Asperger syndrome - Knowledge

1754: 1664:(1891–1981), leading some of those diagnosed with Asperger syndrome to instead refer to their condition as 'Sukhareva's Syndrome', in opposition to Hans Asperger's association with Nazism. As a child, Asperger appears to have exhibited some features of the very condition named after him, such as remoteness and talent in language. In 1944, Asperger described four children in his practice who had difficulty in integrating themselves socially and showing empathy towards peers. They also lacked nonverbal communication skills and were physically clumsy. Asperger described this "autistic psychopathy" as 487: 1501:. Although social impairment may be lifelong, the outcome is generally more positive than with individuals with lower-functioning autism spectrum disorders; for example, ASD symptoms are more likely to diminish with time in children with AS or HFA. Most students with AS and HFA have average mathematical ability and test slightly worse in mathematics than in general intelligence. However, mathematicians are at least three times more likely to have autism-spectrum traits than the general population, and are more likely to have family members with autism. 98: 911: 970: 45: 1822:

that "higher functioning" individuals with autism may "not benefited with such a psychiatric defect-based diagnosis ... some of them are being harmed by it, because of the disrespect the diagnosis displays for their natural way of being", but "think that it is still reasonable to include other categories of autism in the psychiatric diagnostics. The narrow conception of the neurodiversity claim should be accepted but the broader claim should not."

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not recognizing the listener's feelings or reactions, such as a wish to change the topic of talk or end the interaction. This social awkwardness has been called "active but odd". Such failures to react appropriately to social interaction may appear as disregard for other people's feelings and may come across as rude or insensitive. However, not all individuals with Asperger syndrome will approach others. Some may even display

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interaction into rigid behavioral guidelines and apply these rules in awkward ways, such as forced eye contact, resulting in a demeanor that appears rigid or socially naïve. A history of failed attempts to establish reciprocal social relationships can cause autistic individuals to isolate themselves and cease attempts to engage; however, autistic people overwhelmingly report a desire for social contact and friendship.

773:. Children with ASD often demonstrate enhanced perception of small changes in patterns such as arrangements of objects or well-known images; typically this is domain-specific and involves processing of fine-grained features. Conversely, compared with individuals with high-functioning autism, individuals with AS have deficits in some tasks involving visual-spatial perception, auditory perception, or 1350:

reported fewer behavioral problems, while parents receiving the individual lessons reported less intense behavioral problems in their AS children. Vocational training may be important to teach job interview etiquette and workplace behavior to older children and adults with AS, and organization software and personal data assistants can improve the work and life management of people with AS.

498:, Asperger syndrome is distinguished by a pattern of symptoms rather than a single symptom. It is characterized by qualitative impairment in social interaction, by stereotyped and restricted patterns of behavior, activities, and interests, and by no clinically significant delay in cognitive development or general delay in language. Intense preoccupation with a narrow subject, one-sided 408:, while co-occurring conditions might require treatment, "management of autism itself is chiefly about the provision of the education, training, and social support/care required to improve the person's ability to function in the everyday world". The effectiveness of particular interventions for autism is supported by only limited data. Interventions may include social skills training, 598:

or excluded by peers, and might as a result be guarded around people, which could appear as lack of empathy. People with Asperger profiles can still be caring individuals; indeed, it is particularly common for those with the profile to feel and exhibit deep concern for individual rights, human welfare, animal rights, environmental protection, and other global and humanitarian causes.

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might be around 0.26 per 1,000. Part of the variance in estimates arises from differences in diagnostic criteria. For example, a relatively small 2007 study of 5,484 eight-year-old children in Finland found 2.9 children per 1,000 met the ICD-10 criteria for an AS diagnosis, 2.7 per 1,000 for Gillberg and Gillberg criteria, 2.5 for DSM-IV, 1.6 for Szatmari

753:. Although individuals with AS usually understand the cognitive basis of humor, they seem to lack understanding of the intent of humor to share the enjoyment with others. Despite strong evidence of impaired humor appreciation, anecdotal reports of humor in individuals with AS seem to challenge some psychological theories of AS and autism. 1676:

the organism of the social community. They fulfill their role well, perhaps better than anyone else could, and we are talking of people who as children had the greatest difficulties and caused untold worries to their care-givers." Asperger also believed some would be capable of exceptional achievement and original thought later in life.

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or organization, and disturbances in social and romantic relationships. Despite high cognitive potential, most young adults with AS remain at home, yet some do marry and work independently. The "different-ness" adolescents experience can be traumatic. Anxiety may stem from preoccupation over possible

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In the case of CBT and talking therapies, the effectiveness varies, with many reporting that they appeared 'too self-aware' to gain significant benefit, as the therapy was designed with neurotypical people in mind. In autistic children, specifically, they also report that it is only mildly beneficial

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is felt and expressed. Some people feel deep empathy, but do not outwardly communicate these sentiments through facial expressions or language. Some people come to empathy through intellectual processes, using logic and reasoning to arrive at the feelings. People with Asperger profiles may be bullied

