716:(IACUC), which is responsible for local compliance with the Act. In addition, the IACUC reviews and approves each animal use protocol, which is a written description the researchers submit describing all procedures to be done with laboratory animals. Researchers must consult with a veterinarian for each procedure that may cause more than momentary pain or distress to the animals. In addition a written justification for these procedures, as well as documentation of a search for alternatives to these procedures, must be included with the protocol. The IACUC must review and approve these protocols at least annually. The IACUC also inspects all the animal facilities, including satellite facilities, every 6 months. As a part of this semi-annual inspection the committee also reviews the entire animal care and use program, and submits a "semi-annual report" to the Institutional Official. The Guide (enforced by OLAW) also has requirements for IACUC responsibilities and program reviews.
845:
federal government's power to provide for grants subject to conditions imposed on the recipients, be they provincial governments or individual or corporate recipients, may take a variety of different forms. One form is that of the conditional federal grant or contract. This manifestation of the federal power is what currently underpins the imposition of CCAC standards on facilities receiving funding from the
Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council. Where the government itself awards a contract on an academic or non-academic institution, clause A9015C of Public Works Standard Acquisition Clauses and Conditions Manual imposes conditions related to the care and use of experimental animals in public works and government services.
815:(CCAC) is set up to act in the interests of the people of Canada to ensure through programs of education, assessment and guidelines development that the use of animals, where necessary, for research, teaching and testing employs optimal physical and psychological care according to acceptable scientific standards, and to promote an increased level of knowledge, awareness and sensitivity to relevant ethical principles. At the inaugural meeting on January 30, 1968, the CCAC adopted the following statement of objective: "to develop guiding principles for the care of experimental animals in Canada, and to work for their effective application".
758:
to categories calling for more information. Second, withholding approval had no practical consequence. Third, participants might have felt scrutinized by researchers with an "animal rights" agenda, and erred on the side of deferral or rejection. Fourth, navigating another institution's forms can be difficult. And fifth, IACUCs unfamiliar with particular species or procedures are less likely to understand a protocol. These factors make it almost impossible to compare the actions of the original and unofficial IACUCs and thus call into question the major premises and conclusions of this study.
633:, changes were made to the way research is reviewed and approved in the UK. All licensed establishments must have an Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Body (commonly referred to as AWERBs) which considers and monitors project applications for the site. The assessment of severity has also changed under the amendments to the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act (1986). Working examples of severity bands are provided by European Commission Expert Working Group. The assessment of severity must also be conducted retrospectively, which results in severity being assigned on the basis of the
858:
two other laws were examined by the
Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development Ministry (AAFRD), in hopes of combining them and update their content. Article 2(1) of the Animal Protection Regulations was revised by the CCAC and AAFRD and now states that "a person who owns or has custody, care or control of an animal for research activities must comply with the following Canadian Council on Animal Care documents", and lists all 22 CCAC standards, including the CCAC Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals and the various guidelines and policies published by the CCAC.
5357:
896:
those required under the CCAC system, and the requirement for any operator of a research facility to submit to the person designated by the
Minister of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs a report respecting the animals used in the research facility for research. Regulation 24 governs the housing and care of the animals. Regulation 25 controls the conditions for transportation of the animals that are used or going to be used by a research facility.
618:, which is defined as "the likely adverse effects on the animals concerned against the benefit likely to accrue as a result of the programme to be specified in the licence" (Section 5(4)). A licence should not be granted if there is a "reasonably practicable method not entailing the use of protected animals" (Section 5(5) (a)). The experiments must use "the minimum number of animals, involve animals with the lowest degree of
712:, the fifth amendment to the AWA, specifically excluded purpose-bred birds, rats, and mice (as opposed to wild-captured mice, rats, and birds) from regulations. Even though most animals used in research are mice, rats, and fish, over a million other research animals per year are covered by the Animal Welfare Act and Animal Welfare Regulations. The AWA requires each institution using covered species to maintain an
570:, the animal testing for cosmetic products is forbidden in the EU. Also animal testing for cosmetic ingredients is prohibited since March 2009. The amendment also prohibited, since 11 March 2009, to market cosmetic products containing ingredients which have been tested on animals. The amendment does not prohibit companies to use animal testing to fulfill regulatory requirements in other countries.
31:
970:
cattle and sheep) are used in research, testing and teaching – commonly referred to as RTT. Animal use in RTT is strictly controlled under the Animal
Welfare Act 1999 and organisations using animals must follow an approved code of ethical conduct. This sets out the policies and procedures that need to be adopted and followed by the organisation and its animal ethics committee.
791:
Animal
Welfare Assurance of Compliance (Assurance) to OLAW describing the means they will employ to comply with the PHS Policy." OLAW conducts inspections only when there is a suspected or alleged violation that cannot be resolved through written correspondence. Accreditation from the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International (
708:(USDA). The AWA contains provisions to ensure that individuals of covered species used in research receive a certain standard of care and treatment, provided that the standard of care and treatment does not interfere with "the design, outlines, or guidelines of actual research or experimentation." Currently, AWA only protects mammals. In 2002,
795:), a non-governmental, nonprofit association, is regarded by the industry as the "gold standard" of accreditation. Accreditation is maintained through a prearranged AAALAC site visit and program evaluation hosted by the member institution once every three years. Accreditation is intended to ensure compliance with the standards in the
682:"There appears to be little consciousness about the use of animals in experiments. Although there is an official guideline that should be followed, national universities are not complying with the guideline (in particular, in choosing particular kinds of animal, self-assessment and care/management of animals)."
