:
shift considerably forward to and , respectively; and, the open back unrounded vowel
140:, due to distinctive speech patterns of urban centers of the American East Coast like
8776:
8761:
8733:
8693:
8485:
8422:
8171:
7947:
7911:
7695:
7604:
7564:
7535:
7455:
7448:
7390:
6331:
5699:
5531:
5457:
5429:
5299:
5229:. The distinction between a "North" versus "South Midland" was discarded in the 2006
5226:
5209:
where it begins to blend into the West. The South Midland dialect region follows the
5097:
4860:
4751:
4643:
4235:
4195:
4055:
3517:
3479:
2192:
2139:
1274:
747:
262:
157:
8467:
7657:
2161:(each designated in all capital letters), as demarcated primarily by Labov et al.'s
1753:
is , the triggering event for the Back Upglide Shift in more advanced sub-types ( ←
1290:(each designated in all capital letters), as demarcated primarily by Labov et al.'s
8896:
8849:
8801:
8728:
8636:
8626:
8621:
8611:
8457:
8430:
8288:
8208:
8153:
8051:
8033:
8020:
7857:
7852:
7645:
7588:
7584:
7552:
7523:
6195:
6175:
6066:
5957:
5894:
merger and its monophthongs are diphthongized (up-gliding) before /ʃ/ and /tʃ/ and
5645:
5637:
5614:
5504:
5479:
5234:
5190:
4910:) both start considerably forward in the mouth, approximately and , respectively.
4864:
4635:
4623:
4391:
4159:
4083:
3955:
are distinct; in fact the New York dialect has perhaps the highest realizations of
3672:
3582:
3566:
3498:
3460:
3452:
3446:
2942:
2265:
2157:
2021:
1301:
1286:
736:
516:
473:
218:
192:
121:
96:
92:
75:
can be based on multiple characteristics, often including characteristics that are
6478:
6114:. The chief distinguishing feature of Western Pennsylvania as a whole is that the
5385:, and, due to Charleston's high concentration of African-Americans that spoke the
4382:(some of whose urban speakers are retreating from this local accent), and eastern
2176:
All regional Canadian English dialects, unless specifically stated otherwise, are
8766:
8668:
8606:
8576:
8384:
8259:
8080:
8056:
8028:
7999:
7972:
7937:
7824:
7689:
7667:
7331:
7001:
6978:
6335:
6309:
6288:
6210:
6200:
6157:
itself having moved out of the way and become a rounded vowel in its merger with
6039:(which is otherwise rarely if ever reported in either the South or the Midland).
5949:
5496:
5449:
5279:
5186:
4631:
3550:
2613:
1309:
7473:
2232:
to , the triggering event for the Canadian Shift in more advanced sub-types ( ←
288:
Another prominent differentiating feature in regional North American English is
8841:
8756:
8716:
8616:
8440:
8193:
8098:
8088:
8004:
7806:
5445:
5433:
4832:
4642:, sometimes dialectally identified as "Northwestern New England", has the full
4387:
4267:
4179:
3768:
3629:
3588:
3570:
2875:
2829:
2321:
2107:
120:, on which much of the description below is based, following on a tradition of
117:
7757:
7649:
7556:
7527:
7488:
7005:
6247:
sound in all historical environments, without ever "dropping" this sound. The
5157:", produced by strongly constricting the root and/or midsection of the tongue.
4773:
is raised before /g/. In addition, some speakers will show NCS features, like
3771:
in its backing or lowering of each front vowel one space in the mouth. Before
8911:
8891:
8806:
8462:
8379:
8320:
8232:
8183:
8061:
8043:
7618:
7596:
7572:
7416:
7382:
6126:
6062:
5903:
5831:
5425:
5382:
5034:
5017:
of South Carolina and Georgia. The purple area in California consists of the
4884:
4868:
4383:
4379:
4361:
4223:
3920:
1732:
1650:
1584:
1313:
1233:
1212:
1082:
742:
428:
165:
145:
136:
in North America are historically the most strongly differentiated along the
113:
5274:). For this reason, one of the names for the North-Midland boundary is the "
3752:
occurs where it fronts except before /l/ and nasals, similar to California.
8394:
8242:
8121:
7738:
7281:
6890:
Martinet, Andre 1955. Economie des changements phonetiques. Berne: Francke.
6855:
6374:"Bag, beg, bagel: Prevelar raising and merger in Pacific Northwest English"
6142:
6046:
5326:
5173:
4717:
4539:
4365:
4211:
4174:
fronting. The Inland North is centered on the area on the U.S. side of the
3815:
2482:
1462:
1258:
1152:
685:
424:
387:(where V stands for any vowel). Words of this class include, among others:
274:
5917:
5508:
4795:
4335:
395:. In General American there is a split: the majority of these words have
83:(sound-based, focusing on any more exact and specific details of speech),
6137:
to . This is the source of the stereotypical Pittsburgh pronunciation of
5945:
5791:
5345:
5093:
5089:
4746:
4247:
4175:
4108:
The traditional and linguistically conservative North (as defined by the
3924:
3916:
3894:
3483:
2431:
1728:
1446:
956:
928:
630:
7543:
Dailey-O'Cain, J. (1997). "Canadian raising in a midwestern U.S. city".
7403:
Shitara, Yuko (1993). "A survey of American pronunciation preferences".
4128:
merger (though possibly weakening in dialects reversing the fronting of
4058:(unlike the rest of the country). Indeed, in part of the North (much of
8305:
7797:
6452:"Reversal and re-organization of the Northern Cities Shift in Michigan"
6130:
6106:
is like the Midland proper in many features, including the fronting of
6057:" demonstrates this variability in speakers following a line formed by
5875:
5843:
5787:
5703:
5687:
5210:
5178:
5057:
4520:
3928:
3898:
3740:
is lowered, sometimes leading to three-way merger. Canadian raising of
3554:
1249:
827:
694:
543:
5774:. This particular shift probably does not occur for speakers with the
2075:
164:, today still centered on Boston and much of Eastern New England. The
7862:
6809:
Boberg, Charles (2004). Bernd Kortmann and Edgar W. Schneider (ed.).
6794:
Boberg, Charles (2004). Bernd Kortmann and Edgar W. Schneider (ed.).
6450:
Wagner, S. E.; Mason, A.; Nesbitt, M.; Pevan, E.; Savage, M. (2016).
6293:
6185:
5941:
5727:
5682:
becomes monophthongized to ; lax and tense vowels often merge before
5030:
4713:
4516:
4255:
4231:
4227:
4215:
4063:
4059:
3676:
80:
76:
6910:
4488:
is maintained in traditional non-rhotic New England accents as for
3959:
in North American English, even approaching or . Furthermore, the
1664:
The Southern dialects, including several sub-types, are defined by:
7889:
5953:
5952:. Such extreme accents still be found in parts of Mid-City and the
5695:
5691:
5641:
5378:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5202:
5198:
4856:
4852:
4844:
4199:
4003:
3459:(RP) has historically been the standard prestigious variant of the
1107:
932:
389:
origin, Florida, horrible, quarrel, warren, borrow, tomorrow, sorry
44:
4800:
this section). Red represents cities outside of that super-region.
172:, however, have mostly now receded in favor of a strongly rhotic,
8826:
8821:
8631:
7977:
7904:
7899:
7253:
7249:
5390:
inglide long mid vowels, such as those found in typical Southern
4953:
merger: The historical distinction between the two vowels sounds
4721:
4639:
4446:
4251:
4219:
4203:
3464:
133:
84:
72:
7470:"Brigham Young University Linguistics Department Research Teams"
6129:, historically in the South Midland dialect region. The city of
5217:, southern Indiana, and southern Illinois to southern Missouri,
3489:, which often identifies speakers of a lower-class background).
7894:
7874:
7429:
6927:
Esling, John H. and Henry J. Warkentyne (1993). "Retracting of
5722:, etc.; fully rhoticity, unlike classical coastal varieties of
5386:
5375:
5206:
4848:
4146:
3512:
141:
88:
5145:
are among Black or African American Southerners, whose modern
4598:) is also distinguished by having the backest realizations of
7763:
Voicesus.com: Directory of 129 North American English accents
6479:"Reversal of the Northern Cities Shift in Syracuse, New York"
5807:
5783:
4375:
972:
7762:
6980:
An investigation into the western dialect of Portland Oregon
3901:
either perceive or produce an approximation of this merger.
160:
is now regarded as the southern and western boundary of the
5309:. Many speakers show transitional forms of the merger. The
5213:
in a generally southwesterly direction, moving across from
5194:
5182:
4578:), even compared to other communities that do not have the
4013:
3573:(the vowel shift documented in Standard Canadian English).
1467:
The Inland Northern ("Great Lakes") dialect is defined by:
5172:
A band of the United States from Pennsylvania west to the
5001:
4766:
is prevalent in the North Central region. Like in Canada,
4070:
remains back in all environments. Where the Southeast has
3978:
into lax versus tense , so that words, for example, like
67:
is the study of variations in the pronunciation of spoken
7678:
7246:"Miami Accents: Why Locals Embrace That Heavy "L" Or Not"
3971:
2426:
2203:
1347:
27:
Pronunciation differences in the United States and Canada
7743:
American Voices: How Dialects Differ from Coast to Coast
6483:
University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics
5874:(North Carolina) islands are enclaves of a traditional "
5056:
in transition: The vowels and often merge when before
6449:
4298:, toward either or , then the backing and rounding of
3897:
and rural areas of the Central Valley, and speakers in
3671:
Increasing numbers of Canadians have a feature called "
7055:
7053:
6811:
A Handbook of Varieties of English Volume 1: Phonology
6796:
A Handbook of Varieties of English Volume 1: Phonology
6527:
6525:
6523:
6381:
University of Washington Working Papers in Linguistics
6141:
as "dahntahn". Pittsburgh also features an unusually
5766:, which in turn moves up towards the old location of
5690:
in a generally southwesterly direction, moves across
5577:
is sometimes pronounced , that is, with the vowel of
5448:, whose first language was English. Unlike the older
442:
7325:
4678:
that is somewhat higher and tenser than average, an
43:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
7575:(1963). "The social motivation of a sound change".
7050:
6520:
3842:), identically to the Canadian shift. In addition,
3822:is lowered towards (to someone without the shift,
3492:
1284:The map above shows the major regional dialects of
1045:merger, encouraging the Pittsburgh Chain Shift ( ←
411:). In Canada, all of these words are pronounced as
7666:
7447:
7311:harvp error: no target: CITEREFLabovAshBoberg262 (
6559:harvp error: no target: CITEREFLabovAshBoberg267 (
6498:
6496:
4511:is certainly on the rise in the region today. The
3990:have a different, higher, tenser vowel sound than
3478:" sound, which often identifies speakers as being
403:), but the last four words of the list above have
7542:
7349:
7347:
7072:
7070:
7068:
7032:"North Dakota: Where the accent is on friendship"
4634:colonies. Western New Englanders settled most of
4429:: in other words, the stressed vowel phonemes of
4374:, now only encompasses Northeastern New England:
4178:, most prominently including central and western
3744:exists throughout the region, but the raising of
8909:
7218:harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFThomas2006 (
7199:harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFThomas2006 (
7166:
7164:
7162:
7151:harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFThomas2006 (
7132:harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFThomas2006 (
4594:(the only Rhode Island community sampled by the
447:
57:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
7601:Principles of Linguistic Change: Social Factors
7389:, Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter, pp. 187–208,
6493:
5825:
5786:has been used to refer to the diphthongization/
4476:, similar to their pronunciation in London and
4120:, or both, as well as a firm resistance to the
7595:
7381:
7353:
7344:
7232:
7170:
7115:
7076:
7065:
7059:
7029:
7017:
6838:
6826:
6781:
6769:
6754:
6742:
6730:
6718:
6706:
6691:
6679:
6664:
6652:
6637:
6625:
6606:
6591:
6576:
6543:
6531:
6514:
6502:
6430:
6415:
6403:
5902:that is diphthongized (like the South) and no
5332:
5038:
3531:vowel (like the Northern U.S.), and a fronted
2928:
1492:is universally , the triggering event for the
7783:
7683:. George Mason University. 22 September 2004.