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and communication that pervade the individual's functioning, and by restricted and repetitive interests and behavior. Like other neurodevelopmental conditions, ASD begins in infancy or childhood, has a steady course without remission or relapse, and has impairments that result from maturation-related

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for comments, or fails to suppress internal thoughts. Individuals with AS may fail to detect whether the listener is interested or engaged in the conversation. The speaker's conclusion or point may never be made, and attempts by the listener to elaborate on the speech's content or logic, or to shift

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In 2015, Asperger syndrome was estimated to affect 37.2 million people globally, or about 0.5% of the population. The exact percentage of people affected has still not been firmly established. Autism spectrum disorder is diagnosed in males more often than females, and females are typically diagnosed

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A substantial proportion of autistic adolescents and adults are LGBTQIA+. Autistic people are more likely to be transgender or gender nonconforming compared with non-autistic people, and findings from a recent autism registry study suggest that among autistic people able to self-report on a survey,

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By contrast, Pier Jaarsma and Welin wrote in 2011 that the "broad version of the neurodiversity claim, covering low-functioning as well as high-functioning autism, is problematic. Only a narrow conception of neurodiversity, referring exclusively to high-functioning autists, is reasonable." They say

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wrote of those with AS: "In the social world, there is no great benefit to a precise eye for detail, but in the worlds of maths, computing, cataloging, music, linguistics, engineering, and science, such an eye for detail can lead to success rather than failure." Baron-Cohen cited two reasons why it

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Education of families is critical in developing strategies for understanding strengths and weaknesses; helping the family to cope improves outcomes in children. Prognosis may be improved by diagnosis at a younger age that allows for early interventions, while interventions in adulthood are valuable

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are largely ignored. Despite the popularity of social skills training, its effectiveness is not firmly established. A randomized controlled study of a model for training parents in problem behaviors in their children with AS showed that parents attending a one-day workshop or six individual lessons

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Hans Asperger described common traits among his patients' family members, especially fathers, and research supports this observation and suggests a genetic contribution to Asperger syndrome. Although no specific genetic factor has yet been identified, multiple factors are believed to play a role in

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Unlike today's AS, autistic psychopathy could be found in people of all levels of intelligence, including those with intellectual disability. Asperger defended the value of so-called "high-functioning" autistic individuals, writing: "We are convinced, then, that autistic people have their place in

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There is some evidence that children with AS may see a lessening of symptoms; up to 20% of children may no longer meet the diagnostic criteria as adults, although social and communication difficulties may persist. As of 2006, no studies addressing the long-term outcome of individuals with Asperger

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conditions. Deficits in self-identifying emotions or in observing effects of one's behavior on others can make it difficult for individuals with AS to see why medication may be appropriate. Medication can be effective in combination with behavioral interventions and environmental accommodations in

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Managing ASD may involve multiple therapies that address core symptoms of the disorder. While many professionals agree that the earlier the professional support the better, there is no combination that is recommended above others. Professional support for ASD varies depending on the individual; it

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and assessment can delay diagnosis. Conversely, the increasing popularity of drug treatment options and the expansion of benefits has motivated providers to overdiagnose ASD. There are indications AS has been diagnosed more frequently in recent years, partly as a residual diagnosis for children of

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People with Asperger syndrome may not be as withdrawn around others, compared with those with other forms of autism; they approach others, even if awkwardly. For example, a person with Asperger syndrome may engage in a one-sided, long-winded speech about a favorite topic, while misunderstanding or

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of children found autism rates ranging from 0.03 to 4.84 per 1,000, with the ratio of autism to Asperger syndrome ranging from 1.5:1 to 16:1; combining the geometric mean ratio of 5:1 with a conservative prevalence estimate for autism of 1.3 per 1,000 suggests indirectly that the prevalence of AS

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Treatment attempts to manage distressing symptoms and to teach age-appropriate social, communication, and vocational skills that are not naturally acquired during development. Intervention is tailored to the needs of the individual based on multidisciplinary assessment. Although progress has been

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The pursuit of specific and narrow areas of interest is one of the most striking among possible features of AS. Individuals with AS may collect volumes of detailed information on a relatively narrow topic such as weather data or star names without necessarily having a genuine understanding of the

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affects aspects of social relatability for persons with Asperger syndrome. Individuals with Asperger syndrome experience difficulties in basic elements of social interaction, which may include a failure to develop friendships or to seek shared enjoyments or achievements with others (e.g., showing

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Suicidal thoughts and behaviors are a serious concern within the autistic population. One study found that adults with Asperger syndrome exhibited suicidal thoughts at 9 times the rate of the general population. Of autistic study participants, 66% had experienced suicidal ideation, while 35% had

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Hundreds of books, articles, and websites now describe AS and prevalence estimates have increased dramatically for ASD, with AS recognized as an important subgroup. Whether it should be seen as distinct from high-functioning autism is a fundamental issue requiring further study, and there are

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Diagnosis is most commonly made between the ages of four and eleven. A comprehensive assessment involves a multidisciplinary team that observes across multiple settings, and includes neurological and genetic assessment as well as tests for cognition, psychomotor function, verbal and nonverbal

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in a laboratory context, where they may be able to show a theoretical understanding of other people's emotions; however, they typically have difficulty acting on this knowledge in fluid, real-life situations. People with Asperger syndrome may analyze and distill their observations of social

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Filipek PA, Accardo PJ, Baranek GT, Cook EH, Dawson G, Gordon B, Gravel JS, Johnson CP, Kallen RJ, Levy SE, Minshew NJ, Ozonoff S, Prizant BM, Rapin I, Rogers SJ, Stone WL, Teplin S, Tuchman RF, Volkmar FR (December 1999). "The screening and diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorders".

