505:
or pregnancy related) manifestation and persistent presence of one or more APS antibody. In the 2023 American
College of Rheumatology and European League Against Rheumatism joint criteria they added heart related symptoms and low platelet levels as clinical criteria and changed some thresholds and specifics for antibody testing. However, all previously proposed research criteria are meant to create a standardized group of individuals with APS in order to increase accuracy in statistical analysis, so the criteria are not be representative of all individuals with APS. Thus, people who do not meet all of the criteria could still have APS.
51:
305:. Recurrent miscarriages associated with APS typically occur prior to 10th week of gestation, but miscarriage associated with APS can also occur after the 10th week of gestation. Certain causes must be excluded prior to attributing these complications to APS. Also, in pregnant individuals with lupus and antiphospholipid syndrome, antiphospholipid syndrome is responsible for most of the miscarriages in later trimesters.
635:). Lupus anticoagulant will also rarely cause a factor assay to give a result lower than 35 iu/dl (35%) whereas a specific factor antibody will rarely give a result higher than 10 iu/dl (10%). Monitoring IV anticoagulant therapy by the PTT ratio is compromised due to the effects of the lupus anticoagulant and in these situations is generally best performed using a chromogenic assay based on the inhibition of
368:. Anticardiolipin antibodies, β2glycoprotein 1, and lupus anticoagulant are antiphospholipid antibodies that are thought to clinically cause disease. These antibodies lead to blood clots and vascular disease in the presence (secondary APS) or absence (primary APS) of other diseases. While the exact functions of the antibodies are not known, the activation of the coagulation system is evident.
244:-related complications. While blood clots and pregnancy complications are the most common and diagnostic symptoms associated with APS, other organs and body parts may be affected like platelet levels, heart, kidneys, brain, and skin. Also, people with APS may have symptoms associated with other autoimmune diseases like
276:
Blood clots in patients with APS are often considered unprovoked, which means they occur in the absence of conditions that typically cause blood clots (i.e. prolonged sedentary behavior, immoblization, infection, cancer). However, a person can develop a provoked blood clot while having APS due to APS
504:
Because there are no agreed upon diagnostic criteria for APS, research classification criteria are sometimes used to aid in diagnosis. The
Sapporo APS classification criteria (1998, published in 1999) were replaced by the Sydney criteria in 2006. The Sydney criteria requires one clinical (thrombosis
426:
have a greater association with thrombosis than those that target prothrombin. Anticardiolipin antibodies are associated with thrombosis at moderate to high titres (over 40 GPLU or MPLU). Patients with both lupus anticoagulant antibodies and moderate or high titre anticardiolipin antibodies show a
414:
forms a shield around negatively charged phospholipid molecules, which reduces the membrane's ability to participate in clotting. Thus, antibodies against protein S and anti-annexin A5 decrease protein C efficiency and increase phospholipid-dependent coagulation steps respectively, which leads to
795:
may be used as an alternative to warfarin, but not in people with APS who had a previous arterial blood clot or are "triple positive" with all types of antiphospholipid antibody (lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin antibody and anti-β2 glycoprotein I antibody). In people with arterial blood clot
726:
It is recommended to generally re-test people 12 weeks after the first positive test to confirm that it was correct, except for those who test positive during pregnancy. For that group, it is recommend to wait 3 months to re-test if possible. Re-testing is more nuanced if the person is taking an
690:
The presence of antiphospholipid antibodies may not indicate APS, which is why considering the symptoms present and retesting antibody levels is essential. People may be transiently positive, incorrectly positive, or incorrectly negative if they are tested when the following is occurring:
857:
Also, a history of previous blood clots in someone with APS increases the risk for certain pregnancy complications, such as death of the child, smaller sized baby, and blood clots during and after pregnancy. Outside of people with APS having an increased risk of blood clots and pregnancy
468:
Diagnosis of antiphospholipid syndrome is often made through the combination of symptoms and testing. Repeat antibody testing 12 weeks after discovering the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) is needed to establish a diagnosis because false positives can occur.
2402:
Karakasis P, Lefkou E, Pamporis K, Nevras V, Bougioukas KI, Haidich AB, Fragakis N (June 2023). "Risk of
Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Patients with Antiphospholipid Syndrome and Subjects With Antiphospholipid Antibody Positivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis".
774:
Treatment depends on a person's APS symptoms. Typically a medication that decreases the body's ability to form blood clots is given to prevent future clots. Low dose aspirin can be given to people who have APS antibodies but no symptoms, high risk individuals with
472:
While APS was previously categorized into primary and secondary APS based on the absence or presence of concurrent autoimmune disease respectively, the 16th
International Congress on Antiphospholipid Antibodies Task Force categorizes APS into 6 categories:
1855:"Guidance from the Scientific and Standardization Committee for lupus anticoagulant/antiphospholipid antibodies of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis: Update of the guidelines for lupus anticoagulant detection and interpretation"
268:
can experience a variety of symptoms depending on what blood vessel in the brain is affected. Symptoms include but are not limited to trouble speaking, loss of sensation, or weakness in one side of the face or body. Blood clots can also occur in the
169:
Diagnosis is made based on symptoms and testing, but sometimes research criteria are used to aid in diagnosis. The research criteria for definite APS requires one clinical event (i.e. thrombosis or pregnancy complication) and two positive
619:) is normally achieved by differentiating the effects of a lupus anticoagulant on factor assays from the effects of a specific coagulation factor antibody. The lupus anticoagulant will inhibit all the contact activation pathway factors (
2001:
Asherson RA, Cervera R, de Groot PG, Erkan D, Boffa MC, Piette JC, et al. (July 2003). "Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: international consensus statement on classification criteria and treatment guidelines".
1399:
Miyakis S, Lockshin MD, Atsumi T, Branch DW, Brey RL, Cervera R, et al. (February 2006). "International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS)".
2771:
2756:
2736:
2721:
861:
Other risk stratification criteria for predicting blood clots and pregnancy complications have been proposed, such as the aPL Score and the Global APS score, but further data is needed to validate these tools.