969:
New
Zealand's Animal Welfare Act 1999 requires owners and people in charge of animals to ensure the physical, health and behavioural needs of animals are met, and that pain and distress are alleviated. In New Zealand, as in many countries, laboratory animals (mainly rodents) and farm animals (mainly
835:
The Health of
Animals Act (1990) and its regulations are aimed primarily at protecting Canadian livestock from a variety of infectious diseases that would threaten both the health of the animals and people, and Canadian trade in livestock with other countries. This act is used both to deal with named
742:
The study also explored whether reviews were more reliable when the experiment involved certain types of animals or procedures. For example, reliability was assessed for proposals that involved dogs, cats, and primates, or for experiments involving drugs, surgery, animal pain, or death. Even in these
667:
The
Standards state that usage of animals for scientific purpose is necessary. They include regulations for the refinement of experiments, in order to reduce the pain and distress of the experimental animals, and consideration for replacing animal experiments with alternatives or reducing the number
991:
Code holders and their animal ethics committees are independently reviewed (by MPI accredited reviewers) at least once every five years. All code holders have to submit annual animal use statistics on the number of animals used in research, testing or teaching, and its impact on them, from little or
790:
species in research at facilities receiving federal funds, even if the species are not covered by the AWA. OLAW does not carry out scheduled inspections, but requires that "As a condition of receipt of PHS support for research involving laboratory animals, awardee institutions must provide a written
757:
That the masked protocols would be rated more negatively was predictable for the following reasons. First, IACUCs rely on knowing the experience of the investigators and staff, information that was not included for the unofficial IACUCs. Not surprisingly, most of the negative shifts (84 of 118) were
722:
The following information is based on IACUC activity in the United States over 15 years ago. In addition, the purpose of an IACUC is not to provide "consistent" oversight across studies or institutions. Each institution has its own culture, priorities, and interpretations. A study conducted in 2001
625:
During a 2002 House of Lords select committee inquiry into animal testing in the UK, witnesses stated that the UK has the tightest regulatory system in the world, and is the only country to require a cost-benefit assessment of every licence application. There are 29 qualified inspectors covering 230
995:
The
Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) administers the Act and leads animal welfare policy and practice in New Zealand. The National Animal Ethics Advisory Committee (NAEAC) was established under the Animal Welfare Act to provide independent advice to the Minister for Primary Industries about:
950:
Researchers can only conduct their studies once it has approved the validity of the use of the animals and that there is more educational or scientific gain that outweighs the possible effects on the welfare of the animals. The researchers must submit a written proposal to an AEC stating what is to
857:
In 2006, the
Alberta Animal Protection Act was revised and declared. Previously in Alberta, only academic institutions were subject to provincial regulations referencing CCAC standards, as these standards were referenced exclusively in the Alberta Universities Act. In 2005, the Universities Act and
766:
Another regulatory instrument is the Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare (OLAW), which is an office within the US National Institutes of Health. OLAW oversees all animal studies funded by the Public Health Service (including NIH). The Health Research Extension Act of 1985 directed the NIH to write
762:
Institutions are also subject to unannounced annual inspections from USDA APHIS Veterinarian inspectors. There are about 70 inspectors monitoring around 1100 research institutions. The inspectors also conduct pre-licensing checks for sites that do not engage in animal research or transportation, of
675:
The SCJ's guidelines state that the director of each research institution bears the responsibility for animal experiments conducted at their facilities, that animal experiments are indispensable, and that each institution should formulate voluntary in-house regulations for proper scientific conduct
895:
All of the research facilities in Ontario must be registered and licensed based on the legislation Animals for Research Act. Among the provisions of the Animals for Research Act, one should note the duty to establish an animal care committee, the responsibilities and powers of which are similar to
645:
The German Animal Welfare Act, 1972, is designed to enforce the utilitarian principle that there must be good reason for one to cause an animal harm and identifies that it is the responsibility of human beings to protect the lives and well-being of their fellow creatures. The Animal Welfare Act is
609:
requires experiments to be regulated by three licences: a project licence for the scientist in charge of the project, which details the numbers and types of animals to be used, the experiments to be performed and their purpose; a certificate for the institution to ensure it has adequate facilities
1022:
In 2009, Decree 6899/2009 defined CONCEA as the governing and advisory body, under the Ministry of Science and Technology, to authorize accreditation to registered institutions and to license those institutions to use animals in research. The same decree also states that an electronic database be
904:
In Australia, Animal Ethics Committees (AECs) determine whether the use of an animal is valid or not. AECs must follow the Code in order to ensure the wellbeing of the animals used for research. The Code emphasizes the responsibilities of investigators, teachers and institutions using animals to:
886:
In the province of Manitoba, according to the Animal Care Act, it is not allowed for a person to cause suffering to an animal. The use of animals for research and teaching is acceptable as long as it follows the rules set out in the Act. All institutions that use animals for research and teaching
578:
In France, legislation (principally the decree of October 19, 1980) requires an institutional and project license before testing on vertebrates is carried out. An institution must submit details of their facilities and the reason for the experiments, after which a five-year license may be granted
844:
The other mechanism through which the federal government has lent its support to the humane treatment of animals is not strictly speaking legislative in nature, but in many respects it is one of the most powerful instruments available to the federal government for setting national standards. The
671:
MEXT (The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology) and MHLW (The Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare) established the guidelines named "Basic policies on animal experimentation" as quasi-regulations on June 1, 2006. The SCJ (Science Council of Japan) formulated more
659:
Animal Experimentation in Japan is regulated by several documents - the Law for the Humane Treatment and Management of Animals, 2005, The Standards Relating to the Care and Management, and Alleviation of Pain and Distress of Experimental Animals, 2006, and guidelines by various ministries and
676:
of animal experiments based on the guidelines. As well, they state that each institution should form an in-house review committee in order to inspect the experiments at that institution, from the standpoint of scientific rationale, with consideration to the Law and Standards mentioned above.
663:
The law states that causing distress to animals is not allowed without due cause (Article 2), and that when conducting animal experiments, methods that reduce the pain and distress of the animals as much as possible shall be used. It also states that consideration shall be given as to the
579:
following an inspection of the premises. The project licensee must be trained and educated to an appropriate level. Personal licenses are not required for individuals working under the supervision of a project license holder. These regulations do not apply to research using invertebrates.
735:
The investigation, which took three years to complete, compared judgments made by 50 randomly selected animal care and use committees drawn from U.S. colleges and universities. To assess the consistency of approval decisions, 150 recent research proposals from these institutions were each
818:
The federal government does not have jurisdiction to pass laws that involve experiments on animals. The provinces have jurisdiction concerning that area. The federal government, however, is involved in three areas: the criminal law power, the health power, and the spending power.
646:
supplemented by the Animal Protection Laboratory Animal Regulations, 2013, and the European Directive 2010/63/EU. All animal research facilities must be inspected at least every three years, with facilities conducting primate research being inspected at least once per year.
539:
771:(PHS) Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. This Policy applies to any individual scientist or institution in receipt of federal funds and requires each institution to have an IACUC, among other stipulations. OLAW enforces the recommendations in the
848:
All of the provinces in Canada have created and passed laws that pertain to animal welfare, but only certain provinces have made their own laws. These provinces are Alberta, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island.
1018:
The federal law for the scientific use of animals was passed in 2008. The law established the National Council for the Control of Animal Experimentation (CONCEA) and demanded that institutions create an ethics committee on the use of animals.
1270:
597:
The types of institutions conducting animal research in the UK in 2015 were: universities (47.7%); commercial organizations (25.1%); government departments and other public bodies (13.8%); non-profit organizations (12.4%);
563:, adopted in 1986. Directive 86/609/EEC showed considerable variation in the manner member countries chose to exercise the directive: compare, for example, legislation from Sweden, The Netherlands, and Germany.
1835:
526:. They vary greatly around the world, but most governments aim to control the number of times individual animals may be used; the overall numbers used; and the degree of pain that may be inflicted without
1373:
731:
that evaluated the reliability of IACUCs found little consistency between decisions made by IACUCs at different institutions. A Wesleyan University press release summarized part of the findings:
887:
purposes have to submit to obey the system put in place by the CCAC. Failing to do so, any harm done to an animal in a research or teaching program will be regarded as an offense under the Act.
1914:
1464:"National Competent Authorities for the implementation of Directive 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes Working document on a severity assessment framework"
1730:
1526:
739:
The results showed that approval decisions were statistically unrelated. In most cases, proposals that were disapproved by one committee were approved by the second committee.
2044:
1050:
1861:
1470:
331:
1839:
909:
ensure that the use of animals is justified, taking into consideration the scientific or educational benefits and the potential effects on the welfare of the animals;
637:
suffering experienced by the animals, rather than what is presumed during study design. This in turn leads to more accurate prospective assignment of severity bands.
827:
Section 446 and 447 of the Criminal Code protect animals from cruelty, abuse and neglect. This section of the Criminal Code has been under review for several years.
3232:
215:
1352:
1327:
1232:
1098:
1613:
1267:
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1503:
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296:
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264:
2314:
1906:
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sensitivity, cause the least pain, suffering, distress, or lasting harm, and most likely to produce satisfactory results" (Section 5(5) (b)).
