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Some examples of space telescopes from NASA are the Hubble Space
Telescope that detects visible light, ultraviolet, and near-infrared wavelengths, the Spitzer Space Telescope that detects infrared radiation, and the Kepler Space Telescope that discovered thousands of exoplanets. The latest telescope
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Since the atmosphere is opaque for most of the electromagnetic spectrum, only a few bands can be observed from the Earth's surface. These bands are visible – near-infrared and a portion of the radio-wave part of the spectrum. For this reason there are no X-ray or far-infrared ground-based telescopes
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Unlike an optical telescope, which produces a magnified image of the patch of sky being observed, a traditional radio telescope dish contains a single receiver and records a single time-varying signal characteristic of the observed region; this signal may be sampled at various frequencies. In some
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As wavelengths become longer, it becomes easier to use antenna technology to interact with electromagnetic radiation (although it is possible to make very tiny antenna). The near-infrared can be collected much like visible light; however, in the far-infrared and submillimetre range, telescopes can
274:
mirrors employed during the 18th and early 19th century—a problem alleviated by the introduction of silver coated glass mirrors in 1857, and aluminized mirrors in 1932. The maximum physical size limit for refracting telescopes is about 1 meter (39 inches), dictating that the vast majority of large
2551:
Hailey, Charles J.; An, HongJun; Blaedel, Kenneth L.; Brejnholt, Nicolai F.; Christensen, Finn E.; Craig, William W.; Decker, Todd A.; Doll, Melanie; Gum, Jeff; Koglin, Jason E.; Jensen, Carsten P.; Hale, Layton; Mori, Kaya; Pivovaroff, Michael J.; Sharpe, Marton (29 July 2010). Arnaud, Monique;
269:
in 1733 partially corrected color aberrations present in the simple lens and enabled the construction of shorter, more functional refracting telescopes. Reflecting telescopes, though not limited by the color problems seen in refractors, were hampered by the use of fast tarnishing
275:
optical researching telescopes built since the turn of the 20th century have been reflectors. The largest reflecting telescopes currently have objectives larger than 10 meters (33 feet), and work is underway on several 30-40m designs.
2916:
Krennrich, F.; Bond, I. H.; Boyle, P. J.; Bradbury, S. M.; Buckley, J. H.; Carter-Lewis, D.; Celik, O.; Cui, W.; Daniel, M.; D'Vali, M.; de la Calle Perez, I.; Duke, C.; Falcone, A.; Fegan, D. J.; Fegan, S. J. (1 April 2004).
2858:
Aharonian, F.; Akhperjanian, A. G.; Bazer-Bachi, A. R.; Beilicke, M.; Benbow, W.; Berge, D.; Bernlöhr, K.; Boisson, C.; Bolz, O.; Borrel, V.; Braun, I.; Breitling, F.; Brown, A. M.; Bühler, R.; Büsching, I. (1 October 2006).
2708:
Atwood, W. B.; Abdo, A. A.; Ackermann, M.; Althouse, W.; Anderson, B.; Axelsson, M.; Baldini, L.; Ballet, J.; Band, D. L.; Barbiellini, G.; Bartelt, J.; Bastieri, D.; Baughman, B. M.; Bechtol, K.; Bédérède, D. (1 June 2009).
2786:
Ackermann, M.; Ajello, M.; Baldini, L.; Ballet, J.; Barbiellini, G.; Bastieri, D.; Bellazzini, R.; Bissaldi, E.; Bloom, E. D.; Bonino, R.; Bottacini, E.; Brandt, T. J.; Bregeon, J.; Bruel, P.; Buehler, R. (13 July 2017).
2291:
Giacconi, R.; Branduardi, G.; Briel, U.; Epstein, A.; Fabricant, D.; Feigelson, E.; Forman, W.; Gorenstein, P.; Grindlay, J.; Gursky, H.; Harnden, F. R.; Henry, J. P.; Jones, C.; Kellogg, E.; Koch, D. (June 1979).
2553:
2599:
Braga, João; D’Amico, Flavio; Avila, Manuel A. C.; Penacchioni, Ana V.; Sacahui, J. Rodrigo; Santiago, Valdivino A. de; Mattiello-Francisco, Fátima; Strauss, Cesar; Fialho, Márcio A. A. (1 August 2015).
