Phrygia - Knowledge

2627: 4434:γεγαριτμενος 'devoted, at the mercy of' < PIE *ǵhr̥Hit-; NPhr. γλουρεος 'golden' < PIE *ǵhl̥h3-ro-. However, two shifts affected this language. Phrygian merged the old labiovelar with the plain velar (the etymological and the resulting ones): OPhr. ke(y), NPhr. κε (passim) 'and' < PIE *ku̯e; OPhr. knais (B-07), NPhr. κ̣ναικαν 'wife' (16.1 = 116) < *gu̯neh2i-. Secondly, in contact with palatal vowels (/e/ and /i/, see de Lamberterie 2013: 25–26), and especially in initial position, some consonants became palatalised:PIE *ǵhes-r- 'hand' > OPhr. ↑iray (B-05),7NPhr. ζειρα (40.1 = 12) 'id.' (Hämmig 2013: 150–151). It also occurs in glosses: *ǵheu̯-mn̻ >ζευμαν 'fount, source' (Hesychius ζ 128). These two secondary processes, as happened in Tocharian and the Romance languages, lend Phrygian the guise of a satəm language. 3839: 56: 2678: 4335:

Armenian.…Indeed, between the 19th and the first half of the 20th c. BC Phrygian was mostly considered a satəm language (a feature once considered important to establishing the position of a language) and, especially after Alf Torp's study, closer to Armenian (and Thracian), whereas it is now commonly considered to be closer to Greek.…Brixhe (1968), Neumann (1988) and, through an accurate analysis, Matzinger (2005) showed the inconsistency of the Phrygo-Armenian assumption and argued that Phrygian was a language closely related to Greek.

2821: 2323: 3577:(aka Annacus). This king resided at Iconium, the most eastern city of the kingdom of Phrygia at that time; and after his death, at the age of 300 years, a great flood overwhelmed the country, as had been foretold by an ancient oracle. The next king mentioned in extant classical sources was called Manis or Masdes. According to Plutarch, because of his splendid exploits, great things were called "manic" in Phrygia. Thereafter, the kingdom of Phrygia seems to have become fragmented among various kings. One of the kings was 3545: 2425: 2852: 2413: 323: 3167: 3645: 2994: 5940: 2919: 2599:, while today it is commonly considered to be a centum language and thus closer to Greek. The reason that in the past Phrygian had the guise of a satəm language was due to two secondary processes that affected it. Namely, Phrygian merged the old labiovelar with the plain velar, and secondly, when in contact with palatal vowels /e/ and /i/, especially in initial position, some consonants became palatalized. Furthermore, 2786:, to theorize that Armenians also originated in the Balkans and moved east with the Phrygians. However, an Armenian origin in the Balkans, although once widely accepted, has been facing increased scrutiny in recent years due to discrepancies in the timeline and lack of genetic and archeological evidence. In fact, some scholars have suggested that the Phrygians and/or the apparently related 2351: 3374:), likely in mountainous locations, and through orgiastic rites featuring pipe and cymbal music and ecstatic dancing, with her name also characterising her as the goddess of head-shaking and the ecstatic state caused by it. Therefore, the goddess was also given a Phrygian epithet meaning "frantic" in reference to the divine frenzy she inspired in her worshipers and recorded in Greek as 2889:, an eastern Anatolian people, were at that time campaigning in a joint army. This Midas is thought to have reigned Phrygia at the peak of its power from about 720 BC to about 695 BC (according to Eusebius) or 676 BC (according to Julius Africanus). An Assyrian inscription mentioning "Mita", dated to 709 BC, during the reign of 2958:, which eventually expelled them by around 620 BC, and then expanded to incorporate Phrygia, which became the Lydian empire's eastern frontier. The Gordium site reveals a considerable building program during the 6th century BC, under the domination of Lydian kings including the proverbially rich King 4082:

as "the Phrygian heresy", arose in the unidentified village of Ardabau in the 2nd century AD, and was distinguished by ecstatic spirituality and women priests. Originally described as a rural movement, it is now thought to have been of urban origin like other Christian developments. The new

3703:. Leaving the gold in the river's sands, Midas found himself in Phrygia, where he was adopted by the childless king Gordias and taken under the protection of Cybele. Acting as the visible representative of Cybele, and under her authority, it would seem, a Phrygian king could designate his successor. 4545:

With the current state of our knowledge, we can affirm that Phrygian is closely related to Greek. This is not a surprising conclusion: ancient sources and modern scholars agree that Phrygians did not live far from Greece in pre-historic times. Moreover, the last half century of scientific study of

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but circumstances or guidance, "in ways which we are not told, by inner promptings, or by visions of the night, or by the inspired utterances of those among their converts who had received the gift of prophecy" prevented them from doing so and instead they travelled westwards towards the coast.

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2.1.4. Phrygian belongs to the centum group of IE languages (Ligorio and Lubotsky 2018: 1824). Together with Greek, Celtic, Italic, Germanic, Hittite and Tocharian, Phrygian merged the old palatovelars with plain velars in a first step: NPhr. (τιτ-)τετικμενος 'condemned' < PIE *deiḱ-; NPhr.

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royalty, funded its construction. While her patronage may not indicate personal sympathy towards Judaism, it suggests support from influential circles. Though conditions for Jews in Acmonia seemed favorable in Severa's time, their continuity is unclear. By the third century, evidence of Jewish

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To the best of our current knowledge, Phrygian was closely related to Greek. This affirmation is consistent with the vision offered by Neumann (1988: 23), Brixhe (2006) and Ligorio and Lubotsky (2018: 1816) and with many observations given by ancient authors. Both languages share 34 of the 36

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in Lydia and Phrygia, aiming to strengthen Seleucid control in the region. This likely meant relocating more than 10,000 individuals to Antiochus' territories in western Asia Minor. The Jews received land, tax exemptions, and grain until they could sustain themselves from their own harvests.

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Scholars have long debated the exact position of Phrygian in the Indo-European language family. Although this position is not a closed question because of the fragmentary nature of our current knowledge, Phrygian has many important features which show that it is somehow related to Greek and

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at the end of the Trojan War: "Two sons he slew of Meges rich in gold, Scion of Dymas – sons of high renown, cunning to hurl the dart, to drive the steed in war, and deftly cast the lance afar, born at one birth beside Sangarius' banks of Periboea to him, Celtus one, and Eubius the other."

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This question is of course only just separable from the question of which languages within Indo-European are most closely related to Phrygian, which has also been hotly debated. A turning point in this debate was Kortlandt's (1988) demonstration on the basis of shared sound changes that

2614:, Neumann, Matzinger, Woodhouse, Ligorio, Lubotsky, and Obrador-Cursach. Furthermore, 34 out of the 36 Phrygian isoglosses that are recorded are shared with Greek, with 22 being exclusive between them. The last 50 years of Phrygian scholarship developed a hypothesis that proposes a 2645:

According to the "recent migration" theory, the Phrygians invaded just before or after the collapse of the Hittite Empire at the beginning of the 12th century BC, filling the political vacuum in central-western Anatolia, and may have been counted among the

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as one of Turkey's most revealing archeological sites. Excavations confirm a violent destruction of Gordium around 675 BC. A tomb from the period, popularly identified as the "Tomb of Midas", revealed a wooden structure deeply buried under a vast

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features considered in this paper, some of them of great significance:…The available data suggest that Phrygian and Greek coexisted broadly from pre-historic to historic times, and both belong to a common linguistic area (Brixhe 2006: 39–44).

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Phrygia describes an area on the western end of the high Anatolian plateau, an arid region quite unlike the forested lands to the north and west of it. Phrygia begins in the northwest where an area of dry steppe is diluted by the Sakarya and

3621:. They had been instructed by the oracle to acclaim as their king the first man who rode up to the god's temple in a cart. That man was Gordias (Gordios, Gordius), a farmer, who dedicated the ox-cart in question, tied to its shaft with the " 4669: 3194:, Phrygia was divided anew into two provinces: "Phrygia I", or Phrygia Salutaris (meaning "healthy" in Latin), and Phrygia II, or Pacatiana (Greek Πακατιανή, Pakatiane, unknown etymology, but translated as "peaceful"), both under the 2650:" that Egyptian records credit with bringing about the Hittite collapse. The so-called Handmade Knobbed Ware found in Western Anatolia during this period has been tentatively identified as an import connected to this invasion. 6219: 2519:

together as peoples that migrated to Anatolia from the Balkans. This image of Phrygians as part of a related group of northwest Anatolian cultures seems the most likely explanation for the confusion over whether

2638:, and have theorized that migration into Phrygia could have occurred more recently than classical sources suggest. They have sought to fit the Phrygian arrival into a narrative explaining the downfall of the 4732: 4026:

presence in Acmonia increased, including gravestones invoking biblical curses against grave violators, indicating the integration of Jewish practices and influential positions within the community.

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developed and flourished in Gordium during this period, using a Phoenician-derived alphabet similar to the Greek one. A distinctive Phrygian pottery called Polished Ware appears during this period.

2881:, the king of Phrygia during this time was another Midas. This historical Midas is believed to be the same person named as Mita in Assyrian texts from the period and identified as king of the 5300:

Oreshko, Rostyslav (2021). "In Search of the Holy Cube Roots: Kubaba—Kubeleya—Κύβεβος—Kufaws and the Problem of Ethnocultural Contact in Early Iron Age Anatolia". In Bianconi, Michele (ed.).

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A number of linguists have rejected a close relationship between Armenian and Phrygian, despite saying that the two languages do share some features. Phrygian is now classified as a

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Phrygian has approached both languages and developed the hypothesis of a Proto-Greco-Phrygian language, to the detriment to other theories like Phrygio-Armenian or Thraco-Phrygian.

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There are indications in the Iliad that the heart of the Phrygian country was further north and downriver than it would be in later history. The Phrygian contingent arrives to aid

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Thraco-Armenian had separated from Phrygian and other originally Balkan languages at an early stage. The consensus has now returned to regarding Greek as the closest relative.

3677:. This shadowy figure resided at Pessinus and attempted to marry his daughter to the young Attis in spite of the opposition of his lover Agdestis and his mother, the goddess 2347:. The climate is harsh with hot summers and cold winters. Therefore, olives will not easily grow here so the land is mostly used for livestock grazing and barley production. 4013:(Pamukkale), a third-century sarcophagus inscription highlights the importance of the holy synagogue in burial practices. The most well-documented Phrygian synagogue was in 4778:

Martirosyan, H., 2013, "The place of Armenian in the Indo-European language family: the relationship with Greek and Indo-Iranian", Journal of Language Relationship10, 85—13

2263:. Phrygian power reached its peak in the late 8th century BC under another historical king, Midas, who dominated most of western and central Anatolia and rivaled 6263: 6230: 2626: 6210: 6206: 5100:

Suidas s. v. Νάννακος; Stephanus of Byzantium s.v. Ἰκόνιον; Both passages are translated in: A new system: or, An analysis of ancient mythology by Jacob Bryant (1807)

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Phrygian continued to be spoken until the 6th century AD, though its distinctive alphabet was lost earlier than those of most Anatolian cultures. One of the

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had struck a truce by that time. This Midas appears to have had good relations and close trade ties with the Greeks, and reputedly married an Aeolian Greek princess.

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in a battle with the Bebryces. According to some interpretations, Bebryces is an alternate name for Phrygians and this Mygdon is the same person mentioned in the

3673:'s son (adopted in some versions) was Midas. A large body of myths and legends surround this first king Midas. connecting him with a mythological tale concerning 4724: 6233: 3966:

During the Roman imperial period, Jews in Phrygia, like elsewhere in Asia Minor, formed a prosperous and established minority. Centuries earlier, Seleucid king

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Paul and the Nations: The Old Testament and Jewish Background of Paul's Mission to the Nations with Special Reference to the Destination of Galatians

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Clackson, J. P. T., 2008, "Classical Armenian", in Woodard,R. D., The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 124–143

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Liebhart, Richard; Darbyshire, Gareth; Erder, Evin; Marsh, Ben (2016). "A Fresh Look at the Tumuli of Gordion". In Henry, Olivier; Kelp, Ute (eds.).