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and staff; and a personal licence for each scientist or technician who carries out any procedure. In deciding whether to grant a licence, the
1737:
1308:
351:
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2143:
964:
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1967:
1523:
713:
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346:
71:
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to obtain and establish significant information relevant to the understanding, maintenance or improvement of the natural environment; or
4254:
2502:
2210:
1892:
1761:
701:
630:
554:
4667:
2256:
2041:
1706:
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state that the rules controlling the care of animals used for medical or scientific research can be found in Volumes 1 and 2 of the
5023:
4788:
3040:
2591:
2009:
1208:
606:
592:
499:
167:
81:
1777:
2631:
2533:
705:
2289:
1583:
2708:
1818:
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Every project must be approved and monitored by an animal ethics committee. These committees must have three external members:
1868:
4924:
4512:
4437:
2844:
2621:
2576:
1953:
1636:
1463:
719:
Animal care and use in research in the United States are largely controlled by Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees.
2061:
1374:"Home Office | Animals in Scientific Procedures | Animals (Scientific Procedures) Inspectorate Annual Report 2004"
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2422:
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However, ALIVE Foundation conducted a survey of Japanese universities and research facilities in 2011, and concluded that:
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1432:"Examples to illustrate the process of severity classification, day-to-day assessment and actual severity assessment"
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1229:
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812:
114:
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European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes
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3222:
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2601:
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establishments, which are visited on average 11–12 times a year in both announced and unannounced inspections.
371:
306:
51:
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refine methods and procedures to avoid pain or distress in animals used in scientific and teaching activities.
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4382:
3202:
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1035:
709:
381:
200:
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developed to allow breeding and research facilities to register in order to apply for CONCEA accreditation.
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disease outbreaks in Canada, and to prevent the entry of unacceptable diseases that do not exist in Canada.
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be accomplished, a defense for the study, and the ethical and wellbeing of the animals used reflecting the
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appropriate use of animals, for example by reducing the number of animals used when possible (Article 41).
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86:
1584:"Act on Welfare and Management of Animals (up to the revisions of Act No.68 of 2005(English Translation))"
1286:
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4844:
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3106:
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written by animal researchers, animal care staff, and members of professional research societies stated:
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1123:
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1239:, Select Committee on Animals In Scientific Procedures Report, 16 July 2002. Retrieved February 8, 2007
1124:"Directive 86/609/EEC on the protection of Animals used for Experimental and other scientific purposes"
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to obtain and establish significant information relevant to the understanding of humans and/or animals;
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523:
316:
245:
66:
5281:
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561:
Directive 86/609/EEC on the protection of Animals used for Experimental and other scientific purposes
134:
129:
76:
61:
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1994:
1825:, Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (1996), Institute for Laboratory Animal Research.
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Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care, Accessed 06 September 2007
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ethical and animal welfare issues relating to the use of animals in research, testing and teaching
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detailed guidelines, also in 2006, to be used when institutions formate their local regulations.
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485:
472:
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356:
301:
119:
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Scientific and teaching activities using animals may be performed only when they are essential:
700:(AWA), and the Animal Welfare Regulations which is enforced by the Animal Care division of the
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5305:
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4387:
4341:
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which covers all vertebrate species, including rodents, birds, fish, amphibians, and reptiles
467:
172:
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1935:
1416:
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1666:
768:
615:
210:
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2051:
Animal Welfare – USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Accessed 06 September 2007
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8:
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a lay person to represent the public interest (and nominated by a local government body).
728:
567:
2016:
Study Finds Inconsistency in Animal Research Reviews. Wesleyan University; July 27, 2001
2007:
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1200:
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3015:
3005:
2816:
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1982:
1614:"Japanese guidelines and regulations for scientific and ethical animal experimentation"
1045:
240:
91:
5243:
1496:"Germany - Cruelty - German Animal Welfare Act - Animal Legal & Historical Center"
5313:
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1959:
1949:
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1632:
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1403:
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1941:
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321:
254:
221:
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152:
3610:
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2065:
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In the United States, animal testing on vertebrates is primarily regulated by the
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2013:
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1781:
1628:
1530:
1331:
1312:
1293:
1274:
1255:
1236:
1187:
1168:
1162:
Animal experimentation legislations and it is very complicated in The Netherlands
1149:
1130:
783:
775:
619:
414:
409:
915:
promote the development and use of techniques that replace the use of animals in
5015:
4812:
4412:
4314:
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4158:
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1296:, House of Commons Stationery Office, 23 March 2000. Retrieved February 8, 2007
800:
549:
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205:
162:
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22:
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for the maintenance and improvement of human and/or animal health and welfare;
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273:
157:
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3515:
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3350:
3207:
3162:
3121:
3083:
3068:
3030:
2849:
2829:
2749:
1963:
1795:"Public Law 99-198, Food Security Act of 1985, Subtitle F - Animal Welfare"
1784:
USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Accessed 06 September 2007
1544:
1161:
439:
424:
5031:
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independently evaluated by two different animal care and use committees.
724:
611:
96:
2159:
1268:
Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain 2015
1180:
1099:"The revised European Directive 2010/63/EU: a guide for UK institutions"
977:
a nominee of an approved animal welfare organisation (such as the SPCA),
5143:
4661:
4372:
4264:
4209:
4189:
4038:
4033:
4018:
3988:
3963:
3903:
3781:
3696:
3656:
3490:
3460:
2794:
2784:
2677:
787:
779:
545:
527:
311:
1248:
1142:
5236:
5095:
4691:
4462:
4068:
3933:
3908:
3796:
3575:
3520:
3172:
2972:
2879:
2859:
2834:
2769:
2443:
519:
399:
269:
2363:
Royal New Zealand Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.
559:, which was finalized in November 2010 and updated and replaced the
3871:
2789:
2739:
1945:
1699:"Checking Animal Experiment Information Disclosure on the Internet"
361:
3101:
3055:
2714:
1836:"Passage of Farm Bill Denies Protection to Birds, Mice, and Rats"
250:
2511:
1937:
Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition
1003:
recommendations on the restrictions of use of non-human hominids
784:
Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition
776:
Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition
2652:
2554:
1816:"Appendix C: Some Federal Laws Relevant to Animal Care and Use"
1201:"Full EU ban on animal testing for cosmetics enters into force"
792:
2389:
743:
cases, independent reviews did not agree beyond chance levels.
4730:
3316:
1325:
Select Committee on Animals In Scientific Procedures – Report
1051:
Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations
30:
2025:
Science 30 November 2001: Vol. 294. no. 5548, pp. 1831–1832
1345:"House of Lords - Animals In Scientific Procedures - Report"
4502:
2416:
2335:
2391:
778:
published by the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research,
2364:
557:
on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes
522:
that permit and control the use of non-human animals for
3233:
University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid
1612:
Kagiyama, Naoko; Ikeda, Takuya; Nomura, Tatsuji (2006).
1545:"Japanese regulation of laboratory animal care with 3Rs"
1315:, Understanding Animal Research. Retrieved June 20, 2017
1249:
French animal protection legislation and animal research
912:
ensure that the welfare of animals is always considered;
780:
Page Not Found : Division on Earth and Life Studies
2237:"Preparing for a Site Visit." AAALAC. Powerpoint. 2005.
940:
for the improvement of animal management or production;
2150:
Compliance Oversight Procedures (PDF) OLAW. NIH. 2002.