1165:
Sciascia S, Radin M, Cecchi I, Levy RA, Erkan D (July 2021). "16th
International congress on antiphospholipid antibodies task force report on clinical manifestations of antiphospholipid syndrome".
2129:"Management of thrombotic and obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome: a systematic literature review informing the EULAR recommendations for the management of antiphospholipid syndrome in adults"
1952:
Wilson, W. A.; Gharavi, A. E.; Koike, T.; Lockshin, M. D.; Branch, D. W.; Piette, J. C.; Brey, R.; Derksen, R.; Harris, E. N.; Hughes, G. R.; Triplett, D. A.; Khamashta, M. A. (July 1999).
604:. The Scientific and Standardization Committee for lupus anticoagulant/antiphospholipid antibodies of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis no longer recommends the
2314:"Comparing the efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants versus Vitamin K antagonists in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
1739:
Islam MA, Alam F, Sasongko TH, Gan SH (2016). "Antiphospholipid
Antibody-Mediated Thrombotic Mechanisms in Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Towards Pathophysiology-Based Treatment".
819:
less likely in pregnant women with APS. Women with recurrent miscarriages are often advised to take aspirin and to start low molecular weight heparin treatment after missing a
1477:
Islam MA, Alam F, Kamal MA, Wong KK, Sasongko TH, Gan SH (2016). "'Non-Criteria' Neurologic
Manifestations of Antiphospholipid Syndrome: A Hidden Kingdom to be Discovered".
779:
and APS antibodies but no symptoms of APS, and non-pregnant people who had APS during pregnancy. For those people with APS who have had a blood clot (venous or arterial),
3204:
1099:
Barbhaiya M, Zuily S, Naden R, Hendry A, Manneville F, Amigo MC, et al. (October 2023). "The 2023 ACR/EULAR Antiphospholipid
Syndrome Classification Criteria".
341:
although more research is needed to prove that these symptoms are indicative of APS. Cancer is also observed to occur at the same time in some patients with APS.
1211:
Cheng C, Cheng GY, Denas G, Pengo V (July 2021). "Arterial thrombosis in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS): Clinical approach and treatment. A systematic review".
508:
In terms of catastropic APS, the
International Consensus Statement is commonly used for diagnosis. Based on this statement, Definite CAPS diagnosis requires:
921:
Antiphospholipid syndrome was described in full in the 1980s, by E. Nigel Harris and Aziz
Gharavi. They published the first papers in 1983. The syndrome was
17:
1954:"International consensus statement on preliminary classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome: report of an international workshop"
2291:
221:
and improve the prognosis of pregnancy. The anticoagulant medication used for treatment may differ depending on the circumstance, such as pregnancy.
3849:
1555:
Islam MA, Alam F, Wong KK (May 2017). "Comorbid association of antiphospholipid antibodies and migraine: A systematic review and meta-analysis".
750:
For people with blood clot related APS, other conditions that can cause blood clots should be considered including but not limited to acquired
3197:
452:
viability, syncytialization and invasion, deranged production of hormones and signalling molecules by trophoblasts, as well as activation of
952:
According to a 2006 Sydney consensus statement, it is advisable to classify APS into one of the following categories for research purposes:
738:
infection. This occurs because the aPL bind to the lipids in the test and make it come out positive. A more specific test for syphilis,
3082:
2055:
2492:
1004:
2181:"Direct Oral Anticoagulants vs Vitamin K Antagonists in Patients With Antiphospholipid Syndromes: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials"
264:. People with a blot clot in their extremities may experience swelling, pain, or redness in the affected area. People experiencing a
3190:
2879:
1696:
Islam MA (August 2020). "Antiphospholipid antibodies and antiphospholipid syndrome in cancer: Uninvited guests in troubled times".
580:
antibodies. A patient with lupus anticoagulant antibodies on initial screening will typically have been found to have a prolonged
3148:
608:, dilute thromboplastin time, and Taipan/Ecarin snake venom based assays due to implementation issues from a variety of factors.
3321:
207:
2680:
2656:
2637:
1970:
1953:
1453:
3032:
589:
1512:
Islam MA, Alam F, Gan SH, Cavestro C, Wong KK (March 2018). "Coexistence of antiphospholipid antibodies and cephalalgia".
576:
This is tested for by using two coagulation tests that are phospholipid-sensitive, due to the heterogeneous nature of the
3496:
3479:
2783:
1351:"Antiphospholipid antibodies and the placenta: a systematic review of their in vitro effects and modulation by treatment"
1254:
Kruger PC, Eikelboom JW, Douketis JD, Hankey GJ (June 2019). "Deep vein thrombosis: update on diagnosis and management".
759:
727:
anticoagulant, which may require not taking the medication for a certain period of time or specifically timing the test.
44:
Hughes syndrome, aCL syndrome, anticardiolipin antibody syndrome, antiphospholipid syndrome, lupus anticoagulant syndrome
273:, which may cause trouble breathing or chest pain, and they can occur in the heart, which could lead to a heart attack.
3844:
3087:
1046:"Genetic risk factors in thrombotic primary antiphospholipid syndrome: A systematic review with bioinformatic analyses"
904:
762:. Genetic thrombophilia can coexist in some patients with APS. For people with pregnancy related APS, other causes of
2446:
Iuliano A, Galeazzi M, Sebastiani GD (September 2019). "Antiphospholipid syndrome's genetic and epigenetic aspects".
998:
325:. There are also associations between antiphospholipid antibodies and different neurologic manifestations including
3558:
3510:
3121:
3061:
2912:
1591:
990:
835:
Factors that increase likelihood of developing APS related future blood clots and pregnancy complications include:
588:(50:50 mixes with normal plasma are insensitive to all but the highest antibody levels). The PTT (plus 80:20 mix),
496:
In their report, they acknowledge that some individuals may qualify for more than one category based on symptoms.
418:
The lupus anticoagulant antibodies are those that show the closest association with thrombosis; those that target
3834:
888:
797:
792:
435:
294:
3277:
3171:
2949:
929:
179:
3564:
3550:
2939:
2054:
Tektonidou MG, Andreoli L, Limper M, Amoura Z, Cervera R, Costedoat-Chalumeau N, et al. (October 2019).