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Sarah Cassidy, Paul Bradley, Janine Robinson, Carrie Allison, Meghan McHugh, Simon Baron-Cohen. Suicidal ideation and suicide plans or attempts in adults with Asperger's syndrome attending a specialist diagnostic clinic: a clinical cohort study. The Lancet Psychiatry, 2014; DOI:

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It is vital to remember that research of AS specifically operates upon the out-dated classification of this syndrome as external to ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder). Similarly, we should also note that ASD is a spectrum and support varies dramatically depending on the individual.

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might still be useful to consider AS to be a disability: to ensure provision for legally required special support, and to recognize emotional difficulties from reduced empathy. Baron-Cohen argues that the genes for ASD's combination of abilities have operated throughout recent

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may change from time to time, they typically become more unusual and narrowly focused and often dominate social interaction so much that the entire family may become immersed. Because narrow topics often capture the interest of children, this symptom may go unrecognized.

448:) is unclear. The ASD classification is to some extent an artifact of how autism was discovered, and it may not reflect the true nature of the spectrum; methodological problems have beset Asperger syndrome as a valid diagnosis from the outset. In the fifth edition of the 891:

have been hypothesized to act after birth, but none has been confirmed by scientific investigation. These environmental elements can act as independent and significant risk factors, or they can potentially influence pre-existing genetic factors in people who have a

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and perceptual skills and experiences. They may be unusually sensitive or insensitive to sound, light, and other stimuli; these sensory responses are found in other developmental disorders and are not specific to AS or to ASD. There is little support for increased

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that individuals with Asperger syndrome are predisposed to violent or criminal behavior has been investigated but is not supported by data. More evidence suggests that children diagnosed with Asperger syndrome are more likely to be victims, rather than offenders.

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Care must be taken with medications, as side effects may be more common and harder to evaluate in individuals with AS, and tests of drugs' effectiveness against comorbid conditions routinely exclude individuals from the autism spectrum. Abnormalities in

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Standard diagnostic criteria require impairment in social interaction and repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, activities, and interests, without significant delay in language or cognitive development. Unlike the international standard, the

454:(DSM-5), published in May 2013, Asperger syndrome, as a separate diagnosis, was eliminated and folded into autism spectrum disorder. Like the diagnosis of Asperger syndrome, the change was controversial. Subsequently, it was also not included in the 1360:

by introducing healthy fecal microbiota acquired from people with a diverse microbial composition. This approach attempts to reconstruct the patient's gut microbiota by taking into account the intricate interactions between the human gut and the

8999:– an online version of the Adult Asperger's Assessment developed by Cohen, S. et al. (2005) (see Woodbury-Smith MR, "Screening adults for Asperger Syndrome using the AQ: a preliminary study of its diagnostic validity in clinical practice", in 924:

Although the specific underpinnings of AS or factors that distinguish it from other ASDs are unknown, and no clear pathology common to individuals with AS has emerged, it is still possible that AS's mechanism is separate from other ASDs.

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Individuals with Asperger syndrome may have signs or symptoms that are independent of the diagnosis but can affect the individual or the family. These include differences in perception and problems with motor skills, sleep, and emotions.

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movements. There is a contrast between the attitude of people with AS, who typically do not want to be cured and are proud of their identity; and parents of children with AS, who typically seek assistance and a cure for their children.

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have been shown to reduce the associated symptoms of AS; risperidone can reduce repetitive and self-injurious behaviors, aggressive outbursts, and impulsivity, and improve stereotypical patterns of behavior and social relatedness. The

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may affect the final structure and connectivity of the brain, resulting in altered neural circuits controlling thought and behavior. Several theories of mechanism are available; none are likely to provide a complete explanation.

797:, such as riding a bicycle or opening a jar, and may seem to move awkwardly or feel "uncomfortable in their own skin". They may be poorly coordinated or have an odd or bouncy gait or posture, poor handwriting, or problems with 1447:

have been raised as concerns with antipsychotic medications, along with serious long-term neurological side effects. SSRIs can lead to manifestations of behavioral activation such as increased impulsivity, aggression, and

1098:(ADHD). Diagnosing adults is more challenging, as standard diagnostic criteria are designed for children and the expression of AS changes with age. Adult diagnosis requires painstaking clinical examination and thorough 9055: 9680: 952:, which hypothesizes that a limited ability to see the big picture underlies the central disturbance in ASD. A related theory—enhanced perceptual functioning—focuses more on the superiority of locally oriented and 1067:(ADOS), a conversation and play-based interview with the child. Delayed or mistaken diagnosis can be traumatic for individuals and families; for example, misdiagnosis can lead to medications that worsen behavior. 9109: 9094: 9079: 4861:

Hill EL, Berthoz S (November 2006). "Response to "Letter to the Editor: The overlap between alexithymia and Asperger's syndrome", Fitzgerald and Bellgrove, Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(4)".

