Archæologia Britannica

259: 2272:"gave etymology a rational basis in the conceptual framework of the seventeenth-century scientific thought and thereby set the comparative method on firmer ground". Stammerjohann describes it as "remarkable for its scope and its erudition" and a "monumental work" which exerted a "profound but covert influence on comparative philology in the 19th century", but also states that "the fanciful celtomania which became prevalent in the 18th century appears to have diminished its impact on the scientific study of language". 51: 1214: 381:, Lhuyd began his "great tour", lasting from 1697 to 1701. Lhuyd and his companions travelled Britain and Ireland for four years, studying and collecting manuscripts, ancient artefacts, and fossils, describing architecture and monuments, and recording local culture and spoken languages. The four-year long tour has been described as "made under the most difficult conditions of travel, and at great cost to health and well-being." 293: 289:, on the other hand, had previously argued on philological grounds that the ancient Britons were Gaulish, and that Gaelic was also related to Gaulish, and he is often regarded as the first to recognize these languages as Celtic in the modern sense. Although several seventeenth-century writers supported this idea, the debate had not been conclusively resolved by the end of the seventeenth century. 281:, were discussed by scholars, with various national groups claiming descent from the ancient 'Celts' of antiquity, with no modern understanding of Celts as a linguistic group related to speakers of Brittonic or Goidelic languages. By the end of the sixteenth century, European intellectuals had begun to seriously debate whether Welsh and Irish, for example, were related languages. 1801: 1613: 1809:"this poor work" might cause somebody else to produce something better. He explains how he acquired his knowledge of the Cornish language; from the inhabitants of the west of Cornwall, particularly in St. Just; by the help of gentlemen antiquaries, who provided him with Cornish words; and from three manuscripts given him by the Bishop of Exeter, 1928:. Apparently, after being allowed in to the library at Cambridge to view the manuscript in 1702, Lhuyd took a penknife to Juvencus folios 25 and 26 and stole them, leaving knife marks on adjacent folios. The folios were eventually restored to the manuscript after being found among Lhuyd's personal possessions after his death. 2294:

have praised Lhuyd's use of sound correspondence evidence in the book (including correspondences which are unsystematic), his comparison of multiple Indo-European languages, his extensive collection of cognates, his description of sound changes, and his opinion that regular sound correspondences, and

1444:

A Difference of Termination ... In Etymological Observations we are to allow all Languages their 0wn Terminations ... We see then that a Distinct Termination is no more than what the Nature or Property of each Language requires; and yet the not heeding this, when the Difference is wide, and

2232:

began even before publication, leading Lhuyd to defend his work in the introduction. He remarks that his detractors suggested that no more than "half a dozen" or "half a score" would be interested in such a work. Lhuyd responds that an impartial critic would have to admit that there must be at least

1553:

In "Observation XXIII", Lhuyd notes the large number of Latin words in the Welsh, Cornish, and Breton vocabularies. He remarks that "part were doubtless brought hither by the first inhabitants; long before the Romans were a distinct people." From this supposed period, Lhuyd suggests basic vocabulary

1942:

Lhuyd describes the Cornish definite and indefinite articles, and certain prepositions which can be joined to the definite article. This is followed by a synopsis of noun plural endings, abstract noun suffixes, agent noun suffixes, feminine noun suffixes, masculine and feminine grammatical genders,

1203:

Having now related what none have hitherto made mention of, namely, first that the old inhabitants of Ireland consisted of two nations, Gwydhelians and Scots. Secondly, that the Gwydhelians descended from the ancient Britons, and the Scots from Spain. Thirdly, that the Gwydhelians lived in the most

1192:

In this chapter, a Welsh-language preface, Lhuyd writes that, after writing Irish and Cornish prefaces, he feels obliged to address the Welsh in "our mother tongue". Lhuyd mentions his unusual orthography, stating that, as others are free to choose their own orthography, so he asks the same freedom

588:

Still, on his head he wore his periwig, even though it looked more like a geat gannet's nest than the attire of a gennelman. His face itself was prop'ly drawn, with his mouth screwed up like a duck's fert. So this was of 'un - Edward Lhuyd – a man who, despite being without drawing room and closet,

2278:

has been described as "bringing together a whole set of lexicographal achievements". It included the first comparative glossary of the Celtic languages, the first Breton-English and Irish-English dictionaries ever printed, the first description of the dialects of Scottish Gaelic to be printed, and

1808:

Lhuyd writes a preface in the Cornish language. He begins by apologising for the grammar to follow, being neither born in Cornwall nor having stayed there for more than four months. He states that the inhabitants of Cornwall could produce the grammar better than himself. He expresses the hope that

1225:

He explains that it "consists wholly of Parallel Observations relating to the Origin of Dialects, the affinity of the British with other languages, and their correspondence to one another. What I aim'd at therein, was the shewing by a collection of examples methodized, that etymology is not, as a

1221:

This title examines lexical and phonological correspondences in different languages, as well as semantic changes. In total this title consists of 24 linguistic observations, which Lhuyd later divides into 10 classes in a "summary of etymology". Lhuyd attaches special emphasis to this part of the

2263:

describes the work as "far ahead of its time", "sufficiently original to be the pioneer European work on the comparative philology of the Celtic languages", and "one of the bases on which the scientific study of Celtic philology was re-laid a century and a half later." Bivens describes it as an

1261:

Words Obsolete in some Dialects, Retain'd in others...An Etymologist ought to be well acquainted with the Obsolete words of the Language he is to explain, as being nearer the FountainHead; and diverse such, besides what occurr in old Manuscripts, are preserv'd in particular Countreys, tho' not

4277:

Archæologia Britannica, giving some account additional to what has been hitherto publish'd, of the languages, histories and customs of the original inhabitants of Great Britain: from collections and observations in travels through Wales, Cornwal, Bas-Bretagne, Ireland and Scotland. Volume I.

1238:

Words of the same Origin as to Sound or Pronunciation, but deviating in the sense...I use the word Deviating rather than Different or Distinct, because it implies,that in such words; same Affinity is still retain'd; and in Etymology, either an Identity or Analogy of signification, is always

1542:, and also notes that ⟨p⟩ is a rare letter in Irish, apart from loanwords. "Observation XX" through "Observation XXII" catalogue a large number of sound correspondences of various types between cognate words, including in the Celtic languages, but also in Latin, Greek, and other languages. 417: 2036:'wisely'. Numerous other adverbs are here listed, categorized by their function, including adverbs of affirming, assembling, choosing, comparison, demonstration, denying, doubting, explication, number, place, quality, quantity, and time. Also, a limited number of interjections are given. 1620:

This title consists of a vocabulary arranged alphabetically with Latin headwords glossed with Welsh, Cornish, Breton, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Manx translation equivalents, written in the phonetic transcription system devised by Lhuyd and introduced in the previous title.

1166:

Lhuyd describes the incompleteness of the work, his fatigue after five years' travels, and his experiences gathering information for AB. He expresses his hope that the book will provide a clearer understanding of the ancient languages of Britain and Ireland, and thanks

369:, three copies of which were distributed to every parish in Wales, providing Lhuyd with preliminary data with which to plan his fieldwork. The questionnaire asks for various types of information, including plants, minerals, stones, birds, quadrupeds, and the weather. 218:

Lhuyd realized that the Welsh, Cornish, Breton, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Gaulish languages were closely related to each other, provided a number of phonetic correspondences that define the relationship between them, and proposed a genetic relationship between the

1179:

In the English language preface, Lhuyd explains his motivation for publishing the Glossography before the other volumes, and summarizes the contents. This chapter also contains prose and poetry in praise of the volume in Welsh, Irish, and Latin by other scholars.

1839:", palatalization of Old Cornish /t/ and /d/, and various other phonological features which distinguish Cornish from Welsh. Lhuyd expresses his view that Cornish is closer to Breton dialects than Welsh, which he suggests is due to Breton migration into Cornwall. 614:

for 18 days. After authorities found nothing treasonous in the seized documents, they were released, but then forced to leave the kingdom, as war "was already declar'd against the Empire, the Dutch, and the English." He eventually returned to England in March.

2236:

The gentry of Wales were unimpressed, perhaps partly due to Lhuyd's orthography, which diverged greatly from the Welsh orthography of the time, and the intelligentsia of Paris were disappointed that the volume was not written in Latin. Additionally, the

136:, which combined innovative methods of historical linguistics, language comparison, and field research, to establish a genetic relationship between the Welsh, Cornish, Breton, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Gaulish languages. After a significant delay, the 2353:

in 1709, in his room at the Ashmolean Museum. His understudy, David Parry, having developed a drinking problem, died five years later in 1714. Lhuyd's manuscripts were sold by the University of Oxford in 1713 for £80, the amount of Lhuyd’s debts, to

428:

Having trained others to take on his duties at Oxford and collected some funding, Lhuyd, along with his three assistants, began his tour in May 1697, travelling through Gloucestershire and the Forest of Dean, and reaching Chepstow on 13 May.

1977:'to will'. Lhuyd describes how tenses of other verbs are formed using these auxiliaries combined with verbal particles. This is followed by a description of the formation of active and passive verbs, then a few irregular or defective verbs. 1585:

In "Observation XXIV", Lhuyd describes how compounds or phrases may be translated from one language to another, or: "Words Deriv'd From One Common Origin as to Signification Tho' of No Affinity in Sound." He gives examples including Welsh

143:

Due to Lhuyd's early death at the age of 49, the last three volumes were never produced or published, and many of Lhuyd's manuscripts and research notes were later lost, destroyed in two separate fires. As the only completed volume, the

1157:

Lhuyd lists here subscribers and financial contributors, mostly clergy, lawyers, physicians, clerics, and gentry. In addition to providing financial support, Lhuyd's subscribers had also been encouraged to contribute research material.