6256: 6229: 2670:. This interpretation finds some motivation in Greek legends about Phrygians participation in the Trojan War, as well as the founding myth of the 2973:

There may be an echo of strife with Lydia and perhaps a veiled reference to royal hostages, in the legend of the twice-unlucky Phrygian prince

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Some scholars dismiss the claim of a Phrygian migration as a mere legend, likely arising from the coincidental similarity of their name to the

2108: 3681:. When Agdestis and/or Cybele appear and cast madness upon the members of the wedding feast. Midas is said to have died in the ensuing chaos. 3506:, which was considered to be the warlike mode in ancient Greek music. Phrygian Midas, the king of the "golden touch", was tutored in music by 2182: 4787:

Hamp, Eric P. (August 2013). "The Expansion of the Indo-European Languages: An Indo-Europeanist's Evolving View" (PDF). Sino-Platonic Papers.

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stage out of which Greek and Phrygian originated, and if Phrygian was more sufficiently attested, that stage could perhaps be reconstructed.

2072: 6185: 5970: 5464: 3625:". Gordias refounded a capital at Gordium in west central Anatolia, situated on the old trackway through the heart of Anatolia that became 2824:

Detail from a reconstruction of a Phrygian building at Pararli, Turkey, 7th–6th centuries BC: Museum of Anatolian Civilisations,

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Kim, Ronald (2018). "Greco-Armenian: The persistence of a myth". Indogermanische Forschungen. The University of British Columbia Library.

3178:. For purposes of provincial administration, the Romans maintained a divided Phrygia, attaching the northeastern part to the province of 1270: 6151: 5491: 3740:, which would remain the centre of Phrygia throughout its history. Phrygia was famous for its wine and had "brave and expert" horsemen. 6231: 6217: 6216: 6193: 6192: 5558: 3925: 6225: 6188: 6160: 6147: 6166: 7818: 6213: 6190: 5369:

Tamsü, Rahşan; Polat, Yusuf (19–24 February 2007). "The Phrygian rock cut altars and their restoration and conservation proposals".

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group of Indo-European languages. However, between the 19th and the first half of the 20th century Phrygian was mostly considered a

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Jerusalem its adherents founded in the village of Pepouza has now been identified in a remote valley that later held a monastery.

2762:(writing circa 440 BC), suggested that Armenians migrated from Phrygia, which at the time encompassed much of western and central 7798: 5963: 4495:

Furthermore, if Phrygian were not so-poorly attested perhaps we could reconstruct a Proto-Greco-Phrygian stage of both languages.

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in Central Anatolia during the Iron Age, her cult spread to Pisidia and later to the Greco-Roman world under the name of Kybele (

2666:. These scholars seek instead to trace the Phrygians' origins among the many nations of western Anatolia who were subject to the 2630:

Phrygian soldiers. Detail from a reconstruction of a Phrygian building at Pazarlı, Çorum, Turkey, 7th–6th centuries BC.

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as capital of the western portion. The provinces survived up to the end of the 7th century, when they were replaced by the

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conquest of Byzantine Anatolia in the late Middle Ages, the name "Phrygia" passed out of usage as a territorial designation.

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established after 584. After massive territorial losses in the 7th century, the remaining provinces were superseded by the

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called Togarmah "the Thrugrammeans, who, as the Greeks resolved, were named Phrygians". However, the Greek source cited by

930: 6220: 6218: 6157: 7808: 7382: 6107: 2393:. From here to the southwest lies the hilly area of Phrygia that contrasts to the bare plains of the region's heartland. 2036: 4648:

Hamp, Eric P. (August 2013). "The Expansion of the Indo-European Languages: An Indo-Europeanist's Evolving View" (PDF).

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had two children raised in isolation in order to find the original language. The children were reported to have uttered

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accompanied by a band of his people to Asia Minor to wash away the taint of his unwelcome "golden touch" in the river

3099:"). According to a legend, possibly promulgated by Alexander's publicists, whoever untied the knot would be master of 2603:(1988) presented common sound changes of Thracian and Armenian and their separation from Phrygian and the rest of the 6918: 6212: 4945: 3729:, which is Phrygian for "bread", so Psammetichus admitted that the Phrygians were a nation older than the Egyptians. 2161: 322: 6146: 5101: 2742:, the name of the easternmost province that emerged from the splintering of the Bronze Age western Anatolian empire 5215: 4564: 4513: 4401: 3848: 3435:

and was instead the Phrygian variant of an earlier Aegean-Balkan god whose Lydian and Greek reflexes were Lefs and

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was the mistress of wild mountainous landscapes and the protectress and nurturer of the wild animals living there.

2065: 829: 6241: 6197: 7343: 6594: 6152: 3597:. Tantalus was also falsely accused of stealing from the lotteries he had invented. In the mythic age before the 2310:. Over this time Phrygians became Christian and Greek-speaking, assimilating into the Byzantine state; after the 340: 17: 6181: 6662: 6586: 6575: 6207: 6191: 5874: 5440: 2840:

valley expanded into an empire dominating most of central and western Anatolia and encroaching upon the larger

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for power in eastern Anatolia. This later Midas was, however, also the last independent king of Phrygia before

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Tamsü, Rahşan; Polat, Yusuf (2010). "Yeni Buluntular Işığında Phryg Kaya Altarları Ve Bir Tipoloji Önerisi".

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was sacked and destroyed. According to Strabo and others, Midas committed suicide by drinking bulls' blood.

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were separated from Asia in 254–259 to become the new province of Phrygia and Caria. During the reforms of

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in a battle in northwest Anatolia that if historical would have taken place about a generation before the

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Unlike the Hittite and Luwian religions, the Phrygian pantheon was headed by a feminine deity, a goddess

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is unknown, and it is unclear if there was any basis for the identification other than name similarity.

2400:, along with its tributary, the Lycus. Within its boundaries lie the towns of Laodicea on the Lycus and 7683: 7665: 6183: 4453: 3663:, minor gods credited with the invention of iron smelting, who in most versions of the legend lived at 3198:. Salutaris with Synnada as its capital comprised the eastern portion of the region and Pacatiana with 2592: 2588: 1009: 967: 567: 6215: 6208: 6189: 7803: 7762: 6846: 6788: 6599: 6174: 6173: 6169: 6164: 6155: 5588: 3944: 3613:. The kingless Phrygians had turned for guidance to the oracle of Sabazios ("Zeus" to the Greeks) at 3248: 2974: 2397: 1711: 1676: 1349: 653: 6184: 3819:

to live in northwest Asia Minor, and who appear to have sometimes been considered distinct from the

3111:, the prophecy had some geographical plausibility. With Alexander, Phrygia became part of the wider 2610:

Modern consensus regards Greek as the closest relative of Phrygian, a position that is supported by

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spoken by most of their neighbors is also taken as support for a European origin of the Phrygians.

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Christianizing Asia Minor: conversion, communities, and social change in the pre-Constantinian era

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Linguistic and Cultural Interactions between Greece and Anatolia: In Search of the Golden Fleece

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welcomed him. Once again, Adrastus accidentally killed Croesus' son and then committed suicide.

7196: 6523: 6179: 6168: 3824: 3538: 3396: 3308: 3218:(1071). The Turks had taken complete control in the 13th century, but the ancient name of 2553: 2170: 1856: 1828: 1612: 1514: 1280: 1126: 750: 588: 480: 419: 374: 314: 306: 6186: 4305: 2820: 7211: 6980: 6793: 6719: 6312: 6214: 6202: 5889: 4885: 4067: 3199: 3183: 3068: 2998: 2003: 1832: 740: 736: 721: 717: 4811:

https://www.academia.edu/42660767/On_the_place_of_Phrygian_among_the_Indo_European_languages

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https://www.academia.edu/42660767/On_the_place_of_Phrygian_among_the_Indo_European_languages

2472:, the name of two groups of people, one of which lived in northern Macedonia and another in 7570: 7349: 6866: 6518: 6350: 6320: 4009:(Şuhut), a ruler of the synagogue is mentioned, indicating the presence of a synagogue. In 3465:

was the Phrygian reflex of an earlier Aegean-Balkan god whose Lydian variant was Qaλiyañs.

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became Persian Emperor in 521 BC, he remade the ancient trade route into the Persian "

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might have represented early Phrygians. According to a classical tradition, popularized by

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derived from Phrygia, transmitted through the Greek colonies in Anatolia and included the

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In the course of the 5th century, the region was divided in two administrative satrapies:

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held an important place in the Phrygian pantheon and his cult was widespread in Phrygia.

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Bartomeu Obrador Cursach. "On the place of Phrygian among the Indo-European languages."

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himself according to the myth. Another musical invention that came from Phrygia was the

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when they lived in Europe. He and other Greek writers also recorded legends about King

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was captured and destroyed by the Gauls soon afterwards and disappeared from history.

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Scholars of the Hittites believe Tegarama was in eastern Anatolia – some locate it at

2465:; Herodotus, for example, says a wild rose garden in Macedonia was named after Midas. 7756: 7618: 7333: 7040: 7030: 7025: 6929: 6899: 6696: 6546: 6437: 6427: 6402: 6397: 5924: 5869: 5420: 5397: 5392:

Tamsü, Rahşan (24–26 February 2005). "Observations on the Phrygian rock-cut altars".

5378: 5355: 5336: 5317: 5253: 4941: 4827: 4587: 4536: 4457: 4447: 4424: 4373: 4005:, which had an ethnically mixed population but was sometimes considered Phrygian. At 3916: 3912: 3776: 3768: 3526: 3244: 3151: 3014: 3006: 2901: 2885:. Scholars figure that Assyrians called Phrygians "Mushki" because the Phrygians and 2735: 2596: 2584: 2569: 2541: 2496:

at roughly the same time as the Phrygians were said to have had a king named Mygdon.

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remained in use until the last remnant of the Byzantine Empire was conquered by the

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From what is available, it is evident that Phrygian shares important features with

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The region of southwestern Phrygia is irrigated by the Maeander, also known as the

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and sacrificially offered him to the Olympians, a reference to the suppression of

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Tumulus as Sema: Space, Politics, Culture and Religion in the First Millennium BC

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language more closely related to Greek than Armenian, whereas Armenian is mostly

2766:: "the Armenians were equipped like Phrygians, being Phrygian colonists" (7.73) ( 2663: 2615: 2441:

According to ancient tradition among Greek historians, the Phrygians migrated to

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who was associated with mountains and wild animals and was given the epithet of

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and parts of Greece they survived under the themes until the early 9th century.

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International Conference on Environment: Survival and Sustainability (EES 2007)

3440: 3404: 3223: 3211: 3155: 3127:

In the chaotic period after Alexander's death, northern Phrygia was overrun by

2783: 2639: 2580: 2557: 2370: 2311: 1762: 1629: 1504: 1062: 1016: 984: 920: 411: 31: 4881:"Kingdoms of the Successors of Alexander: After the Battle of Ipsus, B.C. 301" 4582: 4559: 4531: 4508: 4419: 4396: 4368: 3142:

In 188 BC, the southern remnant of Phrygia came under the control of the

2832:

During the 8th century BC, the Phrygian kingdom with its capital at

2386: 7777: 7744: 7582: 7141: 7093: 7058: 7048: 6957: 6657: 6460: 6455: 6407: 6387: 6316: 6300: 5944: 5842: 5529: 5516: 5424: 4591: 4573: 4540: 4522: 4428: 4410: 4377: 4270: 4034:

Visitors from Phrygia were reported to have been among the crowds present in

3951: 3737: 3638: 3582: 3503: 3483: 3443: 2837: 2720:– far to the east of Phrygia. Some scholars have identified Phrygia with the 2659: 2611: 2537: 2022: 1486: 1402: 1119: 977: 839: 593: 2856: 809: 7750: 7576: 7339: 7156: 7151: 7103: 6889: 6856: 6851: 6676: 6450: 6328: 4051: 3986:

Antiochus specifically allocated land for vineyards, indicating a focus on

3800: 3622: 3559: 3530: 3432: 3203: 3088: 2851: 2412: 2332: 2303: 2216: 2193:. After its conquest, it became a region of the great empires of the time. 1641: 1479: 953: 824: 623: 618: 608: 3537:

and survived into modern imagery as the "liberty cap" of the American and

3166: 2927: 2340: 7612: 7362: 7234: 7201: 7113: 7068: 6942: 6884: 6068: 5914: 5826: 5661: 5618: 5309: 3987: 3978: 3920: 3602: 3456: 3112: 3045: 2658:

Some scholars believe that the Phrygians were already established on the

2647: 2295: 1617: 1603: 1567: 1275: 5448: 4935: 2993: 804: 7564: 7546: 7229: 7073: 6475: 6304: 6008: 5818: 5765: 5705: 5700: 5636: 5603: 4824:

Ancient Persia: A Concise History of the Achaemenid Empire, 550–330 BCE

4665:

The Problem Of Identification Of The Proto-Armenians: A Critical Review

4010: 3896: 3861: 3828: 3784: 3748: 3644: 3598: 3355: 3240: 3191: 3033: 2746:. However, scholars are unsure if Hapalla corresponds to Phrygia or to 2717: 2516: 2489: 2401: 2272: 2252: 1580: 1494: 1372: 1137: 265: 6099: 5646: 5396:. Chieti-Pescara, Italy: Chieti University (published 2008): 439–445. 4938:

Bilingualism in ancient society: language contact and the written word

3170:

The two Phrygian provinces within the Diocese of Asia, c. 400 AD.