1277:, UK Home Office Report, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2017
1009:
the development and review of codes of ethical conduct
4757:
Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes
1667:"Guidelines for Proper Conduct of Animal Experiments"
1133:
European Commission, 1986. Retrieved February 8, 2007
878:
published by the CCAC. in the Prince Edward Islands
747:
In response to the Plous study, a rebuttal letter to
602:
hospitals (0.7%); public health laboratories (0.2%).
923:
minimise the number of animals used in projects; and
1611:
1091:
1552:Alternatives to Animal Testing and Experimentation
1398:"Different systems of ethical review - In the UK".
1143:"Laboratory animal research legislation in Sweden"
1524:Briefing Notes on Animal Research in Germany 2017
876:Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals
799:, as well as any other national or local laws on
5377:
2612:List of international animal welfare conventions
2308:
2306:
797:Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals
773:Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals
4909:An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory
763:which more than 4000 exist (e.g. dog kennels).
4340:
1533:, Speaking of Research, retrieved 20 June 2017
1181:Animal experimentation legislations in Germany
1062:
946:for the achievement of educational objectives.
786:This means that IACUCs oversee the use of all
2527:
2303:
493:
352:Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine
2617:Moral status of animals in the ancient world
965:Regulation of Animal Research in New Zealand
4584:Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society
4528:People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
2555:Topics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases)
2444:National Animal Ethics Advisory Committee.
1261:
714:Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
692:Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
2534:
2520:
2321:"Australian Government". 7th Edition, 2004
1672:. Science Council of Japan. June 1, 2006.
1517:
1117:
702:Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
500:
486:
4731:Media (books, films, periodicals, albums)
4668:Human Environment Animal Protection Party
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2219:. Ohio State University. September, 2005.
4789:Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology
3041:Pain and suffering in laboratory animals
1588:ALIVE - All Life in a Viable Environment
1542:
1287:Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986
607:Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986
593:Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986
82:Pain and suffering in laboratory animals
16:Guidelines with regard to animal testing
2632:Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare
2356:
1725:
1723:
1280:
861:
706:United States Department of Agriculture
5378:
2709:Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness
2501:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2338:"Guide to the Animal Welfare Act 1999"
2331:
2329:
2327:
2240:
2209:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1891:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1760:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1703:ALIVE - All Life in Viable Environment
1679:from the original on 24 September 2015
1070:"Animals used for scientific purposes"
552:are since January 1, 2013. subject to
4925:Political Animals and Animal Politics
4729:
4513:Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition
4438:Centre for Animals and Social Justice
4339:
3315:
2845:Concentrated animal feeding operation
2622:Timeline of animal welfare and rights
2577:Animal rights by country or territory
2553:
2515:
2437:
2398:from the original on 8 September 2012
2114:"Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare"
4656:Animalist Party with the Environment
2938:Animal testing on non-human primates
2425:from the original on 8 February 2013
2390:New Zealand Veterinary Association.
2371:from the original on 18 October 2012
2344:from the original on 8 February 2013
1907:"eCFR — Code of Federal Regulations"
1720:
1242:
1174:
1155:
1136:
919:scientific and teaching activities;
629:As a result of the transposition of
342:New England Anti-Vivisection Society
5080:Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home
3285:World Day for the End of Speciesism
2421:. Ministry for Primary Industries.
2324:
1223:
13:
5205:Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism
4548:United Activists for Animal Rights
4458:Doctors Against Animal Experiments
2592:Animal cruelty–Holocaust analogies
1258:, EBRA. Retrieved February 8, 2007
1230:Introduction: Regulation in France
1190:, EBRA. Retrieved February 8, 2007
1171:, EBRA, Retrieved February 8, 2007
1152:, EBRA. Retrieved February 8, 2007
1006:advice to Animal Ethics Committees
982:New Zealand Veterinary Association
327:Foundation for Biomedical Research
14:
5412:
4749:On Abstinence from Eating Animals
4709:Animal Rights National Conference
4632:Animal Protection Party of Canada
4589:Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society
4443:Chinese Animal Protection Network
4368:American Anti-Vivisection Society
3842:Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann
2597:Animal rights in Indian religions
2587:Animal rights and punk subculture
2541:
2452:from the original on 13 June 2012
2417:Ministry for Primary Industries.
2336:Ministry for Primary Industries.
1623:. Vol. 1. pp. 187–191.
1476:from the original on 16 June 2019
1444:from the original on 16 June 2019
582:
337:National Anti-Vivisection Society
5356:
5355:
4917:Animal Rights Without Liberation
4568:Voice for Animals Humane Society
3295:World Day for the End of Fishing
3290:World Day for Laboratory Animals
2720:Equal consideration of interests
1211:from the original on May 9, 2015
1026:Brazil also reinforces the 3Rs.
872:Animal Health and Protection Act
685:
29:
4638:Animal Justice Party of Finland
4523:Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics
3732:Karl Christian Friedrich Krause
3320:(academics, writers, activists)
3213:Monkey selfie copyright dispute
2464:
2410:
2383:
2292:from the original on 2012-08-24
2274:
2222:
2172:
2153:
2135:
2124:from the original on 2014-02-27
2106:
2080:
2054:
2035:
2019:
2001:
1970:from the original on 2014-03-27
1928:
1917:from the original on 2015-09-23
1899:
1854:
1828:
1809:
1787:
1768:
1709:from the original on 2016-03-04
1691:
1659:
1605:
1576:
1565:from the original on 2016-03-04
1543:Kurosawa, Tsutomu Miki (2007).
1536:
1506:from the original on 2021-11-27
1488:
1456:
1424:
1391:
1366:
1355:from the original on 2007-12-01
1337:
1318:
1299:
1080:from the original on 2022-04-15
813:Canadian Council on Animal Care
168:Animals (Scientific Procedures)
4861:Animals, Property, and the Law
2933:Alternatives to animal testing
2602:Christianity and animal rights
2031:10.1126/science.294.5548.1831b
1621:In Vivo Models of Inflammation
1193:
958:
307:Americans for Medical Progress
52:Alternatives to animal testing
1:
4498:Korea Animal Rights Advocates
3203:Cambridge University primates
2735:Ethics of uncertain sentience
2215:"AAALAC Accreditation Visit"
868:Animal Protection Regulations
866:In Prince Edward Island, the
710:the Farm Security Act of 2002
566:With a 2004 amendment to the
382:Understanding Animal Research
201:Cambridge University primates
4558:UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics
2703:Argument from marginal cases
1629:10.1007/978-3-7643-7520-1_10
899:
87:Testing cosmetics on animals
7:
4845:Morals, Reason, and Animals
4473:Farm Animal Rights Movement
4423:Anonymous for the Voiceless
3107:International primate trade
2582:Anarchism and animal rights
2047:September 27, 2007, at the
1029:
881:
823:The Criminal Code of Canada
589:Animal Procedures Committee
178:International primate trade
10:
5417:
4965:Making a Stand for Animals
4837:The Case for Animal Rights
4488:Hunt Saboteurs Association
4448:Cruelty Free International
4418:Anti-Vivisection Coalition
2943:Animal testing regulations
1558:(Special Issue): 317–321.