3829:
3538:
3501:
3371:
2872:
2232:
804:
200:
1045:
3691:
3267:
3077:
3049:
3012:
3004:
2932:
1639:"Presence of Anticardiolipin Antibodies in Patients with Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
659:
581:
553:
183:
2233:"Direct oral anticoagulants in antiphospholipid syndrome: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"
766:
should be considered before the diagnosis of APS, such as genetic, structural, or immune abnormalities.
3646:
3491:
2980:
2964:
143:
62:
1809:
Rand JH (August 1998). "Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: new insights on thrombogenic mechanisms".
3854:
3762:
3314:
2905:
2698:
3732:
3475:
3304:
3103:
2794:
1297:
Ali M, van Os HJ, van der Weerd N, Schoones JW, Heymans MW, Kruyt ND, et al. (February 2022).
2969:
2517:
Ruiz-Irastorza G, Crowther M, Branch W, Khamashta MA (October 2010). "Antiphospholipid syndrome".
2363:"Pregnancy outcome predictors in antiphospholipid syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
2179:
Khairani CD, Bejjani A, Piazza G, Jimenez D, Monreal M, Chatterjee S, et al. (January 2023).
1853:
Devreese KM, de Groot PG, de Laat B, Erkan D, Favaloro EJ, Mackie I, et al. (November 2020).
3819:
3722:
3515:
3126:
2994:
2865:
2629:
933:
407:
965:
IIc: anti-β2 glycoprotein I IgG and/or IgM present alone in a titer greater than 99th percentile
248:
that are not caused by APS because APS can occur at the same time as other autoimmune diseases.
3636:
3611:
3569:
1018:
318:
206:
In rare cases, APS leads to rapid organ failure due to generalised thrombosis; this is termed "
2730:
3824:
3631:
3621:
3439:
3054:
2922:
2896:
763:
431:
286:
50:
984:
3387:
3282:
3272:
3137:
2361:
Walter IJ, Klein Haneveld MJ, Lely AT, Bloemenkamp KW, Limper M, Kooiman J (October 2021).
1907:"Laboratory criteria for antiphospholipid syndrome: communication from the SSC of the ISTH"
1906:
1051:
605:
257:
2765:
402:
Other antibodies associated with APS include antibodies against protein S and annexin A5.
8:
3839:
3626:
3616:
3412:
3292:
3108:
2917:
2775:
2672:
858:
complications, people with APS generally have increased risk of atherosclerotic disease.
776:
705:
601:
577:
545:
388:
245:
192:• Primary antiphospholipid syndrome occurs in the absence of any other related disease.
175:
2845:
2085:
803:
In pregnant people with only pregnancy related APS or only past blood clot related APS,
3752:
3434:
3392:
3366:
3239:
2596:
2571:
2552:
2471:
2428:
2338:
2313:
2265:
2205:
2180:
2153:
2128:
2098:
2027:
1934:
1884:
1721:
1678:
1665:
1638:
1619:
1537:
1435:
1323:
1298:
1279:
1236:
1190:
1124:
679:
565:
350:
322:
270:
196:
2530:
1752:
1490:
800:
has shown to increase the risk of future arterial blood clots and should not be used.
3641:
3417:
3326:
3182:
3143:
2805:
2676:
2652:
2633:
2601:
2544:
2475:
2463:
2432:
2420:
2384:
2343:
2269:
2257:
2210:
2158:
2102:
2090:
2019:
1983:
1975:
1926:
1888:
1876:
1826:
1822:
1791:
1756:
1725:
1713:
1670:
1611:
1572:
1529:
1494:
1427:
1413:
1372:
1328:
1283:
1271:
1240:
1228:
1194:
1182:
1128:
1116:
1068:
994:
457:
78:
2556:
2416:
2075:
2031:
1709:
1623:
1590:
Islam MA, Alam F, Cavestro C, Calcii C, Sasongko TH, Levy RA, Gan SH (August 2018).
730:
Also, patients who have certain antiphospholipid antibodies may have false positive
3467:
3407:
3402:
3262:
2834:
2591:
2583:
2534:
2526:
2455:
2412:
2374:
2333:
2325:
2247:
2200:
2192:
2148:
2140:
2080:
2070:
2011:
1965:
1938:
1918:
1866:
1818:
1783:
1748:
1705:
1682:
1660:
1650:
1603:
1564:
1541:
1521:
1486:
1439:
1417:
1409:
1362:
1318:
1310:
1263:
1220:
1174:
1108:
1060:
840:
788:
675:
593:
564:. The use of testing for antibodies specific for individual targets of aPL such as
557:
419:
314:
1299:"Sex Differences in Presentation of Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
371:
Anti-ApoH and a subset of anti-cardiolipin antibodies bind to ApoH. ApoH inhibits
3747:
3581:
3422:
3287:
3115:
2799:
2459:
2379:
2362:
2329:
2284:"Venous thromboembolic diseases: diagnosis, management and thrombophilia testing"
2252:
2056:"EULAR recommendations for the management of antiphospholipid syndrome in adults"
1607:
1568:
1314:
1064:
820:
711:
365:
2144:
1592:"Antiphospholipid antibodies in epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
3772:
3484:
3427:
3309:
2196:
1224:
941:
824:
597:
147:
2745:
2587:
2015:
1178:
3813:
3782:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3351:
2810:
2626:
Positive Options for Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS): Self-Help and Treatment
1979:
1787:
1655:
1525:
1076:
780:
755:
439:
298:
290:
214:
151:
119:
66:
3525:
1367:
1350:
3792:
3234:
2888:
2548:
2467:
2424:
2388:
2347:
2261:
2214:
2162:
2094:
2023:
1987:
1930:
1880:
1795:
1760:
1717:
1674:
1615:
1576:
1533:
1498:
1431:
1376:
1332:
1275:
1232:
1186:
1120:
1072:
962:
IIb: anti-cardiolipin IgG and/or IgM present alone in medium or high titers
926:
892:
640:
585:
376:
361:
210:" (CAPS or Asherson syndrome) and is associated with a high risk of death.