1472:, which has also been linked with diabetes. Sedative side-effects in school-age children have ramifications for classroom learning. Individuals with AS may be unable to identify and communicate their internal 613:

People with Asperger syndrome can display behavior, interests, and activities that are restricted and repetitive and are sometimes abnormally intense or focused. They may stick to inflexible routines, move in

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is that AS tends to run in families where more family members have limited behavioral symptoms similar to AS (for example, some problems with social interaction, or with language and reading skills). Most

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Siu AL, Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, Baumann LC, Davidson KW, Ebell M, García FA, Gillman M, Herzstein J, Kemper AR, Krist AH, Kurth AE, Owens DK, Phillips WR, Phipps MG, Pignone MP (February 2016).

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and intonation may be less rigid or monotonic than in classic autism, people with AS often have a limited range of intonation: speech may be unusually fast, jerky, or loud. Speech may convey a sense of

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of the AS diagnosis. That is, it is unclear whether there is a practical benefit in distinguishing AS from HFA or PDD-NOS; different screening tools may render different diagnoses for the same person.

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Mattila ML, Kielinen M, Jussila K, Linna SL, Bloigu R, Ebeling H, Moilanen I (May 2007). "An epidemiological and diagnostic study of Asperger syndrome according to four sets of diagnostic criteria".

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but less beneficial. There are legal implications for individuals with AS as they run the risk of exploitation by others and may be unable to comprehend the societal implications of their actions.

2137:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 424:, and medications for associated problems, such as mood or anxiety. Autistic characteristics tend to become less obvious in adulthood, but social and communication difficulties usually persist. 1011:

and lead to Asperger syndrome's core feature of social impairment. One study found that activation is delayed in the core circuit for imitation in individuals with AS. This theory maps well to

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Many of those diagnosed with ASD or similar disorders advocate against behavioral therapies, like Applied behavior analysis (ABA) and Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), often as part of the

5612: 832:, which is difficulty in identifying and describing one's emotions. Although AS, lower sleep quality, and alexithymia are associated with each other, their causal relationship is unclear. 7142:

Matson JL (2007). "Determining treatment outcome in early intervention programs for autism spectrum disorders: a critical analysis of measurement issues in learning based interventions".

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and use is often atypical. Abnormalities include verbosity; abrupt transitions; literal interpretations and miscomprehension of nuance; use of metaphor meaningful only to the speaker;

638:. They include hand movements such as flapping or twisting, and complex whole-body movements. These are typically repeated in longer bursts and look more voluntary or ritualistic than 8877: 1533:

requiring treatment may develop. Clinical experience suggests the rate of suicide may be higher among those with AS, but this has not been confirmed by systematic empirical studies.

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relating to anxiety or explosive emotions and to help reduce obsessive interests (although this may produce negative impact by demonising special interests) and repetitive routines;

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Parents of children with Asperger syndrome can typically trace differences in their children's development to as early as 30 months of age. Developmental screening during a routine

984:. The reason given is: There have been almost 4 decades since some of the material cited here was published, and current consensus in ASD is less straightforward than depicted here. 642:, which are usually faster, less rhythmical, and less often symmetrical. Stimming may have a connection with tics, and studies have reported a consistent comorbidity between AS and 622:

broader topic. For example, a child might memorize camera model numbers while caring little about photography. This behavior is usually apparent by age five or six. Although these

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in 1976, and popularized it to the English-speaking medical community in her February 1981 publication of case studies of children showing the symptoms described by Asperger, and

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No medications directly treat the core symptoms of AS. Although research into the efficacy of pharmaceutical intervention for AS is limited, it is essential to diagnose and treat

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in the range of 8–20%, with one figure as high as 80% for tics of some kind or another, for which several explanations have been put forward, including common genetic factors and

1618:(which is characterised by severe social seclusion and emotional detachment), more than any other personality disorder in the sample. However many of these studies are based on 8505: 733:

Children with AS may have a sophisticated vocabulary at a young age and such children have often been colloquially called "little professors" but have difficulty understanding

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Tani P, Lindberg N, Joukamaa M, Nieminen-von Wendt T, von Wendt L, Appelberg B, Rimón R, Porkka-Heiskanen T (2004). "Asperger syndrome, alexithymia and perception of sleep".

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According to the Adult Asperger Assessment (AAA) diagnostic test, a lack of interest in fiction and a positive preference towards non-fiction is common among adults with AS.

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Sofronoff K, Leslie A, Brown W (September 2004). "Parent management training and Asperger syndrome: a randomized controlled trial to evaluate a parent based intervention".

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Rao PA, Beidel DC, Murray MJ (February 2008). "Social skills interventions for children with Asperger's syndrome or high-functioning autism: a review and recommendations".