7489:"BYU "Utah English" Research Team's Homepage"
7402:
7307:
7159:
6555:
5738:relax and become less front; the back vowels
4790:
4266:being pronounced more like "kyat"), then the
2256:Especially in Inland Canadian, beginnings of
452:The findings and categorizations of the 2006
419:but analyzed differently). In the accents of
8141:
7669:How We Talk: American Regional English Today
7095:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
6476:
6426:
6424:
5033:. There is also debate as to whether or not
4022:, and the North-Central States. There is no
3507:The English dialect region encompassing the
2341:
435:, most or all of these words are pronounced
7737:
7430:"Mencken, H.L. 1921. The American Language"
7365:
7276:"'Miami Accent' Takes Speakers By Surprise"
7226:
6822:
6820:
6765:
6763:
6702:
6700:
6675:
6673:
6648:
6646:
6621:
6619:
6617:
6615:
6602:
6600:
6587:
6585:
6572:
6570:
4349:
4310:), then lastly the lowering and backing of
1300:. Any region may also contain speakers of "
1097:
8817:Comparison of American and British English
7790:
7776:
6472:
6470:
6468:
6399:
6397:
5730:unrounded vowel. In a parallel shift, the
2210:. The broadest regional dialects include:
2167:, as well as the related Telsur Project's
1296:, as well as the related Telsur Project's
7687:
6878:
6445:
6443:
6441:
6439:
6421:
1985:merger to (lacking only in Rhode Island)
65:North American English regional phonology
8510:
7632:"A case of surface constraint violation"
7629:
7625:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7508:
6856:https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6480
6817:
6760:
6697:
6670:
6643:
6612:
6597:
6582:
6567:
5408:glide deletion, Central Florida shows a
5000:
4794:
4480:. The distinction between the vowels of
4170:raising before non-nasal consonants and
4145:
4014:Northern and North-Central United States
3904:
3048:with either two or three syllables; and
7722:. Burlington Free Press. Archived from
7664:
7415:
7385:; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006),
6465:
6394:
6371:
6359:"Why Victoria's English is nearly gone"
6091:
5348:(as in the Southern U.S.); no complete
3882:) may be more fronted, i.e. and . The
14:
8910:
7454:(4 ed.). The Globe Pequot Press.
7445:
7213:
7194:
7146:
7127:
6808:
6793:
6436:
6015:being monophthongized, non-rhoticity,
5964:, just east of New Orleans. The novel
5463:
4613:
4460:in words that in most accents contain
3690:. Thus for Canadians, word pairs like
3482:), or socioeconomic features (such as
7771:
7715:
7617:
7571:
6866:
6076:, so that "I-44" is pronounced like "
5928:as and . The stereotypical New York
5863:
5565:have a different stressed vowel than
5374:additional linguistic influence from
4390:). The accents spoken here share the
4116:being often raised or fronted before
3806:is pronounced with the same vowel as
3433:are in fact both common variants for
2320:merger to , but with no trace of the
959:, encouraging the Southern Shift ( ←
8887:Non-native pronunciations of English
7088:
7082:
6976:
6970:
6908:
6181:American English regional vocabulary
5325:is raised and tensed toward before
3709:
3004:with either two or three syllables;
2298:is , except before /l/ where it is .
1607:) but no trace of the Canadian Shift
237:vowels, so that pairs of words like
47:. For the distinction between ,
7745:. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
7719:Vermont Accent: Endangered Species?
7387:The Atlas of North American English
7326:Malady, Matthew J.X. (2014-04-29).
6943:"Swan Third Dialect Shift-LSA-2018"
6477:Driscoll, Anna; Lape, Emma (2015).
5317:) shows most commonly a so-called "
4674:Vowel Shift (NCS)—for instance, an
3943:vowels of the North, but a fronted
3798:may be identified with the phoneme
3440:
2250:is raised to or even when before
2164:The Atlas of North American English
1534:The Midland dialect is defined by:
1306:African-American Vernacular English
1293:The Atlas of North American English
455:The Atlas of North American English
24:
6854:. 6480. Brigham Young University.
5153:is the distinctive "bunch-tongued
3538:
3421:is the much more common vowel for
3032:with either one or two syllables;
443:Classification of regional accents
25:
8949:
7751:
6909:Swan, Julia Thomas (2021-01-01).
6053:(NCS), and Midland accents. The "
4928:syllable break between two vowels
4749:: and , respectively. The movie
4250:involving movements of six vowel
2012:Commonly, the starting points of
1727:"Southern drawl" may break short
7425:(4th ed.). New York: Knopf.
6991:from the original on 2015-11-21.
6987: 31, Stanford, California.
6940:
5404:show no evidence of any type of
5140:-fulness), in which all or most
4697:
4242:), but broken up by the city of
4142:Inland Northern American English
3576:
3535:vowel (like the Southern U.S.).
3493:Canada and Western United States
3056:or other possibilities (such as
2996:or other possibilities (such as
2074:
1106:
7637:Canadian Journal of Linguistics
7515:Canadian Journal of Linguistics
7450:Insiders' Guide: Salt Lake City
7374:
7359:
7319:
7301:
7286:. June 13, 2004. Archived from
7268:
7238:
7207:
7188:
7176:
7140:
7121:
7109:
7023:
7011:
6995:
6934:
6921:
6902:
6893:
6884:
6872:
6860:
6844:
6832:
6802:
6787:
6775:
6748:
6736:
6724:
6712:
6685:
6658:
6631:
6549:
6537:
6323:
6233:
5974:often employs the Yat accent.
5724:older Southern American English
5231:Atlas of North American English
4807:Atlas of North American English
4726:Atlas of North American English
4588:Atlas of North American English
4544:Atlas of North American English
4534:
4135:
4110:Atlas of North American English
3675:", in which the nucleus of the
2155:The major regional dialects of
1496:in more advanced sub-types ( ←
989:= Back Upglide Chain Shift ( ←
285:, from Ohio to eastern Kansas.
162:traditional New England accents
109:Atlas of North American English
39:International Phonetic Alphabet
8837:English-based creole languages
7716:Walsh, M (February 28, 1995).
7691:Dialect and Language Variation
7589:10.1080/00437956.1963.11659799
7030:Robin McMacken (May 9, 2004).
6508:
6431:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
6416:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
6409:
6365:
6351:
5872:Chesapeake and the Outer Banks
5424:merger being transitional. In
5076:, are pronounced the same, as
5025:area, where migrants from the
4942:remains back in the mouth as .
4704:North-Central American English
4500:) vs. for hoarse, though the
4328:
4262:towards in all environments (
4050:remains a back vowel, as does
3862:can sound slightly similar to
3724:Like in Inland Canada, before
2057:(except in Rhode Island): the
1073:can be monophthongized before
13:
1:
8877:List of English-based pidgins
7545:Language Variation and Change
7354:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
7308:Labov, Ash & Boberg (262)
7233:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
7171:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
7116:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
7097:. Oklahoma Historical Society
7077:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
7060:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
7018:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
6839:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
6827:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
6782:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
6770:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
6755:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
6743:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
6731:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
6719:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
6707:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
6692:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
6680:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
6665:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
6653:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
6638:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
6626:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
6607:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
6592:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
6577:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
6556:Labov, Ash & Boberg (267)
6544:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
6532:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
6515:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
6503:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
6404:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
6221:
5762:shifts upward towards as in
5470:Mid-Atlantic American English
5428:, particularly in and around
5329:, as in much of the country.
5039:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006
4745:) vowels are frequently even
3755:
887:distinction or near-merger +
448:Hierarchy of regional accents
273:, plus inland accents of the
271:New York metropolitan accents
8872:Linguistic purism in English
7603:. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell.
7512:(1973). "Canadian raising".
6911:"Same PRICE Different HOUSE"
6852:All Theses and Dissertations
6345:
6104:western half of Pennsylvania
6098:Western Pennsylvania English
5847:showing a pure, non-gliding
5826:Inland South and Texas South
5356:merger is reported; and the
5096:or the anomalous dialect of
5086:varieties of the older South
4515:phoneme has highly distinct
4402:, but they also possess the
4254:: the raising, tensing, and
3706:are pronounced differently.
223:Western Pennsylvania accents
7:
7973:London & Thames Estuary
7673:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
7405:Speech Hearing and Language
6164:
6051:Northern Cities Vowel Shift
5452:dialect, "Miami accent" is
5333:Midland outside the Midland
5250:has a fronter nucleus than
5221:, southeastern Kansas, and
4835:, the southern half of the
4710:Upper Peninsula of Michigan
4554:merger and yet neither the
4372:Eastern New England English
4356:Eastern New England English
4164:Northern Cities Vowel Shift
2929:Alternative classifications
2783:Southern & Back Upglide
1550:may be , often only before
1494:Northern Cities Vowel Shift
789:distinction + conservative
635:NORTH-CENTRAL UNITED STATES
227:accents of the Western U.S.
127:
10:
8954:
8938:English language in Canada
8832:English as a lingua franca
7741:; Ward, Ben, eds. (2006).
7665:Metcalf, Allan A. (2000).
6813:. De Gruyter. p. 361.
6798:. De Gruyter. p. 359.
6095:
5835:
5829:
5655:
5513:into two separate phonemes
5483:
5473:
5467:
5371:Charleston, South Carolina
5165:
5161:
5037:is an exclusion. Based on
4791:Southeastern United States
4701:
4626:colonies, rather than the
4359:
4353:
4139:
4101:
3908:
3759:
3713:
3586:
3580:
3542:
3496:
3444:
2352:Most populous urban center
856:SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES
415:(same as General American
189:Victoria, British Columbia
8812:Broad and general accents
8794:
8747:
8722:regional and occupational
8702:
8689:
8682:
8594:
8555:
8503:
8481:
8421:
8353:
8218:
8207:
8152:
8134:
8107:
8079:
8042:
8019:
7958:
7920:
7843:
7834:
7823:
7814:
7680:The Speech Accent Archive
7650:10.1017/S0008413100014730
7557:10.1017/S0954394500001812
7528:10.1017/S0008413100007350
7446:Rainey, Virginia (2004).
7008:. Retrieved 24 July 2008.
6372:Freeman, Valerie (2014).