91:
2605:
1830:
3589:
3397:
3229:
3218:
2283:
816:
620:
616:
453:
449:
392:
384:
127:
2539:
492:
non-blood clot (i.e. kidney, low platelets, heart valve disease) related
3777:
3742:
3717:
3361:
3343:
2987:
2840:
1422:
1267:
751:
667:
632:
411:
237:
218:
171:
131:
123:
115:
87:
83:
58:
2713:
1922:
1871:
1854:
1112:
870:
Factors associated with developing antiphospholipid syndrome include:
321:, high blood pressure in the lungs, kidney disease, and a rash called
3767:
3712:
3299:
3023:
2959:
2829:
2760:
2572:"Thrombosis, abortion, cerebral disease, and the lupus anticoagulant"
2516:
896:
812:
636:
628:
624:
403:
372:
302:
241:
70:
540:
Antiphospholipid antibody tests are either liquid-phase coagulation
525:
Evidence of small vessel blood clot in at least one organ or tissue
519:
Development of manifestations simultaneously or in less than a week
410:
of protein C, which is one of the body's own anti-clotting factors.
3681:
3676:
3666:
3356:
3214:
2944:
2487:
2485:
2360:
1971:
10.1002/1529-0131(199907)42:7<1309::AID-ANR1>3.0.CO;2-F
883:
784:
735:
715:
444:
396:
380:
338:
334:
330:
326:
166:
is believed to play a key role in the development of the disease.
163:
159:
650:
584:(PTT) that does not correct in an 80:20 mixture with normal human
3727:
3686:
2857:
1637:
Islam MA, Alam F, Kamal MA, Gan SH, Sasongko TH, Wong KK (2017).
956:
I: more than one laboratory criterion present in any combination;
879:
875:
808:
739:
719:
644:
358:
354:
285:
In pregnant women affected by APS, there is an increased risk of
2788:
2482:
2127:
Tektonidou MG, Andreoli L, Limper M, Tincani A, Ward MM (2019).
742:, will not have a false-positive result in the presence of aPL.
260:
of the lower extremities, and the most common arterial event is
3671:
3042:
3037:
2740:
2725:
2126:
937:
922:
900:
379:
with important regulatory function of coagulation (inactivates
265:
261:
230:
135:
2053:
1296:
2401:
1253:
663:
615:
antibody from a specific coagulation factor inhibitor (e.g.:
549:
541:
2178:
2000:
1852:
1774:
Triplett DA (November 2002). "Antiphospholipid antibodies".
2749:
1398:
787:
are used to prevent future clots. If warfarin is used, the
731:
234:
155:
139:
1951:
477:
no symptoms in the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies
2954:
2687:
50 case studies to help you work out whether you have it.
2445:
1904:
1098:
2669:
Understanding Hughes Syndrome: Case Studies for Patients
1905:
Devreese KM, Ortel TL, Pengo V, de Laat B (April 2018).
213:
Antiphospholipid syndrome often requires treatment with
195:• Secondary antiphospholipid syndrome occurs with other
189:
Antiphospholipid syndrome can be primary or secondary.
27:
Immune disorder leading to increased risk of blood clots
1589:
1164:
674:
glycoprotein 1 dependent anticardiolipin antibodies. A
353:, in which "antiphospholipid antibodies" react against
174:
results spaced at least three months apart that detect
3212:
277:
causing an increased risk of blood clot development.
217:
medication to reduce the risk of further episodes of
2703:
1738:
1511:
1210:
600:) are the principal tests used for the detection of
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
811:are used instead of warfarin because of warfarin's
1476:
1044:
280:
2663:A personal account of dealing with the condition.
2292:National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
1636:
256:In APS patients, the most common venous event is
3811:
2699:Antiphospholipid Syndrome Explained - Genome.gov
2510:
2230:
2174:
2172:
2109:
2038:
1900:
1898:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1348:
1344:
1342:
1160:
1158:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
925:as "Hughes syndrome" among colleagues after the
442:by antiphospholipid antibodies, as supported by
427:greater risk of thrombosis than with one alone.
2226:
2224:
1776:Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
982:
815:. Heparin and aspirin together appears to make
531:Laboratory confirmation of the presence of aPL.
229:Antiphospholipid syndrome is known for causing
1206:
1204:
682:may also be observed in a positive diagnosis.
552:(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) to detect
512:Blood clot in three or more organs or tissues
3198:
2873:
2185:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
2169:
1895:
1837:
1554:
1479:CNS & Neurological Disorders Drug Targets
1339:
1083:
2221:
1811:The American Journal of the Medical Sciences
1767:
1383:
1135:
2231:Dufrost V, Wahl D, Zuily S (January 2021).
1201:
847:, lupus anticoagulant, and anticardiolipin)
313:Other common findings that suggest APS are
3205:
3191:
2880:
2866:
850:moderate to high levels of an APS antibody
49:
2595:
2538:
2378:
2337:
2311:
2276:
2251:
2204:
2152:
2084:
2074:
1969:
1870:
1664:
1654:
1421:
1366:
1322:
745:
146:, and other symptoms like low platelets,
2646:
2312:Wu X, Cao S, Yu B, He T (October 2022).
1802:
1773:
3459:
483:blood clot (venous or arterial) related
14:
3850:Syndromes affecting the nervous system
3812:
2666:
2623:
2569:
2563:
959:IIa: lupus anticoagulant present alone
678:and positivity for antibodies against
571:
208:catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome
3186:
2861:
1911:Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis
1859:Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis
1695:
1402:Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis
1349:Tong M, Viall CA, Chamley LW (2014).
1042:
991:Springer Science & Business Media
983:Hughes G, Khamashta MA (2013-07-01).
670:, which screens for the presence of β
224:
2318:Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis
1808:
986:Hughes Syndrome: Highways and Byways
499:
760:paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
65:, as may be seen in APLA syndrome.
24:
2887:
2616:
944:), who brought together the team.