436:, where he spent two months copying a manuscript. Lhuyd spent a total of one year in south Wales, then travelled to Cardigan, then to Hereford in August 1698. Lhuyd obtained a Welsh-Latin dictionary and hunted fossils while in Wales. 1850:

Lhuyd then provides a discussion of the ancient manuscripts he is aware of, along with a synopsis of the orthographic variations and his interpretation of the relationship of the written word to the pronunciation in these documents.

609:

In Brittany, Lhuyd and his companions were jailed on suspicion of being English spies. According to Lhuyd, after arousing the suspicion of locals, his letters and documents were seized, his pockets searched, and he was imprisoned at

513:

Probably directly from Ireland, or perhaps via Wales, Lhuyd arrived in Cornwall in August 1700. In Cornwall, Lhuyd was able to gather information about the Cornish language by listening to native speakers, especially the parish of

2252:, in a letter to Lhuyd, wrote that "so I doubt not but it will be very satisfactory to all men, who have a genius for antiquity, and the more learned and judicious they are, the more they will approve it, and be pleased with it." 2285:

is notable for Lhuyd's use of a system of phonetic transcription, allowing easier comparison of possible cognates between languages, as well as for introducing specific criteria for establishing that two languages are related.

1262:

admitted into Dictionaries, and for that reason Vocabularies of Local words, as that of Mr. Ray's, the Dictionaire de la Langue Tolosaine, (at the end of Goudelin's Gascoigne Poems) and suchlike; ought to be diligently perus'd.

1288:

An accidental Transposition of Letters ... This is call'd an Accidental Transposition, because it proceeds from a Carelesness in Pronunciation, and distinguishes it from the next class, which is of words designedly

1415:

Variation of Initial Syllables ... This proceeds either from the use of different prepositions or other words in Compounds; or else because some Languages retain only the simple words, and others know none but the

1671:

The chapter then gives an overview of adjectives, and the lack of declension for number, except for certain pronouns. It then describes how regular comparatives and superlatives are formed, noting certain exceptions.

1822:

Lhuyd describes changes in Cornish pronunciation over time based on the manuscripts he has studied, such as the development of pre-occlusion in the contemporary Cornish language, where they now "put the letter

1491:

Permutation: or Change of Letters ... It may be of some use to the Curious in Etymology, if we distinguish Permutation of Letters into three sorts; which may be call'd Classical, Idiomatal, and Accidental.

498:) from native speakers, and also describes some small ancient glass charms he found. Lhuyd remarks in a letter that he learned very little Irish from the natives, learning most of that language from books. 1756:

The grammar notes that adjectives follow the noun they describe in Breton. Correct usage of possessive pronouns is described. The grammar describes how "nouns of number" take singular nouns, for example

439:

On account of their research activities during their travels in Wales, Lhuyd and his assistants were suspected of being Jacobite spies, conjurers, or tax collectors by suspicious locals. Despite this,

4287:

Lhuyd, Edward (1706). "A Translation of the Irish Preface, to Mr. Lhuyd's Irish Dictionary: or Letter to the Scots and Irishs". Letter to The Gentlemen and other learned persons of the Irish nation.

1645:

Following a description of the benefits of spelling words according to how they are pronounced, this chapter goes into some detail regarding pronunciation of letters and the meaning of diacritics.

1204:

ancient times not only in north Britain...but also in England and Wales. And fourthly that the said Gwydhelians of England and Wales were the inhabitants of Gaul before they came into this island.

1943:

and lenition of feminine nouns after the definite article. Lhuyd then enumerates the most common plural suffixes, along with some nouns that form plurals by vowel change, with numerous examples.

1196:

Lhuyd then apologises for the time it has taken to produce the first volume, stating that he did not initially intend to travel for so long or in so much detail, or to write such a large essay.

1121:: "An Account of the Roman antiquities there and others of later Date, during the Government of the British Princes; together with Copies of all the Inscriptions of any considerable Antiquity." 1921:

There is a further guide to reading ancient manuscripts, in which Lhuyd discusses how particles with grammatical function are often joined to other words in old Welsh and Cornish documents.

1193:

to use his, pointing out the benefits of being able to transcribe multiple languages in a single spelling system, using single letters for each sound, and compatibility with old manuscripts.

1910:. He also describes the development of pre-occlusion, where /b/ is inserted before a "middle" (medial) /m/ to give /bm/, and similarly /d/ is inserted before a "middle" /n/ to give /dn/. 1668:

Having given the most common plural endings, Section 7, "Heteroclites", lists nouns which form their plurals by vowel change, removal of singulative suffixes, or other less common ways.

1109:

history of ye Kings, Princes, Ancient nobility, ye Towns, Castles Churches and Saints and of all other very remarkable men and places, of ye British nation, mention'd in ancient records"

1144:

for the complex orthography used in the volume, which consisted of an extended Latin alphabet combined with a variety of diacritics, meaning only one compositor could perform the task.

1503:(when, from observation, at least five or six examples of primitive words show a letter of one class in one language changing into a letter of another class in another language), and 1804:

Page from the Cornish Grammar. At the bottom, part of the only surviving Cornish folk tale, Dzhuan Tshei an Hordh, is transcribed on the left, with a Welsh translation on the right.

242:

Lhuyd attempts to explain the linguistic differences in the Celtic languages using a model where Goidelic (or Q-Celtic) languages are first introduced to Britain and Ireland from

606:

in January 1701. Here, Lhuyd was able to procure two seventeen-century Breton dictionaries, one of which he could only obtain in exchange for his own copy of Davies' dictionary.

2326:

was Cornish rather than Welsh, as had been previously thought. Walsham states that the included Cornish grammar and vocabulary "helped to lay foundations for the initiatives of

1105:: A comparison of the customs and traditions of the Britons with those of other nations. According to the Welsh preface of volume I, this was intended to be a "Dictionary of 392:

Lhuyd here initially conducted research from April to October of this year. Initial funding from subscribers allowed Lhuyd to go on a six-month tour. In June, Lhuyd met with

2044:

Various Cornish conjunctions are listed, categorized by functions including copulative, conditional, discretive, disjunctive, causal, exceptive, adversative, and elective.

2268:

describes it as a "scholarly landmark which first recognized the family relationship between the various Celtic languages". According to the Evans and Roberts edition,

2073: 2052:

Having previously discussed prepositions inflected for person, Lhuyd here discusses a number of independent prepositions. He also describes various prefixes, including

1399:, where vowels are lost initially, internally, and in word-final positions, respectively. "Observation XII" through "Observation XVI" describe how various classes of 192:

to a different sound in another language, so for instance in Greek, Latin, Welsh, and Irish is changed into in the 'Teutonic' (i.e. Germanic) languages.

4253:

Kent, A. M. (2006). "Bringin' the Dunkey Down from the Carn: Cornu-English in Context 1549–2005 – A Provisional Analysis". In Tristram, H. L. C. (ed.).

1115:: "An account of all such monuments now remaining in Wales as are presumed to be British; and either older or not much later than the Roman Conquest." 384:

Lhuyd's methodology included collection of primary data from native speakers, such as asking speakers to translate terms into their native languages.

2074:

Chapter X: Some Proprieties of Phrase with some Notes omitted in the Foregoing Chapters, and a Specimen of the modern Cornish Collated with the Welsh

2279:

the first time any Manx appeared in print. Additionally it provides the only description of the traditional pronunciation of the Cornish language.

1959:

Lhuyd begins this chapter by enumerating the various regular terminations of "infinitives". He then describes the main auxiliary verbs in Cornish,

1140:

was completed in November 1703, at which time it was delivered to the printer. It was not published until 1707, however, due to a lack of suitable

1152: 1931:

This is followed by a small glossary of obsolete or obscure Welsh words from the 13th and 14th centuries, with English-translation equivalents.

1372:

inserted into words. "Observation IX" describes the addition of "lingual mutes" in various positions. "Observation X" describes the addition of

1495:

In "Observation XVIII", Lhuyd goes into some detail describing vowel variations in cognate words in the Celtic languages. These are defined as

4266:

A design of a British dictionary, historical and geographical with an essay, entituled, Archælogia Britannica: and a natural history of Wales

1854:

This is followed by a synopsis of the changes in the initial consonants of words in certain grammatical contexts, a feature of the Cornish

1226:

great many, till they have considered it with some application, are apt to be perswaded, a speculation merely groundless or conjectural."

262:'Vercingetorix Throws Down his Arms at the Feet of Julius Caesar' by Lionel Royer. Caesar writes that the Gauls called themselves 'Celtae' 2154:

Written by David Parry, one of Lhuyd's assistants, this title features a section with English headwords, followed by a wordlist of Latin

357:, seeking subscribers to fund the research, fieldwork, and eventual publication of what was initially conceived as a multi-volume work, 1445:

other Alterations intervene, occasions us very often to question the Origin of words, where there is not indeed room for any Doubting.

1099:: "A comparison of the modern Welsh with other European languages", particularly Greek, Latin, Irish, Cornish, and Armorican (Breton). 4732: 1913:

The chapter closes with description of vowel loss, and the loss of certain consonants, such as initial /g/, in specific contexts.

301: 1985:

Lhuyd notes that there is no participle of the present tense in Cornish, and so instead uses the "infinitive" with the particle

300:

In 1693, Edward Lhuyd, an antiquarian, naturalist, botanist, geographer, and philologist, and recently appointed Keeper of the

1153:

The names of the subscribers towards the author's travels; as also of those who were pleased to contribute without subscribing

4673: 4650: 4527: 2295:

not chance similarities, are good evidence that languages are genetically related. They note that Lhuyd partially identified

2089:, a traditional Cornish and Welsh short verse form. He speculates that this may have been the ancient verse form used by the 1766:

The section concludes with summaries of a number of different constructions, and a synopsis of the Breton mutation system.

1810: 1813:, from which he says he got "the best part" of his knowledge. He describes his discovery that the manuscript labelled 1449:"Observation XVII" contrasts word endings in Welsh, Cornish, Breton, and Irish. The many examples given include Welsh 4475: 4454: 4337: 4241: 4220: 4188: 4136: 4055: 4034: 1951:

In this chapter, Lhuyd describes Cornish personal, possessive, relative, interrogative, and demonstrative pronouns.