7624: 7015: 6904: 6513: 6508: 6063: 5899: 4079: 4075: 4039: 4035: 3998: 3982: 3820: 3788: 3772: 3718: 3664: 3614: 3609:(or Gordias), a Phrygian farmer, became king, fulfilling an oracular 3375: 3207: 3057: 3037: 3002: 2890: 2759: 2685:

No one has conclusively identified which of the many subjects of the

2521: 2477: 2450: 2336: 2205: 1783: 1560: 1552: 1545: 1538: 1524: 1392: 4880: 4652:. 239: 8, 10, 13. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 August 2019. 4617:

Phillip Clapham, "Hittites and Phrygians", C&AH IV:2, pp.71–121.

4468:

Unquestionably, however, Phrygian is most closely linked with Greek.

7702: 7677: 7600: 7558: 7361: Affected (i.e. boundaries modified, abolished or renamed) by 7108: 7078: 7000: 6709: 6624: 6332: 6043: 6003: 5987: 5884: 5725: 5651: 5628: 5623: 5613: 4663: 3929: 3857: 3853: 3832: 3812: 3780: 3700: 3689: 3630: 3610: 3586: 3578: 3574: 3147: 3143: 3108: 3092: 2874: 2763: 2710: 2706: 2698: 2694: 2686: 2667: 2525: 2512: 2504: 2481: 2469: 2442: 2374: 2299: 1726: 1717: 1608: 1409: 1384: 1288: 779: 355: 252: 156: 106: 3954:, Phrygia is said to be "rich in fortresses" and ruled by "famous 3341:

was the Phrygian reflex of an earlier Aegean-Balkan goddess whose

2918: 7720: 7659: 7647: 7630: 7606: 7529: 7505: 7487: 7481: 7421: 7305: 7161: 7020: 6962: 6725:

Numidia (divided as Cirtensis and Militiana during the Tetrarchy)

6619: 6614: 6604: 6078: 6038: 6028: 6018: 5909: 5904: 5830: 5775: 5770: 5739: 5715: 5696: 5671: 5666: 5656: 5640: 5608: 4059: 4014: 4006: 3904: 3877: 3869: 3760: 3685: 3670: 3618: 3606: 3534: 3507: 3487: 3179: 3136: 3132: 3084: 3041: 3036:" and instituted administrative reforms that included setting up 2982: 2963: 2959: 2951: 2939: 2934: 2912: 2894: 2833: 2775: 2747: 2739: 2702: 2697:

by the ancient Hebrews, which has in turn been identified as the

2671: 2549: 2508: 2446: 2429: 2417: 2390: 2382: 2361:

South of Dorylaeum an important Phrygian settlement, Midas City (

2354: 2344: 2279: 2264: 2235: 2212: 1776: 1740: 1733: 1531: 1151: 784: 130: 76: 5838: 5504: 3759:

had taken an army to Phrygia to support it in a war against the

3558:, 1570s, with King Midas at right and the man with a knife in a 7732: 7588: 7552: 7517: 7475: 7445: 7433: 7315: 5998: 5853: 5834: 5822: 5805: 5785: 5755: 5730: 5598: 5593: 5305: 5252:. New York (N.Y.): Cambridge University Press. pp. 37–41. 4846: 4255: 3991: 3955: 3899:

against the Greeks. Hecabe was a daughter of the Phrygian king

3892: 3816: 3804: 3796: 3764: 3696: 3678: 3653: 3634: 3590: 3555: 3268: 3260: 3061: 2886: 2882: 2870: 2845: 2825: 2809: 2794: 2787: 2743: 2731: 2721: 2635: 2500: 2454: 2287: 2268: 2186: 1499: 1453: 972: 789: 238: 224: 6140: 5484: 4805:"On the place of Phrygian among the Indo-European languages." 4154: 3939:

coming from Lake Ascania in northwest Anatolia, and is led by

2954:, the Cimmerians remained in western Anatolia and warred with 2774:) According to Herotodus, the Phrygians had originated in the 7714: 7708: 7696: 7690: 7535: 7511: 7469: 7463: 7451: 7010: 7005: 6985: 6088: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6033: 6013: 5814: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5760: 5720: 5686: 5681: 5632: 5232: 5228: 5181: 5177: 5165: 5161: 5045: 5043: 4693:"Origins and Historical Development of the Armenian Language" 4055: 4002: 3908: 3888: 3881: 3873: 3865: 3752: 3744: 3733: 3707: 3674: 3511: 3381: 3187: 3128: 3053: 3022: 2978: 2967: 2955: 2923: 2798: 2770:Ἀρμένιοι δὲ κατά περ Φρύγες ἐσεσάχατο, ἐόντες Φρυγῶν ἄποικοι. 2768: 2726: 2485: 2473: 2468:

Some classical writers also connected the Phrygians with the

2458: 2369:. To the south again, central Phrygia includes the cities of 2283: 2247: 2242: 2225: 1598: 1472: 1466: 1448: 819: 794: 279: 4560:"On the place of Phrygian among the Indo-European languages" 4509:"On the place of Phrygian among the Indo-European languages" 4397:"On the place of Phrygian among the Indo-European languages" 4145: 3581:, who ruled over the north western region of Phrygia around 2977:, who accidentally killed his brother and exiled himself to 2350: 7794:

States and territories disestablished in the 7th century BC

5734: 4911:

Shaping the Dioceses of Asiana and Africa in Late Antiquity

4018: 3936: 3756: 3523: 3436: 3322: 3175: 3100: 3096: 2545: 2366: 2365:), is situated in an area of hills and columns of volcanic 2256: 2153: 2150: 1990: 6319:. Empire permanently partitioned after 395. Exarchates of 5067: 5040: 4356:

Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis

3919:

mentions two grandsons of Dymas that fell at the hands of

2147: 7789:

States and territories established in the 12th century BC

7726: 5084: 5082: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4173: 3659:

The Phrygians are associated in Greek mythology with the

2653: 2528:

and Anatolian Mygdones were or were not the same people.

2144: 5377:. Nicosia, Northern Cyprus (published 2009): 1005–1014. 2790:

people were originally from Armenia and moved westward.

2962:. Meanwhile, Phrygia's former eastern subjects fell to 5079: 5055: 5028: 5016: 5004: 4987: 4966: 4954: 4940:. Oxford : Oxford University Press. pp. 246–266. 4220: 4218: 4216: 4214: 3477: 3469: 3460: 3450: 3426: 3420: 3390: 3349: 3336: 3328: 3286: 3280: 3274: 3266: 3214:. It was overrun by the Turks in the aftermath of the 2420:

belongs to Phrygia. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site

2373:(ancient Akroinon) with its marble quarries at nearby 6755: 4936:

Swain, Simon; Adams, J. Maxwell; Janse, Mark (2002).

3431:

was not connected to the earlier Anatolian storm god

3074: 3013:

Some time in the 540s BC, Phrygia passed to the

2282:, around 695 BC. Phrygia then became subject to 2162: 2138: 4861: 4192: 3247:

and whose pantheon was composed of deities who were

2141: 60:

Map of the Phrygian Kingdom at its greatest extent,

4211: 4165:

sfn error: no target: CITEREFSulimirskiTaylor1991 (

3684:King Midas is said to have associated himself with 3617:, in the part of Phrygia that later became part of 3243:and was distinct from the earlier religions of the 2560:. Phrygian clearly did not belong to the family of 2381:. At the western end of Phrygia stood the towns of 2135: 6349: 5985: 5394:Symposium on Mediterranean Archaeology (SOMA 2005) 4135:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum. 3932:, is mentioned as another mythical Phrygian king. 3787:; he had sued for the hand of the Trojan princess 3186:. There is some evidence that western Phrygia and 3174:In 133 BC, the remnants of Phrygia passed to 2738:. Another possible early name of Phrygia could be 2564:spoken in most of the adjacent countries, such as 5495:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). pp. 541–544. 4131:Rose, C. Brian; Darbyshire, Gareth, eds. (2011). 3573:The name of the earliest known mythical king was 2693:, Phrygia can be equated with the country called 7775: 7404: 5573: 4668:. Society For Armenian Studies. pp. 49–54. 4446:Brixhe, Claude (2008). Woodard, Roger D. (ed.). 4160: 3831:in the southern Phrygian highlands, near modern 3695:In one version of his story, Midas travels from 2642:and the end of the high Bronze Age in Anatolia. 4661: 4557: 4506: 4479: 4394: 4318: 3864:. According to the story, while traveling from 3842:Horseman and griffin, Phrygia, 600–550 BC. 2828:. A griffin, sphinx and two centaurs are shown. 2436: 2335:river system and is home to the settlements of 4231: 4130: 3468:The identity and gender of the Phrygian deity 2621: 2461:that associated him with or put his origin in 7390: 7342:by the Eastern Empire in 534 as the separate 6257: 6115: 5971: 5559: 3115:world. Upon Alexander's death in 323 BC, the 2102: 5413:Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 4203:sfn error: no target: CITEREFOlbrycht2000a ( 4184:sfn error: no target: CITEREFIvantchik1993 ( 4058:travelled through Phrygia and the region of 2810:Peak and destruction of the Phrygian kingdom 2181:) was a kingdom in the west-central part of 7365:'s administrative reorganization in 534–536 4690: 4684: 4066:. Their plans appear to have been to go to 3827:believed that Mygdon's tomb was located at 3763:. Homer calls the Phrygians "the people of 3736:, the homeland of the Phrygians was on the 3522:Classical Greek iconography identifies the 3359: 3292: 3182:and the western portion to the province of 3161: 7397: 7383: 6264: 6250: 6122: 6108: 5978: 5964: 5566: 5552: 5410: 5368: 4907: 4826:. Cambridge University Press. p. 29. 3990:, consistent with later references in the 3210:" period, most of Phrygia belonged to the 3056:and Lydia. Its capital was established at 2595:language, and thus closer to Armenian and 2544:as not mutually intelligible with that of 2109: 2095: 2073:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch 54: 6299:. Provincial administration reformed and 5354:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5349: 5273:Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers 5247: 5192:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography 4581: 4530: 4418: 4367: 4349: 4294:, Cambridge University Press, 2008, p. 72 4266: 4264: 4198: 4179: 4021:'s reign, Ioulia Severa, a descendant of 3891:married the Phrygian princess Hecabe (or 2988: 2556:with at least some vocabulary similar to 6273:Late Roman and early Byzantine provinces 5501:"King Midas and Phrygia Cultural Center" 5113:Plutarch, On Isis and Osiris, Chapter 24 4608:See for example Encyclopædia Britannica. 3994:about Jewish Phrygia's wine production. 3837: 3643: 3543: 3165: 2992: 2917: 2850: 2819: 2753: 2676: 2625: 2572:to Greek and its dissimilarity with the 2423: 2411: 2349: 2321: 2228:, who turned whatever he touched to gold 6129: 5299: 5088: 5073: 5061: 5049: 5034: 5022: 5010: 4998: 4981: 4960: 4303: 3977:) resettled 2,000 Jewish families from 3652:period (3rd–1st century BC), 3239:The Phrygian religion in antiquity was 3131:, eventually to become the province of 2945: 2907:However, the Phrygian Kingdom was then 14: 7776: 5479: 5243: 5241: 4821: 4637:The Pre-History of the Armenian People 4445: 4261: 4133:The New Chronology of Iron Age Gordion 3589:, because he allegedly killed his son 3154:survived, although now written in the 2926:City (6th century BC), near 2869:According to the classical historians 2654:Relation to their Hittite predecessors 7378: 7295: 7294: 6754: 6348: 6284: 6245: 6103: 5959: 5547: 5391: 5330: 5185: 4867: 4345: 4343: 3915:also fought at Troy (see above); and 3710:was the priestess presiding over the 3585:. Tantalus was endlessly punished in 3389:Due to the prominence of the cult of 3122: 2080:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary 2052:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 4698:. Leiden University. pp. 1–23. 4483:Lexicon of the Phrygian Inscriptions 4322:Lexicon of the Phrygian Inscriptions 3692:, who granted him a "golden touch". 3514:, a reed instrument with two pipes. 2844:to its southeast and the kingdom of 2701:of Hittite texts and Til-Garimmu of 2531: 2484:, a people said to have warred with 2453:says that the Phrygians were called 2251:, the Phrygians participated in the 5238: 4873: 4735:from the original on 28 August 2020 4672:from the original on 4 October 2020 4449:The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor 4292:The ancient Languages of Asia Minor 4029: 3997:Evidence suggests the existence of 3907:, son of Proteus. According to the 2782:. This led later scholars, such as 2552:make clear that Phrygians spoke an 2037:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European 24: 7814:History of Afyonkarahisar Province 5352:Roman Phrygia: culture and society 4705:from the original on 4 August 2019 4662:Armen Petrosyan (1 January 2007). 4558:Obrador-Cursach, Bartomeu (2019). 4507:Obrador-Cursach, Bartomeu (2019). 4480:Obrador-Cursach, Bartomeu (2018). 4439: 4395:Obrador-Cursach, Bartomeu (2019). 4340: 4319:Obrador-Cursach, Bartomeu (2018). 4226:Roman Phrygia: culture and society 3961: 3075:Under Alexander and his successors 2059:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language 25: 7835: 7490:(returns to beginning of journey) 5433: 5195:. London: J. Murray. p. 230. 3254: 3015:Achaemenid (Great Persian) Empire 2909:overwhelmed by Cimmerian invaders 2568:. The apparent similarity of the 6705:Africa proconsularis (Zeugitana) 6331:in c. 640–660, although in 5938: 4807:Journal of Language Relationship 4755:Journal of Language Relationship 4565:Journal of Language Relationship 4514:Journal of Language Relationship 4402:Journal of Language Relationship 4290:, in Roger D. Woodard (editor), 3414: 3345:variant was the goddess Kufaws. 3001:, and the provincial capital of 2131: 2066:Journal of Indo-European Studies 830:Bible translations into Armenian 321: 284: 270: 245: 231: 217: 6315:established after the death of 5292: 5278: 5266: 5222: 5208: 5199: 5171: 5155: 5143: 5126: 5117: 5106: 5094: 4929: 4901: 4852: 4840: 4815: 4799: 4790: 4781: 4772: 4763: 4747: 4727:The Mushki Problem Reconsidered 4717: 4655: 4642: 4629: 4620: 4611: 4602: 4551: 4500: 4473: 4388: 4312: 4297: 4280: 4249: 4150:. De Gruyter. pp. 627–636. 3972: 3779:and others, this Mygdon's son, 3517: 3478: 3470: 3461: 3451: 3427: 3421: 3391: 3354:was performed by priests named 3350: 3337: 3329: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3267: 3251:of earlier Aegean-Balkan ones. 3087:in 333 BC and severed the 3079:The Macedonian Greek conqueror 2416:Zeus Temple in ancient city of 2326:Location of Phrygia in Anatolia 341:List of Indo-European languages 7799:Historical regions of Anatolia 6663:Flaminia et Picenum Annonarium 6587:Diocese of Suburbicarian Italy 5350:Thonemann, Peter, ed. (2013). 4304:Bolaris, Miltiades E. (2010). 4240: 4139: 4124: 4105: 4074:The Christian heresy known as 3568: 3107:that led through the heart of 2480:have been identified with the 13: 1: 7819:History of Eskişehir Province 6730:Tripolitania (Roman province) 6308: 5465:"Phrygian Period in Anatolia" 5123:There were seven all together 4118: 4001:in various cities, including 3811:is clearly an eponym for the 3803:in the vicinity of the later 3629:'s Persian "Royal Road" from 2933:A series of digs have opened 2860: 2816:Cimmerian invasion of Phrygia 2377:(İscehisar), and the town of 1667:Proto-Indo-European mythology 936:Paleolithic continuity theory 61: 5575:Ancient kingdoms of Anatolia 5445:Ancient History Encyclopedia 5275:, accessed 18 September 2015 4228:, Cambridge University Press 4224:Peter Thonemann (ed), 2013, 4161:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991 3376: 3323: 3307:. As the "Mountain Mother" ( 3302:Mother of the Mountain Peaks 3206:. In the Late Roman, early " 3103:. With Gordium sited on the 2548:, and inscriptions found at 2437:Legendary ancient migrations 2317: 1355:Northern Black Polished Ware 554:Proto-Indo-European language 96: 7: 7338: Re-established after 6650:Diocese of Annonarian Italy 6285: 5248:McKechnie, Paul R. (2019). 4691:Martirosyan, Hrach (2014). 4626:CAH, Vol 2, Part 2, p. 418. 4246:Herodotus VII.73, VIII.138. 4093:Ancient regions of Anatolia 4086: 3911:, Hecabe's younger brother 3498:The earliest traditions of 3234: 3119:took place in 301 BC. 3044:(province) lay west of the 2950:After their destruction of 2900:A system of writing in the 2730:mentions a Phrygian (Queen 2724:league, and noted that the 2622:Recent migration hypotheses 2343:, and the Phrygian capital 2286:, and then successively to 2276:sacked the Phrygian capital 1672:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism 10: 7840: 7809:History of Ankara Province 4454:Cambridge University Press 4350:Woodhouse, Robert (2009). 3856:slew a king Mygdon of the 3688:and other satyrs and with 3455:who was known in Greek as 3449:The Phrygian moon god was 3400: 3382: 3312: 3258: 3229: 2813: 2804: 2769: 2587:. Phrygian is part of the 2407: 2204:tell of several legendary 2174: 968:Domestication of the horse 126:• 8th Century–740 BC 29: 7639: 7497: 7413: 7328: 7311:Quaestura exercitus (536) 7301: 7290: 7220: 7127: 7039: 6971: 6928: 6917: 6865: 6827: 6779: 6768: 6764: 6750: 6695: 6648: 6585: 6574: 6532: 6484: 6436: 6373: 6362: 6358: 6344: 6291: 6280: 6137: 5994: 5933: 5862: 5748: 5581: 5419:(1). Eskişehir: 203–222. 4908:van Kuijck, Joey (2016). 4583:10.31826/jlr-2019-173-407 4532:10.31826/jlr-2019-173-407 4420:10.31826/jlr-2019-173-407 4369:10.2478/v10148-010-0013-x 4306:"Midas and the Phrygians" 3783:, fought and died in the 3648:Man in Phrygian costume, 2492:and who had a king named 1677:Historical Vedic religion 954:Chalcolithic (Copper Age) 196: 192: 179: 166: 162: 152: 148: 136: 124: 120: 112: 102: 92: 82: 72: 53: 48: 41: 27:Ancient Anatolian kingdom 7187:Palaestina III Salutaris 6383:Alpes Poeninae et Graiae 5481:Ramsay, William Mitchell 5331:Scott, James M. (1995). 4858:Encyclopædia Britannica. 4098: 3950:In one of the so-called 3947:, both sons of Aretaon. 