839:presence of all three antibodies (
486:microvascular (small blood vessel)
395:, thus increasing its cleavage to
104:antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
25:
18:Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome
3866:
2692:
1753:10.2174/1381612822666160527160029
1491:10.2174/1871527315666160920122750
1011:
798:direct-acting oral anticoagulants
793:Direct-acting oral anticoagulants
708:, bilirubin, or fats are elevated
664:enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
590:dilute Russell's viper venom time
308:
122:state caused by antiphospholipid
3559:platelet storage pool deficiency
3511:Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
2497:American College of Rheumatology
2063:Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases
1823:10.1097/00000441-199808000-00009
1414:10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.01753.x
1256:The Medical Journal of Australia
1007:from the original on 2017-03-31.
685:
349:Antiphospholipid syndrome is an
2439:
2417:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.101672
2395:
2354:
2305:
2076:10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-215213
1994:
1945:
1732:
1710:10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.07.019
1689:
1643:Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience
1630:
1583:
1548:
1505:
1470:
1446:
865:
436:intrauterine growth restriction
295:intrauterine growth restriction
281:Pregnancy-related complications
144:pregnancy-related complications
3278:Activated protein C resistance
2405:Current Problems in Cardiology
1290:
1247:
1036:
976:
853:presence of IgG APS antibodies
813:ability to cause birth defects
535:
415:increased clotting potential.
251:
180:anti-apolipoprotein antibodies
13:
1:
2531:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60709-X
1741:Current Pharmaceutical Design
969:
791:is kept between 2.0 and 3.0.
734:test, which aims to detect a
344:
3372:Trousseau sign of malignancy
2460:10.1016/j.autrev.2019.102352
2380:10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102901
2330:10.1097/mbc.0000000000001153
2253:10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102711
1608:10.1016/j.autrev.2018.01.025
1569:10.1016/j.autrev.2017.03.005
1315:10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.034040
1101:Arthritis & Rheumatology
1065:10.1016/j.autrev.2017.10.014
830:
805:low molecular weight heparin
769:
463:
201:systemic lupus erythematosus
7:
3692:Nonthrombocytopenic purpura
3268:Antithrombin III deficiency
3033:Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic
3005:Anti-mitochondrial antibody
2493:"Antiphospholipid Syndrome"
2145:10.1136/rmdopen-2019-000924
1019:"Antiphospholipid syndrome"
947:
660:Anti-cardiolipin antibodies
592:, silica clotting time and
582:partial thromboplastin time
568:is currently under debate.
554:anti-cardiolipin antibodies
448:studies, include decreased
240:, in any organ system, and
184:anti-cardiolipin antibodies
162:of APS is still not clear,
10:
3871:
3647:Congenital afibrinogenemia
3551:Glanzmann's thrombasthenia
3149:Anti-citrullinated peptide
2570:Hughes GR (October 1983).
2197:10.1016/j.jacc.2022.10.008
1698:Seminars in Cancer Biology
1458:Johns Hopkins Lupus Center
1225:10.1016/j.blre.2020.100788
916:
63:thrombotic microangiopathy
3845:Syndromes affecting blood
3763:Gastrointestinal bleeding
3702:
3659:
3580:
3565:Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome
3524:
3466:
3452:
3380:
3342:
3334:Antiphospholipid syndrome
3315:Essential thrombocythemia
3255:
3248:
3225:
3159:
3096:
3070:
3021:
3003:
2940:Anti-topoisomerase/Scl-70
2895:
2846:Antiphospholipid syndrome
2820:
2707:
2588:10.1136/bmj.287.6399.1088
2016:10.1191/0961203303lu394oa
1355:Human Reproduction Update
1179:10.1177/09612033211020361
1043:Islam, Md Asiful (2018).
662:can be detected using an
655:glycoprotein 1 antibodies
596:(using a lupus-sensitive
100:Antiphospholipid syndrome
77:
57:
48:
40:
36:Antiphospholipid syndrome
35:
3733:Subconjunctival bleeding
3539:Bernard–Soulier syndrome
3502:Upshaw–Schulman syndrome
3476:Thrombocytopenic purpura
3305:Sticky platelet syndrome
1958:Arthritis and Rheumatism
1788:10.5858/2002-126-1424-AA
1656:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00250
1526:10.1177/0333102417694881
3723:Intracranial hemorrhage
3062:Anti-TPO/Antimicrosomal
2576:British Medical Journal
1023:Autoimmune Registry Inc
611:Distinguishing a lupus
430:The increased risks of
3835:Neurological disorders
3637:Factor XIII deficiency
3617:Hypoprothrombinemia/II
3612:von Willebrand disease
3570:Gray platelet syndrome
2649:Sticky Blood Explained
823:. In refractory cases
746:Differential diagnosis
3632:Factor XII deficiency
3622:Factor VII deficiency
3440:Renal vein thrombosis
3122:Anti-transglutaminase
2897:Anti-nuclear antibody
1454:"Lupus and Pregnancy"
1368:10.1093/humupd/dmu049
764:recurrent miscarriage
651:Anticardiolipin and β
432:recurrent miscarriage
287:recurrent miscarriage
158:. Although the exact
3388:Deep vein thrombosis
3283:Protein S deficiency
3273:Protein C deficiency
2448:Autoimmunity Reviews
2367:Autoimmunity Reviews
2240:Autoimmunity Reviews
1596:Autoimmunity Reviews
1557:Autoimmunity Reviews
1052:Autoimmunity Reviews
934:St. Thomas' Hospital
706:acute-phase proteins
606:kaolin clotting time
516:
258:deep vein thrombosis
61:showing an advanced
3830:Autoimmune diseases
3627:Factor X deficiency
3516:May–Hegglin anomaly
3293:Prothrombin G20210A
3172:Anti-apolipoprotein
3109:Lupus anticoagulant
2647:Thackray K (2003).
2582:(6399): 1088–1089.
2525:(9751): 1498–1509.
796:related APS, using
777:lupus erythematosus
643:in the presence of
602:lupus anticoagulant
578:lupus anticoagulant
572:Lupus anticoagulant
546:lupus anticoagulant
458:complement pathways
399:, its active form.
391:antibodies bind to
389:Lupus anticoagulant
319:heart valve disease
246:lupus erythematosus
197:autoimmune diseases
176:lupus anticoagulant
3753:Pulmonary hematoma
3660:Signs and symptoms
3435:Pulmonary embolism
3240:Bleeding diathesis
3160:Multiple locations
3050:Anti-smooth muscle
2821:External resources
2667:Hughes GR (2009).