1360:"Observation V" describes how initial vowels may be added to the beginning of words. "Observation VI" describes how 2355: 2181: 1847:

This section reintroduces Lhuyd's "General Alphabet", with some additions specifically for the Cornish language.

1168: 1530:'his head'). Lhuyd also notes the equivalence of Welsh ⟨p⟩ with Irish ⟨c⟩ or ⟨k⟩, with examples including Welsh 1934:

There follows a discussion on the differences between Welsh dialects, and between Welsh, Cornish, and Breton.

355:

A Design of a British Dictionary, Historical & Geographical: with an Essay entitl'd Archæologia Britannica

215:, and emphasises that the basis of comparison should be the most basic parts of a language's core vocabulary. 1550:"Forreign words introduced by Conquest or borrow'd from those Nations with whom we have Trade and Commerce." 393: 326:, an envisaged comparative study of the shared characteristics of the languages, archaeology, and culture of 2264:

important contribution to the field which attempted to systematize phonological change in Celtic languages.

4742: 1630: 246:, followed by a second, later migration, also from Gaul, of Brittonic (or P-Celtic) speakers, a model that 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 359:

Archæologia Britannica or An Account of the Ancient Languages, Customs, and Monuments of the British Isles

2308: 1567: 250:

describes as being "broadly accepted and discussed by historical philologists over the last 300 years."

4507: 2173: 2159: 1695:

There follows a section of active, passive, and irregular verb tables, conjugated for tense and mood.

1607: 4727: 4697: 2078:

Lhuyd describes some Cornish idioms, as well as certain peculiarities of Cornish syntax and lexicon.

471:

in late September or October, before returning to northern Ireland by boat in January 1700, visiting

2136: 2338: 1774:

This title, also by Lhuyd’s assistant Moses Williams, translates Julian Maunoir's Breton wordlist.

1294: 553:'s account, Lhuyd and his assistants were arrested as suspected thieves, and brought in front of a 212: 169: 4296:"Review of Early Science in Oxford. Vol. XIV, Life and Letters of Edward Lhwyd, by Gunther, R. T." 316:, a survey of Great Britain and Ireland. His work on this revision motivated him to begin his own 2124:

This chapter includes a complete transcription of the only surviving Cornish-language folk tale,

1887:⟩, which he notes is now pronounced /z/, and the development of /t/ to /tʃ/ (the sound of 1388: 535: 94: 1344:

Addition of Letters ... This has partly proceeded from an Accidental mispronunciation, as,

538:. Lhuyd's team also produced sketches and plans of antiquities and ancient monuments, including 203:

to facilitate direct comparison between languages. His methodology allows a systematic study of

2249: 539: 282: 424:, found by him near Llandeilo in 1698. Lhuyd believed it to be a "Sceleton of some flat Fish." 2321: 1783: 1267: 378: 4148:

Edwards, Nancy (2007). "Edward Lhuyd and the Origins of Early Medieval Celtic Archaeology".

1861:

Lhuyd then notes some of the sound changes from earlier Cornish to the Cornish at the time;

1208: 4722: 1747:'I love', are described. Impersonal verbs with no nominative case before them, for example 554: 305: 4048:

Small dictionaries and curiosity : lexicography and fieldwork in post-medieval Europe

2165: 1916: 1356:, &c. and partly from an Industrious Alteration of words for the easier speaking them. 8: 1925: 1392: 557:, who then released them. Lhuyd and his team visited many places in Cornwall, including 502: 501:

According to Lhuyd, he was obliged to leave Ireland sooner than intended because of the "

464: 258: 224: 4708:

Prying into every hole and corner : Edward Lhuyd in Cornwall in 1700 at Archive.org

611: 443:

states that his numerous connections in Wales made him a "welcome enquirer everywhere."

4707: 4574: 4546: 4420: 4366: 4314: 4165: 4113: 4011: 2193: 2155: 1855: 1658: 1566:'land'. Lhuyd goes on to suggest that more advanced vocabulary came from the period of 562: 527: 515: 491: 267: 220: 189: 1995: 207:, including a focus on regular sound changes, equivalence or similarity of meaning of 4702: 4679: 4669: 4646: 4595: 4578: 4566: 4523: 4519: 4481: 4471: 4450: 4424: 4370: 4333: 4237: 4216: 4184: 4169: 4132: 4117: 4051: 4030: 4015: 2265: 2260: 1369: 4403:

Schneer, Cecil (1954). "The Rise of Historical Geology in the Seventeenth Century".

2133:

Lhuyd lists the parishes in west Cornwall where people were still speaking Cornish.

1741:

The grammar describes "Armoric" sentence structure. Nominal sentences, for instance

1249:

as an example, meaning 'fist' in Welsh and Irish, but 'hand' in Cornish and Breton.

78:

English, Welsh, Cornish, Breton, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Manx, Gaulish, Latin, Greek

4737: 4638: 4558: 4515: 4412: 4389: 4358: 4306: 4157: 4105: 4085: 4080: 4068: 4003: 2331: 1654: 1608:

Title II: A comparative vocabulary of the original languages of Britain and Ireland

1511: 1373: 1365: 232: 177: 33: 2024:

before an adjective, corresponding to English '-ly', so for example the adjective

1270:(OCV) that are no longer understood by the Cornish, but still used by the Welsh. † 451:

From Wales, Lhuyd and his team reached Ireland in July or August 1699, landing in

4703:

Early science in Oxford vol. XIV: Life and letters of Edward Lhwyd at Archive.org

4632: 4547:""Genuine Remains": The Celtic Linguistic Artifact in Eighteenth-Century Britain" 577: 495: 401: 286: 228: 165: 32:), the first volume of which was published in 1707, is a pioneering study of the 4497:

Sociable knowledge : natural history and the nation in early modern Britain

4255:

The Celtic Englishes III: The Interface between English and the Celtic Languages

2248:

received praise and appreciation from contemporary English and Celtic scholars.

50: 2296: 1689: 1634: 1320:

In "Observation IV", Lhuyd describes transposition of compounds, such as Welsh

519: 440: 309: 247: 4362: 4204:. Oxford: Printed for the subscribers by John Johnson at the University Press. 4161: 4109: 1777: 1213: 543: 4716: 4683: 4599: 4570: 4485: 2327: 2291: 2287: 1680:

Pronouns are given in the nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative case.

1499:(change of letters into the same class, or the same organ of pronunciation), 550: 456: 421: 121: 4393: 1789:

Antiquae linguae Britannicae ... et linguae Latinae dictionarium duplex

4349:

Quinn, David B. (1946). "Early Science at Oxford by R. T. Gunther Review".

2359: 2335: 1769: 1332:, which "be but their corrupt pronunciation of the same word, transpos'd." 1141: 573: 523: 68: 37: 4663: 4642: 4007: 2304: 2300: 1624: 1209:

Title I: Comparative etymology. Or remarks on the alteration of languages

1199:

Lhuyd outlines his migration model for the Celtic settlement of Britain:

317: 196: 164:

is that languages develop from a parent language by various processes of

2216:

Finally, the book concludes with an index, abbreviations, and a list of

2166:

Title IX: A brief introduction to the Irish or ancient Scotish language

1917:

Chapter II: Some further Directions for Reading old British Manuscripts

1688:

The verbs 'to be' and 'to have' are described, as well as their use as

1662: 599: 4318: 2259:

as a pioneering work in the fields of linguistics and Celtic studies.

2149: 2146:

A catalogue and evaluation of medieval "British" (Welsh) manuscripts.

2140:

Antiqua Britanniae lingua scriptorum quae non impressa sunt, Catalogus

1364:

may be added to words internally. "Observation VII" gives examples of

4589: 4295: 4096:

Cunliffe, Barry (2009). "A Race Apart: Insularity and Connectivity".

1733:'without' are given, with their usage described in the next chapter. 1400: 1384:"Letters Omitted ... This has happen'd after the same manner ." 1161: 569: 531: 484: 476: 460: 433: 397: 204: 173: 1698: 1518:, part of the Celtic grammatical mutation system (for example Welsh 4562: 4447:

Prying into Every Hole and Corner: Edward Lhuyd in Cornwall in 1700

4416: 4310: 2349:

Lhuyd died prematurely just two years after the publication of the

2170:

Based mainly on the first printed grammar of the Irish language by

1515: 603: 558: 468: 339: 335: 331: 4202:

Early science in Oxford. Vol. 14, Life and letters of Edward Lhwyd

3994:

Bivens, Leslie (1982). "Noah Webster's Etymological Principles".

2217: 1898:

Lhuyd also gives some examples of vowel insertion, for instance †

1665:

in "Armoric", and a synopsis of the various plural noun endings.

1396: 1276:'a hermit' from the OCV is listed with an obelus as one example. 480: 416: 405: 343: 208: 125: 1222:

volume, and accordingly places it at the beginning of the work.

2084: 472: 452: 292: 199:

in different languages may hinder comparison, and introduces a

185: 181: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2307:, and produced more sophisticated work than the later work of 2007: 1879:⟩, the change of most Old Cornish orthographic ⟨ 266:

In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the identity of the

4436:

A bio-bibliographical companion to the history of linguistics

3973: 3971: 3905: 3883: 3881: 3789: 2090: 1871:⟩, as he writes in his "General Alphabet", or ⟨ 1361: 327: 285:

had argued in the 1590s that these languages were unrelated.

25: 3922: 3920: 2506: 2099:

he heard while in Cornwall, along with a loose translation:

1875:⟩ as written by medieval Cornish scribes, to ⟨ 1420:"Observation XI" gives numerous examples, including Breton ⟨ 1171:

for his generosity and promotion of scholarship in general.

589:

looked like he had grabbed hold o' the world by the ass'ole.