6326: 2652: 1660:(1906–1980), Asperger syndrome is a relatively new diagnosis in the field of autism, though a syndrome like it was described as early as 1925 by Soviet child psychiatrist 8713:

Clarke J, van Amerom G (2007). "'Surplus suffering': differences between organizational understandings of Asperger's syndrome and those people who claim the 'disorder'".

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Mottron L, Dawson M, Soulières I, Hubert B, Burack J (January 2006). "Enhanced perceptual functioning in autism: an update, and eight principles of autistic perception".

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Hans Asperger's initial accounts and other diagnostic schemes include descriptions of physical clumsiness. Children with AS may be delayed in acquiring skills requiring

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rather than diseases that must be cured. Proponents of this view reject the notion that there is an "ideal" brain configuration and that any deviation from the norm is

8330:"A retrospective analysis of the clinical case records of 'autistic psychopaths' diagnosed by Hans Asperger and his team at the University Children's Hospital, Vienna" 6488: 1590:, but these have been case reports or small studies and no factors have been associated with AS across studies. One study of males with AS found an increased rate of 1044:

eliminated AS as a separate diagnosis in 2013, and folded it into the umbrella of autism spectrum disorders. Other sets of diagnostic criteria have been proposed by

404:(NHS) guidelines suggest that "treatment" of any form of autism should not be a goal, since autism is not "a disease that can be removed or cured". According to the 887:. Although this does not exclude the possibility that ASD can be initiated or affected later, it is strong evidence that ASD arises very early in development. Many 11628: 10336: 9346: 6985:

Krasny L, Williams BJ, Provencal S, Ozonoff S (January 2003). "Social skills interventions for the autism spectrum: essential ingredients and a model curriculum".

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may manifest as inattention, withdrawal, reliance on obsessions, hyperactivity, or aggressive or oppositional behavior. Depression is often the result of chronic

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Different screening instruments are used to diagnose AS, including the Asperger Syndrome Diagnostic Scale (ASDS); Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ);

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Although individuals with Asperger syndrome acquire language skills without significant general delay and their speech typically lacks significant abnormalities,

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The life prospects of people with AS would change if we shifted from viewing AS as a set of dysfunctions, to viewing it as a set of differences that have merit.

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Woodbury-Smith M, Klin A, Volkmar F (April 2005). "Asperger's syndrome: a comparison of clinical diagnoses and those made according to the ICD-10 and DSM-IV".

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Rinehart NJ, Bradshaw JL, Brereton AV, Tonge BJ (December 2002). "A clinical and neurobehavioural review of high-functioning autism and Asperger's disorder".

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of autism, given the variability in symptoms seen in children. Hundreds of genes have been linked to AS, and these genes play crucial role in a multitude of

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at a later age. The modern conception of Asperger syndrome came into existence in 1981 and went through a period of popularization. It became a standardized

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strengths and weaknesses, style of learning, and skills for independent living. The "gold standard" in diagnosing ASDs combines clinical judgment with the

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for appropriate assessment of autistic adults, who typically score lower on measures of impairment than autistic children due to compensatory strategies.

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Kasari C, Rotheram-Fuller E (September 2005). "Current trends in psychological research on children with high-functioning autism and Asperger disorder".

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Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016).

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model, autistic people have a unique interaction style which is significantly more readable by other autistic people, compared to non-autistic people."

365:; however, with the publication of DSM-5 in 2013 the syndrome was removed, and the symptoms are now included within autism spectrum disorder along with 6241: 5304:

Berthier ML, Starkstein SE, Leiguarda R (1990). "Developmental cortical anomalies in Asperger's syndrome: neuroradiological findings in two patients".

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Rogers SJ, Ozonoff S (December 2005). "Annotation: what do we know about sensory dysfunction in autism? A critical review of the empirical evidence".

3379: 11137: 9813: 519: 329:(ASD) and is no longer considered a diagnosis. It was considered milder than other diagnoses which were merged into ASD due to relatively unimpaired 3885: 9471: 1795:

Some researchers have argued that AS can be viewed as a different cognitive style, not a disorder, and that it should be removed from the standard

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Chiang HM, Lin YH (November 2007). "Mathematical ability of students with Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism: a review of literature".

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Polimeni MA, Richdale AL, Francis AJ (April 2005). "A survey of sleep problems in autism, Asperger's disorder and typically developing children".

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Asperger syndrome appears to result from developmental factors that affect many or all functional brain systems, as opposed to localized effects.

6727:"Research Review: Conflicts of Interest (COIs) in autism early intervention research - a meta-analysis of COI influences on intervention effects" 6934: 1950: 1485:

syndrome are available and there are no systematic long-term follow-up studies of children with AS. Individuals with AS appear to have normal

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and repetitive ways, preoccupy themselves with parts of objects, or engage in compulsive behaviors like lining objects up to form patterns.

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Leskovec TJ, Rowles BM, Findling RL (2008). "Pharmacological treatment options for autism spectrum disorders in children and adolescents".

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Sanders JL (November 2009). "Qualitative or quantitative differences between Asperger's disorder and autism? Historical considerations".