1254:December 12, 2007, at the
1186:December 12, 2007, at the
1167:December 12, 2007, at the
1148:December 12, 2007, at the
962:
890:
852:
698:Animal Welfare Act of 1966
689:
640:
586:
537:
524:scientific experimentation
317:Cruelty Free International
246:Charles River Laboratories
67:History of model organisms
57:Animal testing regulations
5351:
5324:
5271:
5221:
5161:
5154:
5120:The Ghosts in Our Machine
4975:
4957:Animal Ethics in the Wild
4740:
4736:
4725:
4701:
4612:
4576:
4393:Animal Legal Defense Fund
4360:
4353:
4349:
4335:
4172:
3891:
3884:
3687:William Hamilton Drummond
3629:
3338:
3329:
3325:
3311:
3272:
3251:
3190:
3140:
3082:
3054:
3046:Welfare of farmed insects
2991:
2923:
2815:
2808:
2673:Animal–industrial complex
2640:
2564:
2560:
2549:
1780:December 8, 2007, at the
1036:Animal–industrial complex
1013:
831:The Health of Animals Act
806:
573:
533:
77:Laboratory animal sources
62:History of animal testing
5198:Journal of Animal Ethics
5064:Your Mommy Kills Animals
4453:Direct Action Everywhere
3857:Johann Heinrich Winckler
3802:Nathaniel Peabody Rogers
3259:Direct Action Everywhere
2963:Huntingdon Life Sciences
2948:Labcorp Drug Development
2905:Feedback (pork industry)
2870:Intensive animal farming
2607:History of animal rights
1056:
723:by Psychology Professor
654:
260:Huntingdon Life Sciences
216:UCR 1985 laboratory raid
5333:Holocaust on your Plate
5104:An Apology to Elephants
4885:Do Animals Have Rights?
4821:Animals, Men and Morals
4797:Better-World Philosophy
4674:Italian Animalist Party
4553:United Poultry Concerns
4508:Last Chance for Animals
4403:Animal Liberation Front
4290:Maud Ingersoll Probasco
2775:Replaceability argument
2693:Animal-free agriculture
2257:"CCAC Training Modules"
1334:Chapter 1: Introduction
1306:Animal Law - Regulation
1129:August 5, 2009, at the
649:
600:National Health Service
357:Primate Freedom Project
265:UK lab animal suppliers
5306:Salvation of Innocents
4853:Zoos and Animal Rights
4428:Beauty Without Cruelty
4388:Animal Justice Project
3722:John Zephaniah Holwell
3376:Stephen St. C. Bostock
2953:Great ape research ban
2572:Animal rights movement
2042:Compliance Inspections
760:
745:
173:Great ape research ban
5325:Fairs and exhibitions
5212:The Animals' Defender
5184:Cahiers antispécistes
5112:Speciesism: The Movie
4933:Animal (De)liberation
4893:Striking at the Roots
4805:The Universal Kinship
4765:The Rights of Animals
4686:People Animals Nature
4680:Party for the Animals
4493:In Defense of Animals
4255:Nina Douglas-Hamilton
3642:David Renaud Boullier
3228:Silver Spring monkeys
3127:Wild animal suffering
3036:Pain in invertebrates
2875:Intensive pig farming
2765:Opposition to hunting
2730:Ethics of eating meat
2282:"The Animal Care Act"
769:Public Health Service
755:
733:
690:Further information:
616:cost-benefit analysis
538:Further information:
211:Silver Spring monkeys
4941:Sentientist Politics
4869:The Lives of Animals
4620:Animal Justice Party
4433:Born Free Foundation
4270:Lizzy Lind af Hageby
4144:Wendy Turner-Webster
3852:Adam Gottlieb Weigen
3074:Recreational fishing
2915:Ventilation shutdown
2683:Animal protectionism
2663:Animal consciousness
2062:"See Facility Lists"
862:Prince Edward Island
631:Directive 2010/63/EU
614:refers to the Act's
555:Directive 2010/63/EU
377:Speaking of Research
5365:( 139 )
5191:Etica & Animali
5177:Between the Species
4901:An American Trilogy
4594:Humanitarian League
4205:Frances Power Cobbe
3817:Arthur Schopenhauer
3812:Henry Stephens Salt
3692:Edward Payson Evans
3386:Stephen R. L. Clark
3243:War of the currents
3132:Wildlife management
3026:Pain in crustaceans
3021:Pain in cephalopods
2068:on 22 December 2007
1842:on 15 December 2007
1205:European Commission
729:Wesleyan University
568:Cosmetics Directive
5128:Unlocking the Cage
4949:Wild Animal Ethics
4773:The Ethics of Diet
4650:Animalist Movement
4626:Animal Politics EU
4538:Sentience Politics
4164:That Vegan Teacher
3777:Siobhan O'Sullivan
3762:José Ferrater Mora
3571:Steve F. Sapontzis
3064:Commercial fishing
3016:Pain in amphibians
3006:Cruelty to animals
2978:Operation Backfire
2817:Animal agriculture
2725:Emotion in animals
2365:"SPCA New Zealand"
2317:2012-03-17 at the
2233:2007-09-29 at the
2165:2007-11-30 at the
2146:2008-02-21 at the
2094:on 6 December 2007
2012:2007-10-08 at the
1821:2007-01-25 at the
1529:2017-01-19 at the
1330:2007-12-01 at the
1311:2019-07-09 at the
1292:2009-04-19 at the
1273:2022-02-24 at the
1235:2007-12-01 at the
1207:. March 11, 2013.
1046:Cruelty to animals
840:The Spending Power
620:neurophysiological
241:Jackson Laboratory
92:Toxicology testing
5373:
5372:
5366:
5347:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5314:Onward to Freedom
5282:Animal Liberation
5267:
5266:
5088:Forks Over Knives
5040:Peaceable Kingdom
5000:Shores of Silence
4992:A Cow at My Table
4877:Eternal Treblinka
4829:Animal Liberation
4721:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4608:
4607:
4543:Uncaged Campaigns
4518:Mercy for Animals
4483:Great Ape Project
4398:Animal Liberation
4344:(groups, parties)
4331:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4230:Elizabeth Farians
4139:Christine Townend
4079:Heather Nicholson
4004:Brigitte Gothière
3994:Antoine Goetschel
3880:
3879:
3541:Charles Patterson
3446:Gary L. Francione
3421:Josephine Donovan
3411:Daniel Dombrowski
3391:Alasdair Cochrane
3307:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3186:
3185:
3117:Predation problem
3001:Animal euthanasia
2910:Foam depopulation
2745:Insects in ethics
2217:ILACUC Newsletter
1955:978-0-309-15400-0
1638:978-3-7643-7519-5
1411:Missing or empty
1105:on 25 August 2011
980:a nominee of the
668:of animals used.
510:
509:
445:Syed Ziaur Rahman
391:Writers/activists
5408:
5364:
5359:
5358:
5170:Animal Sentience
5159:
5158:
5024:Legally Blonde 2
4984:The Animals Film
4738:
4737:
4727:
4726:
4533:Rise for Animals
4358:
4357:
4351:
4350:
4337:
4336:
4200:Edith Carrington
4104:Craig Rosebraugh
4064:Virginia McKenna
4054:Jo-Anne McArthur
3984:Juliet Gellatley
3889:
3888:
3847:Mary Anne Warren
3787:Humphrey Primatt
3772:Edward Nicholson
3742:Charles R. Magel
3707:Thomas G. Gentry
3566:Richard D. Ryder
3506:Thomas Lepeltier
3336:
3335:
3327:
3326:
3313:
3312:
3280:World Animal Day
3238:Unnecessary Fuss
3198:Brown Dog affair
3168:Animals in sport
3158:Animal slaughter
3153:Animal sacrifice
3092:Culling wildlife
2895:Wildlife farming
2813:
2812:
2658:Animal cognition
2627:Total liberation
2562:
2561:
2551:
2550:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2506:
2500:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2483:
2477:. Archived from
2476:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2419:"Animal Welfare"
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2333:
2322:
2310:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2259:. Archived from
2253:
2238:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2191:
2185:. Archived from
2184:
2176:
2170:
2157:
2151:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2090:. Archived from
2084:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2064:. Archived from
2058:
2052:
2039:
2033:
2023:
2017:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1992:
1988:
1986:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1890:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1873:
1867:. Archived from
1866:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1838:. Archived from
1832:
1826:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1801:. Archived from
1791:
1785:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1759:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1742:
1736:. Archived from
1735:
1727:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1678:
1671:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1647:
1641:. Archived from
1618:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1590:. Archived from
1580:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1564:
1549:
1540:
1534:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1475:
1468:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1443:
1436:
1428:
1422:
1420:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1376:. Archived from
1370:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1341:
1335:
1322:
1316:
1303:
1297:
1284:
1278:
1265:
1259:
1246:
1240:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1197:
1191:
1178:
1172:
1159:
1153:
1140:
1134:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1101:. Archived from
1095:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1066:
992:none to severe.