3493: 3439:, also cognate with the 3162:Under Rome and Byzantium 3135:. The former capital of 2758:Ancient Greek historian 2499:The classical historian 1682:Ancient Iranian religion 1045:Novotitarovskaya culture 892:Indo-European migrations 7354: Placed under the 6715:Mauretania Caesariensis 6534:Diocese of the Britains 5492:Encyclopædia Britannica 4491:University of Barcelona 4330:University of Barcelona 3928:, father of the maiden 3795:could be an eponym for 3721:, the Egyptian pharaoh 3637:, and not far from the 2893:, suggests Phrygia and 2605:palaeo-Balkan languages 2259:, fighting against the 2255:as close allies of the 2185:, in what is now Asian 1183:Northern/Eastern Steppe 7197:Phoenice II Libanensis 6900:Macedonia II Salutaris 6313:praetorian prefectures 6275:(4th–7th centuries AD) 5986:Historical regions of 3975: 228–187 BC 3872:, Heracles stopped in 3843: 3791:in marriage. The name 3656: 3601:, during a time of an 3562: 3539:French revolutionaries 3408: 3171: 3010: 2989:As Persian province(s) 2930: 2866: 2829: 2682: 2631: 2554:Indo-European language 2433: 2421: 2358: 2327: 2234:, who warred with the 2219:would later be cut by 1654:Religion and mythology 1613:Medieval Scandinavians 904:Alternative and fringe 183:Fall to the Cimmerians 6919:Praetorian prefecture 6794:Noricum mediterraneum 6770:Praetorian prefecture 6720:Mauretania Sitifensis 6615:Picenum Suburbicarium 6576:Praetorian prefecture 6364:Praetorian prefecture 6311: 293. Permanent 5134:Description of Greece 4886:World Digital Library 4822:Waters, Matt (2014). 4078:, and still known in 3841: 3647: 3547: 3200:Laodicea on the Lycus 3169: 3071:and Greater Phrygia. 3069:Hellespontine Phrygia 2999:Hellespontine Phrygia 2996: 2921: 2854: 2823: 2754:Relation to Armenians 2680: 2629: 2616:proto-Graeco-Phrygian 2607:from an early stage. 2427: 2415: 2363:Yazılıkaya, Eskişehir 2353: 2325: 2004:Indo-European studies 1367:Peoples and societies 83:Common languages 7350:Diocese of Illyricum 7344:Prefecture of Africa 7099:Galatia II Salutaris 6867:Diocese of Macedonia 6757:Eastern Roman Empire 6519:Mauretania Tingitana 6351:Western Roman Empire 5316:. pp. 131–166. 4650:Sino-Platonic Papers 3533:, which was worn by 3529:as non-Greek by his 2946:As a Lydian province 2398:Büyük Menderes River 911:Anatolian hypothesis 863:Proto-Indo-Europeans 770:Hittite inscriptions 315:Indo-European topics 30:For other uses, see 7356:Quaestura exercitus 7129:Diocese of the East 7119:Pontus Polemoniacus 6781:Diocese of Pannonia 6610:Lucania et Bruttium 6557:Maxima Caesariensis 6552:Flavia Caesariensis 6131:History of Anatolia 5526: / 5475:on 6 December 2006. 5451:on 19 November 2010 4038:on the occasion of 3815:, a people said by 3474:are still unclear. 3285:with the full name 3216:Battle of Manzikert 3081:Alexander the Great 2857:Midas Mound Tumulus 2780:Bronze Age collapse 2574:Anatolian languages 2562:Anatolian languages 2428:Theatre complex of 2221:Alexander the Great 2123:classical antiquity 1167:Multi-cordoned ware 1038:Mikhaylovka culture 926:Indigenous Aryanism 916:Armenian hypothesis 775:Hieroglyphic Luwian 170:Bronze Age Collapse 7458:Antioch of Pisidia 7207:Syria II Salutaris 7064:Armenian Satrapies 6837:Dacia Mediterranea 6759:(395–c. 640) 6687:Venetia et Histria 6595:Apulia et Calabria 6296:Notitia Dignitatum 5138:Against the Pagans 5076:, p. 152-153. 5052:, p. 135-136. 4054:and his companion 3876:and supported the 3844: 3657: 3563: 3551:Flaying of Marsyas 3172: 3123:Celts and Attalids 3105:Persian Royal Road 3011: 2931: 2867: 2859:at Gordion, dated 2848:to the northeast. 2830: 2734:'s brother) named 2683: 2681:Ruins of the Lycus 2632: 2503:groups Phrygians, 2434: 2422: 2359: 2357:archeological site 2328: 2189:, centered on the 747:Proto-Indo-Iranian 733:Proto-Balto-Slavic 714:Proto-Italo-Celtic 138:• 740–675 BC 43:Kingdom of Phrygia 7771: 7770: 7372: 7371: 7334:Septem Provinciae 7324: 7323: 7296:Other territories 7286: 7285: 7282: 7281: 7278: 7277: 7069:Armenia III (536) 7041:Diocese of Pontus 7031:Phrygia Salutaris 7026:Phrygia Pacatiana 6930:Diocese of Thrace 6913: 6912: 6746: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6738: 6737: 6697:Diocese of Africa 6570: 6569: 6438:Diocese of Vienne 6428:Maxima Sequanorum 6340: 6339: 6239: 6238: 6097: 6096: 5953: 5952: 5945:Turkey portal 5403:978-1-4073-0181-5 5384:978-975-8359-55-4 5361:978-1-107-03128-9 5323:978-9-004-46159-8 5259:978-1-108-48146-5 4635:I. M. Diakonoff, 4463:978-0-521-68496-5 4237:Herodotus VII.73. 4017:(Ahat), where in 3917:Quintus Smyrnaeus 3852:, the Greek hero 3846:According to the 3777:Quintus Smyrnaeus 3743:According to the 3712:Apollonian oracle 3321: 3245:Anatolian peoples 3152:Phrygian language 3091:in the temple of 3009:, c. 500 BC. 3007:Achaemenid Empire 2966:and later to the 2902:Phrygian language 2891:Sargon of Assyria 2750:, further south. 2570:Phrygian language 2542:Phrygian language 2532:Phrygian language 2119: 2118: 1380:Anatolian peoples 1350:Painted Grey Ware 1238:Nordic Bronze Age 887:Kurgan hypothesis 840:Old Irish glosses 805:Gaulish epigraphy 300: 299: 296: 295: 292: 291: 258: 257: 97:Phrygian religion 16:(Redirected from 7831: 7804:Pauline churches 7540:Alexandria Troas 7407:Paul the Apostle 7399: 7392: 7385: 7376: 7375: 7348: Later the 7332: Later the 7292: 7291: 7270:Thebais Inferior 7265:Thebais Superior 7222:Diocese of Egypt 7212:Theodorias (528) 7074:Armenia IV (536) 6926: 6925: 6829:Diocese of Dacia 6819:Valeria ripensis 6777: 6776: 6766: 6765: 6752: 6751: 6635:Tuscia et Umbria 6583: 6582: 6486:Diocese of Spain 6371: 6370: 6360: 6359: 6346: 6345: 6310: 6293:As found in the 6282: 6281: 6266: 6259: 6252: 6243: 6242: 6124: 6117: 6110: 6101: 6100: 5980: 5973: 5966: 5957: 5956: 5943: 5942: 5941: 5568: 5561: 5554: 5545: 5544: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5537: 5536: 5531: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5522: 5519: 5508: 5507:on 20 July 2010. 5503:. Archived from 5496: 5488: 5476: 5471:. Archived from 5469:Ancient Anatolia 5460: 5458: 5456: 5447:. Archived from 5428: 5407: 5388: 5365: 5346: 5335:. Mohr Siebeck. 5327: 5314:Brill Publishers 5287: 5282: 5276: 5270: 5264: 5263: 5245: 5236: 5226: 5220: 5212: 5206: 5203: 5197: 5196: 5175: 5169: 5159: 5153: 5147: 5141: 5130: 5124: 5121: 5115: 5110: 5104: 5098: 5092: 5086: 5077: 5071: 5065: 5059: 5053: 5047: 5038: 5032: 5026: 5020: 5014: 5008: 5002: 4996: 4985: 4979: 4964: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4933: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4916: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4877: 4871: 4865: 4859: 4856: 4850: 4844: 4838: 4837: 4819: 4813: 4803: 4797: 4794: 4788: 4785: 4779: 4776: 4770: 4767: 4761: 4751: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4721: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4704: 4697: 4688: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4659: 4653: 4646: 4640: 4633: 4627: 4624: 4618: 4615: 4609: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4585: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4534: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4488: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4422: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4371: 4347: 4338: 4337: 4327: 4316: 4310: 4309: 4301: 4295: 4284: 4278: 4268: 4259: 4253: 4247: 4244: 4238: 4235: 4229: 4222: 4209: 4208: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4182:, p. 57-94. 4177: 4171: 4170: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4128: 4112: 4109: 4064:Christian gospel 4062:proclaiming the 4030:Christian period 3976: 3974: 3771:". According to 3481: 3480: 3473: 3472: 3464: 3463: 3454: 3453: 3430: 3429: 3424: 3423: 3402: 3394: 3393: 3385: 3384: 3379: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3353: 3352: 3340: 3339: 3332: 3331: 3326: 3316: 3314: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3290: 3289: 3284: 3283: 3278: 3277: 3272: 3271: 3030:Darius the Great 2997:The location of 2879:Julius Africanus 2865: 2862: 2772: 2771: 2476:. Likewise, the 2308:Byzantine Empire 2176: 2165: 2160: 2159: 2156: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2111: 2104: 2097: 1952: 1945: 1931: 1924: 1917: 1903: 1896: 1889: 1882: 1875: 1800: 1786: 1779: 1765: 1743: 1736: 1729: 1720: 1555: 1548: 1541: 1534: 1527: 1510:Germanic peoples 1500:Hellenic peoples 1489: 1482: 1475: 1398:Mycenaean Greeks 1387: 1315:Thraco-Cimmerian 1213:Globular Amphora 1190:Abashevo culture 1129: 1122: 1092: 1047: 1040: 1033: 1026: 1019: 1012: 1005: 998: 835:Tocharian script 538: 531: 524: 517: 510: 503: 496: 489: 456: 442: 435: 428: 414: 390: 383: 364: 325: 302: 301: 288: 287: 274: 273: 262: 261: 249: 248: 235: 234: 221: 220: 214: 213: 198: 197: 66: 63: 58: 39: 38: 21: 7839: 7838: 7834: 7833: 7832: 7830: 7829: 7828: 7824:Former kingdoms 7774: 7773: 7772: 7767: 7635: 7493: 7409: 7403: 7373: 7368: 7320: 7297: 7274: 7250:Augustamnica II 7216: 7123: 7035: 6973:Diocese of Asia 6967: 6920: 6909: 6895:Macedonia Prima 6861: 6823: 6799:Noricum ripense 6771: 6760: 6734: 6691: 6644: 6577: 6566: 6528: 6480: 6446:Alpes Maritimae 6432: 6418:Lugdunensis III 6375:Diocese of Gaul 6365: 6354: 6353:(395–476) 6336: 6303:established by 6287: 6276: 6270: 6240: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6133: 6128: 6098: 6093: 5990: 5984: 5954: 5949: 5939: 5937: 5929: 5858: 5744: 5577: 5572: 5534: 5532: 5528: 5525: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5512: 5499: 5486:"Phrygia" 5463: 5454: 5452: 5439: 5436: 5431: 5404: 5385: 5362: 5343: 5324: 5295: 5290: 5283: 5279: 5271: 5267: 5260: 5246: 5239: 5227: 5223: 5213: 5209: 5205:Pausanias 10.27 5204: 5200: 5176: 5172: 5160: 5156: 5148: 5144: 5136:7:17; Arnobius 5131: 5127: 5122: 5118: 5111: 5107: 5099: 5095: 5087: 5080: 5072: 5068: 5060: 5056: 5048: 5041: 5033: 5029: 5021: 5017: 5009: 5005: 4997: 4988: 4980: 4967: 4959: 4955: 4948: 4934: 4930: 4920: 4918: 4914: 4906: 4902: 4892: 4890: 4879: 4878: 4874: 4866: 4862: 4857: 4853: 4845: 4841: 4834: 4820: 4816: 4804: 4800: 4795: 4791: 4786: 4782: 4777: 4773: 4768: 4764: 4752: 4748: 4738: 4736: 4723: 4722: 4718: 4708: 4706: 4702: 4695: 4689: 4685: 4675: 4673: 4660: 4656: 4647: 4643: 4634: 4630: 4625: 4621: 4616: 4612: 4607: 4603: 4556: 4552: 4505: 4501: 4493:. p. 102. 4486: 4478: 4474: 4464: 4444: 4440: 4393: 4389: 4348: 4341: 4332:. p. 101. 