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A 2008 review found that an overwhelming number of reported violent criminals with Asperger syndrome also had other coexisting psychotic

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and tend to use language literally. Children with AS appear to have particular weaknesses in areas of nonliteral language that include

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Restricted interests or repetitive behavior may be features of Asperger syndrome; this boy is playing with a magnetic construction toy.

1023:, which hypothesizes that autistic individuals can systematize internal operation to handle internal events but are less effective at 11655: 9479: 7964:

Lugnegård T, Hallerbäck MU, Gillberg C (May 2012). "Personality disorders and autism spectrum disorders: what are the connections?".

1440: 1192:(AQ), with versions for children, adolescents, and adults. None have been shown to reliably differentiate between AS and other ASDs. 3310: 1695:

translated his paper to English in 1991. Sets of diagnostic criteria were outlined by Gillberg and Gillberg in 1989 and by Szatmari

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Tantam D (December 1988). "Lifelong eccentricity and social isolation. II: Asperger's syndrome or schizoid personality disorder?".

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Klin A, Pauls D, Schultz R, Volkmar F (April 2005). "Three diagnostic approaches to Asperger syndrome: implications for research".

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Asperger's syndrome, Asperger disorder (AD), Asperger's, Sukhareva's syndrome, schizoid disorder of childhood, autistic psychopathy

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Nishitani N, Avikainen S, Hari R (April 2004). "Abnormal imitation-related cortical activation sequences in Asperger's syndrome".

1905:"International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10): F84.5 Asperger syndrome" 10033: 9670: 9310: 7435:

Chavez B, Chavez-Brown M, Sopko MA, Rey JA (2007). "Atypical antipsychotics in children with pervasive developmental disorders".

1744: 1261:(PBS)—or training and support of parents and school faculty in behavior management strategies to use in the home and school, and 6909: 6375: 3733:

Allen D, Evans C, Hider A, Hawkins S, Peckett H, Morgan H (April 2008). "Offending behaviour in adults with Asperger syndrome".

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Frequency estimates vary enormously. In 2015, it was estimated that 37.2 million people globally are affected. A 2003 review of

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in autism; there is more evidence of decreased responsiveness to sensory stimuli, although several studies show no differences.

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Blacher J, Kraemer B, Schalow M (2003). "Asperger syndrome and high functioning autism: research concerns and emerging foci".

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South M, Ozonoff S, McMahon WM (April 2005). "Repetitive behavior profiles in Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism".

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People with Asperger syndrome often display restricted or specialized interests, such as this boy's interest in stacking cans.

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Happé F, Frith U (January 2006). "The weak coherence account: detail-focused cognitive style in autism spectrum disorders".

11734: 9761: 9305: 5508: 1185: 359:, and were clumsy. In 1994, the diagnosis of Asperger syndrome was included in the fourth edition (DSM-IV) of the American 7104:

Paul R (January 2003). "Promoting social communication in high functioning individuals with autistic spectrum disorders".

6327:"Screening adults for Asperger Syndrome using the AQ: a preliminary study of its diagnostic validity in clinical practice" 3918: 3498: 872:

make an individual vulnerable, and varying combinations result in differing severity and symptoms in each person with AS.

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Campbell JM (February 2005). "Diagnostic assessment of Asperger's disorder: a review of five third-party rating scales".

1060: 1045: 1019:, which hypothesizes that autistic behavior arises from impairments in ascribing mental states to oneself and others; or 806: 8477: 10070: 10045: 9880: 9614: 8055: 6392:

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4638:

Sensory Perceptional Issues in Autism and Asperger Syndrome: Different Sensory Experiences, Different Perceptual Worlds

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violations of routines and rituals, from being placed in a situation without a clear schedule or expectations, or from

1431:, a hormone, plays a significant role in shaping human social behavior and the formation of interpersonal connections. 1423:

have been effective in treating restricted and repetitive interests and behaviors, while stimulant medication, such as

1020: 8670:

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6085:"Screening for Autism Spectrum Disorder in Young Children: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement" 634:, are a core part of the diagnosis of AS and other ASDs. Stims are believed to be used for self-soothing and regulate 56:. The reason given is: some parts of the article do not accurately reflect either the new DSM-5-TR or ICD-11 criteria. 11633: 10856: 10676: 10574: 9579: 9494: 9351: 6682:

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over the years. Recently, studies have shown that ABA may be abusive and can increase PTSD symptoms in patients. The

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People with an Asperger profile might not be recognized for their empathetic qualities, due to variation in the ways

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treating comorbid symptoms such as anxiety disorders, major depressive disorder, inattention, and aggression. The

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in 2016 found it was unclear if screening was beneficial or harmful among children in whom there are no concerns.

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takes into account the linguistic capabilities, verbal strengths, and nonverbal vulnerabilities of individuals.

10843: 10628: 10599: 9860: 9782: 8084: 6142: 1610:. The repetitive behaviors of AS have many similarities with the symptoms of obsessive–compulsive disorder and 1266: 1240: 1181: 405: 8848:

Baron-Cohen S (2008). "The evolution of brain mechanisms for social behavior". In Crawford C, Krebs D (eds.).