6239:Dialects are considered "
6216:Pacific Northwest English
6171:Accent (sociolinguistics)
6080:". St. Louis resists the
6059:U.S. Route 66 in Illinois
6035:merger, and conservative
5790:of the traditional short
5658:Southern American English
5402:Central and South Florida
5298:) phonemes, known as the
4945:Lacking or transitioning
4712:westward across northern
4527:fronting is usual before
4342:, meaning that the short-
4104:Northern American English
3931:cities are traditionally
3716:Pacific Northwest English
3686:are more "raised" before
3545:Atlantic Canadian English
2342:Chart of regional accents
2073:
1641:is , particularly before
1105:
875:Southeastern Super-Region
174:more unified accent group
7366:Wolfram & Ward (2006
6258:is the pronunciation of
6243:" if they pronounce the
6226:
5884:Ocracoke, North Carolina
5651:
5553:, so that, for example,
5484:Not to be confused with
5168:Midland American English
5129:(and, in some dialects,
4492:(with the same vowel as
4350:Northeastern New England
4282:), then the lowering of
4097:
3858:is fronted towards , so
3503:Western American English
2956:with either the phoneme
1098:Maps of regional accents
743:Northeastern New England
407:(the sound of the words
261:rhyme. On the contrary,
215:Northeastern New England
87:(vocabulary-based), and
7630:McCarthy, John (1993).
7495:"Utahnics", segment on
5978:Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
5967:A Confederacy of Dunces
3966:The r-colored vowel of
3846:is moving towards , so
3818:in the direction of ,
3066:Presumed accent region
2272:: and , respectively;
1544:merger is in transition
837:Wisconsin and Minnesota
600:distinction + New York
568:= full Canadian raising
399:(the sound of the word
229:have a merger of these
170:older Southern dialects
103:outside North America.
35:phonetic transcriptions
8918:North American English
7990:Received Pronunciation
6958:Cite journal requires
6931:in Vancouver English."
6274:), causing words like
5910:New Orleans, Louisiana
5896:Smith Island, Maryland
5042:
4841:South Atlantic regions
4801:
4155:
4042:merger. The diphthong
3834:is lowered towards , (
3783:has the same vowel as
3457:Received Pronunciation
1963:not necessarily merged
381:Received Pronunciation
283:Midland dialect region
69:North American English
32:This article contains
8184:Multicultural Toronto
7503:National Public Radio
7498:All Things Considered
6983:. Paper presented at
6206:English in New Mexico
5996:merger, and variable
5258:contains the phoneme
5004:
4798:
4780:raising towards and
4682:that is fronter than
4360:Further information:
4149:
3947:vowel. The vowels of
3911:New York City English
3905:Greater New York City
3602:, merging words like
3587:Further information:
3509:Western United States
2939:latent class analysis
2028:: and , respectively
1991:or variable rhoticity
1918:Unique New York City
1915:or variable rhoticity
699:Northern Cities Shift
577:GREATER NEW YORK CITY
550:+ Canadian Shift ( ←
478:WESTERN UNITED STATES
421:Greater New York City
372:sound something like
344:sound something like
328:vowel (of words like
178:New York City English
8345:Western Pennsylvania
7037:St. Petersburg Times
6941:Swan, Julia Thomas.
6266:, etc.) the same as
6092:Western Pennsylvania
5948:of the same name by
5878:" dialect, in which
5702:, and peters out in
5549:before intervocalic
5486:Transatlantic accent
5027:south-central states
4202:'s Lower Peninsula (
4092:voiceless consonants
3688:voiceless consonants
2886:Western Pennsylvania
2513:General or Pre-nasal
2270:voiceless consonants
2026:voiceless consonants
1821:Unique Mid-Atlantic
1692:is at least before
1649:, and in unstressed
1081:, and in unstressed
1034:Western Pennsylvania
356:vowel in words like
101:varieties of English
8882:Mid-Atlantic accent
8473:Trinidad and Tobago
6977:Conn, Jeff (2002).
6153:); it approaches (
6102:The dialect of the
6043:St. Louis, Missouri
5914:New Orleans English
5838:Appalachian English
5501:Philadelphia accent
5493:Mid-Atlantic States
5476:Philadelphia accent
5464:Mid-Atlantic States
5068:, for instance, or
5029:settled during the
4787:fronting towards .
4720:into the middle of
4614:Western New England
4437:remain distinct as
4302:towards , so that (
4226:, and southeastern
4020:Mid-Atlantic states
2704:Eastern New England
2276:is otherwise ; and
2102:Aboriginal Canadian
728:Eastern New England
8405:Pennsylvania Dutch
7623:Accents of English
7505:February 16, 1997.
6191:California English
6055:St. Louis Corridor
6049:accents, with the
5972:John Kennedy Toole
5962:St. Bernard Parish
5864:Marginal Southeast
5794:, as in the words
5581:; the single word
5491:The cities of the
5147:vernacular dialect
5043:
4802:
4156:
4152:Erie, Pennsylvania
4056:coronal consonants
3779:is raised to , so
3762:California English
2427:/æ/ raising system
1922:split system: the
1825:split system: the
1635:Greater Pittsburgh
1445:is (and may even
1019:Marginal Southeast
818:is central before
772:is fronted before
697:, encouraging the
678:is fronted before
511:is fronted before
368:, making the word
152:-dropping (called
116:, Sharon Ash, and
8923:English phonology
8905:
8904:
8790:
8789:
8590:
8589:
8499:
8498:
8417:
8416:
8413:
8412:
8338:Pacific Northwest
8199:Standard Canadian
8130:
8129:
8075:
8074:
8015:
8014:
7701:978-1-4832-9476-6
7256:). 27 August 2013
7091:"Speech Patterns"
7089:Southard, Bruce.
7006:California vowels
6332:Savannah, Georgia
6304:, etc.), causing
6008:Savannah, Georgia
5788:triphthongization
5282:of the "short o"
5227:Mississippi River
5112:and the southern
5098:Savannah, Georgia
4861:southern Illinois
4686:, and so on. The
4628:Massachusetts Bay
4412:Martha's Vineyard
4398:as well as often
4314:(but without any
3919:, the accents of
3850:sounds more like
3710:Pacific Northwest
3425:in the West, and
3415:
3414:
2926:
2925:
2791:Standard Canadian
2619:New York City, NY
2470:Pre-nasal (mixed)
2440:Atlantic Canadian
2306:Atlantic Canadian
2215:Standard Canadian
2204:pre-nasal "short
2132:ATLANTIC CANADIAN
2084:STANDARD CANADIAN
1348:pre-nasal "short
915:3-way distinction
617:3-way distinction
534:is backed before
225:, as well as all
158:Connecticut River
16:(Redirected from
8945:
8933:Canadian English
8928:American English
8802:English language
8687:
8686:
8508:
8507:
8491:Falkland Islands
8390:General American
8363:African-American
8216:
8215:
8150:
8149:
8139:
8138:
7841:
7840:
7832:
7831:
7821:
7820:
7792:
7785:
7778:
7769:
7768:
7746:
7734:
7732:
7731:
7712:
7710:
7708:
7684:
7674:
7672:
7661:
7626:
7614:
7592:
7568:
7539:
7492:
7484:
7482:
7481:
7472:. Archived from
7465:
7453:
7441:
7439:
7437:
7426:
7412:
7399:
7369:
7363:
7357:
7351:
7342:
7341:
7339:
7338:
7323:
7317:
7316:
7305:
7299:
7298:
7296:
7295:
7272:
7266:
7265:
7263:
7261:
7242:
7236:
7230:
7224:
7223:
7211:
7205:
7204:
7192:
7186:
7180:
7174:
7168:
7157:
7156:
7144:
7138:
7137:
7125:
7119:
7113:
7107:
7106:
7104:
7102:
7086:
7080:
7074:
7063:
7057:
7048:
7047:
7045:
7044:
7027:
7021:
7015:
7009:
6999:
6993:
6992:
6974:
6968:
6967:
6961:
6956:
6954:
6946:
6938:
6932:
6930:
6925:
6919:
6918:
6906:
6900:
6897:
6891:
6888:
6882:
6876:
6870:
6864:
6858:
6848:
6842:
6836:
6830:
6824:
6815:
6814:
6806:
6800:
6799:
6791:
6785:
6779:
6773:
6767:
6758:
6752:
6746:
6740:
6734:
6728:
6722:
6716:
6710:
6704:
6695:
6689:
6683:
6677:
6668:
6662:
6656:
6650:
6641:
6635:
6629:
6623:
6610:
6604:
6595:
6589:
6580:
6574:
6565:
6564:
6553:
6547:
6541:
6535:
6529:
6518:
6512:
6506:
6500:
6491:
6490:
6474:
6463:
6462:
6456:
6447:
6434:
6428:
6419:
6413:
6407:
6401:
6392:
6391:
6389:
6387:
6378:
6369:
6363:
6362:
6355:
6339:
6327:
6321:
6307:
6269:
6264:cot, lot, bother
6261:
6237:
6196:Canadian English
6176:American English
6160:
6156:
6148:
6136:
6113:
6109:
6038:
6018:
6014:
5987:
5983:
5960:, as well as in
5958:Jefferson Parish
5901:
5881:
5850:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5769:
5757:
5749:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5713:
5709:
5685:
5681:
5678:; the diphthong
5646:Northern Ireland
5638:Northern England
5628:
5620:
5615:Canadian raising
5604:
5592:
5588:
5552:
5512:
5505:Baltimore accent
5480:Baltimore accent
5407:
5397:
5393:
5343:
5338:Atlanta, Georgia
5327:nasal consonants
5324:
5321:" distribution:
5312:
5293:
5285:
5269:
5261:
5253:
5249:
5241:
5235:General American
5191:central Illinois
5058:nasal consonants
4961:, in words like
4960:
4956:
4941:
4917:
4913:
4901:
4889:
4882:
4878:
4865:southern Indiana
4826:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4786:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4772:
4769:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4660:
4657:fronting before
4656:
4636:upstate New York
4609:
4605:
4601:
4573:
4569:
4566:fronting before
4565:
4530:
4526:
4521:nasal consonants
4514:
4478:southern England
4463:
4455:
4444:
4440:
4401:
4397:
4392:Canadian raising
4313:
4301:
4297:
4285:
4273:
4261:
4256:diphthongization
4173:
4169:
4160:General American
4131:
4119:
4115:
4089:
4084:Canadian raising
4081:
4078:, the North has
4074:the single word
4073:
4069:
4053:
4049:
4045:
3958:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3927:, and adjoining
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3857:
3845:
3833:
3821:
3813:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3778:
3774:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3736:are raised, and
3735:
3731:
3727:
3685:
3681:
3673:Canadian raising
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3614:is pronounced .
3601:
3597:
3583:Canadian English
3567:Canadian raising
3564:
3561:fronting before
3560:
3534:
3530:
3499:Canadian English
3461:English language
3455:in the way that
3453:standard English
3447:General American
3441:General American
3437:in the Midland.
3432:
3428:
3420:
3411:
3403:
3395:
3390:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3348:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3308:
3300:
3289:
3283:
3277:
3263:
3250:
3245:
3238:
3233:
3227:
3220:
3209:
3196:
3191:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3162:
3143:
3136:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3043:
3039:
3027:
3023:
3015:
3011:
2999:
2995:
2987:
2983:
2975:
2971:
2963:
2959:
2943:cluster analysis
2922:
2917:
2879:
2870:
2832:
2825:
2824:
2821:Pre-nasal &
2784:
2779:
2741:
2736:
2705:
2696:
2691:
2690:
2687:Pre-nasal &
2650:
2645:
2607:
2602:
2564:
2559:
2533:Philadelphia, PA
2521:
2514:
2476:
2471:
2383:
2380:fronting before
2379:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2346:
2345:
2334:
2328:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2275:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2158:Canadian English
2149:
2142:
2135:
2134:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2087:
2086:
2078:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1935:
1921:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1844:
1838:
1824:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1770:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1633:Specifically in
1612:
1606:
1602:
1576:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1521:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1491:
1454:
1444:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1431:
1401:
1395:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1382:
1302:General American
1287:American English
1277:
1270:
1261:
1254:
1251:Chesapeake &
1245:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1199:
1198:
1188:
1187:
1177:
1168:
1167:
1157:
1148:
1147:
1137:
1136:
1126:
1125:
1117:
1110:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1052:
1048:
1000:
996:
992:
970:
966:
962:
954:
926:
902:
890:
870:
866:
862:
833:
825:
821:
817:
796:
792:
775:
771:
737:Canadian raising
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
692:
681:
677:
649:
645:
641:
603:
591:
587:
583:
561:
557:
553:
549:
541:
537:
533:
517:Canadian raising
514:
510:
488:
484:
439:(Shitara 1993).