4325: 4317: 4313: 4302: 4298: 4286:Claude Brixhe, 4285: 4281: 4269: 4262: 4254: 4250: 4245: 4241: 4236: 4232: 4223: 4212: 4202: 4197: 4193: 4183: 4178: 4174: 4164: 4159: 4155: 4144: 4140: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4116: 4115: 4110: 4106: 4101: 4089: 4042:as recorded in 4032: 3971: 3964: 3962:Jews of Phrygia 3807:, and the name 3751:, a young king 3738:Sangarius River 3723:Psammetichus II 3639:River Sangarius 3595:human sacrifice 3571: 3520: 3496: 3417: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3304: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3263: 3257: 3237: 3232: 3196:Diocese of Asia 3164: 3150:. However, the 3125: 3117:Battle of Ipsus 3083:passed through 3077: 3040:. The Phrygian 3019:Cyrus the Great 2991: 2948: 2863: 2842:Assyrian Empire 2818: 2812: 2807: 2756: 2664:Late Bronze Age 2656: 2624: 2534: 2439: 2410: 2320: 2202:Greek mythology 2196:Stories of the 2191:Sangarios River 2163: 2134: 2130: 2115: 2086: 2085: 2018:Marija Gimbutas 2006: 1996: 1995: 1987:Winter solstice 1977:Horse sacrifice 1948: 1941: 1927: 1920: 1913: 1899: 1892: 1885: 1878: 1871: 1824: 1809: 1796: 1782: 1775: 1761: 1752: 1739: 1732: 1725: 1716: 1707: 1686: 1655: 1647: 1646: 1589: 1576: 1551: 1544: 1537: 1530: 1523: 1485: 1478: 1471: 1462: 1444: 1431: 1418: 1389: 1383: 1368: 1360: 1359: 1333: 1310: 1297: 1285: 1266: 1208: 1185: 1147: 1140: 1134: 1125: 1118: 1109: 1107:Northern Europe 1088: 1084: 1071: 1058: 1043: 1036: 1029: 1022: 1015: 1008: 1001: 994: 990:Steppe cultures 963: 956: 949: 941: 940: 931:Baltic homeland 905: 901: 897:Eurasian nomads 881: 877: 853: 845: 844: 815:Runic epigraphy 810:Latin epigraphy 765: 757: 756: 694:Proto-Anatolian 678: 633: 629:Thraco-Illyrian 614:Graeco-Phrygian 604:Graeco-Armenian 599:Graeco-Albanian 578: 556: 543: 534: 527: 520: 513: 506: 499: 492: 485: 452: 438: 431: 424: 410: 386: 379: 360: 345: 337: 335: 285: 271: 246: 232: 218: 185: 172: 139: 127: 68: 64: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Ancient Phrygia 15: 12: 11: 5: 7837: 7827: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7769: 7768: 7766: 7765: 7759: 7753: 7747: 7741: 7735: 7729: 7723: 7717: 7711: 7705: 7699: 7693: 7687: 7680: 7674: 7668: 7662: 7656: 7650: 7643: 7641: 7637: 7636: 7634: 7633: 7627: 7621: 7615: 7609: 7603: 7597: 7591: 7585: 7579: 7573: 7567: 7561: 7555: 7549: 7543: 7532: 7526: 7520: 7514: 7508: 7501: 7499: 7498:Second journey 7495: 7494: 7492: 7491: 7484: 7478: 7472: 7466: 7460: 7454: 7448: 7442: 7436: 7430: 7424: 7417: 7415: 7411: 7410: 7402: 7401: 7394: 7387: 7379: 7370: 7369: 7367: 7366: 7359: 7352: 7346: 7336: 7329: 7326: 7325: 7322: 7321: 7319: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7302: 7299: 7298: 7288: 7287: 7284: 7283: 7280: 7279: 7276: 7275: 7273: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7260:Libya Inferior 7257: 7255:Libya Superior 7252: 7247: 7245:Augustamnica I 7242: 7237: 7232: 7226: 7224: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7133: 7131: 7125: 7124: 7122: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7045: 7043: 7037: 7036: 7034: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 7001:Lycaonia (370) 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6977: 6975: 6969: 6968: 6966: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6934: 6932: 6923: 6915: 6914: 6911: 6910: 6908: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6871: 6869: 6863: 6862: 6860: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6842:Dacia Ripensis 6839: 6833: 6831: 6825: 6824: 6822: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6785: 6783: 6774: 6762: 6761: 6748: 6747: 6744: 6743: 6740: 6739: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6701: 6699: 6693: 6692: 6690: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6665: 6660: 6654: 6652: 6646: 6645: 6643: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6591: 6589: 6580: 6572: 6571: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6538: 6536: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6504:Carthaginensis 6501: 6496: 6490: 6488: 6482: 6481: 6479: 6478: 6473: 6471:Novempopulania 6468: 6466:Narbonensis II 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6442: 6440: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6430: 6425: 6423:Lugdunensis IV 6420: 6415: 6413:Lugdunensis II 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6379: 6377: 6368: 6356: 6355: 6342: 6341: 6338: 6337: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6278: 6277: 6269: 6268: 6261: 6254: 6246: 6237: 6236: 6139: 6138: 6135: 6134: 6127: 6126: 6119: 6112: 6104: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5995: 5992: 5991: 5983: 5982: 5975: 5968: 5960: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5947: 5934: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5866: 5864: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5752: 5750: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5742: 5737: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5629:Hurrian States 5626: 5624:Hittite Empire 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5585: 5583: 5579: 5578: 5571: 5570: 5563: 5556: 5548: 5510: 5509: 5497: 5477: 5461: 5435: 5434:External links 5432: 5430: 5429: 5415:(in Turkish). 5408: 5402: 5389: 5383: 5366: 5360: 5347: 5342:978-3161463778 5341: 5328: 5322: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5288: 5277: 5265: 5258: 5237: 5221: 5207: 5198: 5187:Smith, William 5184:II.1055–1057; 5170: 5154: 5142: 5125: 5116: 5105: 5093: 5091:, p. 138. 5078: 5066: 5064:, p. 148. 5054: 5039: 5037:, p. 147. 5027: 5025:, p. 158. 5015: 5013:, p. 146. 5003: 5001:, p. 135. 4986: 4984:, p. 136. 4965: 4963:, p. 137. 4953: 4946: 4928: 4900: 4872: 4870:, p. 183. 4860: 4851: 4839: 4833:978-0521253697 4832: 4814: 4798: 4789: 4780: 4771: 4762: 4746: 4716: 4683: 4654: 4641: 4628: 4619: 4610: 4601: 4550: 4499: 4472: 4462: 4456:. p. 72. 4438: 4387: 4339: 4311: 4296: 4279: 4260: 4248: 4239: 4230: 4210: 4199:Olbrycht 2000a 4191: 4180:Ivantchik 1993 4172: 4163:, p. 559. 4153: 4138: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4113: 4103: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4096: 4095: 4088: 4085: 4031: 4028: 3963: 3960: 3570: 3567: 3519: 3516: 3495: 3492: 3419:The storm god 3416: 3413: 3392:Matar Kubeleya 3351:Matar Kubeleya 3338:Matar Kubeleya 3288:Matar Kubeleya 3259:Main article: 3256: 3255:Matar Kubeleya 3253: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3224:Ottoman Empire 3212:Anatolic theme 3163: 3160: 3156:Greek alphabet 3124: 3121: 3076: 3073: 3052:) and east of 2990: 2987: 2947: 2944: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2784:Igor Diakonoff 2755: 2752: 2655: 2652: 2640:Hittite Empire 2623: 2620: 2540:describes the 2533: 2530: 2438: 2435: 2409: 2406: 2371:Afyonkarahisar 2319: 2316: 2239: 2238: 2229: 2223: 2117: 2116: 2114: 2113: 2106: 2099: 2091: 2088: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2076: 2069: 2062: 2055: 2047: 2046: 2040: 2039: 2033: 2032: 2026: 2025: 2020: 2014: 2013: 2007: 2002: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1994: 1993: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1972:Fire sacrifice 1968: 1967: 1961: 1960: 1955: 1954: 1953: 1946: 1934: 1933: 1932: 1925: 1918: 1906: 1905: 1904: 1897: 1890: 1883: 1876: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1817: 1816: 1804: 1803: 1802: 1801: 1789: 1788: 1787: 1780: 1768: 1767: 1766: 1763:Zoroastrianism 1745: 1744: 1737: 1730: 1723: 1722: 1721: 1700: 1699: 1693: 1692: 1685: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1663: 1662: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1633: 1632: 1630:Medieval India 1621: 1620: 1615: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1584: 1583: 1571: 1570: 1564: 1563: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1549: 1542: 1535: 1528: 1512: 1507: 1505:Italic peoples 1502: 1497: 1492: 1491: 1490: 1483: 1476: 1457: 1456: 1451: 1439: 1438: 1426: 1425: 1413: 1412: 1406: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1376: 1375: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1358: 1357: 1352: 1341: 1340: 1328: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1305: 1304: 1292: 1291: 1284: 1283: 1281:Gandhara grave 1278: 1273: 1261: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1203: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1180: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1142: 1141: 1133: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1127:Middle Dnieper 1123: 1104: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1082:Eastern Europe 1079: 1078: 1066: 1065: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1049: 1048: 1041: 1027: 1020: 1013: 1010:Dnieper–Donets 1006: 999: 987: 985:Kurgan culture 982: 981: 980: 970: 958: 957: 950: 947: 946: 943: 942: 939: 938: 933: 928: 923: 921:Beech argument 918: 913: 907: 906: 900: 899: 894: 889: 883: 882: 876: 875: 870: 865: 860: 854: 851: 850: 847: 846: 843: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 766: 763: 762: 759: 758: 755: 754: 744: 730: 725: 711: 704:Proto-Germanic 701: 699:Proto-Armenian 696: 691: 689:Proto-Albanian 685: 684: 677: 676: 671: 666: 661: 656: 651: 646: 640: 639: 632: 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 585: 584: 577: 576: 575: 574: 550: 549: 542: 541: 540: 539: 532: 525: 518: 511: 504: 497: 490: 478: 473: 467: 466: 460: 459: 458: 457: 445: 444: 443: 436: 429: 417: 416: 415: 403: 398: 393: 392: 391: 384: 372: 367: 366: 365: 352: 351: 344: 343: 336: 331: 330: 327: 326: 318: 317: 311: 310: 298: 297: 294: 293: 290: 289: 282: 276: 275: 268: 259: 256: 255: 250: 242: 241: 236: 228: 227: 222: 210: 209: 204: 194: 193: 190: 189: 186: 180: 177: 176: 173: 167: 164: 163: 160: 159: 154: 153:Historical era 150: 149: 146: 145: 140: 137: 134: 133: 128: 125: 122: 121: 118: 117: 114: 110: 109: 104: 100: 99: 94: 90: 89: 84: 80: 79: 74: 70: 69: 59: 51: 50: 46: 45: 42: 32:Phrygia (name) 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7836: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7781: 7779: 7764: 7760: 7758: 7754: 7752: 7748: 7746: 7742: 7740: 7736: 7734: 7730: 7728: 7724: 7722: 7718: 7716: 7712: 7710: 7706: 7704: 7700: 7698: 7694: 7692: 7688: 7685: 7681: 7679: 7675: 7673: 7669: 7667: 7663: 7661: 7657: 7655: 7651: 7649: 7645: 7644: 7642: 7640:Third journey 7638: 7632: 7628: 7626: 7622: 7620: 7616: 7614: 7610: 7608: 7604: 7602: 7598: 7596: 7592: 7590: 7586: 7584: 7580: 7578: 7574: 7572: 7568: 7566: 7562: 7560: 7556: 7554: 7550: 7548: 7544: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7531: 7527: 7525: 7521: 7519: 7515: 7513: 7509: 7507: 7503: 7502: 7500: 7496: 7489: 7485: 7483: 7479: 7477: 7473: 7471: 7467: 7465: 7461: 7459: 7455: 7453: 7449: 7447: 7443: 7441: 7437: 7435: 7431: 7429: 7425: 7423: 7419: 7418: 7416: 7414:First journey 7412: 7408: 7400: 7395: 7393: 7388: 7386: 7381: 7380: 7377: 7364: 7360: 7357: 7353: 7351: 7347: 7345: 7341: 7337: 7335: 7331: 7330: 7327: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7303: 7300: 7293: 7289: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7227: 7225: 7223: 7219: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7182:Palaestina II 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7134: 7132: 7130: 7126: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7089:Cappadocia II 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7059:Armenia Maior 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7046: 7044: 7042: 7038: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6978: 6976: 6974: 6970: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6916: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6872: 6870: 6868: 6864: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6834: 6832: 6830: 6826: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6767: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6749: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6698: 6694: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6658:Alpes Cottiae 6656: 6655: 6653: 6651: 6647: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6592: 6590: 6588: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6573: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6531: 6525: 6524:Tarraconensis 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6491: 6489: 6487: 6483: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6461:Narbonensis I 6459: 6457: 6456:Aquitanica II 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6443: 6441: 6439: 6435: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6408:Lugdunensis I 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6380: 6378: 