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psychiatric conditions, such as major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders that may significantly affect

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Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright S, Burtenshaw A, Hobson E (June 2007). "Mathematical Talent is Linked to Autism".

7314:"Aripiprazole for irritability associated with autistic disorder in children and adolescents aged 6–17 years" 5844:

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because of their social and behavioral difficulties. Adolescents with AS may exhibit ongoing difficulty with

1142: 949: 935:

strongly suggest that the mechanism includes alteration of brain development soon after conception. Abnormal

417: 347:, who, in 1944, described children in his care who struggled to form friendships, did not understand others' 322: 8462: 6202: 6006:

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in 1998). Some autistic people have advocated a shift in perception of autism spectrum disorders as complex

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in the same year. In 1992, AS became a standard diagnosis when it was included in the tenth edition of the

1651: 1272: 825: 821:. There is no evidence that these motor skills problems differentiate AS from other high-functioning ASDs. 725:; the conversational style often includes monologues about topics that bore the listener, fails to provide 674: 432:

in the 1990s and was merged into ASD in 2013. Many questions and controversies about the condition remain.

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Problems with social interaction and nonverbal communication, restricted interests, and repetitive behavior

9009:"The autism diagnostic observation schedule, module 4: revised algorithm and standardized severity scores" 7601:

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Children with AS are more likely to have sleep problems, including difficulty in falling asleep, frequent

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and fatigue are commonly reported side effects of risperidone, which may also lead to increased risk for

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Anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder are the most common conditions seen at the same time;

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gained from both the individual and other people who know the person, focusing on childhood behavior.

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A preliminary, freely readable draft, with slightly different wording in the quoted text, is in:

8572: 7917:"One hundred males with Asperger syndrome: a clinical study of background and associated factors" 4421:

Frith U (January 1996). "Social communication and its disorder in autism and Asperger syndrome".

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Lyons V, Fitzgerald M (November 2007). "Did Hans Asperger (1906–1980) have Asperger syndrome?".

6776:""Recalling hidden harms": autistic experiences of childhood applied behavioural analysis (ABA)" 6489:""Recalling hidden harms": autistic experiences of childhood applied behavioural analysis (ABA)" 1735:

eliminated AS as a separate diagnosis, folding it into the autism spectrum on a severity scale.

11533: 11272: 10900: 10539: 10430: 10389: 10364: 10272: 9718: 9713: 9660: 9645: 9285: 9275: 8878:"Autism as a natural human variation: reflections on the claims of the neurodiversity movement" 7444: 6341: 6274: 5577: 5121:(January 2005). "Incidence of autism spectrum disorders: changes over time and their meaning". 2763:"Barriers to Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis for Young Women and Girls: A Systematic Review" 2101: 1546: 1522: 1391: 1362: 1357: 1224: 1110: 1106: 893: 865: 726: 602: 392:

have not been determined conclusively. Environmental factors are also believed to play a role.

385: 9186: 8646: 8638: 8610: 8602: 8536: 8304: 2187:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR)

1672:

were tentatively proposed, many of which diverge significantly from Asperger's original work.

1369:(GBA). Any disruption in gut health has been linked to an increased susceptibility to diverse 1356:(FMT) is an innovative therapy for AS that aims to restore microbial balance in the patient's 11832: 11491: 11325: 11095: 10828: 10708: 10615: 10594: 9280: 9088: 8587: 8043: 6463:"Commentary: The autistic community is having a reckoning with ABA therapy. We should listen" 2995: 2919: 2583: 2227: 1428: 1227:, on the grounds that these approaches frequently reinforce the demand on autistic people to 713: 698: 578: 503: 334: 195: 9056:

Interview Guide for the Diagnostic Assessment of Able Adults with Autistic Spectrum Disorder

8528: 8296: 7362: 6539:""Putting on My Best Normal": Social Camouflaging in Adults with Autism Spectrum Conditions" 1761:

People identifying with Asperger syndrome may refer to themselves in casual conversation as

506:, and physical clumsiness are typical of the condition, but are not required for diagnosis. 11800: 11335: 11300: 11277: 11235: 11159: 10920: 10833: 10589: 10409: 10010: 9990: 9235: 8983: 8133: 5971:

Tantam D (January 2003). "The challenge of adolescents and adults with Asperger syndrome".

5484: 4912: 3983: 1728: 1314: 1296: 1170: 1150: 1114: 1075: 1004: 888: 670: 330: 6960:"Cognitive behavioral therapy may be only mildly effective for anxious, autistic children" 5922:

Lehnhardt FG, Gawronski A, Pfeiffer K, Kockler H, Schilbach L, Vogeley K (November 2013).

932: 876: 8: 11744: 11481: 11432: 11380: 10970: 10952: 10915: 10905: 10759: 10661: 10638: 10486: 10478: 10257: 10235: 9963: 9685: 9270: 9113: 7067:"Strategies for pharmacologic treatment of high functioning autism and Asperger syndrome" 5884:

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was removed. (In 2013 Asperger Syndrome was indeed eliminated as a separate diagnosis in

884: 856: 734: 556:

The cognitive ability of children with Asperger syndrome often allows them to articulate

183: 8334:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences

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and feelings than the general population. They are also significantly more likely to be

1476:

and emotions or to tolerate side effects that for most people would not be problematic.