438:
418:
414:
406:
398:
386:
355:
327:
311:
295:
236:
232:
193:Vancouver Island
138:Eastern seaboard
122:sociolinguistics
97:Canadian English
93:American English
54:
50:
21:
8953:
8952:
8948:
8947:
8946:
8944:
8943:
8942:
8908:
8907:
8906:
8901:
8786:
8743:
8698:
8678:
8586:
8582:Solomon Islands
8551:
8495:
8477:
8409:
8400:New York Latino
8375:American Indian
8355:
8349:
8210:
8203:
8144:
8126:
8112:Channel Islands
8103:
8071:
8038:
8011:
7954:
7916:
7826:
7810:
7796:
7754:
7749:
7729:
7727:
7706:
7704:
7702:
7677:
7611:
7510:Chambers, J. K.
7487:
7479:
7477:
7468:
7462:
7435:
7433:
7428:
7397:
7377:
7372:
7364:
7360:
7352:
7345:
7336:
7334:
7332:The Slate Group
7324:
7320:
7310:
7306:
7302:
7293:
7291:
7274:
7273:
7269:
7259:
7257:
7244:
7243:
7239:
7231:
7227:
7217:
7212:
7208:
7198:
7193:
7189:
7181:
7177:
7169:
7160:
7150:
7145:
7141:
7131:
7126:
7122:
7114:
7110:
7100:
7098:
7087:
7083:
7075:
7066:
7058:
7051:
7042:
7040:
7028:
7024:
7016:
7012:
7000:
6996:
6975:
6971:
6959:
6957:
6948:
6947:
6939:
6935:
6926:
6922:
6907:
6903:
6898:
6894:
6889:
6885:
6879:Van Riper (2014
6877:
6873:
6865:
6861:
6849:
6845:
6837:
6833:
6825:
6818:
6807:
6803:
6792:
6788:
6780:
6776:
6768:
6761:
6753:
6749:
6741:
6737:
6729:
6725:
6717:
6713:
6705:
6698:
6690:
6686:
6678:
6671:
6663:
6659:
6651:
6644:
6636:
6632:
6624:
6613:
6605:
6598:
6590:
6583:
6575:
6568:
6558:
6554:
6550:
6542:
6538:
6530:
6521:
6513:
6509:
6501:
6494:
6475:
6466:
6454:
6448:
6437:
6429:
6422:
6414:
6410:
6402:
6395:
6385:
6383:
6376:
6370:
6366:
6357:
6356:
6352:
6348:
6343:
6342:
6336:Amarillo, Texas
6328:
6324:
6310:nasal consonant
6302:cat, trap, bath
6294:sound identical
6238:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6211:Hawaiian Pidgin
6201:Chicano English
6167:
6100:
6094:
5988:, transitional
5984:, conservative
5950:George Herriman
5866:
5840:
5834:
5828:
5660:
5654:
5497:Delaware Valley
5489:
5482:
5472:
5466:
5450:Florida Cracker
5446:Cuban-Americans
5346:monophthongized
5335:
5313:phoneme (as in
5242:phoneme (as in
5197:, and northern
5187:central Indiana
5170:
5164:
4855:, southeastern
4824:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4793:
4784:
4777:
4770:
4742:
4734:
4724:. Although the
4706:
4700:
4616:
4586:merger. In the
4537:
4368:
4358:
4352:
4331:
4144:
4138:
4106:
4100:
4016:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3913:
3907:
3893:is complete in
3879:
3875:
3838:can sound like
3826:can sound like
3764:
3758:
3718:
3712:
3698:( versus ) and
3665:
3657:
3649:
3591:
3585:
3579:
3551:Atlantic Canada
3549:The accents of
3547:
3541:
3539:Atlantic Canada
3532:
3528:
3505:
3497:Main articles:
3495:
3449:
3443:
3364:
3067:
2960:or the phoneme
2931:
2920:
2915:
2873:
2868:
2844:Los Angeles, CA
2828:
2822:
2820:
2782:
2777:
2753:San Antonio, TX
2739:
2734:
2703:
2694:
2688:
2686:
2662:Minneapolis, MN
2648:
2643:
2605:
2600:
2562:
2557:
2519:Northern Cities
2517:
2512:
2483:Inland Northern
2474:
2469:
2344:
2332:
2326:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2266:raised position
2174:
2173:
2172:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2082:
2081:
2022:raised position
2006:
2000:
1994:
1933:
1842:
1836:
1768:
1750:
1519:
1463:Inland Northern
1452:
1442:
1433:
1432:
1399:
1393:
1384:
1383:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1310:Chicano English
1282:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1113:
1100:
1095:
957:monophthongized
929:monophthongized
903:split system +
899:= Mid-Atlantic
646:+ conservative
642:+ conservative
638:= conservative
604:split system +
584:+ conservative
523:Standard Canada
504:Atlantic Canada
481:= conservative
450:
445:
130:
62:
61:
60:
28:
23:
22:
18:American accent
15:
12:
11:
5:
8951:
8941:
8940:
8935:
8930:
8925:
8920:
8903:
8902:
8900:
8899:
8894:
8889:
8884:
8879:
8874:
8869:
8864:
8859:
8858:
8857:
8852:
8844:
8842:Englishisation
8839:
8834:
8829:
8824:
8819:
8814:
8809:
8804:
8798:
8796:
8792:
8791:
8788:
8787:
8785:
8784:
8779:
8774:
8769:
8764:
8759:
8753:
8751:
8749:Southeast Asia
8745:
8744:
8742:
8741:
8736:
8731:
8726:
8725:
8724:
8714:
8708:
8706:
8700:
8699:
8697:
8696:
8690:
8684:
8680:
8679:
8677:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8664:South Atlantic
8661:
8660:
8659:
8654:
8644:
8639:
8634:
8629:
8624:
8619:
8614:
8609:
8604:
8598:
8596:
8592:
8591:
8588:
8587:
8585:
8584:
8579:
8574:
8573:
8572:
8562:
8556:
8553:
8552:
8550:
8549:
8544:
8539:
8534:
8529:
8528:
8527:
8516:
8514:
8505:
8501:
8500:
8497:
8496:
8494:
8493:
8488:
8482:
8479:
8478:
8476:
8475:
8470:
8465:
8460:
8455:
8454:
8453:
8446:Cayman Islands
8443:
8438:
8433:
8427:
8425:
8419:
8418:
8415:
8414:
8411:
8410:
8408:
8407:
8402:
8397:
8392:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8372:
8371:
8370:
8359:
8357:
8356:ethno-cultural
8351:
8350:
8348:
8347:
8342:
8341:
8340:
8335:
8325:
8324:
8323:
8318:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8293:
8292:
8291:
8281:
8280:
8279:
8274:
8264:
8263:
8262:
8252:
8251:
8250:
8245:
8240:
8235:
8225:
8219:
8213:
8205:
8204:
8202:
8201:
8196:
8191:
8186:
8181:
8180:
8179:
8174:
8164:
8158:
8156:
8147:
8136:
8132:
8131:
8128:
8127:
8125:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8108:
8105:
8104:
8102:
8101:
8096:
8091:
8085:
8083:
8077:
8076:
8073:
8072:
8070:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8048:
8046:
8040:
8039:
8037:
8036:
8031:
8025:
8023:
8017:
8016:
8013:
8012:
8010:
8009:
8008:
8007:
8002:
7992:
7987:
7986:
7985:
7980:
7970:
7964:
7962:
7956:
7955:
7953:
7952:
7951:
7950:
7948:Stoke-on-Trent
7945:
7940:
7930:
7924:
7922:
7918:
7917:
7915:
7914:
7909:
7908:
7907:
7902:
7897:
7892:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7866:
7865:
7855:
7849:
7847:
7838:
7829:
7818:
7812:
7811:
7807:Modern English
7795:
7794:
7787:
7780:
7772:
7766:
7765:
7760:
7753:
7752:External links
7750:
7748:
7747:
7735:
7713:
7700:
7685:
7675:
7662:
7627:
7619:Wells, John C.
7615:
7609:
7597:Labov, William
7593:
7583:(3): 273–309.
7573:Labov, William
7569:
7551:(1): 107–120.
7540:
7506:
7493:
7485:
7466:
7460:
7443:
7432:. Bartleby.com
7417:Mencken, H. L.
7413:
7400:
7395:
7383:Labov, William
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7370:
7358:
7343:
7318:
7300:
7267:
7237:
7225:
7206:
7187:
7175:
7158:
7139:
7120:
7108:
7081:
7064:
7049:
7022:
7010:
6994:
6969:
6960:|journal=
6933:
6920:
6901:
6892:
6883:
6871:
6859:
6843:
6831:
6816:
6801:
6786:
6774:
6759:
6747:
6735:
6723:
6711:
6696:
6684:
6669:
6657:
6642:
6630:
6611:
6596:
6581:
6566:
6548:
6536:
6519:
6507:
6492:
6464:
6435:
6420:
6408:
6393:
6364:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6341:
6340:
6322:
6320:is more like .