6376: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6361: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6343: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6317:Constantine I 6314: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6297: 6290: 6283: 6279: 6274: 6267: 6262: 6260: 6255: 6253: 6248: 6247: 6244: 6136: 6132: 6125: 6120: 6118: 6113: 6111: 6106: 6105: 6102: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5996: 5993: 5989: 5981: 5976: 5974: 5969: 5967: 5962: 5961: 5958: 5946: 5936: 5935: 5932: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5880:Armenia Minor 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5867: 5865: 5863:Classical Age 5861: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5753: 5751: 5747: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5599:Assuwa League 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5569: 5564: 5562: 5557: 5555: 5550: 5549: 5546: 5542: 5539: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5493: 5487: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5437: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5409: 5405: 5399: 5395: 5390: 5386: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5367: 5363: 5357: 5353: 5348: 5344: 5338: 5334: 5329: 5325: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5298: 5297: 5286: 5281: 5274: 5269: 5261: 5255: 5251: 5244: 5242: 5234: 5230: 5225: 5218: 5217: 5211: 5202: 5194: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5179: 5174: 5167: 5163: 5158: 5151: 5146: 5139: 5135: 5129: 5120: 5114: 5109: 5103: 5097: 5090: 5085: 5083: 5075: 5070: 5063: 5058: 5051: 5046: 5044: 5036: 5031: 5024: 5019: 5012: 5007: 5000: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4983: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4962: 4957: 4949: 4947:0-19-924506-1 4943: 4939: 4932: 4913: 4912: 4904: 4888: 4887: 4882: 4876: 4869: 4864: 4855: 4848: 4843: 4835: 4829: 4825: 4818: 4812: 4808: 4802: 4793: 4784: 4775: 4766: 4760: 4756: 4750: 4734: 4730: 4728: 4720: 4701: 4694: 4687: 4671: 4667: 4666: 4658: 4651: 4645: 4638: 4632: 4623: 4614: 4605: 4598: 4593: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4575: 4574:Gorgias Press 4571: 4567: 4566: 4561: 4554: 4547: 4542: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4524: 4523:Gorgias Press 4520: 4516: 4515: 4510: 4503: 4496: 4492: 4485: 4484: 4476: 4469: 4465: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4450: 4442: 4435: 4430: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4412: 4411:Gorgias Press 4408: 4404: 4403: 4398: 4391: 4384: 4379: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4346: 4344: 4336: 4331: 4324: 4323: 4315: 4307: 4300: 4293: 4289: 4283: 4276: 4272: 4271:Homeric Hymns 4267: 4265: 4257: 4252: 4243: 4234: 4227: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4206: 4200: 4195: 4187: 4181: 4176: 4168: 4162: 4157: 4149: 4142: 4134: 4127: 4123: 4108: 4104: 4094: 4091: 4090: 4084: 4081: 4077: 4072: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4027: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3993: 3989: 3984: 3980: 3969: 3968:Antiochus III 3959: 3957: 3953: 3952:Homeric Hymns 3948: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3933: 3931: 3927: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3885: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3850: 3840: 3836: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3799:, a place on 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3747:, before the 3746: 3741: 3739: 3735: 3730: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3717:According to 3715: 3713: 3709: 3706:The Phrygian 3704: 3702: 3698: 3693: 3691: 3687: 3682: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3666: 3662: 3655: 3651: 3646: 3642: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3583:Mount Sipylus 3580: 3576: 3566: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3552: 3546: 3542: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3525: 3515: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3504:Phrygian mode 3501: 3491: 3489: 3485: 3484:Potnia Theron 3475: 3466: 3458: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3415:Other deities 3412: 3410: 3406: 3398: 3397:Ancient Greek 3387: 3378: 3357: 3346: 3344: 3334: 3325: 3319: 3310: 3309:Ancient Greek 3291:thus meaning 3270: 3262: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3227: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3168: 3159: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3120: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3072: 3070: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2986: 2984: 2981:, where King 2980: 2976: 2971: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2943: 2941: 2936: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2916: 2914: 2910: 2905: 2903: 2898: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2864: 740 BC 2858: 2853: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2838:Sakarya River 2836:in the upper 2835: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2802: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2765: 2761: 2751: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2728: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2679: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2660:Sakarya River 2651: 2649: 2643: 2641: 2637: 2628: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2538:Homeric Hymns 2529: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2431: 2426: 2419: 2414: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2324: 2315: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2249: 2244: 2241:According to 2237: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2211: 2210: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2172: 2171:Ancient Greek 2168: 2167: 2158: 2128: 2124: 2112: 2107: 2105: 2100: 2098: 2093: 2092: 2090: 2089: 2082: 2081: 2077: 2075: 2074: 2070: 2068: 2067: 2063: 2061: 2060: 2056: 2054: 2053: 2049: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2027: 2024: 2023:J. P. Mallory 2021: 2019: 2016: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2005: 2000: 1999: 1992: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1951: 1947: 1944: 1940: 1939: 1938: 1935: 1930: 1926: 1923: 1919: 1916: 1912: 1911: 1910: 1907: 1902: 1898: 1895: 1891: 1888: 1884: 1881: 1877: 1874: 1870: 1869: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1825: 1823: 1822: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1810: 1808: 1799: 1795: 1794: 1793: 1790: 1785: 1781: 1778: 1774: 1773: 1772: 1769: 1764: 1760: 1759: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1753: 1751: 1750: 1742: 1738: 1735: 1731: 1728: 1724: 1719: 1715: 1714: 1713: 1710: 1709: 1708: 1706: 1705: 1698: 1695: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1687: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1661: 1660:Reconstructed 1658: 1657: 1651: 1650: 1643: 1640: 1639: 1638: 1637: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1626: 1625: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1590: 1588: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1577: 1575: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1554: 1550: 1547: 1543: 1540: 1536: 1533: 1529: 1526: 1522: 1521: 1520: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1488: 1487:Insular Celts 1484: 1481: 1477: 1474: 1470: 1469: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1463: 1461: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1445: 1443: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1432: 1430: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1419: 1417: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1403:Indo-Iranians 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1370: 1364: 1363: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1346: 1345: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1334: 1332: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1311: 1309: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1298: 1296: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1268: 1267: 1265: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1209: 1207: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1184: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1148: 1146: 1145:Pontic Steppe 1139: 1136: 1135: 1128: 1124: 1121: 1117: 1116: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1110: 1108: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1087: 1086: 1085: 1083: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1072: 1070: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1057: 1046: 1042: 1039: 1035: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1025: 1021: 1018: 1014: 1011: 1007: 1004: 1000: 997: 993: 992: 991: 988: 986: 983: 979: 978:Kurgan stelae 976: 975: 974: 971: 969: 966: 965: 964: 962: 961:Pontic Steppe 955: 952: 951: 945: 944: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 908: 903: 902: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 884: 879: 878: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 855: 849: 848: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 767: 761: 760: 752: 751:Proto-Iranian 748: 745: 742: 738: 734: 731: 729: 726: 723: 719: 715: 712: 709: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 686: 683: 680: 679: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 655: 652: 650: 647: 645: 642: 641: 638: 635: 634: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 594:Daco-Thracian 592: 590: 587: 586: 583: 580: 579: 573: 569: 565: 561: 558: 557: 555: 552: 551: 548: 547:Reconstructed 545: 544: 537: 533: 530: 526: 523: 519: 516: 512: 509: 505: 502: 498: 495: 491: 488: 484: 483: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 468: 465: 462: 461: 455: 451: 450: 449: 446: 441: 437: 434: 430: 427: 423: 422: 421: 418: 413: 409: 408: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 389: 385: 382: 378: 377: 376: 373: 371: 368: 363: 359: 358: 357: 354: 353: 350: 347: 346: 342: 339: 338: 334: 329: 328: 324: 320: 319: 316: 313: 312: 308: 304: 303: 283: 281: 278: 277: 269: 267: 264: 263: 260: 254: 251: 244: 243: 240: 237: 230: 229: 226: 223: 216: 215: 212: 211: 208: 205: 203: 200: 199: 195: 191: 187: 184: 178: 174: 171: 165: 161: 158: 155: 151: 147: 144: 141: 135: 132: 129: 123: 119: 115: 111: 108: 105: 101: 98: 95: 91: 88: 85: 81: 78: 75: 71: 65: 700 BC 57: 52: 47: 40: 37: 33: 19: 7653: 7577:Thessalonica 7523: 7405:Journeys of 7316:Spania (552) 7177:Palaestina I 7157:Euphratensis 7104:Helenopontus 7084:Cappadocia I 6991:Hellespontus 6890:Epirus Vetus 6857:Praevalitana 6772:of Illyricum 6562:Valentia (?) 6547:Britannia II 6451:Aquitanica I 6329:theme system 6294: 6073: 5848: 5811:Neo-Hittites 5511: 5505:the original 5490: 5473:the original 5468: 5453:. Retrieved 5449:the original 5444: 5416: 5412: 5393: 5374: 5370: 5351: 5332: 5301: 5293:Bibliography 5280: 5268: 5249: 5235:XVI.873–875. 5224: 5214: 5210: 5201: 5191: 5173: 5168:III.216–225. 