4591:

Les études linguistiques d'Edward Lhuyd en Bretagne en 1701

4512:

Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics (Second Edition)

3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3000: 2881: 2879: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2391: 2012:

Lhuyd describes the formation of adverbs with the particle

1778:

Title V: Some Welch words omitted in Dr Davies's Dictionary

243: 4380:

Roberts, Brynley F. (1999). "The Discovery of Old Welsh".

3968: 3878: 2666: 2484: 2482: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2362:

in 1807 and subsequently destroyed in two separate fires.

2185:

Focloir Gaoidheilige-Shagsonach no Bearladoir Scot-Samhuil

1368:

inserted into words. "Observation VIII" gives examples of

1125:

On account of Lhuyd’s early death, only the first volume,

3917: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3801: 3729: 3041: 3039: 2780: 2746: 2744: 2635: 2633: 2620: 2618: 2467: 2457: 2455: 2423: 1937: 1800: 1661:. There follows a description of the lack of grammatical 4668:. Máire Herbert. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3956: 3705: 3678: 3642: 3630: 3618: 3594: 3582: 3546: 3507: 3460: 3436: 3407: 3395: 3366: 3354: 3307: 3024: 2976: 2930: 2928: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2876: 2840: 2756: 2645: 1770:

Title IV: An Armoric vocabulary by Julian Manoir, Jesuit

1706:

Some examples of Breton adverb usage are given, such as

1612: 188:. For example, he notes that sounds in one language may 16:

Pioneering study of the Celtic languages by Edward Lhuyd

3944: 3893: 3695: 3693: 3536: 3534: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3012: 2988: 2952: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2479: 2435: 2162:

with basic vocabulary from various European languages.

1998:

tense of verbs, being formed by addition of the suffix

1640: 3854: 3837: 3570: 3297: 3295: 3268: 3232: 3220: 3196: 3172: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3036: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2804: 2768: 2741: 2690: 2630: 2615: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2555: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2452: 2413: 2411: 1633:

of the Breton grammar originally written in French by

1625:

Title III: An Armoric grammar by Julian Manoir, Jesuit

4665:

Catalogue of Irish manuscripts in Cambridge libraries

3932: 3777: 3765: 3753: 3741: 3717: 3150: 3148: 3135: 3133: 3131: 2964: 2925: 2891: 2852: 2792: 2729: 2678: 2494: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 1599: 1217:

Page from Title I, showing Lhuyd's "General Alphabet"

377:

With his assistants Robert Wynne, William Jones, and

308:, was invited to contribute to the Welsh sections of 4234:

Multilingualism in medieval Britain (c. 1066 – 1520)

4069:"Some Possible Congeners of English Slang 'to sock'" 3690: 3666: 3654: 3606: 3558: 3531: 3519: 3495: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3448: 3419: 3378: 3342: 3330: 2707: 2705: 2567: 1703:

This chapter covers active and passive participles.

1266:

In "Observation II", he notes the many words in the

3866: 3825: 3813: 3292: 3280: 3256: 3244: 3208: 3184: 3160: 3063: 2940: 2908: 2828: 2603: 2586: 2543: 2518: 2408: 2196:. Numerous Irish texts and dictionaries, including 2150:

Title VIII: An essay towards a British etymologicon

2039: 526:, and from three manuscripts he was able to study, 446: 3996:Journal of the Dictionary Society of North America 3145: 3128: 3116: 3104: 3092: 3051: 2372: 2192:A dictionary consisting of more than ten thousand 1162:To the right honourable Sr Thomas Mansel of Margam 128:lasting more than four years, Lhuyd began work on 3472: 2864: 2717: 2702: 2358:. Most of the manuscripts were then auctioned by 2047: 1699:Chapter V: Participles, adverbs, and prepositions 1271: 132:, the first volume of a planned four-volume set, 4714: 4280:. Oxford. Printed at the Theatre for the author. 4181:Archæologia Britannica: Texts & Translations 2816: 1980: 1507:(similar to the previous type, but infrequent). 4213:Christianities in the early modern Celtic world 2233:three or four hundred who would be interested. 1883:⟩ to later Cornish orthographic ⟨ 408:, and visited eight or nine counties in total. 1795: 1715:A selection of common prepositions, including 1653:This chapter describes the "Armoric" (Breton) 568:John Keigwin's reaction to Lhuyd's arrival in 361:. Following the successful publication of the 4433: 3911: 2125: 2104: 2094: 2082: 2065: 2059: 2053: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2013: 1999: 1986: 1972: 1966: 1960: 1946: 1905: 1899: 1593: 1456: 1327: 1304: 4698:Archæologia Britannica (1707) at Archive.org 1924:Lhuyd then describes the orthography of the 1842: 1758: 1748: 1742: 1728: 1722: 1716: 1707: 1462: 1421: 4210: 4027:Language classification: history and method 3887: 2786: 2429: 2319: 2203: 2197: 2171: 2119:But he that had no tongue, lost his land.' 2008:Chapter VII: Of the Adverb and Interjection 1862: 1814: 1787: 1587: 1577: 1571: 1561: 1555: 1537: 1531: 1525: 1519: 1474: 1468: 1450: 1427: 1351: 1345: 1321: 1298: 1244: 1243:In "Observation I", for instance, he gives 372: 227:languages. Building on the earlier work of 1570:. A pair of examples he provides is Welsh 49: 4231: 4084: 4045: 3962: 3926: 3807: 3795: 3324: 2846: 2762: 2660: 2512: 2488: 2446: 2402: 1954: 239:language family sharing a common origin. 86:Celtic languages, linguistics, philology, 4619: 4544: 4444: 4126: 4095: 4024: 3977: 3950: 3018: 3006: 2994: 2810: 2774: 2580: 2561: 2461: 2417: 2211: 1799: 1675: 1611: 1212: 494:, Lhuyd recorded "the Highland Tongue" ( 415: 291: 257: 4661: 4630: 4587: 4505: 4402: 4379: 4330:Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe 4293: 4199: 4147: 3860: 3848: 3576: 2934: 2919: 2902: 2885: 2858: 2834: 2798: 2750: 2735: 2696: 2684: 2672: 2639: 2624: 2609: 2597: 2537: 2500: 2473: 2385: 2115:'What's said of old, will always stand, 1514:/p/, /b/, /f/, /v/, and /m/, describes 1293:"Observation III" includes examples of 508: 4715: 4514:, Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 151–153, 4465: 4098:Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 4066: 3993: 3872: 3819: 3771: 1938:Chapter III: Of the articles and Nouns 235:, he categorized these languages as a 4608: 4348: 4327: 4286: 4274: 4263: 4183:. Celtic Studies Publications-Cymru. 4178: 3938: 3899: 3783: 3759: 3747: 3735: 3723: 3711: 3699: 3684: 3672: 3660: 3648: 3636: 3624: 3612: 3600: 3588: 3564: 3552: 3540: 3525: 3513: 3501: 3489: 3466: 3454: 3442: 3430: 3413: 3401: 3389: 3372: 3360: 3348: 3336: 3301: 3286: 3274: 3262: 3250: 3238: 3226: 3214: 3202: 3190: 3178: 3166: 3154: 3139: 3122: 3110: 3098: 3086: 3057: 3045: 3030: 2982: 2970: 2958: 2870: 2723: 2711: 2318:established that the language of the 1736: 1426:⟩, an otter, contrasting with Welsh ⟨ 1387:In "Observation XI", Lhuyd describes 432:After three months, Lhuyd arrived at 387: 4494: 4252: 3831: 2946: 2822: 2549: 2117:Too long a tongue, too short a hand; 2108:Bedh dɐrn rê ver, dhɐn tavaz rê hîr; 1819:was, in fact, a Cornish vocabulary. 1683: 1648: 1641:Chapter I: Writing and pronunciation 411: 400:. Lhuyd also studied manuscripts at 170:transposition of sounds or syllables 4499:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 1692:, and grammatical tense and moods. 1592:'butterfly', equivalent to Cornish 1510:"Observation XIX", focusing on the 1079: 13: 2208:, was used to compile this title. 2064:'self-' , and the negating prefix 2004:, sometimes with vowel affection. 593: 518:, from local antiquarians such as 14: 4754: 4691: 4637:. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. 2110:Mez dên heb davaz a gɐllaz i dîr. 1455:'snow', at variance with Cornish 1092:to be divided into four volumes: 420:Lhuyd's etching of the trilobite 396:, with whom he studied botany in 365:, Lhuyd printed a questionnaire, 4733:Academic works about linguistics 2205:Vocabularium Latinum et Hibernum 2130:'John of the House of the Ram'. 2040:Chapter VIII: Of the Conjunction 598:From Falmouth, Lhuyd arrived in 447:Ireland and Scotland (1699–1700) 195:Lhuyd understood that different 4508:"Lhuyd, Edward (ca. 1660–1709)" 1629:This title is a translation by 1473:'name', in contrast with Irish 148:itself is often referred to as 140:was finally published in 1707. 120:Following an extensive tour of 4520:10.1016/b0-08-044854-2/02706-1 4294:Montagu, M. F. Ashley (1947). 4086:10.1080/00437956.1977.11435854 4029:. Cambridge University Press. 2058:'over-', the reflexive prefix 2048:Chapter IX: Of the Preposition 1317:"Transposition of Compounds." 1132: 467:. They then took the ferry to 59:Volume I 'Glossography' (1707) 1: 4434:Stammerjohann, Harro (2009). 4232:Jefferson, Judith A. (2013). 3987: 2188:: An Irish–English dictionary 2030:'wise' can become an adverb, 1981:Chapter VI: Of the Participle 1183: 349:Following the publication of 253: 4622:The Irish Historical Library 4611:Archæologia Cornu-Britannica 4332:. Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 2223: 2106:An lavar kôth yụ lavar guîr, 1753:'It rains', are also given. 1129:, was eventually published. 618: 7: 4445:Williams, Derek R. (1993). 4382:Historiographia Linguistica 4257:. Potsdam University Press. 4211:hAnnracháin, Tadhg (2014). 4131:. Oxford University Press. 4050:. Oxford University Press. 2344: 1796:Title VI: A Cornish grammar 1568:Roman occupation of Britain 1147: 1106: 1084:As originally conceived in 10: 4759: 4620:Nicolson, William (1724). 1947:Chapter IV: Of the Pronoun 1326:'squint-eyed' and Cornish 1174: 959:Bathgate, near Linlithgow 160:Lhuyd's basic argument in 155: 4662:De Brún, Pádraig (2010). 4631:Chapman, Malcolm (1992). 4510:, in Brown, Keith (ed.), 4363:10.1017/S0021121400026948 4162:10.1017/S0003581500000883 4110:10.1017/S0079497X00000293 2241:was a financial failure. 2198: 2184: 2172: 2139: 2070:'without; sans-; -less'. 1843:Chapter I: Of the letters 1185: 1032: 963: 878: 737: 677:St. George, near Cardiff 644: 353:in 1695, Lhuyd published 110: 100: 90: 82: 74: 64: 48: 4588:Le Bris, Daniel (2009). 4545:Sorensen, Janet (2016). 4495:Yale, Elizabeth (2016). 4351:Irish Historical Studies 4127:Cunliffe, Barry (2013). 4046:Considine, John (2017). 2365: 2255:Modern linguists regard 2081:He also talks about the 1867:, the change of ⟨ 373:Tour of Celtic countries 296:Drawing of Lhuyd c. 1709 197:orthographic conventions 4609:Pryce, William (1790). 4506:Roberts, B. F. (2006), 4394:10.1075/hl.26.1-2.02rob 4200:Gunther, R. T. (1945). 4179:Evans, Dewi W. (2009). 4150:The Antiquaries Journal 4025:Campbell, Lyle (2008). 2178:, with some additions. 2174:Froinsias Ó Maolmhuaidh 2093:. He includes the only 1272: 770:Scochburgh, near Tenby 754:Scochburgh, near Tenby 180:, and use of different 95:Oxford University Press 44:Archæologia Britannica 4438:. Max Niemeyer Verlag. 4275:Lhuyd, Edward (1707). 4264:Lhuyd, Edward (1695). 4215:. Palgrave Macmillan. 4067:Ó Cuív, Brian (1977). 2320: 2316:Archæologia Britannica 2283:Archæologia Britannica 2257:Archæologia Britannica 2204: 2126: 2122: 2105: 2095: 2083: 2066: 2060: 2054: 2032: 2026: 2020: 2014: 2000: 1987: 1973: 1967: 1961: 1955:Chapter V: Of the Verb 1906: 1900: 1863: 1815: 1811:Sir Jonathan Trelawney 1805: 1788: 1759: 1749: 1743: 1729: 1723: 1717: 1708: 1617: 1616:First page of Title II 1600: 1598:, and Scottish Gaelic 1594: 1588: 1578: 1572: 1562: 1556: 1538: 1532: 1526: 1520: 1493: 1475: 1469: 1463: 1457: 1451: 1447: 1428: 1422: 1418: 1403:sounds are "omitted". 1358: 1352: 1346: 1328: 1322: 1305: 1299: 1291: 1268:Old Cornish Vocabulary 1264: 1245: 1241: 1218: 1206: 1090:Archæologia Britannica 591: 540:Boskednan stone circle 425: 422:Ogygiocarella debuchii 324:Archæologia Britannica 297: 263: 150:Archæologia Britannica 134:Archæologia Britannica 57:Archæologia Britannica 30:Antiquities of Britain 21:Archæologia Britannica 4643:10.1057/9780230378650 4466:Wmffre, Iwan (1999). 4008:10.1353/dic.1982.0004 2322:Vocabularium Cornicum 2299:, before the work of 2228:Criticism of Lhuyd's 2212:Postliminary sections 2101: 1904:is now pronounced as 1816:Vocabularium Wallicum 1803: 1712:'the wisest of all'. 1676:Chapter III: Pronouns 1615: 1489: 1442: 1413: 1342: 1286: 1259: 1236: 1216: 1201: 586: 578:Anglo-Cornish dialect 419: 295: 261: 1835:, before the letter 1827:, before the letter 555:justice of the peace 509:Cornwall (1700–1701) 455:, then travelled to 306:University of Oxford 4743:Language comparison 3798:, pp. 141–142. 3714:, pp. 248–249. 3651:, pp. 244–245. 3639:, pp. 242–244. 3627:, pp. 240–241. 3603:, pp. 239–240. 3591:, pp. 233–239. 3555:, pp. 231–232. 3516:, pp. 225–230. 3469:, pp. 193–194. 3445:, pp. 192–193. 3416:, pp. 186–192. 3404:, pp. 184–186. 3375:, pp. 183–184. 3363:, pp. 181–183. 