502:
495:
488:
322:Dr. Hadwen Trust
283:Groups/campaigns
222:Unnecessary Fuss
196:Brown Dog affair
153:Medical research
33:
19:
18:
5416:
5415:
5411:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5406:
5405:
5376:
5375:
5374:
5369:
5339:
5320:
5263:
5244:Muutoksen kevät
5217:
5150:
5056:Behind the Mask
4971:
4781:Animals' Rights
4732:
4713:
4697:
4604:
4572:
4345:
4319:
4180:Cleveland Amory
4168:
4134:Darren Thurston
4129:Marianne Thieme
3979:Bruce Friedrich
3944:Joey Carbstrong
3929:Brigitte Bardot
3876:
3867:Jon Wynne-Tyson
3757:J. Howard Moore
3702:John Galsworthy
3682:Wilhelm Dietler
3625:
3621:Corey Lee Wrenn
3531:Martha Nussbaum
3441:Lawrence Finsen
3381:Paola Cavalieri
3356:Kristin Andrews
3331:
3321:
3299:
3268:
3247:
3182:
3136:
3078:
3050:
3011:Pain in animals
2987:
2919:
2885:Poultry farming
2804:
2636:
2556:
2545:
2540:
2510:
2494:
2493:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2472:"Archived copy"
2470:
2469:
2465:
2455:
2453:
2442:
2438:
2428:
2426:
2415:
2411:
2401:
2399:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2372:
2361:
2357:
2347:
2345:
2334:
2325:
2319:Wayback Machine
2311:
2304:
2295:
2293:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2266:
2264:
2255:
2254:
2241:
2235:Wayback Machine
2227:
2223:
2202:
2201:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2180:"Archived copy"
2178:
2177:
2173:
2167:Wayback Machine
2160:What is AAALAC?
2158:
2154:
2148:Wayback Machine
2140:
2136:
2127:
2125:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2088:"APHIS AWA FAQ"
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1862:"Archived copy"
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967:
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870:made under the
864:
855:
809:
704:(APHIS) of the
694:
688:
660:organizations.
657:
652:
643:
595:
585:
576:
548:animals in the
544:Experiments on
542:
536:
506:
477:
449:
415:Colin Blakemore
410:Neal D. Barnard
386:
278:
227:
182:
139:
101:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5414:
5404:
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5398:
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5391:Animal testing
5388:
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5100:
5092:
5084:
5076:
5068:
5060:
5052:
5044:
5036:
5028:
5020:
5016:Meet Your Meat
5012:
5004:
4996:
4988:
4979:
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4969:
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4953:
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4897:
4889:
4881:
4873:
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4857:
4849:
4841:
4833:
4825:
4817:
4813:The New Ethics
4809:
4801:
4793:
4785:
4777:
4769:
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4753:
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4698:
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4659:
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4647:
4644:Animals' Party
4641:
4635:
4629:
4623:
4616:
4614:
4610:
4609:
4606:
4605:
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4602:
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4455:
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4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4413:AnimaNaturalis
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4383:Animal Justice
4380:
4375:
4370:
4364:
4362:
4355:
4347:
4346:
4333:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4315:Gretchen Wyler
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4245:Lewis Gompertz
4242:
4237:
4235:Emarel Freshel
4232:
4227:
4225:Muriel Dowding
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4176:
4174:
4170:
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4159:Gary Yourofsky
4156:
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4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
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4081:
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4074:Ingrid Newkirk
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4014:Charlotte Laws
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3939:Yves Bonnardel
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3914:Martin Balluch
3911:
3906:
3901:
3895:
3893:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3862:Steven M. Wise
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3807:Bernard Rollin
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3767:Leonard Nelson
3764:
3759:
3754:
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3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3672:Herman Daggett
3669:
3664:
3662:Priscilla Cohn
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3637:Jeremy Bentham
3633:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
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3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3551:Jessica Pierce
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3481:Kyle Johannsen
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
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3428:
3423:
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3408:
3406:David DeGrazia
3403:
3398:
3393:
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3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3346:Carol J. Adams
3342:
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3333:
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3309:
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3304:
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3298:
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3261:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3218:Pit of despair
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3148:Abandoned pets
3144:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
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3043:
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3033:
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3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2997:
2995:
2993:Animal welfare
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2968:Model organism
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2929:
2927:
2925:Animal testing
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2900:Working animal
2897:
2892:
2890:Slaughterhouse
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2865:Insect farming
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2825:Animal product
2821:
2819:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2780:Sentiocentrism
2777:
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2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2688:Animal welfare
2685:
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2660:
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2152:
2134:
2105:
2079:
2053:
2034:
2018:
2000:
1954:
1946:10.17226/12910
1927:
1898:
1853:
1827:
1808:
1805:on 2007-12-31.