6231:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6219:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6166:
6163:
6096:Main article:
6093:
6090:
6019:fronting, the
5865:
5862:
5830:Main article:
5827:
5824:
5784:Southern drawl
5656:Main article:
5653:
5650:
5625:) but not for
5585:is pronounced
5468:Main article:
5465:
5462:
5458:syllable-timed
5334:
5331:
5266:) rather than
5225:, west of the
5166:Main article:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5122:: Dropping of
5117:
5005:The merger of
4999:
4998:
4943:
4926:) or before a
4885:gliding vowels
4833:American South
4792:
4789:
4702:Main article:
4699:
4696:
4615:
4612:
4590:, the city of
4536:
4533:
4388:Greater Boston
4354:Main article:
4351:
4348:
4330:
4327:
4306:sounding like
4290:sounding like
4278:sounding like
4180:New York State
4140:Main article:
4137:
4134:
4102:Main article:
4099:
4096:
4015:
4012:
3915:As in Eastern
3909:Main article:
3906:
3903:
3769:Canadian shift
3760:Main article:
3757:
3754:
3714:Main article:
3711:
3708:
3630:Canadian Shift
3589:Canadian Shift
3581:Main article:
3578:
3575:
3571:Canadian Shift
3543:Main article:
3540:
3537:
3494:
3491:
3445:Main article:
3442:
3439:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3404:
3399:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3304:
3301:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3284:
3279:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3222:
3216:
3212:
3211:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3138:
3131:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3070:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2891:Pittsburgh, PA
2889:
2881:
2880:
2871:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2834:
2833:
2826:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2523:
2522:
2515:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2412:
2396:
2384:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2350:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2322:Canadian Shift
2308:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2254:
2245:
2217:
2154:
2145:
2138:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2090:
2079:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2061:vowel is and
2044:
2029:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1952:
1937:
1931:
1926:vowel is and
1916:
1910:
1889:vowel is and
1872:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1829:vowel is and
1819:
1798:vowel is and
1781:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1766:
1748:
1733:gliding vowels
1725:
1687:
1682:vowel is and
1668:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1651:function words
1631:
1614:
1608:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1545:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1517:
1487:
1482:vowel is and
1465:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1450:
1447:monophthongize
1440:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1363:
1283:
1273:
1264:
1257:
1248:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1202:
1191:
1180:
1171:
1160:
1151:
1140:
1129:
1120:
1111:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1083:function words
1016:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1012:
944:
916:
852:
851:
850:
849:
848:
799:
798:
797:
776:
724:
723:
722:
674:distinction +
627:
626:
625:
573:
572:
571:
570:
569:
519:
464:
449:
446:
444:
441:
433:older Southern
312:in words like
296:in words like
129:
126:
118:Charles Boberg
55:⟩, see
31:
30:
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8950:
8939:
8936:
8934:
8931:
8929:
8926:
8924:
8921:
8919:
8916:
8915:
8913:
8898:
8895:
8893:
8890:
8888:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8870:
8868:
8865:
8863:
8862:International
8860:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8848:
8847:
8845:
8843:
8840:
8838:
8835:
8833:
8830:
8828:
8825:
8823:
8820:
8818:
8815:
8813:
8810:
8808:
8805:
8803:
8800:
8799:
8797:
8793:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8775:
8773:
8770:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8754:
8752:
8750:
8746:
8740:
8737:
8735:
8732:
8730:
8727:
8723:
8720:
8719:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8709:
8707:
8705:
8701:
8695:
8692:
8691:
8688:
8685:
8681:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8650:
8649:
8648:
8645:
8643:
8640:
8638:
8635:
8633:
8630:
8628:
8625:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8615:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8599:
8597:
8593:
8583:
8580:
8578:
8575:
8571:
8568:
8567:
8566:
8563:
8561:
8558:
8557:
8554:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8542:Torres Strait
8540:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8526:
8523:
8522:
8521:
8518:
8517:
8515:
8513:
8509:
8506:
8502:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8484:
8483:
8480:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8466:
8464:
8461:
8459:
8456:
8452:
8449:
8448:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8428:
8426:
8424:
8420:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8369:
8366:
8365:
8364:
8361:
8360:
8358:
8352:
8346:
8343:
8339:
8336:
8334:
8331:
8330:
8329:
8326:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8298:
8297:
8294:
8290:
8287:
8286:
8285:
8282:
8278:
8277:North-Central
8275:
8273:
8270:
8269:
8268:
8265:
8261:
8258:
8257:
8256:
8255:New York City
8253:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8230:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8221:
8220:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8206:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8189:Ottawa Valley
8187:
8185:
8182:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8169:
8168:
8165:
8163:
8160:
8159:
8157:
8155:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8140:
8137:
8133:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8109:
8106:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8086:
8084:
8082:
8078:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8049:
8047:
8045:
8041:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8026:
8024:
8022:
8018:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7997:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7984:
7983:Multicultural
7981:
7979:
7976:
7975:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7965:
7963:
7961:
7957:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7943:Black Country
7941:
7939:
7936:
7935:
7934:
7933:West Midlands
7931:
7929:
7928:East Midlands
7926:
7925:
7923:
7919:
7913:
7910:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7887:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7864:
7861:
7860:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7850:
7848:
7846:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7813:
7808:
7804:
7800:
7793:
7788:
7786:
7781:
7779:
7774:
7773:
7770:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7755:
7744:
7740:
7739:Wolfram, Walt
7736:
7726:on 2009-07-25
7725:
7721:
7720:
7714:
7703:
7697:
7693:
7692:
7686:
7682:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7670:
7663:
7659:
7655:
7651:
7647:
7644:(2): 169–95.
7643:
7639:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7624:
7620:
7616:
7612:
7610:0-631-17916-X
7606:
7602:
7598:
7594:
7590:
7586:
7582:
7578:
7574:
7570:
7566:
7562:
7558:
7554:
7550:
7546:
7541:
7537:
7533:
7529:
7525:
7522:(2): 113–35.
7521:
7517:
7516:
7511:
7507:
7504:
7500:
7499:
7494:
7490:
7486:
7476:on 2007-10-17
7475:
7471:
7467:
7463:
7461:0-7627-2836-1
7457:
7452:
7451:
7444:
7431:
7424:
7423:
7418:
7414:
7410:
7406:
7401:
7398:
7396:3-11-016746-8
7392:
7388:
7384:
7380:
7379:
7367:
7362:
7355:
7350:
7348:
7333:
7329:
7322:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7290:on 2012-08-20
7289:
7285:
7283:
7277:
7271:
7255:
7251:
7247:
7241:
7234:
7229:
7221:
7215:
7210:
7202:
7196:
7191:
7185:, 2006, p. 16
7184:
7179:
7172:
7167:
7165:
7163:
7154:
7148:
7143:
7135:
7129:
7124:
7117:
7112:
7096:
7092:
7085:
7078:
7073:
7071:
7069:
7061:
7056:
7054:
7039:
7038:
7033:
7026:
7019:
7014:
7007:
7003:
6998:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6981:
6973:
6965:
6952:
6944:
6937:
6924:
6916:
6912:
6905:
6896:
6887:
6880:
6875:
6868:
6863:
6857:
6853:
6847:
6840:
6835:
6828:
6823:
6821:
6812:
6805:
6797:
6790:
6783:
6778:
6771:
6766:
6764:
6756:
6751:
6744:
6739:
6732:
6727:
6720:
6715:
6708:
6703:
6701:
6693:
6688:
6681:
6676:
6674:
6666:
6661:
6654:
6649:
6647:
6639:
6634:
6627:
6622:
6620:
6618:
6616:
6608:
6603:
6601:
6593:
6588:
6586:
6578:
6573:
6571:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6545:
6540:
6533:
6528:
6526:
6524:
6516:
6511:
6504:
6499:
6497:
6488:
6484:
6480:
6473:
6471:
6469:
6460:
6453:
6446:
6444:
6442:
6440:
6433:, p. 235
6432:
6427:
6425:
6417:
6412:
6405:
6400:
6398:
6382:
6375:
6368:
6360:
6354:
6350:
6337:
6333:
6326:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6290:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6272:spa, haha, Ma
6265:
6257:
6255:
6251:
6246:
6242:
6236:
6232:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6168:
6162:
6152:
6145:allophone of
6144:
6140:
6132:
6128:
6127:West Virginia
6124:
6122:
6118:
6105:
6099:
6089:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6075:
6073:
6069:
6064:
6063:Interstate 55
6060:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6009:
6005:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5979:
5975:
5973:
5969:
5968:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5938:
5936:
5932:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5905:
5904:happy tensing
5897:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5861:
5858:
5854:
5845:
5839:
5833:
5832:Texan English
5823:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5765:
5761:
5753:
5745:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5677:
5675:
5671:
5665:
5659:
5649:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5634:
5632:
5624:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5600:
5596:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5538:
5534:
5529:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5514:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5487:
5481:
5477:
5471:
5461:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5426:South Florida
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5403:
5399:
5388:
5384:
5383:Sephardi Jews
5380:
5377:
5372:
5368:
5367:is variable.
5366:
5364:
5360:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5339:
5330:
5328:
5320:
5316:
5308:
5306:
5302:
5297:
5289:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5265:
5257:
5245:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5201:, as well as
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5175:
5169:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5132:
5128:
5125:
5121:
5118:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5035:Austin, Texas
5032:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5003:
4995:
4993:
4989:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4909:
4905:
4897:
4893:
4886:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4869:southern Ohio
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4828:
4809:
4808:
4797:
4788:
4765:
4763:
4759:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4705:
4698:North Central
4695:
4693:
4689:
4672:
4670:
4666:
4652:
4650:
4646:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4611:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4532:
4522:
4518:
4510:
4508:
4504:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4459:
4451:
4450:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4384:Massachusetts
4381:
4380:New Hampshire
4377:
4373:
4367:
4363:
4362:Boston accent
4357:
4347:
4345:
4341:
4339:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4309:
4305:
4293:
4289:
4281:
4277:
4269:
4265:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4165:
4161:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4133:
4127:
4123:
4111:
4105:
4095:
4093:
4090:(to ) before
4085:
4077:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4041:
4037:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4021:
4011:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3975:
3969:
3964:
3962:
3954:
3950:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3921:New York City
3918:
3912:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3866:. The vowels
3865:
3861:
3853:
3849:
3841:
3837:
3829:
3825:
3817:
3809:
3805:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3770:
3763:
3753:
3722:
3717:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3678:
3674:
3669:
3631:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3590:
3584:
3577:Inland Canada
3574:
3572:
3568:
3556:
3552:
3546:
3536:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3500:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3471:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3448:
3438:
3436:
3424:
3408:
3405:
3400:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3305:
3302:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3285:
3280:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3223:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3185:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3051:
3047:
3035:
3031:
3019:
3007:
3003:
2991:
2979:
2967:
2955:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2919:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2781:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2738:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2693:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2657:North-Central
2654:
2653:
2647:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2614:New York City
2611:
2610:
2604:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2561:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2473:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2331:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2271:
2267:
2255:
2246:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2170:
2169:regional maps
2166:
2165:
2160:
2159:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2133:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2088:
2085:
2077:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1989:Non-rhoticity
1987:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1917:
1914:
1913:Non-rhoticity
1911:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1862:
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1856:
1852:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1820:
1801:
1797:
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1789:
1785:
1784:
1782:
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1777:
1776:
1767:
1749:
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1573:
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1536:
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1533:
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1528:
1527:
1518:
1495:
1488:
1485:
1481:
1477:
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1469:
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1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1451:
1448:
1441:
1436:
1429:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1410:North Central
1408:
1407:
1398:
1392:
1387:
1380:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1314:Cajun English
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1298:regional maps
1295:
1294:
1289:
1288:
1278:
1271:
1262:
1255:
1246:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1216:
1209:
1207:
1200:
1197:
1189:
1186:
1178:
1176:
1175:NORTH CENTRAL
1169:
1166:
1158:
1156:
1149:
1146:
1138:
1135:
1127:
1118:
1116:
1109:
1084:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1011:
1009:
1005:
988:
985:
984:
982:
978:
974:
958:
950:
949:
945:
942:
938:
934:
930:
922:
921:
917:
914:
910:
906:
898:
897:
893:
892:
886:
885:
881:
876:
873:
872:
867:is fronted +
863:is fronted +
858:
857:
853:
846:
842:
838:
835:
834:
829:
813:
809:
805:
804:
803:Upper Midwest
800:
788:
784:
780:
777:
767:
765:
761:
756:
754:
750:
745:
744:
740:
739:
738:
734:
730:
729:
725:
700:
696:
688:
687:
683:
682:
673:
669:
665:
664:
660:
659:
657:
653:
637:
636:
632:
628:
623:
622:New York City
620:
619:
618:
616:
612:
608:
599:
595:
579:
578:
574:
567:
566:Inland Canada
564:
563:
545:
529:
528:
524:
520:
518:
506:
505:
501:
500:
499:
497:
493:
489:is fronted +
480:
479:
475:
471:
470:
469:
468:NORTH AMERICA
466:
465:
463:
461:
457:
456:
440:
434:
430:
429:the Carolinas
426:
422:
410:
402:
394:
390:
382:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
323:
319:
315:
307:
303:
299:
291:
286:
284:
280:
279:Southern U.S.