1007:(MNS) theory hypothesizes that alterations to the development of the MNS interfere with 986:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

910: 58:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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Hull L, Petrides KV, Allison C, Smith P, Baron-Cohen S, Lai MC, Mandy W (August 2017).

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or lack standardized measures; nonetheless, comorbid conditions are relatively common.

1587: 1579: 1366: 1308: 1304: 861: 852: 798: 778: 690: 474: 202: 7795: 7117: 7082: 7036: 6998: 6440: 5984: 5897: 5496: 3819: 2853: 2152: 1427:, can reduce inattention. In addition, scientists have made a noteworthy finding that 855:, exerting influence over the maturation and functioning of the brain. Evidence for a 11563: 11370: 11305: 11211: 11196: 10879: 10404: 10394: 10252: 10136: 9803: 9728: 9629: 9554: 9401: 9295: 9290: 9146: 9038: 8900: 8853: 8808: 8773: 8734: 8687: 8650: 8614: 8540: 8529: 8446: 8382: 8359: 8308: 8297: 8269: 8232: 8201: 8161: 8098: 8051: 8016: 7981: 7938: 7862: 7822: 7799: 7762: 7704: 7661: 7618: 7587: 7579: 7540: 7505: 7462: 7458: 7414: 7384: 7343: 7294: 7237: 7194: 7159: 7121: 7086: 7040: 7002: 6844: 6807: 6795: 6756: 6711: 6699: 6668: 6656: 6607: 6568: 6523: 6511: 6444: 6409: 6359: 6292: 6225: 6175: 6106: 6023: 6019: 5988: 5953: 5901: 5863: 5818: 5741: 5698: 5648: 5595: 5591: 5542: 5500: 5442: 5399: 5356: 5321: 5278: 5274: 5243: 5184: 5138: 5092: 5054: 4988: 4984: 4940: 4899:

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of these in persons with AS is estimated at 65%. Reports have associated AS with

1504:

Although many attend regular education classes, some children with AS may attend

1486: 1424: 1333:

of up to five participants and typically examine a few problem behaviors such as

1099: 928: 766: 678: 10975: 8197: 7312:

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International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems

2102:

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) (31 July 2007).

708:

Three aspects of communication patterns are of clinical interest: poor prosody,

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was created from a revision of this article dated 19 October 2016

8904: 8691: 8363: 8345: 8273: 8205: 8165: 8102: 7985: 7942: 7866: 7803: 7708: 7665: 7622: 7614: 7544: 7509: 7466: 7418: 7388: 7379: 7347: 7298: 7241: 7198: 7163: 7125: 7090: 7044: 7006: 6893: 6823:"Long-term ABA Therapy Is Abusive: A Response to Gorycki, Ruppel, and Zane" 6760: 6703: 6572: 6448: 6413: 6363: 6296: 6229: 6179: 6110: 6101: 6084: 6027: 5992: 5957: 5905: 5867: 5822: 5652: 5546: 5504: 5446: 5403: 5360: 5282: 5247: 5188: 5142: 5096: 5058: 4992: 4944: 4883: 4853: 4793: 4755: 4682: 4597: 4548: 4504: 4442: 4407: 4347: 4304: 4262: 4203: 4164: 4097: 4054: 4013: 3862: 3827: 3754: 3688: 3642: 3484: 3425: 3404:

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or pediatrician may identify signs that warrant further investigation. The

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The exact cause of Asperger syndrome is not well understood. While it has

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criteria also required significant impairment in day-to-day functioning;

1024: 905: 829: 814: 787: 553:, not speaking at all to most people and excessively to specific others. 538: 8561: 6257: 6059: 6042: 5782: 5317: 373:(PDD-NOS). It was similarly merged into autism spectrum disorder in the 11810: 11780: 11558: 11365: 11100: 10793: 10698: 10399: 10124: 10119: 9915: 9456: 9406: 9203: 8071:

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normal intelligence who are not autistic but have social difficulties.

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7066: 6200: 6133: 5180: 4898: 4179: 3886:"Greta Thunberg responds to Asperger's critics: 'It's a superpower'" 1235:' and narrow conception of normality. ABA has faced a great deal of 777:. Many accounts of individuals with AS and ASD report other unusual 11645: 11411: 11320: 11250: 11186: 11177: 10788: 10458: 10425: 10351: 9506: 9446: 6866: 5352: 2190:. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. 18 March 2022. 2185: 1772: 1591: 1494: 1461: 1386: 1208: 1166: 647: 631: 608: 389: 218: 8639:"Life on the outside: A personal perspective of Asperger syndrome" 7847:

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engaged in one-sided conversations about their favorite interests

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International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision (ICD-11)

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A typical program of professional support generally includes:

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Students and families walk to support Autism Awareness Month.

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training for more effective interpersonal interactions. The

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up to 18% of men and 43% of women may be sexual minorities.

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others objects of interest); a lack of social or emotional

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