1268:10.5694/mja2.50201
930:Graham R.V. Hughes
680:phosphatidylserine
676:low platelet count
668:immunological test
566:phosphatidylserine
351:autoimmune disease
323:livedo reticularis
315:low platelet count
225:Signs and symptoms
126:. APS can lead to
3807:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3655:
3654:
3642:Dysfibrinogenemia
3526:Platelet function
3448:
3447:
3327:Purpura fulminans
3180:
3179:
3167:Anti-phospholipid
3144:Rheumatoid factor
2855:
2854:
2682:978-1-84800-375-0
2658:978-1-898030-77-5
2639:978-0-89793-409-1
2624:Holden T (2003).
2069:(10): 1296–1304.
1923:10.1111/jth.13976
1872:10.1111/jth.15047
1865:(11): 2828–2839.
1782:(11): 1424–1429.
1747:(28): 4451–4469.
1485:(10): 1253–1265.
1113:10.1002/art.42624
1107:(10): 1687–1702.
874:Genetic Markers:
500:Research criteria
480:pregnancy related
97:
96:
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3862:
3855:1980s neologisms
3468:Thrombocytopenia
3464:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3413:Lowenberg's sign
3263:Clotting factors
3253:
3252:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3184:
3183:
3129:not autoantibody
3078:Anti-ganglioside
3013:Anti-cardiolipin
2882:
2875:
2868:
2859:
2858:
2705:
2704:
2686:
2662:
2643:
2610:
2609:
2599:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2542:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2489:
2480:
2479:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2382:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2341:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2255:
2237:
2228:
2219:
2218:
2208:
2176:
2167:
2166:
2156:
2124:
2107:
2106:
2088:
2078:
2060:
2051:
2036:
2035:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1973:
1964:(7): 1309–1311.
1949:
1943:
1942:
1902:
1893:
1892:
1874:
1850:
1835:
1834:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1668:
1658:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1425:
1396:
1381:
1380:
1370:
1346:
1337:
1336:
1326:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1208:
1199:
1198:
1173:(8): 1314–1326.
1162:
1133:
1132:
1096:
1081:
1080:
1048:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1015:
1009:
1008:
980:
905:Native Americans
704:states in which
594:prothrombin time
366:plasma membranes
53:
33:
32:
21:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3799:
3748:Hemopericardium
3698:
3651:
3582:Clotting factor
3576:
3520:
3444:
3393:Bancroft's sign
3376:
3367:Virchow's triad
3338:
3288:Factor V Leiden
3244:
3221:
3211:
3181:
3176:
3155:
3116:Coeliac disease
3092:
3066:
3017:
2999:
2981:Anti-centromere
2891:
2886:
2856:
2851:
2850:
2816:
2815:
2716:
2695:
2690:
2683:
2659:
2640:
2619:
2617:Further reading
2614:
2613:
2568:
2564:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2499:
2491:
2490:
2483:
2444:
2440:
2400:
2396:
2359:
2355:
2310:
2306:
2297:
2295:
2288:www.nice.org.uk
2282:
2281:
2277:
2235:
2229:
2222:
2177:
2170:
2125:
2110:
2058:
2052:
2039:
1999:
1995:
1950:
1946:
1903:
1896:
1851:
1838:
1807:
1803:
1772:
1768:
1737:
1733:
1694:
1690:
1635:
1631:
1588:
1584:
1553:
1549:
1510:
1506:
1475:
1471:
1462:
1460:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1397:
1384:
1347:
1340:
1295:
1291:
1262:(11): 516–524.
1252:
1248:
1209:
1202:
1163:
1136:
1097:
1084:
1041:
1037:
1027:
1025:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1001:
981:
977:
972:
950:
919:
868:
844:
833:
821:menstrual cycle
772:
748:
712:anticoagulation
688:
673:
657:
654:
614:
574:
561:
548:or solid phase
538:
502:
466:
423:
347:
311:
283:
254:
227:
120:hypercoagulable
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3868:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3820:Coagulopathies
3805:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3773:Hemoperitoneum
3770:
3765:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3586:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3530:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3485:Evans syndrome
3472:
3470:
3461:
3454:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3418:Peabody's sign
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3348:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3310:Thrombocytosis
3307:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3259:
3257:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3210:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3187:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3124:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3088:Anti-glutamate
3085:
3080:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3029:
3027:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3009:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2947:
2942:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2901:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2889:Autoantibodies
2885:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2862:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2837:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2802:
2791:
2780:
2768:
2753:
2733:
2717:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:Classification
2702:
2701:
2694:
2693:External links
2691:
2689:
2688:
2681:
2664:
2657:
2644:
2638:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2562:
2509:
2481:
2438:
2394:
2373:(10): 102901.
2353:
2324:(7): 389–401.
2304:
2275:
2220:
2168:
2139:(1): e000924.
2108:
2037:
2010:(7): 530–534.
1993:
1944:
1917:(4): 809–813.
1894:
1836:
1817:(2): 142–151.
1801:
1766:
1731:
1688:
1629:
1602:(8): 755–767.
1582:
1563:(5): 512–522.
1547:
1520:(3): 568–580.
1504:
1469:
1445:
1408:(2): 295–306.
1382:
1338:
1309:(2): 345–354.
1289:
1246:
1200:
1134:
1082:
1077:Science Direct
1059:(3): 226–243.