3033:, pp. xiv–xix. 3009:, pp. 216–220. 2985:, pp. vi–xiii. 2675:, pp. 329–330. 2515:, pp. 123–124. 2476:, pp. 203–204. 2405:, pp. 140–141. 2356:Sir Thomas Sebright 2244:On the other hand, 2127:Dzhûan Tshei an Hɐr 1926:Juvencus Manuscript 1831:", and "the letter 1659:indefinite articles 582:Dreaming in Cornish 45: 3912:Stammerjohann 2009 3738:, p. 249–250. 3687:, p. 244–247. 2199:Risteard Pluincéad 1895:) in a few words. 1806: 1786:Welsh dictionary, 1737:Chapter VI: Syntax 1618: 1219: 561:, Lambriggan, and 528:Pascon agan Arluth 492:Scottish Highlands 426: 394:Richard Richardson 388:North Wales (1696) 298: 264: 43: 4675:978-0-521-15518-2 4652:978-1-349-38949-0 4529:978-0-08-044854-1 4470:. LINCOM Europa. 4328:Price, G (2017). 3980:, pp. 31–32. 3902:, pp. 19–20. 3277:, pp. 20–32. 3241:, pp. 14–19. 3229:, pp. 13–14. 3205:, pp. 11–12. 3181:, pp. 10–11. 3048:, pp. 34–35. 2961:, p. ii-iii. 2888:, pp. 41–42. 2266:Alexandra Walsham 1994:He describes the 1684:Chapter IV: Verbs 1649:Chapter II: Nouns 1536:'four' and Irish 1512:labial consonants 1088:, Lhuyd intended 1077: 1076: 412:Wales (1697–1699) 367:Parochial Queries 172:, acquisition of 166:linguistic change 118: 117: 4750: 4728:Celtic languages 4687: 4656: 4625: 4614: 4603: 4582: 4551:Modern Philology 4539: 4538: 4536: 4500: 4489: 4460: 4439: 4428: 4397: 4374: 4343: 4322: 4288: 4281: 4269: 4258: 4247: 4226: 4205: 4194: 4173: 4142: 4121: 4090: 4088: 4079:(1–2): 140–145. 4061: 4040: 4019: 3981: 3975: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3948: 3942: 3936: 3930: 3924: 3915: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3891: 3888:hAnnracháin 2014 3885: 3876: 3870: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3811: 3805: 3799: 3793: 3787: 3781: 3775: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3751: 3745: 3739: 3733: 3727: 3721: 3715: 3709: 3703: 3697: 3688: 3682: 3676: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3598: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3568: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3544: 3538: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3511: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3387: 3376: 3370: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3340: 3334: 3328: 3322: 3305: 3299: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3143: 3137: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3061: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3034: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2974: 2973:, pp. iv–v. 2968: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2932: 2923: 2917: 2906: 2900: 2889: 2883: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2790: 2787:hAnnracháin 2014 2784: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2709: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2643: 2637: 2628: 2622: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2595: 2584: 2578: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2516: 2510: 2504: 2498: 2492: 2486: 2477: 2471: 2465: 2459: 2450: 2444: 2433: 2430:hAnnracháin 2014 2427: 2421: 2415: 2406: 2400: 2389: 2383: 2332:Richard Polwhele 2325: 2207: 2201: 2200: 2186: 2177: 2176: 2141: 2129: 2112: 2098: 2088: 2069: 2063: 2057: 2035: 2029: 2023: 2017: 2003: 1990: 1976: 1970: 1964: 1909: 1903: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1818: 1791: 1762: 1752: 1746: 1732: 1726: 1720: 1711: 1603: 1597: 1591: 1581: 1575: 1565: 1559: 1541: 1535: 1529: 1524:'head' becoming 1523: 1478: 1472: 1466: 1460: 1454: 1431: 1425: 1355: 1349: 1331: 1325: 1308: 1302: 1297:, such as Welsh 1275: 1248: 1187: 1108: 1080:Proposed volumes 850:Montgomery town 634: 633: 631: 630: 626: 572:is satirized in 465:Giant's Causeway 302:Ashmolean Museum 233:Paul-Yves Pezron 201:General Alphabet 178:mispronunciation 102:Publication date 53: 46: 42: 34:Celtic languages 4758: 4757: 4753: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4748: 4747: 4713: 4712: 4694: 4676: 4653: 4613:. W. Cruttwell. 4534: 4532: 4530: 4478: 4457: 4357:(17): 108–110. 4340: 4244: 4223: 4191: 4139: 4058: 4037: 3990: 3985: 3984: 3976: 3969: 3961: 3957: 3949: 3945: 3937: 3933: 3925: 3918: 3910: 3906: 3898: 3894: 3886: 3879: 3871: 3867: 3859: 3855: 3847: 3838: 3830: 3826: 3818: 3814: 3806: 3802: 3794: 3790: 3782: 3778: 3770: 3766: 3758: 3754: 3746: 3742: 3734: 3730: 3722: 3718: 3710: 3706: 3698: 3691: 3683: 3679: 3671: 3667: 3659: 3655: 3647: 3643: 3635: 3631: 3623: 3619: 3611: 3607: 3599: 3595: 3587: 3583: 3575: 3571: 3563: 3559: 3551: 3547: 3539: 3532: 3524: 3520: 3512: 3508: 3500: 3496: 3488: 3473: 3465: 3461: 3453: 3449: 3441: 3437: 3429: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3400: 3396: 3388: 3379: 3371: 3367: 3359: 3355: 3347: 3343: 3335: 3331: 3323: 3308: 3300: 3293: 3285: 3281: 3273: 3269: 3261: 3257: 3249: 3245: 3237: 3233: 3225: 3221: 3213: 3209: 3201: 3197: 3189: 3185: 3177: 3173: 3165: 3161: 3153: 3146: 3138: 3129: 3121: 3117: 3109: 3105: 3097: 3093: 3085: 3064: 3056: 3052: 3044: 3037: 3029: 3025: 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Buchanan 158: 103: 60: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4756: 4746: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4711: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4693: 4692:External links 4690: 4689: 4688: 4674: 4658: 4657: 4651: 4627: 4626: 4616: 4615: 4605: 4604: 4584: 4583: 4563:10.1086/684096 4557:(3): 373–397. 4541: 4540: 4528: 4502: 4501: 4491: 4490: 4476: 4462: 4461: 4455: 4441: 4440: 4430: 4429: 4417:10.1086/348337 4411:(3): 256–268. 4399: 4398: 4376: 4375: 4345: 4344: 4338: 4324: 4323: 4311:10.1086/347978 4305:(1/2): 82–83. 4290: 4289: 4283: 4282: 4271: 4270: 4260: 4259: 4249: 4248: 4242: 4228: 4227: 4221: 4207: 4206: 4196: 4195: 4189: 4175: 4174: 4144: 4143: 4137: 4129:Britain Begins 4123: 4122: 4092: 4091: 4063: 4062: 4056: 4042: 4041: 4035: 4021: 4020: 3989: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3967: 3963:Jefferson 2013 3955: 3943: 3941:, p. 102. 3931: 3929:, p. 149. 3927:Considine 2017 3916: 3914:, p. 905. 3904: 3892: 3877: 3865: 3853: 3836: 3824: 3812: 3810:, p. 142. 3808:Considine 2017 3800: 3796:Considine 2017 3788: 3786:, p. 253. 3776: 3764: 3762:, p. 251. 3752: 3750:, p. 250. 3740: 3728: 3726:, p. 249. 3716: 3704: 3702:, p. 248. 3689: 3677: 3675:, p. 247. 3665: 3663:, p. 246. 3653: 3641: 3629: 3617: 3615:, p. 240. 3605: 3593: 3581: 3579:, p. xii. 3569: 3567:, p. 232. 3557: 3545: 3543:, p. 231. 3530: 3528:, p. 230. 3518: 3506: 3504:, p. 225. 3494: 3471: 3459: 3457:, p. 193. 3447: 3435: 3433:, p. 192. 3418: 3406: 3394: 3392:, p. 184. 3377: 3365: 3353: 3351:, p. 181. 3341: 3339:, p. 180. 3329: 3327:, p. 141. 3325:Considine 2017 3306: 3291: 3279: 3267: 3255: 3243: 3231: 3219: 3207: 3195: 3183: 3171: 3159: 3144: 3127: 3115: 3103: 3091: 3062: 3050: 3035: 3023: 3021:, p. 220. 3011: 2999: 2997:, p. 216. 2987: 2975: 2963: 2951: 2949:, p. 202. 2939: 2924: 2907: 2890: 2875: 2863: 2851: 2849:, p. 135. 2847:Considine 2017 2839: 2827: 2815: 2803: 2791: 2779: 2767: 2765:, p. 134. 2763:Considine 2017 2755: 2753:, p. 332. 2740: 2728: 2716: 2701: 2699:, p. 330. 2689: 2677: 2665: 2663:, p. 127. 2661:Considine 2017 2644: 2642:, p. 329. 2629: 2627:, p. 265. 2614: 2602: 2585: 2566: 2554: 2552:, p. 250. 2542: 2517: 2513:Considine 2017 2505: 2503:, p. 205. 2493: 2491:, p. 123. 2489:Considine 2017 2478: 2466: 2464:, p. 238. 2451: 2449:, p. 144. 2447:Considine 2017 2434: 2432:, p. 179. 2422: 2407: 2403:Considine 2017 2390: 2370: 2369: 2367: 2364: 2346: 2343: 2225: 2222: 2213: 2210: 2189: 2180: 2167: 2164: 2151: 2148: 2143: 2135: 2102: 2075: 2072: 2049: 2046: 2041: 2038: 2009: 2006: 1982: 1979: 1956: 1953: 1948: 1945: 1939: 1936: 1918: 1915: 1844: 1841: 1797: 1794: 1782:Supplement to 1779: 1776: 1771: 1768: 1738: 1735: 1700: 1697: 1685: 1682: 1677: 1674: 1650: 1647: 1642: 1639: 1635:Julian Maunoir 1631:Moses Williams 1626: 1623: 1609: 1606: 1554:such as Welsh 1210: 1207: 1189: 1182: 1176: 1173: 1163: 1160: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1134: 1131: 1123: 1122: 1116: 1110: 1100: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1067: 1066: 1063: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1051: 1050: 1047: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1035: 1034: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1022: 1021: 1018: 1014: 1013: 1010: 1006: 1005: 1002: 998: 997: 994: 990: 989: 986: 982: 981: 978: 974: 973: 970: 966: 965: 961: 960: 957: 953: 952: 949: 945: 944: 941: 937: 936: 933: 929: 928: 925: 921: 920: 917: 913: 912: 909: 905: 904: 901: 897: 896: 893: 889: 888: 885: 881: 880: 876: 875: 872: 868: 867: 864: 860: 859: 856: 852: 851: 848: 844: 843: 840: 836: 835: 834:Hay in Brecon 832: 828: 827: 824: 820: 819: 816: 812: 811: 808: 804: 803: 800: 796: 795: 794:Haverfordwest 792: 788: 787: 784: 780: 779: 776: 772: 771: 768: 764: 763: 762:Caldey Island 760: 756: 755: 752: 748: 747: 744: 740: 739: 735: 734: 731: 727: 726: 723: 719: 718: 715: 711: 710: 707: 703: 702: 699: 695: 694: 691: 687: 686: 683: 679: 678: 675: 671: 670: 667: 663: 662: 659: 655: 654: 651: 647: 646: 642: 641: 638: 620: 617: 595: 592: 536:Gwreans an Bys 520:Nicholas Boson 510: 507: 505:of Kil-Arni." 483:, arriving in 448: 445: 441:Robert Gunther 413: 410: 389: 386: 374: 371: 310:William Camden 255: 252: 248:Barry Cunliffe 157: 154: 116: 115: 112: 108: 107: 104: 101: 98: 97: 92: 88: 87: 84: 80: 79: 76: 72: 71: 66: 62: 61: 55:Title page of 54: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4755: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4720: 4718: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4671: 4667: 4666: 4660: 4659: 4654: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4635: 4629: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4606: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4592: 4586: 4585: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4543: 4542: 4531: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4504: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4492: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4477:3-89586-122-7 4473: 4469: 4464: 4463: 4458: 4456:9781850220664 4452: 4448: 4443: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4431: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4401: 4400: 4395: 4391: 4388:(1–2): 1–21. 