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
210:
206:
200:
196:
194:
190:
186:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
166:Potomac River
163:
159:
155:
154:non-rhoticity
151:
147:
146:New York City
143:
139:
135:
125:
123:
119:
115:
114:William Labov
111:
110:
104:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
58:
46:
42:
40:
36:
19:
8647:South Africa
8642:Sierra Leone
8395:Miami Latino
8284:Philadelphia
8272:Inland North
8177:Newfoundland
7995:West Country
7809:by continent
7742:
7728:. Retrieved
7724:the original
7718:
7705:. Retrieved
7694:. Elsevier.
7690:
7679:
7668:
7641:
7635:
7622:
7600:
7580:
7576:
7548:
7544:
7519:
7513:
7496:
7478:. Retrieved
7474:the original
7449:
7436:February 28,
7434:. Retrieved
7420:
7408:
7404:
7386:
7375:Bibliography
7361:
7335:. Retrieved
7321:
7303:
7292:. Retrieved
7288:the original
7282:Sun-Sentinel
7279:
7270:
7260:September 1,
7258:. Retrieved
7240:
7228:
7214:Thomas (2006
7209:
7195:Thomas (2006
7190:
7178:
7147:Thomas (2006
7142:
7128:Thomas (2006
7123:
7111:
7099:. Retrieved
7094:
7084:
7041:. Retrieved
7035:
7025:
7013:
7002:Penny Eckert
6997:
6979:
6972:
6951:cite journal
6936:
6923:
6914:
6904:
6895:
6886:
6874:
6862:
6851:
6846:
6834:
6810:
6804:
6795:
6789:
6777:
6750:
6738:
6726:
6714:
6687:
6660:
6633:
6551:
6539:
6510:
6486:
6482:
6458:
6418:, p. 56
6411:
6384:. Retrieved
6380:
6367:
6353:
6325:
6317:
6313:
6301:
6300:" vowel (in
6297:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6271:
6263:
6253:
6249:
6244:
6235:
6150:
6138:
6120:
6116:
6101:
6085:
6081:
6078:I farty-four
6071:
6067:
6047:Inland North
6042:
6041:
6032:
6028:
6027:merger, the
6024:
6020:
6007:
6006:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5977:
5976:
5965:
5934:
5930:
5925:
5921:
5909:
5908:
5891:
5887:
5871:
5870:
5867:
5856:
5852:
5841:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5792:front vowels
5779:
5775:
5771:
5763:
5759:
5751:
5743:
5719:
5715:
5698:west of the
5694:and some of
5673:
5669:
5661:
5635:
5630:
5622:
5610:
5606:
5598:
5597:rather than
5594:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5546:
5542:
5536:
5532:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5490:
5444:, including
5421:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5401:
5400:
5370:
5369:
5362:
5358:
5353:
5349:
5344:is variably
5337:
5336:
5314:
5304:
5300:
5295:
5287:
5275:
5271:
5263:
5255:
5243:
5230:
5174:Great Plains
5171:
5154:
5150:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5131:intervocalic
5126:
5105:
5101:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5051:
5047:
5010:
5006:
4991:
4987:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4950:
4946:
4938:), in which
4935:
4931:
4923:
4919:
4907:
4903:
4895:
4891:
4875:Fronting of
4829:
4805:
4803:
4761:
4757:
4750:
4747:monophthongs
4725:
4718:North Dakota
4707:
4691:
4687:
4668:
4664:
4648:
4644:
4617:
4595:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4540:Rhode Island
4538:
4535:Rhode Island
4506:
4502:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4457:
4448:
4434:
4430:
4424:
4420:
4414:) are often
4407:
4403:
4369:
4366:Maine accent
4343:
4337:
4336:nasal short-
4332:
4320:
4316:
4307:
4303:
4291:
4287:
4279:
4275:
4263:
4208:Grand Rapids
4157:
4154:is excluded.
4136:Inland North
4125:
4121:
4109:
4107:
4075:
4039:
4035:
4028:
4024:
4017:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3973:
3967:
3965:
3960:
3952:
3948:
3914:
3888:
3884:
3863:
3859:
3851:
3847:
3839:
3835:
3827:
3823:
3810:. Elsewhere
3807:
3803:
3788:
3787:rather than
3784:
3780:
3765:
3723:
3719:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3670:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3592:
3548:
3522:
3518:
3506:
3484:
3475:
3469:
3450:
3434:
3422:
3416:
3363:Mid-Atlantic
3087:handkerchief
3052:with either
3049:
3045:
3036:with either
3033:
3029:
3017:
3008:with either
3006:handkerchief
3005:
3001:
2992:with either
2989:
2980:with either
2977:
2968:with either
2965:
2953:
2951:
2946:
2934:
2932:
2884:
2837:
2789:
2746:
2701:
2655:
2612:
2576:Columbus, OH
2569:
2528:Mid-Atlantic
2526:
2481:
2438:
2419:
2415:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2391:
2387:
2317:
2313:
2268:when before
2227:
2223:
2205:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2162:
2156:
2148:Newfoundland
2131:
2083:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2048:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2031:Possibly no
2024:when before
1982:
1978:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1927:
1923:
1890:
1886:
1885:merger: the
1882:
1878:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1830:
1826:
1799:
1795:
1794:merger: the
1791:
1787:
1779:Mid-Atlantic
1729:front vowels
1683:
1679:
1678:merger: the
1675:
1671:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1596:
1592:
1541:
1537:
1483:
1479:
1478:merger: the
1475:
1471:
1421:
1417:
1372:
1368:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1322:
1291:
1285:
1205:
1195:
1184:
1174:
1164:
1155:INLAND NORTH
1154:
1144:
1133:
1114:
1066:
1059:
1055:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1007:
1003:
987:Inland South
986:
980:
976:
946:
940:
936:
918:
912:
908:
904:
896:Mid-Atlantic
894:
883:
879:
874:
854:
844:
840:
836:
811:
807:
801:
786:
782:
779:Rhode Island
778:
763:
759:
752:
748:
741:
726:
686:Inland North
684:
671:
667:
661:
658:distinction
655:
651:
629:
624:= R-dropping
621:
614:
610:
606:
597:
593:
575:
565:
521:
502:
495:
491:
472:
467:
459:
453:
451:
425:Philadelphia
408:
400:
392:
388:
378:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
321:
317:
313:
305:
301:
297:
287:
267:Philadelphia
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
208:
204:
201:
197:
184:
182:
149:
131:
107:
105:
64:
63:
51:and ⟨
33:
8772:Philippines
8565:New Zealand
8451:Bay Islands
8431:The Bahamas
8354:Social and
8311:New Orleans
8228:New England
8122:Isle of Man
8067:Port Talbot
7968:East Anglia
7885:Northumbria
7280:Articles -
7101:October 29,
6867:Wells (1982
6386:22 November
5946:comic strip
5700:Mississippi
5617:occurs for
5495:around the
5290:) and 'aw'
5124:postvocalic
5094:New Orleans
5090:Yat dialect
5023:Kern County
5019:Bakersfield
4620:Connecticut
4562:merger nor
4452:"—that is,
4386:(including
4329:New England
4248:chain shift
4198:), much of
4182:(including
4176:Great Lakes
4112:) includes
3925:Long Island
3917:New England
3895:Bakersfield
3527:, a backed
3269:New England
2796:Toronto, ON
2488:Chicago, IL
2445:Halifax, NS
2432:Chain shift
2280:approaches
2180:, with the
1320:, with the
1253:Outer Banks
935:+ variable
891:is fronted
871:is fronted
766:distinction
631:NEW ENGLAND
8912:Categories
8712:Bangladesh
8704:South Asia
8657:Cape Flats
8607:The Gambia
8532:Aboriginal
8368:vernacular
8333:California
8306:High Tider
8301:Appalachia
8162:Aboriginal
8094:South-West
7938:Birmingham
7895:Sunderland
7880:Manchester
7870:Lancashire
7730:2012-10-13
7707:26 January
7480:2007-10-25
7337:2015-06-12
7294:2012-10-08
7062::131, 139)
7043:2008-02-22
6579::127, 254)
6222:References
6131:Pittsburgh
5876:Hoi Toider
5844:Appalachia
5836:See also:
5704:West Texas
5688:Ohio River
5474:See also:
5430:Miami-Dade
5319:continuous
5211:Ohio River
5179:Ohio River
5060:, so that
5015:Lowcountry
4592:Providence
4517:allophones
4464:, such as
4416:non-rhotic
4286:towards (
4188:Binghamton
4054:after non-
3933:non-rhotic
3929:New Jersey
3899:Sacramento
3756:California
3677:diphthongs
3099:mayonnaise
3046:mayonnaise
3020:as either
2921:Pittsburgh
2876:California
2710:Boston, MA
2649:Back Vowel
2563:Back Vowel
1424:merger to
1375:merger to
1228:Appalachia
1221:California
1067:Pittsburgh
733:R-dropping
580:= fronted
340:), making
112:(ANAE) by
8777:Singapore
8739:Sri Lanka
8694:Hong Kong
8520:variation
8512:Australia
8423:Caribbean
8289:Baltimore
8172:Lunenburg
8117:Gibraltar
8034:Highlands
7912:Yorkshire
7875:Liverpool
7565:146637083
7536:247196050
7419:(1977) .
7411:: 201–32.
6546::54, 238)
6346:Citations
6316:is , but
6282:and like
6186:Boontling
5942:Krazy Kat
5898:shows an
5886:shows no
5728:mid front
5545:and long
5509:split of
5442:Hispanics
5379:Huguenots
5120:Rhoticity
5031:Dust Bowl
4804:The 2006
4714:Minnesota
4624:New Haven
4232:Milwaukee
4228:Wisconsin
4216:Cleveland
4192:Rochester
4064:Minnesota
4060:Wisconsin
4046:is , and
3791:. Before
3569:, but no
3565:and full
3553:are more
3487:-stopping
3472:-dropping
3406:(3 syll.)
3398:(2 syll.)
3352:(2 syll.)
3303:(2 syll.)
3253:(2 syll.)
3068:(cluster)
3026:/ˈlɔ.jər/
3022:/ˈlɔɪ.ər/
2916:Pre-nasal
2869:Pre-nasal
2735:Pre-nasal
2601:Pre-nasal
2208:" tensing
2141:Lunenburg
2095:Northwest
2065:vowel is
1930:vowel is
1833:vowel is
1686:vowel is
1486:vowel is
1352:" tensing
1276:Baltimore
1244:Northwest
933:resonants
814:merger +
693:is often
527:Northwest
346:yeah-wool
263:Baltimore
132:Regional
89:syntactic
8897:Standard
8867:Learning
8855:Nerrière
8846:Globish
8762:Malaysia
8734:Pakistan
8674:Zimbabwe
8602:Cameroon
8436:Barbados
8167:Atlantic
8135:Americas
8052:Abercraf
8021:Scotland
8000:Cornwall
7921:Midlands
7905:Teesside
7900:Tyneside
7890:Pitmatic
7853:Cheshire
7799:Dialects
7658:14047772
7621:(1982).
7599:(2001).
7248:. WLRN (
6989:Archived
6312:; thus,
6165:See also
6139:downtown
6004:merger.
5954:9th ward
5818:→ , and
5810:; thus:
5696:Oklahoma
5692:Arkansas
5642:Scotland
5563:horrible
5223:Oklahoma
5219:Arkansas
5215:Kentucky
5203:Nebraska
5199:Missouri
5116:as well.