1035:
1010:
999:
974:
973:
971:
968:
967:
966:
963:
960:
957:
949:
946:
927:rheumatologist
918:
915:
914:
913:
910:
907:
886:
867:
864:
855:
854:
851:
848:
845:glycoprotein 1
842:
832:
829:
825:plasmapheresis
781:anticoagulants
771:
768:
747:
744:
724:
723:
709:
702:
699:
696:
687:
684:
671:
656:
652:
649:
613:anticoagulant
612:
598:thromboplastin
573:
570:
562:glycoprotein 1
559:
537:
534:
533:
532:
529:
523:
517:
501:
498:
494:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
465:
462:
424:glycoprotein 1
421:
346:
343:
310:
309:Other symptoms
307:
282:
279:
253:
250:
226:
223:
148:kidney disease
95:
94:
81:
75:
74:
55:
54:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3867:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3783:Hematosalpinx
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3458:
3455:
3451:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3408:Louvel's sign
3406:
3404:
3403:Lisker's sign
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3352:Thrombophilia
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3213:Disorders of
3208:
3203:
3201:
3196:
3194:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3104:Anti-thrombin
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:Extracellular
3095:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3071:Cell membrane
3069:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3020:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
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2992:
2989:
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2919:
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2909:
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2900:
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2883:
2878:
2876:
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2864:
2863:
2860:
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2843:
2842:
2838:
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2827:
2826:
2823:
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2812:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2779:: ICD9 289.81
2778:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2742:
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2734:
2732:
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2727:
2723:
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2706:
2700:
2697:
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2665:
2660:
2654:
2651:. Braiswick.
2650:
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2621:
2607:
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2454:(9): 102352.
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2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2411:(6): 101672.
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2267:
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2259:
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2249:
2246:(1): 102711.
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2241:
2234:
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2207:
2202:
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2182:
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2155:
2150:
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2100:
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2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1899:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1868:
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1820:
1816:
1812:
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1797:
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1727:
1723:
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1676:
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1562:
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1407:
1403:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1361:(1): 97–118.
1360:
1356:
1352:
1345:
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1334:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
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1261:
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1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1213:Blood Reviews
1207:
1205:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
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1157:
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1024:
1020:
1014:
1006:
1002:
1000:9781447151616
996:
992:
988:
987:
979:
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961:
958:
955:
954:
953:
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943:
939:
935:
931:
928:
924:
911:
908:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
887:
885:
881:
877:
873:
872:
871:
863:
859:
852:
849:
846:
838:
837:
836:
828:
827:may be used.
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
807:and low-dose
806:
801:
799:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
767:
765:
761:
757:
756:thrombophilia
753:
743:
741:
737:
733:
728:
721:
717:
713:
710:
707:
703:
700:
697:
694:
693:
692:
686:False results
683:
681:
677:
669:
665:
661:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
569:
567:
563:
555:
551:
547:
543:
530:
528:
524:
522:
518:
515:
511:
510:
509:
506:
497:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
475:
474:
470:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
446:
441:
440:preterm birth
437:
433:
428:
425:
416:
413:
409:
405:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
369:
367:
363:
362:phospholipids
360:
357:that bind to
356:
352:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
306:
304:
300:
299:pre-eclampsia
296:
292:
291:preterm birth
288:
278:
274:
272:
267:
263:
259:
249:
247:
243:
239:
236:
232:
222:
220:
216:
215:anticoagulant
211:
209:
204:
202:
198:
193:
190:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
152:heart disease
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
93:
89:
85:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
67:Kidney biopsy
64:
60:
56:
52:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
3825:Rheumatology
3793:Hemarthrosis
3557:
3545:
3533:
3423:Pratt's sign
3333:
3235:coagulopathy
3166:
3136:
3127:Anti-gliadin
2995:Anti-histone
2931:
2904:
2839:
2828:
2804:
2793:
2782:
2770:
2755:
2735:
2720:
2668:
2648:
2630:Hunter House
2625:
2579:
2575:
2565:
2540:2318/1609788
2522:
2518:
2512:
2500:. Retrieved
2496:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2370:
2366:
2356:
2321:
2317:
2307:
2296:. Retrieved
2287:
2278:
2243:
2239:
2191:(1): 16–30.
2188:
2184:
2136:
2132:
2066:
2062:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1961:
1957:
1947:
1914:
1910:
1862:
1858:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1646:
1642:
1632:
1599:
1595:
1585:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1461:. Retrieved
1457:
1448:
1405:
1401:
1358:
1354:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1216:
1212:
1170:
1166:
1104:
1100:
1075:– via
1056:
1050:
1038:
1026:. Retrieved
1022:
1013:
985:
978:
951:
920:
912:Age: 30-40s
909:Sex: female
869:
866:Epidemiology
860:
856:
834:
802:
773:
749:
729:
725:
689:
658:
641:antithrombin
610:
575:
539:
526:
520:
513:
507:
503:
495:
489:catastrophic
471:
467:
443:
429:
417:
401:
385:Factor VIIIa
377:glycoprotein
370:
348:
312:
284:
275:
255:
228:
212:
205:
194:
191:
188:
168:
111:
107:
103:
99:
98:
92:rheumatology
3546:aggregation
3428:Rose's sign
3398:Homans sign
3230:Coagulation
1704:: 108–113.
1514:Cephalalgia
1423:11379/21509
923:referred to
817:miscarriage
752:blood clots
621:factor VIII
617:factor VIII
536:Lab testing
454:coagulation
450:trophoblast
393:prothrombin
252:Blood clots
238:blood clots
128:blood clots
41:Other names
3840:Obstetrics
3814:Categories
3778:Hematocele
3743:Hemothorax
3718:Hemoptysis
3590:Hemophilia
3362:Thrombosis
3055:Anti-actin
2988:Anti-dsDNA
2923:Anti-sp100
2913:Anti-gp210
2841:Patient UK
2806:DiseasesDB
2502:7 February
2298:2020-08-31
1463:2023-11-14
1219:: 100788.