1786:
1767:
1719:
1690:
1658:
1637:
1604:
1575:
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1500:animallaw.info
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963:Main article:
960:
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824:
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805:
801:animal welfare
687:
684:
656:
653:
651:
648:
642:
639:
584:
583:United Kingdom
581:
575:
572:
550:European Union
535:
532:
514:Animal testing
508:
507:
505:
504:
497:
490:
482:
479:
478:
476:
475:
473:Animal welfare
470:
465:
463:Animal testing
459:
456:
455:
451:
450:
448:
447:
442:
437:
435:Bernard Rollin
432:
430:Ingrid Newkirk
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
396:
393:
392:
388:
387:
385:
384:
379:
374:
369:
367:SPEAK campaign
364:
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206:Pit of despair
203:
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188:
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183:
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175:
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165:
163:Animal welfare
160:
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47:Animal testing
43:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
23:Animal testing
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5413:
5402:
5401:Statutory law
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5386:Animal rights
5384:
5383:
5381:
5362:
5354:
5353:
5350:
5335:
5334:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5323:
5316:
5315:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5290:Tame Yourself
5287:
5284:
5283:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5274:
5270:
5260:
5259:
5255:
5253:
5252:
5251:No Compromise
5248:
5246:
5245:
5241:
5239:
5238:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5220:
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5141:
5138:
5137:
5133:
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5125:
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5121:
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5114:
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5105:
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5018:
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5013:
5010:
5009:
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5001:
4997:
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4993:
4989:
4986:
4985:
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4786:
4783:
4782:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4754:
4752:(3rd century)
4751:
4750:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4728:
4724:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4693:
4690:
4687:
4684:
4682:(Netherlands)
4681:
4678:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4648:
4645:
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4459:
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4444:
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4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4408:Animal Rising
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4378:Animal Ethics
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4334:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4275:Jessie Mackay
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4250:James Granger
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4185:Henry B. Amos
4183:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4154:Louise Wallis
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
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4119:Kim Stallwood
4117:
4115:
4114:Jasmin Singer
4112:
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4109:Nathan Runkle
4107:
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4094:David Olivier
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3974:John Feldmann
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3949:Aymeric Caron
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3792:James Rachels
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3647:Brigid Brophy
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3611:Tatjana Višak
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3601:David Sztybel
3599:
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3596:Cass Sunstein
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3561:Mark Rowlands
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3556:Evelyn Pluhar
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3511:Andrew Linzey
3509:
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3499:
3497:
3496:Will Kymlicka
3494:
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3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3476:Dale Jamieson
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
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3459:
3457:
3456:Valéry Giroux
3454:
3452:
3451:Robert Garner
3449:
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3442:
3439:
3437:
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3427:
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3416:Sue Donaldson
3414:
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3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3396:J. M. Coetzee
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3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
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3374:
3372:
3369:
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3361:Tom Beauchamp
3359:
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3264:Hunt sabotage
3262:
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3257:
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3252:Methodologies
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3110:
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3098:
3097:Hare coursing
3095:
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2853:
2851:
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2846:
2843:
2841:
2840:Chick culling
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2800:Vegetarianism
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
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2718:
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2713:
2711:
2710:
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2704:
2701:
2699:
2698:Anthrozoology
2696:
2694:
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2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2668:Animal ethics
2666:
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2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
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2639:
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2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
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2563:
2559:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2543:Animal rights
2537:
2532:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2504:
2498:
2484:on 2011-08-16
2480:
2473:
2467:
2451:
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2440:
2424:
2420:
2413:
2397:
2393:
2386:
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2332:
2330:
2328:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2307:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2263:on 2012-09-02
2262:
2258:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2192:on 2007-09-27
2188:
2181:
2175:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2156:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2123:
2119:
2115:
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2093:
2089:
2083:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2038:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2004:
1996:
1984:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1931:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1894:
1888:
1874:on 2014-10-21
1870:
1863:
1857:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1763:
1757:
1743:on 2013-12-19
1739:
1732:
1726:
1724:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1675:
1668:
1662:
1648:on 2016-03-04
1644:
1640:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1594:on 2020-10-27
1593:
1589:
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1579:
1561:
1557:
1553:
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1539:
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1528:
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1501:
1497:
1491:
1472:
1465:
1459:
1440:
1433:
1427:
1418:
1405:
1394:
1380:on 2007-12-23
1379:
1375:
1369:
1354:
1350:
1349:parliament.uk
1346:
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1128:
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1100:
1094:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1061:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1041:Animal rights
1039:
1037:
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1024:
1020:
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1002:
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993:
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873:
869:
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846:
839:
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830:
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828:
822:
821:
820:
816:
814:
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802:
798:
794:
789:
785:
781:
777:
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770:
764:
759:
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751:
744:
740:
737:
732:
730:
726:
720:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
693:
686:United States
683:
680:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
647:
638:
636:
632:
627:
623:
621:
617:
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608:
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594:
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571:
569:
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562:
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521:
517:
515:
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498:
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491:
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483:
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480:
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471:
469:
468:Animal rights
466:
464:
461:
460:
458:
457:
453:
452:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
420:Simon Festing
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
405:Michael Balls
403:
401:
398:
397:
395:
394:
390:
389:
383:
380:
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375:
373:
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368:
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310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
289:
287:
286:
282:
281:
275:
274:Shamrock Farm
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
252:
249:
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244:
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158:Animal rights
156:
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150:
148:
147:
143:
142:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
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121:
118:
116:
115:Invertebrates
113:
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109:
105:
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90:
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68:
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63:
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55:
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50:
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41:
38:Main articles
37:
36:
32:
28:
27:
24:
21:
20:
5331:
5312:
5304:
5296:
5288:
5280:
5256:
5249:
5242:
5235:
5228:
5210:
5203:
5196:
5189:
5182:
5175:
5168:
5142:
5134:
5126:
5118:
5110:
5102:
5094:
5086:
5078:
5070:
5062:
5054:
5046:
5038:
5030:
5022:
5014:
5006:
4998:
4990:
4982:
4963:
4955:
4947:
4939:
4931:
4923:
4915:
4907:
4899:
4891:
4883:
4875:
4867:
4859:
4851:
4843:
4835:
4827:
4819:
4811:
4803:
4795:
4787:
4779:
4771:
4763:
4755:
4747:
4600:Oxford Group
4468:Every Animal
4361:Contemporary
4310:Andrew Tyler
4300:Nell Shipman
4240:André Géraud
4149:Jerry Vlasak
4124:Lynda Stoner
4099:Alex Pacheco
4029:Evanna Lynch
4024:Howard Lyman
4009:Wayne Hsiung
3969:Chris DeRose
3959:Rod Coronado
3892:Contemporary
3832:Thomas Tryon
3752:Mary Midgley
3747:Jean Meslier
3727:Soame Jenyns
3717:John Hildrop
3712:Arthur Helps
3677:Richard Dean
3652:Peter Buchan
3591:Gary Steiner
3586:Peter Singer
3581:JĂ©rĂ´me Segal
3546:David Pearce
3536:Clare Palmer
3526:David Nibert
3516:Clair Linzey
3426:Joan Dunayer
3351:Aysha Akhtar
3339:Contemporary
3208:McLibel case
3163:Animal trial
3122:Seal hunting
3084:Wild animals
3069:Fishing bait
3031:Pain in fish
2942:
2850:Fish farming
2830:Battery cage
2750:Meat paradox
2707:
2648:Abolitionism
2486:. Retrieved
2479:the original
2466:
2454:. Retrieved
2439:
2427:. Retrieved
2412:
2400:. Retrieved
2385:
2373:. Retrieved
2358:
2346:. Retrieved
2294:. Retrieved
2285:
2276:
2265:. Retrieved
2261:the original
2224:
2216:
2194:. Retrieved
2187:the original
2174:
2155:
2137:
2126:. Retrieved
2117:
2108:
2096:. Retrieved
2092:the original
2082:
2070:. Retrieved
2066:the original
2056:
2037:
2021:
2003:
1972:. Retrieved
1936:
1930:
1919:. Retrieved
1910:
1901:
1876:. Retrieved
1869:the original
1856:
1844:. Retrieved
1840:the original
1830:
1811:
1803:the original
1798:
1789:
1770:
1745:. Retrieved
1738:the original
1711:. Retrieved
1702:
1693:
1681:. Retrieved
1661:
1650:. Retrieved
1643:the original
1620:
1607:
1596:. Retrieved
1592:the original
1587:
1578:
1567:. Retrieved
1555:
1551:
1538:
1519:
1508:. Retrieved
1499:
1490:
1478:. Retrieved
1458:
1446:. Retrieved
1426:
1393:
1382:. Retrieved
1378:the original
1368:
1357:. Retrieved
1348:
1339:
1320:
1301:
1282:
1263:
1244:
1225:
1213:. Retrieved
1204:
1195:
1176:
1157:
1138:
1119:
1107:. Retrieved
1103:the original
1093:
1082:. Retrieved
1073:
1064:
1025:
1021:
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994:
990:
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628:
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604:
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577:
565:
560:
553:
543:
512:
511:
440:Jerry Vlasak
425:Gill Langley
220:
56:
5155:Periodicals
5032:The Meatrix
5008:The Witness
4622:(Australia)
4596:(1891–1919)
4478:Faunalytics
4305:Henry Spira
4295:Hans Ruesch
4285:Jill Phipps
4280:Norm Phelps
4260:Barry Horne
4220:Royal Dixon
4215:Karen Davis
4195:Ernest Bell
4089:Ric O'Barry
4084:Jack Norris
4049:Dan Mathews
3954:Jake Conroy
3924:Barbi Twins
3899:James Aspey
3837:Gary Varner
3827:John Styles
3667:Henry Crowe
3616:Paul Waldau
3606:Michael Tye
3501:Renan Larue
3486:Melanie Joy
3471:Oscar Horta
3466:John Hadley
3436:Catia Faria
3431:Mylan Engel
3401:Alice Crary
3371:Steven Best
3366:Marc Bekoff
3332:and writers
3273:Observances
3178:Live export
3112:Ivory trade
2983:Vivisection
2958:Green Scare
2855:Fur farming
2760:Open rescue
2755:Nonviolence
2456:2 September
2429:2 September
2402:2 September
2392:"Home page"
2375:2 September
2348:2 September
1991:|work=
1775:Animal Care
959:New Zealand
725:Scott Plous
612:Home Office
516:regulations
97:Vivisection
5396:Regulation
5380:Categories
5144:Seaspiracy
5048:Earthlings
4688:(Portugal)
4662:DierAnimal
4577:Historical
4373:Animal Aid
4265:Marie Huot
4210:Joan Court
4190:Bob Barker
4173:Historical
4059:LuĂsa Mell
4039:Keith Mann
4034:Bill Maher
4019:Ronnie Lee
3989:Tal Gilboa
3964:Karen Dawn
3904:Greg Avery
3782:Rod Preece
3697:T. Forster
3657:Mona Caird
3630:Historical
3491:Hilda Kean
3461:Lori Gruen
2795:Vegaphobia
2785:Speciesism
2678:Animal law
2488:2012-05-01
2296:2012-05-01
2267:2012-05-01
2196:2007-12-12
2128:2014-02-25
1974:2014-02-25
1921:2014-02-25
1878:2014-02-25
1747:2014-02-25
1713:2015-06-09
1652:2015-06-09
1598:2015-06-09
1569:2015-06-09
1510:2012-04-30
1413:|url=
1384:2007-12-13
1359:2017-08-29
1084:2012-03-20
788:vertebrate
587:See also:
546:vertebrate
528:anesthetic
520:guidelines
454:Categories
312:Boyd Group
106:Testing on
5298:Manifesto
5237:Bite Back
5222:Magazines
5096:Vegucated
4694:(Germany)
4692:V-ParteiÂł
4670:(Germany)
4664:(Belgium)
4640:(Finland)
4463:Equanimal
4069:Morrissey
4044:Jim Mason
3999:Mark Gold
3934:Gene Baur
3909:Matt Ball
3885:Activists
3797:Tom Regan
3576:Jeff Sebo
3521:Dan Lyons
3330:Academics
3318:Advocates
3173:Live food
2973:Nafovanny
2880:Livestock
2860:Fur trade
2835:Bile bear
2770:Personism
2565:Overviews
2286:gov.mb.ca
2098:23 August
2072:23 August
1993:ignored (
1983:cite book
1846:23 August
1683:10 August
1480:23 August
1448:23 August
1109:23 August
1074:europa.eu
900:Australia
400:Tipu Aziz
270:Nafovanny
232:Companies
5361:Category
5230:Arkangel
5162:Journals
5136:Dominion
5072:The Cove
4702:Activism
4646:(Sweden)
4634:(Canada)
4628:(Europe)
4342:Movement
3872:Voltaire
2790:Veganism
2740:Ethology
2641:Concepts
2497:cite web
2450:Archived
2423:Archived
2396:Archived
2394:. NZVA.
2369:Archived
2367:. SPCA.
2342:Archived
2315:Archived
2290:Archived
2231:Archived
2205:cite web
2163:Archived
2144:Archived
2122:Archived
2045:Archived
2010:Archived
1968:Archived
1964:21595115
1940:. 2011.
1915:Archived
1911:ecfr.gov
1887:cite web
1819:Archived
1799:usda.gov
1778:Archived
1756:cite web
1707:Archived
1674:Archived
1560:Archived
1527:Archived
1504:Archived
1471:Archived
1439:Archived
1404:cite web
1353:Archived
1328:Archived
1309:Archived
1290:Archived
1271:Archived
1252:Archived
1233:Archived
1209:Archived
1184:Archived
1165:Archived
1146:Archived
1127:Archived
1078:Archived
1030:See also
882:Manitoba
362:Pro-Test
125:Primates
4676:(Italy)
4658:(Spain)
4652:(Italy)
4613:Parties
3102:Hunting
3056:Fishing
2715:Carnism
2448:. MPI.
2446:"NAEAC"
2340:. MPI.
2118:nih.gov
1215:May 20,
891:Ontario
853:Alberta
750:Science
641:Germany
251:Covance
135:Rodents
130:Rabbits
5363:
5336:(2003)
5317:(2014)
5309:(2014)
5301:(2008)
5293:(1991)
5285:(1987)
5273:Albums
5147:(2021)
5139:(2018)
5131:(2016)
5123:(2013)
5115:(2013)
5107:(2013)
5099:(2011)
5091:(2011)
5083:(2009)
5075:(2009)
5067:(2007)
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5011:(2000)
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4995:(1998)
4987:(1981)
4968:(2022)
4960:(2022)
4952:(2020)
4944:(2018)
4936:(2016)
4928:(2014)
4920:(2012)
4912:(2010)
4904:(2009)
4896:(2008)
4888:(2005)
4880:(2001)
4872:(1999)
4864:(1995)
4856:(1993)
4848:(1987)
4840:(1983)
4832:(1975)
4824:(1971)
4816:(1907)
4808:(1906)
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4792:(1897)
4784:(1892)
4776:(1883)
4768:(1838)
4760:(1824)
4354:Groups
2809:Issues
2653:Ahimsa
1962:
1952:
1635:
1014:Brazil
807:Canada
793:AAALAC
635:actual
574:France
534:Europe
255:Harlan
144:Issues
5258:Satya
4976:Films
4741:Books
4563:Viva!
3191:Cases
3141:Other
2482:(PDF)
2475:(PDF)
2190:(PDF)
2183:(PDF)
1872:(PDF)
1865:(PDF)
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1646:(PDF)
1617:(PDF)
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1548:(PDF)
1474:(PDF)
1467:(PDF)
1442:(PDF)
1435:(PDF)
1057:Notes
655:Japan
332:FRAME
292:AALAS
187:Cases
120:Frogs
72:IACUC
4503:L214
3223:SHAC
2503:link
2458:2012
2431:2012
2404:2012
2377:2012
2350:2012
2211:link
2100:2019
2074:2019
1995:help
1960:PMID
1950:ISBN
1893:link
1848:2019
1762:link
1685:2015
1633:ISBN
1482:2019
1450:2019
1417:help
1217:2015
1111:2019
984:and,
811:The
767:the
650:Asia
605:The
591:and
518:are
372:SHAC
347:PETA
297:AAAS
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1942:doi
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302:ALF
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