4857:Nebraska
4853:Missouri
4845:Oklahoma
4632:Plymouth
4268:fronting
4252:phonemes
4200:Michigan
4184:Syracuse
4008:boroughs
4004:mobsters
3480:Hispanic
2830:Canadian
2778:Southern
2748:Southern
2373:fronting
2366:fronting
2359:fronting
2093:Pacific
1660:Southern
1242:Pacific
973:drawling
348:or even
290:fronting
275:Northern
219:Canadian
134:dialects
128:Overview
81:phonetic
77:phonemic
73:dialects
49:/ /
45:Help:IPA
8827:Engrish
8822:E-Prime
8795:Related
8782:Vietnam
8767:Myanmar
8637:Nigeria
8632:Namibia
8622:Liberia
8504:Oceania
8486:Bermuda
8458:Jamaica
8385:Chicano
8223:Midland
8209:United
8145:America
8081:Ireland
8057:Cardiff
8029:Glasgow
7978:Cockney
7858:Cumbria
7836:England
7827:Britain
7803:accents
7254:WLRN-FM
7250:WLRN-TV
7235::260–1)
6667::271–2)
6505::123–4)
6270:(as in
6262:(as in
6149:(as in
5944:in the
5559:Florida
5434:Broward
5294:(as in
5286:(as in
5270:(as in
5262:(as in
5162:Midland
5114:Midwest
4930:(as in
4918:(as in
4902:(as in
4890:(as in
4722:Montana
4640:Vermont
4574:(as in
4519:before
4240:Kenosha
4220:Chicago
4204:Detroit
4196:Buffalo
3830:), and
3816:lowered
3465:England
3423:pajamas
3385:3 syll.
3365:and NYC
3341:2 syll.
3318:Midland
3311:3 syll.
3293:3 syll.
3199:2 syll.
3186:3 syll.
3130:2 syll.
3084:caramel
3081:Florida
3072:pajamas
3002:caramel
2990:Florida
2954:pajamas
2839:Western
2571:Midland
2376:Strong
2369:Strong
2362:Strong
2355:Strong
1530:Midland
1361:Western
1269:Orleans
1196:MIDLAND
1029:merger
983:merger
931:before
927:can be
920:Midland
830:before
793:before
735:+ full
546:before
515:+ full
383:, have
292:of the
85:lexical
37:in the
8850:Gogate
8757:Brunei
8669:Uganda
8652:accent
8627:Malawi
8595:Africa
8570:accent
8525:accent
8468:Samaná
8441:Bequia
8260:accent
8233:Boston
8211:States
8194:Quebec
8154:Canada
8143:North
8099:Ulster
8089:Dublin
8005:Dorset
7863:Barrow
7825:Great
7816:Europe
7698:
7656:
7607:
7563:
7534:
7458:
7393:
7183:Thomas
6256:merger
6254:bother
6250:father
6241:rhotic
6123:merger
6121:caught
6086:caught
6074:merger
6025:caught
5994:caught
5937:merger
5926:caught
5892:caught
5857:caught
5802:, and
5780:caught
5720:cain't
5676:merger
5644:, and
5601:; the
5571:chorus
5561:, and
5555:orange
5539:merger
5537:caught
5528:merger
5454:rhotic
5438:Monroe
5436:, and
5422:caught
5387:Gullah
5376:French
5365:merger
5354:caught
5307:merger
5305:caught
5296:caught
5280:merger
5264:caught
5207:Kansas
5100:. The
5054:merger
4997:Texas.
4994:merger
4992:caught
4983:caught
4963:caught
4951:caught
4898:) and
4883:: The
4867:, and
4849:Kansas
4823:, and
4764:merger
4762:caught
4737:) and
4692:caught
4671:merger
4669:bother
4665:father
4651:merger
4649:caught
4606:, and
4584:caught
4576:caught
4560:caught
4552:bother
4548:father
4509:merger
4507:hoarse
4498:caught
4486:hoarse
4472:, and
4458:father
4456:as in
4447:broad
4435:bother
4431:father
4427:merger
4425:bother
4421:father
4408:caught
4340:system
4323:merger
4308:caught
4288:caught
4236:Racine
4212:Toledo
4194:, and
4126:caught
4082:. The
4040:caught
4031:merger
4029:caught
3998:, and
3986:, and
3972:short-
3961:father
3953:caught
3891:merger
3704:writer
3696:powder
3692:pouter
3660:) and
3644:. The
3626:merger
3624:caught
3555:marked
3525:merger
3523:caught
3513:Canada
3435:lawyer
3090:lawyer
3078:Monday
3075:coupon
3018:lawyer
2978:Monday
2966:coupon
2874:none (
2823:-velar
2689:-velar
2422:merger
2410:merger
2394:merger
2392:caught
2349:Accent
2318:caught
2230:merger
2228:caught
2202:, and
2200:merger
2198:caught
2189:merger
2187:bother
2183:father
2178:rhotic
2116:Ottawa
2109:Quebec
2063:bother
2059:father
2055:merger
2053:bother
2049:father
2043:merger
1983:caught
1960:bother
1956:father
1951:merger
1903:/ɔ(r)/
1891:caught
1883:caught
1861:merger
1812:/ɔ(r)/
1800:caught
1792:caught
1684:caught
1676:caught
1628:merger
1597:caught
1542:caught
1484:caught
1476:caught
1422:caught
1373:caught
1346:, and
1344:merger
1329:merger
1327:bother
1323:father
1318:rhotic
1235:Boston
1145:PHILA.
1062:merger
1043:caught
1027:caught
1010:merger
943:merger
884:caught
847:merger
841:haggle
828:tensed
812:caught
787:caught
764:bother
760:father
755:merger
753:caught
695:tensed
672:caught
598:caught
544:tensed
498:merger
496:caught
474:CANADA
393:sorrow
391:, and
364:, and
336:, and
320:, and
304:, and
259:bought
251:clawed
221:, and
211:merger
209:caught
142:Boston
53:
8892:Plain
8807:Basic
8729:Nepal
8717:India
8617:Kenya
8612:Ghana
8577:Palau
8537:South
8380:Cajun
8321:Texas
8316:Older
8296:South
8267:North
8243:Maine
8062:Gower
8044:Wales
7960:South
7845:North
7654:S2CID
7561:S2CID
7532:S2CID
7368::128)
7356::304)
7118::263)
7079::137)
6881::123)
6841::107)
6829::221)
6784::223)
6772::217)
6757::231)
6745::230)
6733::137)
6721::229)
6709::124)
6694::125)
6682::130)
6655::237)
6640::135)
6628::141)
6609::148)
6594::133)
6534::182)
6455:(PDF)
6406::168)
6377:(PDF)
6227:Notes
6061:(now
5918:split
5808:schwa
5764:board
5716:can't
5714:to ;
5652:South
5631:mouth
5623:price
5575:water
5567:story
5526:merry
5522:marry
5503:or a
5041::68).
4979:stalk
4975:stock
4971:stalk
4932:going
4825:MOUTH
4817:STRUT
4813:GOOSE
4752:Fargo
4596:Atlas
4503:horse
4490:horse
4482:horse
4474:can't
4376:Maine
4274:to (
4098:North
3996:catch
3976:split
3945:MOUTH
3941:GOOSE
3876:GOOSE
3802:, so
3700:rider
3658:DRESS
3533:GOOSE
3157:South
3107:North
3102:been
3096:route
3034:route
2912:Mixed
2768:Mixed
2644:Split
2597:Mixed
2591:Mixed
2558:Split
2448:Mixed
2408:merry
2404:marry
2327:START
2296:GOOSE
2284:START
2264:in a
2041:merry
2037:marry
2020:in a
2007:GOOSE
1995:MOUTH
1949:merry
1945:marry
1859:merry
1855:marry
1843:MOUTH
1751:MOUTH
1731:into
1708:, or
1562:, or
1453:GOOSE
1430:]
1426:[
1400:GOOSE
1381:]
1377:[
1342:merry
1338:marry
1260:Maine
1214:Texas
1206:SOUTH
948:South
913:merry
909:marry
845:Hegel
663:North
615:merry
611:marry
413:/oʊr/
385:/ɒrV/
358:thyme
330:house
314:goose
253:, or
41:(IPA)
8683:Asia
8560:Fiji
8547:West
8463:Saba
8328:West
8248:West
8238:East
7801:and
7709:2021
7696:ISBN
7605:ISBN
7577:Word
7456:ISBN
7438:2017
7391:ISBN
7313:help
7284:.com
7262:2013
7252:and
7220:help
7216::15)
7201:help
7197::16)
7173::61)
7153:help
7134:help
7130::14)
7103:2015
7020::68)
6985:NWAV
6964:help
6915:Swan
6869::10)
6561:help
6517::48)
6489:(2).
6388:2015
6334:and
6289:Saab
6286:and
6280:Kahn
6278:and
6135:/aʊ/
6112:/aʊ/
6110:and
6108:/oʊ/
6072:cord
6068:card
6037:/aʊ/
6017:/oʊ/
6013:/aɪ/
5986:/oʊ/
5982:/aɪ/
5935:curl
5931:coil
5924:and
5880:/aɪ/
5822:→ .
5814:→ ,
5772:boon
5760:card
5752:code
5748:/oʊ/
5746:and
5744:boon
5736:/eɪ/
5734:and
5708:/aʊ/
5680:/aɪ/
5664:here
5627:/aʊ/
5619:/aɪ/
5611:boat
5609:and
5607:goat
5603:/oʊ/
5595:dawn
5591:/ɑn/
5589:not
5587:/ɔn/
5579:wood
5569:and
5530:and
5518:Mary
5478:and
5406:/aɪ/
5396:/aʊ/
5394:and
5392:/aɪ/
5342:/aɪ/
5252:/aɪ/
5248:/aʊ/
5244:boat
5240:/oʊ/
5205:and
5195:Iowa
5183:Ohio
5110:West
5072:and
5064:and
5021:and
5009:and
4981:and
4973:and
4965:and
4957:and
4940:/oʊ/
4936:poet
4924:colt
4920:goal
4912:/oʊ/
4908:bone
4904:goat
4900:/oʊ/
4896:ouch
4888:/aʊ/
4881:/oʊ/
4879:and
4877:/aʊ/
4839:and
4837:Mid-
4821:GOAT
4778:TRAP
4771:TRAP
4743:FACE
4739:/eɪ/
4735:GOAT
4731:/oʊ/
4716:and
4653:and
4630:and
4622:and
4608:/aʊ/
4604:/oʊ/
4496:and
4484:and
4470:half
4466:bath
4441:and
4433:and
4400:/aʊ/
4396:/aɪ/
4364:and
4244:Erie
4224:Gary
4088:/aɪ/
4062:and
4048:/oʊ/
4044:/aʊ/
3984:calf
3980:cast
3968:cart
3951:and
3939:and
3937:GOAT
3880:GOAT
3878:and
3872:/oʊ/
3870:and
3860:putt
3852:putt
3804:rang
3800:/eɪ/
3785:keen
3781:king
3750:/oʊ/
3746:/aʊ/
3742:/aɪ/
3738:/eɪ/
3732:and
3684:/aʊ/
3682:and
3680:/aɪ/
3650:TRAP
3617:The
3612:tang
3606:and
3598:and
3529:GOAT
3511:and
3501:and
3431:/ɔj/
3429:and
3427:/ɔɪ/
3394:/ɔɪ/
3379:/eɪ/
3347:/ɔɪ/
3332:/eɪ/
3299:/ɔɪ/
3282:/eɪ/
3249:/ɔɪ/
3232:/eɪ/
3215:West
3195:/ɔj/
3174:/eɪ/
3167:/ju/
3142:/ɔɪ/
3121:/eɪ/
3116:/ju/
3093:poem
3050:been
3042:/aʊ/
3030:poem
2982:/eɪ/
2970:/ju/
2947:ANAE
2935:ANAE
2740:none
2695:none
2606:none
2475:none
2400:Mary
2364:/oʊ/
2357:/aʊ/
2333:GOAT
2290:GOAT
2278:/eɪ/
2274:/aʊ/
2262:/aʊ/
2260:and
2258:/aɪ/
2033:Mary
2018:/aʊ/
2016:and
2014:/aɪ/
2001:GOAT
1941:Mary
1934:GOAT
1907:/ɑr/
1899:/ʊə/
1851:Mary
1837:GOAT
1816:/ɑr/
1769:GOAT
1763:/ɔɪ/
1755:/aʊ/
1743:→ ;
1739:→ ;
1718:/eɪ/
1714:/aɪ/
1690:/aɪ/
1645:and
1639:/aʊ/
1626:foal
1622:fool
1618:Full
1611:/oʊ/
1575:/oʊ/
1569:/aʊ/
1548:/aɪ/
1520:GOAT
1449:to )
1443:GOAT
1394:GOAT
1334:Mary
1267:New
1185:WEST
1077:and
1071:/aʊ/
1060:fool
1056:full
1053:) +
1008:feel
1004:fill
1001:) +
999:/ɔɪ/
991:/aʊ/
975:) +
971:and
965:/eɪ/
961:/aɪ/
953:/aɪ/
925:/aɪ/
905:Mary
865:/oʊ/
861:/aʊ/
701:( ←
648:/aʊ/
640:/oʊ/
633:and
607:Mary
588:and
586:/oʊ/
582:/aʊ/
525:and
483:/oʊ/
476:and
460:ANAE
458:(or
437:/ɑr/
431:and
417:/ɔr/
405:/ɑr/
397:/ɔr/
366:fine
362:mile
354:/aɪ/
350:yale
342:yowl
338:loud
326:/aʊ/
322:glue
308:and
302:home
298:goat
294:/oʊ/
277:and
269:and
257:and
255:slot
249:and
243:talk
241:and
239:mock
233:and
7805:of
7646:doi
7585:doi
7553:doi
7524:doi
7149::9)
6929:/æ/
6318:man
6314:mad
6306:/æ/
6292:to
6284:sob
6276:con
6268:/ɑ/
6260:/ɒ/
6161:).