970:References
754:, genetic
701:blood clot
633:factor XII
544:to detect
412:Annexin A5
345:Mechanisms
219:thrombosis
199:, such as
172:blood test
134:) in both
132:thrombosis
124:antibodies
116:autoimmune
88:hematology
84:Immunology
59:Micrograph
3768:Hemobilia
3713:Epistaxis
3300:Platelets
3024:cytoplasm
2960:Anti-nRNP
2830:eMedicine
2476:198132495
2433:257197368
2270:226989043
2103:155101935
1980:0004-3591
1889:225955504
1726:198952872
1284:173995098
1241:229343584
1195:235215484
1129:263166505
897:Hispanics
884:HLA-DRw53
831:Prognosis
770:Treatment
698:pregnancy
695:infection
637:factor Xa
629:factor XI
625:factor IX
464:Diagnosis
408:co-factor
404:Protein S
381:Factor Va
373:protein C
303:eclampsia
242:pregnancy
182:, and/or
114:), is an
79:Specialty
71:PAS stain
3759:abdomen
3682:Petechia
3677:Hematoma
3667:Bleeding
3534:adhesion
3460:By cause
3453:Bleeding
3357:Thrombus
3256:By cause
3249:Clotting
3219:clotting
3215:bleeding
3083:Anti-GBM
3026:antibody
2945:Anti-Jo1
2918:Anti-p62
2835:med/2923
2752:D68.810)
2673:Springer
2557:25554663
2549:20822807
2468:31323355
2425:36841314
2389:34280554
2348:35867933
2262:33197580
2215:36328154
2163:31168416
2133:RMD Open
2095:31092409
2086:11034817
2032:29222615
2024:12892393
1988:10403256
1931:29532986
1881:33462974
1796:12421152
1761:27229722
1718:31351197
1675:28824414
1624:47014367
1616:29885542
1577:28279839
1534:28952322
1499:27658514
1432:16420554
1377:25228006
1333:34903037
1276:31155730
1233:33341301
1187:34039107
1121:37635643
1073:29355608
1005:Archived
948:Research
785:warfarin
783:such as
736:syphilis
716:warfarin
666:(ELISA)
445:in vitro
397:thrombin
355:proteins
339:dementia
335:epilepsy
331:migraine
327:headache
231:arterial
164:genetics
160:etiology
136:arteries
3728:Hyphema
3703:By site
3687:Purpura
3381:By site
2970:Anti-La
2965:Anti-Ro
2955:Anti-Sm
2800:D016736
2606:6414579
2597:1549319
2339:9594143
2206:9812926
2154:6525610
1939:3855310
1831:9704667
1683:8364684
1666:5539075
1649:: 250.
1542:3954437
1440:9752817
1324:8785516
1028:14 June
917:History
880:HLA-DR7
876:HLA-DR4
809:aspirin
740:FTA-Abs
720:heparin
645:heparin
359:anionic
3789:joint
3739:torso
3672:Bruise
3595:A/VIII
3043:P-ANCA
3038:C-ANCA
2789:107320
2766:D68.61
2679:
2655:
2636:
2632:(CA).
2604:
2594:
2555:
2547:
2519:Lancet
2474:
2466:
2431:
2423:
2387:
2346:
2336:
2294:. 2020
2268:
2260:
2213:
2203:
2161:
2151:
2101:
2093:
2083:
2030:
2022:
1986:
1978:
1937:
1929:
1887:
1879:
1829:
1794:
1759:
1724:
1716:
1681:
1673:
1663:
1622:
1614:
1575:
1540:
1532:
1497:
1438:
1430:
1375:
1331:
1321:
1303:Stroke
1282:
1274:
1239:
1231:
1193:
1185:
1127:
1119:
1071:
997:
938:London
903:, and
901:Asians
893:Blacks
882:, and
758:, and
714:(i.e.
586:plasma
542:assays
337:, and
266:stroke
262:stroke
235:venous
154:, and
3709:head
3344:Clots
3022:Anti-
2761:10-CM
2746:D68.6
2553:S2CID
2472:S2CID
2429:S2CID
2266:S2CID
2236:(PDF)
2099:S2CID
2059:(PDF)
2028:S2CID
2004:Lupus
1935:S2CID
1885:S2CID
1722:S2CID
1679:S2CID
1620:S2CID
1538:S2CID
1436:S2CID
1280:S2CID
1237:S2CID
1191:S2CID
1167:Lupus
1125:S2CID
550:ELISA
406:is a
271:lungs
140:veins
102:, or
3605:C/XI
3600:B/IX
3217:and
2950:ENA4
2795:MeSH
2784:OMIM
2776:9-CM
2750:ILDS
2731:4A45
2677:ISBN
2653:ISBN
2634:ISBN
2602:PMID
2545:PMID
2504:2023
2464:PMID
2421:PMID
2385:PMID
2344:PMID
2258:PMID
2211:PMID
2159:PMID
2091:PMID
2020:PMID
1984:PMID
1976:ISSN
1927:PMID
1877:PMID
1827:PMID
1792:PMID
1757:PMID
1714:PMID
1671:PMID
1612:PMID
1573:PMID
1530:PMID
1495:PMID
1428:PMID
1373:PMID
1329:PMID
1272:PMID
1229:PMID
1183:PMID
1117:PMID
1069:PMID
1030:2022
995:ISBN
889:Race
732:VDRL
631:and
556:and
456:and
438:and
383:and
375:, a
156:rash
138:and
112:APLS
3497:TTP
3480:ITP
3322:DIC
2933:ENA
2906:PBC
2811:775
2772:ICD
2757:ICD
2737:ICD
2722:ICD
2592:PMC
2584:doi
2580:287
2535:hdl
2527:doi
2523:376
2456:doi
2413:doi
2375:doi
2334:PMC
2326:doi
2248:doi
2201:PMC
2193:doi
2149:PMC
2141:doi
2081:PMC
2071:doi
2012:doi
1966:doi
1919:doi
1867:doi
1819:doi
1815:316
1784:doi
1780:126
1749:doi
1706:doi
1661:PMC
1651:doi
1604:doi
1565:doi
1522:doi
1487:doi
1418:hdl
1410:doi
1363:doi
1319:PMC
1311:doi
1264:doi
1260:210
1221:doi
1175:doi
1109:doi
1061:doi
789:INR
639:by
527:and
521:and
514:and
387:).
364:on
233:or
203:.
110:or
108:APS
3816::
3492:TM
3478::
3138:RA
3118::
2844::
2833::
2809::
2798::
2787::
2764::
2744::
2741:10
2729::
2726:11
2675:.
2671:.
2628:.
2600:.
2590:.
2578:.
2574:.
2551:.
2543:.
2533:.
2521:.
2495:.
2484:^
2470:.
2462:.
2452:18
2450:.
2427:.
2419:.
2409:48
2407:.
2383:.
2371:20
2369:.
2365:.
2342:.
2332:.
2322:33
2320:.
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