4387: 4383: 4378: 4377: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4347: 4346: 4341: 4339:9781405166294 4335: 4331: 4326: 4325: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4297: 4292: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4279: 4273: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4250: 4245: 4243:9782503542508 4239: 4235: 4230: 4229: 4224: 4222:9781137306357 4218: 4214: 4209: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4197: 4192: 4190:9781891271144 4186: 4182: 4177: 4176: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4146: 4145: 4140: 4138:9780199609338 4134: 4130: 4125: 4124: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4094: 4093: 4087: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4065: 4064: 4059: 4057:9780198785019 4053: 4049: 4044: 4043: 4038: 4036:9780511413810 4032: 4028: 4023: 4022: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3992: 3991: 3979: 3978:Williams 1993 3974: 3972: 3965:, p. 67. 3964: 3959: 3953:, p. 29. 3952: 3951:Campbell 2008 3947: 3940: 3935: 3928: 3923: 3921: 3913: 3908: 3901: 3896: 3890:, p. 78. 3889: 3884: 3882: 3874: 3869: 3863:, p. 45. 3862: 3857: 3851:, p. 43. 3850: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3834:, p. 41. 3833: 3828: 3821: 3816: 3809: 3804: 3797: 3792: 3785: 3780: 3774:, p. 68. 3773: 3768: 3761: 3756: 3749: 3744: 3737: 3732: 3725: 3720: 3713: 3708: 3701: 3696: 3694: 3686: 3681: 3674: 3669: 3662: 3657: 3650: 3645: 3638: 3633: 3626: 3621: 3614: 3609: 3602: 3597: 3590: 3585: 3578: 3573: 3566: 3561: 3554: 3549: 3542: 3537: 3535: 3527: 3522: 3515: 3510: 3503: 3498: 3491: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3468: 3463: 3456: 3451: 3444: 3439: 3432: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3415: 3410: 3403: 3398: 3391: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3374: 3369: 3362: 3357: 3350: 3345: 3338: 3333: 3326: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3304:, p. 32. 3303: 3298: 3296: 3289:, p. 35. 3288: 3283: 3276: 3271: 3265:, p. 20. 3264: 3259: 3253:, p. 19. 3252: 3247: 3240: 3235: 3228: 3223: 3217:, p. 13. 3216: 3211: 3204: 3199: 3193:, p. 11. 3192: 3187: 3180: 3175: 3169:, p. 10. 3168: 3163: 3156: 3151: 3149: 3141: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3124: 3119: 3112: 3107: 3100: 3095: 3089:, p. 34. 3088: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3059: 3054: 3047: 3042: 3040: 3032: 3027: 3020: 3019:Nicolson 1724 3015: 3008: 3007:Nicolson 1724 3003: 2996: 2995:Nicolson 1724 2991: 2984: 2979: 2972: 2967: 2960: 2955: 2948: 2943: 2937:, p. 42. 2936: 2931: 2929: 2921: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2905:, p. 41. 2904: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2887: 2882: 2880: 2872: 2867: 2861:, p. 36. 2860: 2855: 2848: 2843: 2836: 2831: 2824: 2819: 2813:, p. 13. 2812: 2811:Williams 1993 2807: 2801:, p. 35. 2800: 2795: 2789:, p. 89. 2788: 2783: 2777:, p. 14. 2776: 2775:Williams 1993 2771: 2764: 2759: 2752: 2747: 2745: 2738:, p. 33. 2737: 2732: 2725: 2720: 2713: 2708: 2706: 2698: 2693: 2687:, p. 32. 2686: 2681: 2674: 2669: 2662: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2641: 2636: 2634: 2626: 2621: 2619: 2611: 2606: 2599: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2582: 2581:Sorensen 2016 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2564:, p. 18. 2563: 2562:Cunliffe 2013 2558: 2551: 2546: 2539: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2514: 2509: 2502: 2497: 2490: 2485: 2483: 2475: 2470: 2463: 2462:Cunliffe 2013 2458: 2456: 2448: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2431: 2426: 2419: 2418:Cunliffe 2009 2414: 2412: 2404: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2387: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2371: 2363: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2328:Thomas Tonkin 2324: 2323: 2317: 2312: 2310: 2309:William Jones 2306: 2302: 2298: 2293: 2292:William Poser 2289: 2288:Lyle Campbell 2284: 2280: 2277: 2273: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2251: 2250:George Hickes 2247: 2242: 2240: 2234: 2231: 2221: 2219: 2209: 2206: 2195: 2187: 2179: 2175: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2147: 2142: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2120: 2111: 2100: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2086: 2079: 2071: 2068: 2062: 2056: 2045: 2037: 2034: 2028: 2022: 2016: 2005: 2002: 1997: 1996:preterperfect 1992: 1989: 1978: 1975: 1971:'to do', and 1969: 1963: 1952: 1944: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1922: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1902: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1865: 1859: 1857: 1852: 1848: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1820: 1817: 1812: 1802: 1793: 1790: 1785: 1784:John Davies's 1775: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1754: 1751: 1745: 1734: 1731: 1725: 1719: 1713: 1710: 1704: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1681: 1673: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1646: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1622: 1614: 1605: 1602: 1596: 1590: 1583: 1580: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1558: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1543: 1540: 1534: 1528: 1522: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1492: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1480: 1477: 1471: 1465: 1459: 1453: 1446: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1433: 1430: 1424: 1417: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1385: 1382: 1381: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1357: 1354: 1348: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1333: 1330: 1329:Cabmlẏgadzhak 1324: 1318: 1315: 1314: 1310: 1307: 1301: 1296: 1290: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1277: 1274: 1269: 1263: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1250: 1247: 1240: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1215: 1205: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1188: 1181: 1172: 1170: 1159: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1130: 1128: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1064: 1061: 1060: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1031: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1003: 1000: 999: 995: 992: 991: 987: 984: 983: 979: 976: 975: 971: 968: 967: 962: 958: 955: 954: 950: 947: 946: 942: 939: 938: 934: 931: 930: 926: 923: 922: 918: 915: 914: 910: 907: 906: 902: 899: 898: 894: 891: 890: 886: 883: 882: 877: 873: 870: 869: 865: 862: 861: 857: 854: 853: 849: 846: 845: 841: 838: 837: 833: 831:September 19 830: 829: 825: 822: 821: 817: 814: 813: 809: 806: 805: 801: 798: 797: 793: 790: 789: 785: 782: 781: 777: 774: 773: 769: 766: 765: 761: 758: 757: 753: 750: 749: 745: 742: 741: 736: 732: 729: 728: 724: 721: 720: 716: 713: 712: 708: 706:September 25 705: 704: 701:Lhan Dyvodwg 700: 698:September 22 697: 696: 692: 689: 688: 684: 681: 680: 676: 673: 672: 668: 665: 664: 660: 657: 656: 652: 649: 648: 643: 639: 636: 635: 627: 616: 613: 607: 605: 601: 590: 585: 583: 579: 575: 571: 566: 564: 560: 556: 552: 551:Thomas Tonkin 549:According to 547: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 506: 504: 499: 497: 493: 488: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 444: 442: 437: 435: 430: 423: 418: 409: 407: 403: 399: 395: 385: 382: 380: 370: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 347: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 320: 315: 311: 307: 303: 294: 290: 288: 284: 280: 279: 275: 271: 260: 251: 249: 245: 240: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 216: 214: 211:, and shared 210: 206: 202: 198: 193: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 153: 151: 147: 141: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 122:Great Britain 113: 109: 105: 99: 96: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 70: 67: 63: 58: 52: 47: 41: 39: 35: 31: 27: 23: 22: 4664: 4633: 4624:. A. Rhames. 4621: 4610: 4590: 4554: 4550: 4533:, retrieved 4511: 4496: 4468:Late Cornish 4467: 4446: 4435: 4408: 4404: 4385: 4381: 4354: 4350: 4329: 4302: 4298: 4278:Glossography 4276: 4265: 4254: 4233: 4212: 4201: 4180: 4153: 4149: 4128: 4101: 4097: 4076: 4072: 4047: 4026: 3999: 3995: 3958: 3946: 3934: 3907: 3895: 3868: 3861:Gunther 1945 3856: 3849:Gunther 1945 3827: 3815: 3803: 3791: 3779: 3767: 3755: 3743: 3731: 3719: 3707: 3680: 3668: 3656: 3644: 3632: 3620: 3608: 3596: 3584: 3577:De Brún 2010 3572: 3560: 3548: 3521: 3509: 3497: 3462: 3450: 3438: 3409: 3397: 3368: 3356: 3344: 3332: 3282: 3270: 3258: 3246: 3234: 3222: 3210: 3198: 3186: 3174: 3162: 3157:, p. 9. 