6159:/ɔ/
6155:/ɑ/
6151:cut
6147:/ʌ/
6143:low
6117:cot
6082:cot
6033:pen
6029:pin
6021:cot
6002:pen
5998:pin
5990:cot
5970:by
5922:cot
5900:/i/
5888:cot
5853:cot
5849:/ɔ/
5820:/ɪ/
5816:/ɛ/
5812:/æ/
5804:pit
5800:pet
5796:pat
5776:cot
5770:in
5768:/u/
5758:in
5756:/ɑ/
5750:in
5742:in
5740:/u/
5732:/i/
5712:/æ/
5684:/l/
5674:pen
5670:pin
5633:).
5605:of
5599:don
5551:/r/
5533:cot
5511:/æ/
5460:).
5418:cot
5414:pen
5410:pin
5363:pen
5359:pin
5350:cot
5323:/æ/
5315:cat
5311:/æ/
5301:cot
5292:/ɔ/
5288:cot
5284:/ɑ/
5272:cot
5268:/ɑ/
5260:/ɔ/
5106:pen
5102:pin
5092:of
5082:him
5080:or
5078:pin
5074:him
5070:hem
5066:pin
5062:pen
5052:pen
5048:Pin
5011:pen
5007:pin
4988:cot
4969:or
4967:cot
4959:/ɒ/
4955:/ɔ/
4947:cot
4934:or
4922:or
4916:/l/
4906:or
4894:or
4892:cow
4785:LOT
4782:/ɑ/
4775:/æ/
4768:/æ/
4758:cot
4688:cot
4684:/ʌ/
4680:/ɑ/
4676:/æ/
4659:/r/
4655:/ɑ/
4645:cot
4600:/u/
4580:cot
4572:/ɔ/
4568:/r/
4564:/ɑ/
4556:cot
4529:/r/
4525:/ɑ/
4513:/æ/
4494:cot
4462:/æ/
4454:/a/
4443:/ɒ/
4439:/a/
4404:cot
4394:of
4325:).
4321:pen
4317:pin
4312:/ɪ/
4304:cut
4300:/ʌ/
4296:/ɛ/
4292:cot
4284:/ɔ/
4280:cat
4276:cot
4272:/ɑ/
4270:of
4264:cat
4260:/æ/
4258:of
4210:),
4172:/ɑ/
4168:/æ/
4130:/ɑ/
4122:cot
4118:/r/
4114:/ɑ/
4086:of
4080:/ɑ/
4072:/ɔ/
4068:/u/
4066:),
4052:/u/
4036:cot
4025:cot
4000:cap
3992:cat
3988:cab
3957:/ɔ/
3949:cot
3889:pen
3885:pin
3868:/u/
3864:pet
3856:/ʌ/
3848:put
3844:/ʊ/
3840:pet
3836:pit
3832:/ɪ/
3828:pat
3824:pet
3820:/ɛ/
3814:is
3812:/æ/
3808:ray
3796:/æ/
3793:/ŋ/
3789:kin
3777:/ɪ/
3773:/ŋ/
3734:/æ/
3730:/ɛ/
3726:/g/
3666:KIT
3662:/ɪ/
3654:/ɛ/
3648:of
3646:/æ/
3642:/ɪ/
3638:/ɛ/
3634:/æ/
3620:cot
3608:lag
3604:leg
3600:/ŋ/
3596:/ɡ/
3563:/r/
3559:/ɑ/
3519:cot
3463:in
3419:/æ/
3410:/ɪ/
3402:/u/
3389:/ɪ/
3374:/u/
3369:/ɑ/
3337:/ɔ/
3327:/u/
3322:/æ/
3307:/u/
3288:/ɔ/
3276:/u/
3262:/ɪ/
3244:/ɪ/
3237:/ɔ/
3226:/u/
3219:/ɑ/
3208:/ɪ/
3190:/ɪ/
3181:/ɔ/
3161:/ɑ/
3135:/ɪ/
3126:/ɔ/
3111:/æ/
3058:/ɛ/
3054:/ɪ/
3040:or
3038:/u/
3024:or
3014:/i/
3012:or
3010:/ɪ/
3000:);
2998:/ɑ/
2994:/ɔ/
2986:/i/
2984:or
2974:/u/
2972:or
2962:/ɑ/
2958:/æ/
2909:Yes
2906:Yes
2900:Yes
2897:Yes
2894:Yes
2862:Yes
2859:Yes
2853:Yes
2814:Yes
2811:Yes
2805:Yes
2774:Yes
2771:Yes
2762:Yes
2759:Yes
2756:Yes
2725:Yes
2722:Yes
2680:Yes
2677:Yes
2674:Yes
2622:Yes
2594:Yes
2585:Yes
2582:Yes
2579:Yes
2542:Yes
2539:Yes
2536:Yes
2506:Yes
2500:Yes
2463:Yes
2460:Yes
2457:Yes
2454:Yes
2420:pen
2416:Pin
2388:Cot
2382:/r/
2378:/ɑ/
2371:/u/
2335:is
2329:is
2314:Cot
2292:is
2286:is
2252:/ɡ/
2248:/æ/
2242:/ɛ/
2238:/æ/
2234:/ɑ/
2224:Cot
2194:cot
2123:MTE
2046:No
2009:is
2003:is
1997:is
1979:Cot
1971:ENE
1939:No
1936:is
1928:bat
1924:bad
1920:/æ/
1895:/r/
1887:cot
1879:cot
1877:No
1870:NYC
1848:No
1845:is
1839:is
1831:sad
1827:bad
1823:/æ/
1804:/r/
1796:cot
1788:cot
1786:No
1771:is
1759:/ɔ/
1745:/ɪ/
1741:/ɛ/
1737:/æ/
1722:/i/
1710:/z/
1706:/v/
1702:/ɡ/
1698:/d/
1694:/b/
1680:cot
1672:cot
1670:No
1647:/r/
1643:/l/
1630:to
1613:is
1605:/ʌ/
1601:/ɑ/
1593:Cot
1585:WPA
1577:is
1571:is
1564:/ɹ/
1560:/n/
1556:/m/
1552:/l/
1538:Cot
1522:is
1514:/ɛ/
1510:/ʌ/
1506:/ɔ/
1502:/ɑ/
1498:/æ/
1490:/æ/
1480:cot
1472:cot
1470:No
1455:is
1418:Cot
1402:is
1396:is
1369:Cot
1165:WPA
1134:NYC
1124:WNE
1115:ENE
1079:/r/
1075:/l/
1051:/ʌ/
1047:/ɑ/
1039:cot
1023:cot
995:/ɔ/
981:pen
977:pin
969:/i/
955:is
941:pen
937:pin
901:/æ/
889:/ʌ/
880:cot
877:=
869:/u/
832:/ɡ/
826:is
824:/æ/
820:/r/
816:/ɑ/
808:cot
795:/r/
791:/ɑ/
783:cot
774:/r/
770:/ɑ/
749:cot
731:=
719:/ɛ/
715:/ʌ/
711:/ɔ/
707:/ɑ/
703:/æ/
691:/æ/
680:/r/
676:/ɑ/
668:cot
656:pen
652:pin
644:/u/
602:/æ/
594:cot
590:/u/
560:/ɪ/
556:/ɛ/
552:/æ/
548:/ɡ/
542:is
540:/æ/
536:/r/
532:/ɑ/
530:=
513:/r/
509:/ɑ/
492:cot
487:/u/
409:are
374:spa
370:spy
334:now
318:two
310:/u/
306:toe
247:rod
235:/ɑ/
231:/ɔ/
205:cot
8914::
7652:.
7642:38
7640:.
7634:.
7581:19
7579:.
7559:.
7547:.
7530:.
7520:18
7518:.
7501:,
7407:.
7346:^
7330:.
7278:.
7161:^
7093:.
7067:^
7052:^
7034:.
7004:,
6955::
6953:}}
6949:{{
6913:.
6819:^
6762:^
6699:^
6672:^
6645:^
6614:^
6599:^
6584:^
6569:^
6522:^
6495:^
6487:21
6485:.
6481:.
6467:^
6457:.
6438:^
6423:^
6396:^
6379:.
5956:,
5906:.
5798:,
5718:→
5648:.
5640:,
5583:on
5557:,
5432:,
5398:.
5381:,
5276:on
5256:on
5193:,
5189:,
5185:,
4863:,
4859:,
4851:,
4847:,
4819:,
4815:,
4602:,
4531:.
4523:.
4468:,
4378:,
4238:,
4234:,
4222:,
4218:,
4214:,
4206:,
4190:,
4186:,
4076:on
4010:.
3994:,
3982:,
3923:,
3854:.
3775:,
3728:,
3640:,
3636:,
3610:;
3485:th
3264:)
3210:)
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2808:No
2802:No
2799:No
2765:No
2731:No
2728:No
2719:No
2716:No
2713:No
2683:No
2671:No
2668:No
2665:No
2640:No
2637:No
2634:No
2631:No
2628:No
2625:No
2588:No
2554:No
2551:No
2548:No
2545:No
2509:No
2503:No
2497:No
2494:No
2491:No
2466:No
2451:No
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