5157: 5149: 5145: 5137: 5133: 5128: 5119: 5108: 5096: 5089:Oreshko 2021 5074:Oreshko 2021 5069: 5062:Oreshko 2021 5057: 5050:Oreshko 2021 5035:Oreshko 2021 5030: 5023:Oreshko 2021 5018: 5011:Oreshko 2021 5006: 4999:Oreshko 2021 4982:Oreshko 2021 4961:Oreshko 2021 4956: 4937: 4931: 4919:. Retrieved 4917:. p. 27 4910: 4903: 4891:. Retrieved 4884: 4875: 4863: 4854: 4842: 4823: 4817: 4806: 4801: 4792: 4783: 4774: 4765: 4754: 4749: 4737:. Retrieved 4726: 4719: 4707:. Retrieved 4686: 4674:. Retrieved 4664: 4657: 4649: 4644: 4636: 4631: 4622: 4613: 4604: 4595: 4569: 4563: 4553: 4544: 4518: 4512: 4502: 4494: 4482: 4475: 4467: 4448: 4441: 4432: 4406: 4400: 4390: 4381: 4359: 4355: 4333: 4321: 4314: 4299: 4291: 4287: 4282: 4275:To Aphrodite 4274: 4251: 4242: 4233: 4225: 4194: 4175: 4156: 4147: 4141: 4132: 4126: 4107: 4073: 4052:Apostle Paul 4033: 3996: 3965: 3949: 3934: 3886: 3847: 3845: 3808: 3801:Lake Ascania 3792: 3767:and godlike 3742: 3731: 3726: 3716: 3714:at Phrygia. 3705: 3694: 3683: 3669: 3667:in Phrygia. 3658: 3623:Gordian Knot 3572: 3564: 3560:Phrygian cap 3549: 3531:Phrygian cap 3521: 3518:Phrygian cap 3497: 3476: 3467: 3448: 3418: 3388: 3369:head-shakers 3348:The cult of 3347: 3335: 3264: 3241:polytheistic 3238: 3219: 3204:Theme system 3173: 3141: 3126: 3089:Gordian Knot 3078: 3066: 3027: 3012: 2972: 2949: 2932: 2906: 2899: 2868: 2831: 2792: 2767: 2757: 2725: 2715: 2684: 2657: 2644: 2633: 2609: 2578: 2535: 2498: 2467: 2440: 2395: 2360: 2339:near modern 2329: 2304:Roman Empire 2298:successors, 2246: 2240: 2217:Gordian Knot 2195: 2178: 2126: 2120: 2078: 2071: 2064: 2057: 2050: 2044:Publications 2043: 2029: 2010: 1964: 1847: 1841: 1835: 1829:Paleo-Balkan 1819: 1818: 1806: 1805: 1747: 1746: 1702: 1701: 1689: 1659: 1642:Greater Iran 1635: 1634: 1623: 1622: 1586: 1585: 1573: 1572: 1515:Paleo-Balkan 1480:Celtiberians 1459: 1458: 1441: 1440: 1428: 1427: 1415: 1414: 1343: 1342: 1330: 1329: 1307: 1306: 1294: 1293: 1263: 1262: 1205: 1204: 1182: 1181: 1144: 1143: 1106: 1105: 1081: 1080: 1068: 1067: 1055: 1054: 996:Bug–Dniester 960: 959: 825:Gothic Bible 741:Proto-Baltic 737:Proto-Slavic 722:Proto-Italic 718:Proto-Celtic 681: 636: 624:Italo-Celtic 619:Indo-Hittite 609:Graeco-Aryan 582:Hypothetical 581: 546: 481:Paleo-Balkan 463: 420:Indo-Iranian 375:Balto-Slavic 348: 207:Succeeded by 206: 201: 36: 7363:Justinian I 7235:Aegyptus II 7167:Mesopotamia 7114:Paphlagonia 6943:Haemimontus 6921:of the East 6885:Epirus Nova 6809:Pannonia II 6542:Britannia I 6403:Germania II 6069:Paphlagonia 5915:Paphlagonia 5619:Hayasa-Azzi 5533: / 5310:Netherlands 5285:Acts 16:7–8 5216:Bibliotheca 4889:. 1800–1884 4676:23 November 4576:: 238–239. 3988:viticulture 3979:Mesopotamia 3921:Neoptolemus 3849:Bibliotheca 3823:. However, 3650:Hellenistic 3603:interregnum 3569:Mythic past 3500:Greek music 3324:Mētēr oreia 3313:Μητηρ ορεια 3113:Hellenistic 3050:Kızıl River 3046:Halys River 2662:during the 2648:Sea Peoples 2488:before the 2387:Çavdarhisar 2296:Hellenistic 1922:Continental 1915:Anglo-Saxon 1618:Middle Ages 1568:Middle Ages 1423:Indo-Aryans 1416:Indo-Aryans 1223:Bell Beaker 1218:Corded ware 1114:Corded ware 1003:Sredny Stog 948:Archaeology 728:Proto-Greek 708:Proto-Norse 202:Preceded by 49:1200–675 BC 7778:Categories 7565:Amphipolis 7547:Samothrace 7340:reconquest 7230:Aegyptus I 7192:Phoenice I 7147:Cilicia II 7054:Armenia II 6804:Pannonia I 6476:Viennensis 6398:Germania I 6393:Belgica II 6333:Asia Minor 6305:Diocletian 6009:Cappadocia 5890:Cappadocia 5870:Antigonids 5819:Carchemish 5766:Cimmerians 5706:Purushanda 5701:Sagalassos 5637:Kizzuwatna 5604:Carchemish 5582:Bronze Age 5132:Pausanias 4868:Scott 1995 4362:(1): 171. 4273:number 5, 4119:References 4011:Hierapolis 3999:synagogues 3897:Trojan War 3862:Trojan War 3829:Stectorium 3785:Trojan War 3749:Trojan War 3599:Trojan war 3356:Corybantes 3192:Diocletian 3034:Royal Road 3021:conquered 2814:See also: 2517:Bithynians 2490:Trojan War 2432:in Phrygia 2402:Hierapolis 2273:Cimmerians 2253:Trojan War 2198:heroic age 2030:Institutes 1950:Lithuanian 1704:Indo-Aryan 1690:Historical 1624:Indo-Aryan 1581:Tocharians 1495:Cimmerians 1373:Bronze Age 1264:South Asia 1138:Bronze Age 1076:Afanasievo 880:Mainstream 644:Vocabulary 564:Sound laws 426:Indo-Aryan 266:Cimmerians 103:Government 7763:Jerusalem 7751:Ptolemais 7684:Macedonia 7678:Cenchreae 7666:Macedonia 7625:Jerusalem 7601:Cenchreae 7571:Apollonia 7142:Cilicia I 7094:Galatia I 7049:Armenia I 7016:Pamphylia 6948:Moesia II 6905:Thessalia 6682:Raetia II 6514:Lusitania 6509:Gallaecia 6499:Balearica 6388:Belgica I 6064:Pamphylia 5900:Commagene 5530:39°N 31°E 5441:"Phrygia" 5425:1303-0876 5150:Histories 5102:pp. 12–14 4849:, I.3.21. 4592:2219-4029 4541:2219-4029 4429:2219-4029 4378:2083-4624 4080:Orthodoxy 4076:Montanism 4048:Acts 16:6 4044:Acts 2:10 4040:Pentecost 4036:Jerusalem 3903:, son of 3825:Pausanias 3821:Phrygians 3789:Cassandra 3773:Euripides 3719:Herodotus 3665:Mount Ida 3615:Telmissus 3433:Tarḫuntas 3358:(meaning 3318:romanized 3226:in 1453. 3208:Byzantine 3060:, modern 3058:Dascylium 3038:satrapies 3005:, in the 3003:Dascylium 2928:Eskişehir 2760:Herodotus 2705:records. 2601:Kortlandt 2522:Phrygians 2478:Phrygians 2463:Macedonia 2451:Herodotus 2445:from the 2341:Eskişehir 2337:Dorylaeum 2318:Geography 2292:Alexander 1965:Practices 1784:Yarsanism 1594:Albanians 1574:East Asia 1561:Scythians 1553:Phrygians 1546:Paeonians 1539:Illyrians 1525:Thracians 1442:East Asia 1393:Armenians 1320:Hallstatt 1302:Chernoles 1243:Terramare 1233:Trzciniec 1200:Sintashta 1195:Andronovo 1096:Cernavodă 1069:East Asia 1024:Khvalynsk 764:Philology 674:Particles 560:Phonology 501:Liburnian 476:Tocharian 471:Anatolian 440:Nuristani 333:Languages 93:Religion 7757:Caesarea 7703:Mytilene 7619:Caesarea 7559:Philippi 7553:Neapolis 7428:Seleucia 7109:Honorias 7079:Bithynia 6852:Moesia I 6847:Dardania 6789:Dalmatia 6710:Byzacena 6677:Raetia I 6625:Sardinia 6600:Campania 6578:of Italy 6301:dioceses 6044:Lycaonia 6004:Bithynia 5988:Anatolia 5920:Pergamon 5885:Bithynia 5749:Iron Age 5589:Ahhiyawa 5483:(1911). 5189:(1878). 4809:. 2019. 4757:. 2019. 4739:24 March 4733:Archived 4709:5 August 4700:Archived 4670:Archived 4288:Phrygian 4087:See also 4023:Galatian 3945:Ascanius 3930:Tecmessa 3926:Teleutas 3858:Bebryces 3854:Heracles 3833:Sandikli 3813:Mygdones 3781:Coroebus 3701:Pactolus 3690:Dionysus 3631:Pessinus 3611:prophecy 3587:Tartarus 3579:Tantalus 3575:Nannacus 3282:Kubileya 3276:Kubeleya 3249:reflexes 3235:Religion 3148:Pergamon 3144:Attalids 3109:Anatolia 3093:Sabazios 2975:Adrastus 2922:Tomb at 2875:Eusebius 2764:Anatolia 2711:Josephus 2707:Josephus 2703:Assyrian 2699:Tegarama 2695:Togarmah 2691:Josephus 2687:Hittites 2668:Hittites 2597:Thracian 2585:Armenian 2526:Bebryces 2513:Bebryces 2505:Mygdones 2482:Bebryces 2470:Mygdones 2443:Anatolia 2385:(modern 2375:Docimium 2306:and the 2300:Pergamon 2294:and his 2261:Achaeans 2215:, whose 2206:Phrygian 2183:Anatolia 2011:Scholars 1909:Germanic 1880:Scottish 1845:Thracian 1839:Illyrian 1833:Albanian 1821:European 1814:Armenian 1798:Ossetian 1792:Scythian 1777:Yazidism 1727:Buddhism 1718:Hinduism 1609:Norsemen 1519:Anatolia 1436:Iranians 1429:Iranians 1410:Iron Age 1385:Hittites 1338:Colchian 1331:Caucasus 1289:Iron Age 1258:Lusatian 1253:Urnfield 1177:Srubnaya 1172:Poltavka 1162:Catacomb 1101:Cucuteni 1056:Caucasus 873:Religion 858:Homeland 800:Behistun 780:Linear B 669:Numerals 664:Pronouns 589:Balkanic 536:Thracian 529:Phrygian 522:Paeonian 508:Messapic 494:Illyrian 406:Hellenic 401:Germanic 370:Armenian 362:Albanian 356:Albanoid 307:a series 305:Part of 253:Hittites 157:Iron Age 107:Monarchy 87:Phrygian 7784:Phrygia 7721:Miletus 7686:(again) 7672:Corinth 7660:Ephesus 7654:Phrygia 7648:Galatia 7631:Antioch 7607:Ephesus 7595:Corinth 7530:Galatia 7524:Phrygia 7506:Cilicia 7488:Antioch 7482:Attalea 7464:Iconium 7440:Salamis 7422:Antioch 7306:Taurica 7240:Arcadia 7202:Syria I 7172:Osroene 7162:Isauria 7021:Pisidia 6996:Islands 6963:Thracia 6958:Scythia 6953:Rhodope 6672:Aemilia 6668:Liguria 6640:Valeria 6630:Sicilia 6620:Samnium 6605:Corsica 6494:Baetica 6366:of Gaul 6321:Ravenna 6286:History 6079:Pisidia 6074:Phrygia 6039:Isauria 6029:Galatia 6019:Cilicia 5910:Osroene 5905:Galatia 5895:Cilicia 5875:Armenia 5849:Phrygia 5831:Kammanu 5827:Ḫilakku 5776:Diauehi 5771:Colchis 5740:Zalpuwa 5716:Shupria 5697:Pisidia 5672:Miletus 5657:Kussara 5647:Kalašma 5641:Mitanni 5609:Hapalla 5455:10 June 5219:2.5.10. 4893:27 July 4572:(3–4). 4525:: 243. 4521:(3–4). 4413:: 234. 4409:(3–4). 4060:Galatia 4015:Acmonia 4007:Synnada 4003:Iconium 3983:Babylon 3941:Phorcys 3905:Eioneus 3878:Mysians 3870:Amazons 3868:to the 3761:Amazons 3732:In the 3686:Silenus 3671:Gordias 3661:Dactyls 3619:Galatia 3607:Gordius 3535:Mithras 3508:Orpheus 3488:Artemis 3479:Artimis 3383:κυβηβος 3377:kubēbos 3363: 3320:: 3296: 3230:Culture 3220:Phrygia 3180:Galatia 3137:Gordium 3133:Galatia 3085:Gordium 3042:satrapy 2983:Croesus 2964:Assyria 2960:Croesus 2952:Gordium 2940:tumulus 2935:Gordium 2913:Gordium 2895:Assyria 2834:Gordium 2805:History 2776:Balkans 2748:Pisidia 2740:Hapalla 2672:Gordium 2566:Hittite 2550:Gordium 2509:Mysians 2447:Balkans 2430:Aizanoi 2418:Aizanoi 2408:Origins 2391:Acmonia 2383:Aizanoi 2379:Synnada 2355:Gordion 2345:Gordion 2312:Turkish 2280:Gordium 2265:Assyria 2257:Trojans 2236:Amazons 2213:Gordias 2208:kings: 2179:Phrygía 2127:Phrygia 1943:Latvian 1901:Cornish 1771:Kurdish 1757:Persian 1749:Iranian 1741:Sikhism 1734:Jainism 1697:Hittite 1636:Iranian 1532:Dacians 1325:Jastorf 1248:Tumulus 1228:Únětice 1157:Yamnaya 1152:Chariot 1090:Usatovo 1031:Yamnaya 868:Society 852:Origins 785:Rigveda 637:Grammar 464:Extinct 454:Romance 433:Iranian 181:• 175:1200 BC 168:• 131:Gordias 77:Gordion 73:Capital 7739:Patara 7733:Rhodes 7589:Athens 7583:Beroea 7518:Lystra 7476:Lystra 7446:Paphos 7434:Cyprus 7358:in 536 7152:Cyprus 7137:Arabia 6938:Europa 6875:Achaea 6325:Africa 6084:Pontus 5999:Aeolis 5925:Pontus 5854:Urartu 5835:Kummuh 5823:Gurgum 5806:Mushki 5786:Etiuni 5756:Aeolia 5731:Wilusa 5652:Kaskia 5594:Arzawa 5535:39; 31 5423: 5400: 5381: 5358: 5339: 5320: 5306:Leiden 5256: 4944: 4921:29 May 4847:Strabo 4830: 4590: 4539: 4460: 4427: 4376: 4258:7.3.3. 4256:Strabo 3992:Talmud 3956:Otreus 3893:Hecuba 3817:Strabo 3809:Mygdon 3805:Nicaea 3797:Otroea 3793:Otreus 3769:Mygdon 3765:Otreus 3697:Thrace 3679:Cybele 3654:Cyprus 3635:Ancyra 3627:Darius 3591:Pelops 3556:Titian 3524:Trojan 3482:was a 3441:Italic 3409:Cybele 3401:Κυβέλη 3343:Lydian 3261:Cybele 3062:Ergili 3028:After 2911:, and 2887:Mushki 2883:Mushki 2871:Strabo 2846:Urartu 2826:Ankara 2795:centum 2788:Mushki 2744:Arzawa 2732:Hecuba 2722:Assuwa 2636:Bryges 2612:Brixhe 2589:centum 2501:Strabo 2494:Mygdon 2455:Bryges 2389:) and 2333:Porsuk 2302:, the 2288:Persia 2269:Urartu 2232:Mygdon 2187:Turkey 2175:Φρυγία 1958:Slavic 1937:Baltic 1887:Breton 1867:Celtic 1851:Dacian 1807:Others 1587:Europe 1460:Europe 1454:Yuezhi 1308:Europe 1295:Steppe 1206:Europe 1063:Maykop 1017:Samara 973:Kurgan 790:Avesta 572:Ablaut 568:Accent 515:Mysian 487:Dacian 448:Italic 396:Celtic 388:Slavic 381:Baltic 349:Extant 239:Mushki 225:Bryges 188:675 BC 116: 7715:Samos 7709:Chios 7697:Assos 7691:Troas 7613:Syria 7536:Mysia 7512:Derbe 7470:Derbe 7452:Perga 7011:Lydia 7006:Lycia 6986:Caria 6880:Creta 6814:Savia 6089:Troad 6059:Mysia 6054:Lydia 6049:Lycia 6034:Ionia 6024:Doris 6014:Caria 5843:Tabal 5815:Atuna 5801:Lydia 5796:Lycia 5791:Ionia 5781:Doris 5761:Caria 5726:Urumu 5721:Urshu 5687:Nairi 5682:Mysia 5667:Luwia 5662:Lukka 5633:Isuwa 5614:Hatti 5233:Iliad 5229:Homer 5182:Iliad 5178:Homer 5166:Iliad 5162:Homer 4915:(PDF) 4703:(PDF) 4696:(PDF) 4487:(PDF) 4326:(PDF) 4111:balén 4099:Notes 4056:Silas 4046:. 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