3142:, p. 8. 3125:, p. 7. 3118: 3113:, p. 4. 3106: 3101:, p. 3. 3094: 3060:, p. 0. 3053: 3026: 3014: 3002: 2990: 2978: 2966: 2954: 2942: 2935:Gunther 1945 2920:Roberts 1999 2903:Gunther 1945 2886:Gunther 1945 2866: 2859:Gunther 1945 2854: 2842: 2835:Le Bris 2009 2830: 2818: 2806: 2799:Gunther 1945 2794: 2782: 2770: 2758: 2751:Gunther 1945 2736:Gunther 1945 2731: 2719: 2697:Gunther 1945 2692: 2685:Gunther 1945 2680: 2673:Gunther 1945 2668: 2640:Gunther 1945 2625:Gunther 1945 2610:Montagu 1947 2605: 2598:Schneer 1954 2557: 2545: 2538:Edwards 2007 2508: 2501:Chapman 1992 2496: 2474:Chapman 1992 2469: 2425: 2386:Roberts 2006 2351:Glossography 2350: 2348: 2315: 2313: 2282: 2281: 2276:Glossography 2275: 2274: 2270:Glossography 2269: 2256: 2254: 2246:Glossography 2245: 2243: 2239:Glossography 2238: 2235: 2230:Glossography 2229: 2227: 2215: 2191: 2183: 2169: 2153: 2145: 2138: 2132: 2123: 2103: 2080: 2077: 2051: 2043: 2011: 1993: 1984: 1958: 1950: 1941: 1933: 1930: 1923: 1920: 1912: 1897: 1892: 1888: 1860: 1853: 1849: 1846: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1821: 1807: 1781: 1773: 1765: 1755: 1740: 1727:'with', and 1714: 1705: 1702: 1694: 1687: 1679: 1670: 1667: 1652: 1644: 1628: 1619: 1584: 1552: 1549: 1545: 1544: 1509: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1481: 1467:; and Welsh 1448: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1434: 1419: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1405: 1386: 1383: 1379: 1378: 1359: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1334: 1319: 1316: 1312: 1311: 1292: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1278: 1265: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1251: 1242: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1202: 1198: 1195: 1191: 1184: 1178: 1165: 1156: 1142:movable type 1138:Glossography 1137: 1136: 1127:Glossography 1126: 1124: 1118: 1112: 1102: 1096: 1089: 1085: 1083: 1025:November 29 972:Londonderry 956:December 15 919:Tal y Cavan 871:December 23 863:November 28 855:November 22 751:February 19 730:December 20 722:November 20 685:St. Nicolas 612:Brest Castle 608: 597: 587: 581: 567: 548: 524:John Keigwin 512: 500: 489: 459:and visited 450: 438: 431: 427: 391: 383: 376: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 348: 323: 318: 313: 299: 277: 273: 272:, and Latin 269: 265: 241: 236: 217: 200: 194: 162:Glossography 161: 159: 149: 146:Glossography 145: 142: 138:Glossography 137: 133: 130:Glossography 129: 119: 69:Edward Lhuyd 56: 38:Edward Lhuyd 29: 20: 19: 18: 4723:Linguistics 4535:25 December 4236:. Brepols. 4156:: 165–196. 3873:Bivens 1982 3820:Ó Cuív 1977 3772:Wmffre 1999 2305:Rasmus Rask 2301:Jacob Grimm 2297:Grimm's law 2261:David Quinn 2137:Title VII: 1891:in English 1763:'two men'. 1709:ar fura oll 1690:auxiliaries 1582:, 'slave'. 1461:and Breton 1401:consonantal 1340:Syunopsis: 1289:transpos'd. 1133:Publication 1038:January 14 1017:November 3 1009:October 15 969:February 1 892:January 18 866:Llanfyllin 847:October 26 839:October 18 778:Scochburgh 725:Carmarthen 714:October 20 544:Chûn Castle 379:David Parry 319:magnum opus 36:written by 4717:Categories 4449:. Truran. 3988:References 3939:Price 2017 3900:Evans 2009 3784:Lhuyd 1707 3760:Lhuyd 1707 3748:Lhuyd 1707 3736:Lhuyd 1707 3724:Lhuyd 1707 3712:Lhuyd 1707 3700:Lhuyd 1707 3685:Lhuyd 1707 3673:Lhuyd 1707 3661:Lhuyd 1707 3649:Lhuyd 1707 3637:Lhuyd 1707 3625:Lhuyd 1707 3613:Lhuyd 1707 3601:Lhuyd 1707 3589:Lhuyd 1707 3565:Lhuyd 1707 3553:Lhuyd 1707 3541:Lhuyd 1707 3526:Lhuyd 1707 3514:Lhuyd 1707 3502:Lhuyd 1707 3490:Pryce 1790 3467:Lhuyd 1707 3455:Lhuyd 1707 3443:Lhuyd 1707 3431:Lhuyd 1707 3414:Lhuyd 1707 3402:Lhuyd 1707 3390:Lhuyd 1707 3373:Lhuyd 1707 3361:Lhuyd 1707 3349:Lhuyd 1707 3337:Lhuyd 1707 3302:Lhuyd 1707 3287:Lhuyd 1707 3275:Lhuyd 1707 3263:Lhuyd 1707 3251:Lhuyd 1707 3239:Lhuyd 1707 3227:Lhuyd 1707 3215:Lhuyd 1707 3203:Lhuyd 1707 3191:Lhuyd 1707 3179:Lhuyd 1707 3167:Lhuyd 1707 3155:Lhuyd 1707 3140:Lhuyd 1707 3123:Lhuyd 1707 3111:Lhuyd 1707 3099:Lhuyd 1707 3087:Lhuyd 1707 3058:Lhuyd 1707 3046:Lhuyd 1707 3031:Lhuyd 1707 2983:Lhuyd 1707 2971:Lhuyd 1707 2959:Lhuyd 1707 2871:Lhuyd 1695 2724:Lhuyd 1706 2712:Quinn 1946 2341:efforts." 1991:prefixed. 1864:inter alia 1663:declension 1576:and Latin 1505:accidental 1487:Synopsis: 1440:Synopsis: 1436:Class VIII 1416:Compounds. 1411:Synopsis: 1309:'to buy'. 1303:, Cornish 1295:metathesis 1284:Synopsis: 1257:Synopsis: 1234:Synopsis: 1186:At y Kymry 1113:Volume III 1004:Lambrigan 1001:August 27 993:August 25 943:Beaumaris 911:Gogerdhan 903:Dolgelheu 895:Dolgelheu 887:Gwersyllt 884:January 2 874:Dolgelheu 858:Gwersyllt 810:Llan Bedr 743:January 4 733:Llandeilo 709:Cowbridge 693:Cowbridge 690:August 10 600:Saint-Malo 254:Background 213:morphology 190:correspond 168:, such as 4684:619593230 4634:The Celts 4600:799673058 4579:162482162 4571:0026-8232 4486:249114049 4425:144341551 4371:163743126 4268:. Oxford. 4170:161645828 4118:192963510 4104:: 55–64. 4016:161978860 3832:Yale 2016 2947:Yale 2016 2823:Kent 2006 2550:Yale 2016 2360:Sotheby's 2314:Lhuyd in 2224:Reception 2182:Title X: 1750:Glao a ra 1601:dealan de 1595:tikki deu 1589:gloin dẏu 1501:idiomatal 1497:classical 1407:Class VII 1389:apheresis 1323:lhẏgatcam 1280:Class III 1239:requir'd. 1119:Volume IV 1103:Volume II 1070:March 10 1054:February 1041:St. Malo 1028:Falmouth 1020:Plymouth 1012:St. Ives 996:Penzance 977:March 12 940:August 1 908:April 18 826:Hereford 823:August 3 818:Cardigan 802:Narberth 786:Pembroke 759:March 26 661:Chepstow 640:Location 619:Itinerary 574:Alan Kent 570:Mousehole 532:Ordinalia 487:in July. 485:Killarney 477:Connaught 461:Newgrange 434:Cowbridge 398:Snowdonia 351:Britannia 314:Brittania 225:Brittonic 205:etymology 174:loanwords 91:Publisher 4002:: 1–13. 2345:Epilogue 2336:Jenner's 1965:'to be' 1760:daou den 1744:Me a gar 1721:'from', 1655:definite 1579:captivus 1560:, Latin 1516:lenition 1483:Class IX 1380:Class VI 1370:palatals 1313:Class IV 1253:Class II 1148:Contents 1097:Volume I 1049:Morlaix 1046:January 924:June 26 900:April 4 842:Newtown 807:June 28 799:June 19 767:April 2 717:Swansea 682:July 22 674:July 18 666:June 15 604:Brittany 563:Falmouth 559:Penzance 516:St. Just 469:Scotland 463:and the 340:Scotland 336:Brittany 332:Cornwall 283:Scaliger 221:Goidelic 209:cognates 186:suffixes 182:prefixes 75:Language 4738:Grammar 2339:revival 2194:lemmata 2160:glossed 2156:lemmata 1546:Class X 1539:cathair 1397:apocope 1393:syncope 1374:liquids 1366:labials 1336:Class V 1230:Class I 1175:Preface 1073:Oxford 951:Dublin 948:August 935:Conway 916:May 25 815:July 6 791:May 21 783:May 20 658:May 13 490:In the 481:Munster 406:Hengwrt 344:Ireland 304:at the 156:Summary 126:Ireland 83:Subject 4682: 4672: 4649: 4598: 4577: 4569: 4526: 4484: 4474: 4453: 4423: 4369: 4336: 4319:226171 4317: 4240: 4219: 4187: 4168: 4135: 4116: 4054: 4033: 4014: 2218:errata 2096:englyn 2091:druids 2085:englyn 2033:en fîr 1893:church 1533:pedụar 1429:dẏvrᵹi 1423:ki dûr 1395:, and 1362:vowels 1169:Mansel 1086:Design 1065:Poole 1062:March 1057:Brest 988:Wales 985:April 980:Sligo 927:Flint 775:May 1 746:Tenby 623:": --> 580:play, 534:, and 530:, the 503:Tories 479:, and 473:Ulster 457:Antrim 453:Dublin 402:Bangor 363:Design 342:, and 274:Celtae 270:Keltoi 268:Greek 237:Celtic 65:Author 24:(from 4575:S2CID 4421:S2CID 4367:S2CID 4315:JSTOR 4166:S2CID 4114:S2CID 4012:S2CID 2366:Notes 1974:menni 1573:kaeth 1563:terra 1527:i ben 1464:ery𝛘 1306:perna 1300:prẏny 1273:Ankar 1033:1701 964:1700 932:June 879:1699 738:1698 645:1697 637:Date 328:Wales 278:Galli 111:Pages 26:Latin 4680:OCLC 4670:ISBN 4647:ISBN 4596:OCLC 4567:ISSN 4537:2021 4524:ISBN 4482:OCLC 4472:ISBN 4451:ISBN 4405:Isis 4334:ISBN 4299:Isis 4238:ISBN 4217:ISBN 4185:ISBN 4133:ISBN 4073:WORD 4052:ISBN 4031:ISBN 2334:and 2330:and 2303:and 2290:and 2055:gor- 1907:dêan 1724:gant 1657:and 1476:ainm 1452:eira 1350:for 1347:aeam 1246:dụrn 669:Usk 650:May 625:edit 542:and 522:and 404:and 276:and 244:Gaul 231:and 223:and 124:and 106:1707 4639:doi 4559:doi 4555:113 4516:doi 4413:doi 4390:doi 4359:doi 4307:doi 4158:doi 4106:doi 4081:doi 4004:doi 2202:'s 2067:di- 2061:om- 2027:fîr 2018:or 2001:-yz 1968:ᵹîl 1962:bɐz 1901:dên 1730:hep 1557:tîr 1521:pen 1470:enu 1432:⟩. 1353:eam 576:'s 312:'s 184:or 114:436 4719:: 4678:. 4645:. 4594:. 4573:. 4565:. 4553:. 4549:. 4522:, 4480:. 4419:. 4409:45 4407:. 4386:26 4384:. 4365:. 4353:. 4313:. 4303:37 4301:. 4164:. 4154:87 4152:. 4112:. 4102:75 4100:. 4077:28 4075:. 4071:. 4010:. 3998:. 3970:^ 3919:^ 3880:^ 3839:^ 3692:^ 3533:^ 3474:^ 3421:^ 3380:^ 3309:^ 3294:^ 3147:^ 3130:^ 3065:^ 3038:^ 2927:^ 2910:^ 2893:^ 2878:^ 2743:^ 2704:^ 2647:^ 2632:^ 2617:^ 2588:^ 2569:^ 2520:^ 2481:^ 2454:^ 2437:^ 2410:^ 2393:^ 2374:^ 2311:. 2220:. 2158:, 2021:yn 2015:en 1889:ch 1873:gh 1869:𝛘 1858:. 1792:. 1637:. 1604:. 1479:. 1458:er 1391:, 1376:. 1107:ye 602:, 584:: 565:. 546:. 475:, 346:. 338:, 334:, 330:, 322:, 176:, 152:. 40:. 28:: 4686:. 4655:. 4641:: 4602:. 4581:. 4561:: 4518:: 4488:. 4459:. 4427:. 4415:: 4396:. 4392:: 4373:. 4361:: 4355:5 4342:. 4321:. 4309:: 4246:. 4225:. 4193:. 4172:. 4160:: 4141:. 4120:. 4108:: 4089:. 4083:: 4060:. 4039:. 4018:. 4006:: 4000:4 3875:. 3822:. 3492:. 2922:. 2873:. 2837:. 2825:. 2726:. 2714:. 2612:. 2600:. 2583:. 2540:. 2420:. 2388:. 1988:a 1885:s 1881:d 1877:h 1837:n 1833:d 1829:m 1825:b 1718:a 629:]

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