1457:
480:. The 'virtual' apertures of these arrays are similar in size to the distance between the telescopes. As of 2005, the record array size is many times the diameter of the Earth – using space-based
1488:
834:
The detection of very high energy gamma rays, with shorter wavelength and higher frequency than regular gamma rays, requires further specialization. Such detections can be made either with the
394:, producing higher resolution and brighter images than are otherwise possible. A larger aperture does not just mean that more light is collected, it also enables a finer angular resolution.
320:
as these have to be observed from orbit. Even if a wavelength is observable from the ground, it might still be advantageous to place a telescope on a satellite due to issues such as clouds,
1021:
238:, or light-gathering element, could be a mirror instead of a lens was being investigated soon after the invention of the refracting telescope. The potential advantages of using
1929:
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1245:
578:. For the image to be observed, photographed, studied, and sent to a computer, telescopes work by employing one or more curved optical elements, usually made from glass
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With photons of the shorter wavelengths, with the higher frequencies, glancing-incident optics, rather than fully reflecting optics are used. Telescopes such as
1163:
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Most ultraviolet light is absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere, so observations at these wavelengths must be performed from the upper atmosphere or from space.
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that typically employ a large dish to collect radio waves. The dishes are sometimes constructed of a conductive wire mesh whose openings are smaller than the
472:
By collecting and correlating signals simultaneously received by several dishes, high-resolution images can be computed. Such multi-dish arrays are known as
305:. The first purpose-built radio telescope went into operation in 1937. Since then, a large variety of complex astronomical instruments have been developed.
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A discovery in 2012 may allow focusing gamma-ray telescopes. At photon energies greater than 700 keV, the index of refraction starts to increase again.
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2006:
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371:, observing from about 3 μm (0.003 mm) to 180 μm (0.18 mm) uses a mirror (reflecting optics). Also using reflecting optics, the
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observes from wavelengths from 3 μm (0.003 mm) to 2000 μm (2 mm), but uses a parabolic aluminum antenna. On the other hand, the
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can observe in the frequency range from about 0.2 μm (0.0002 mm) to 1.7 μm (0.0017 mm) (from ultra-violet to infrared light).
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outlined 3 ways a telescope could be built using only this kind of mirror. Examples of space observatories using this type of telescope are the
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that was launched was the James Webb Space
Telescope on December 25, 2021, in Kourou, French Guiana. The Webb telescope detects infrared light.
2533:
2434:
1711:
359:, but there are major differences in how astronomers must go about collecting light (electromagnetic radiation) in different frequency bands.
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881:
876:
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586:, to gather light and other electromagnetic radiation to bring that light or radiation to a focal point. Optical telescopes are used for
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Beyond these basic optical types there are many sub-types of varying optical design classified by the task they perform such as
3201:
Wade, Nicholas J.; Finger, Stanley (2001), "The eye as an optical instrument: from camera obscura to
Helmholtz's perspective",
64:
17:
2256:
Wolter, H. (1952), "Verallgemeinerte
Schwarzschildsche Spiegelsysteme streifender Reflexion als Optiken für Röntgenstrahlen",
3248:
3191:
3169:
1819:
1239:
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91:. Nowadays, the word "telescope" is defined as a wide range of instruments capable of detecting different regions of the
1109:
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121:, which uses mirrors to collect and focus light, was invented within a few decades of the first refracting telescope.
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are much harder to collect and focus than electromagnetic radiation of longer wavelengths. X-ray telescopes can use
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1016:
1006:
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2981:; Kowk, P. W.; Lamb, R. C.; Lewis, D. A.; Macomb, D.; Porter, N. A.; Reynolds, P. T.; Vacanti, G. (1 July 1989).
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by Al Van Helden: The Hague discussed the patent applications first of Hans
Lipperhey of Middelburg, and then of
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496:
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488:(Highly Advanced Laboratory for Communications and Astronomy) VSOP (VLBI Space Observatory Program) satellite.
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heard about it and, in 1609, built his own version, and made his telescopic observations of celestial objects.
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light mainly from the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Optical telescopes increase the apparent
506:, which has the advantage of being able to pass through the atmosphere and interstellar gas and dust clouds.
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newer radio telescope designs, a single dish contains an array of several receivers; this is known as a
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The disadvantages of launching a space telescope include cost, size, maintainability and upgradability.
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31:
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2983:"Observation of TeV Gamma Rays from the Crab Nebula Using the Atmospheric Cerenkov Imaging Technique"
2458:"Recent and Future Observations in the X-ray and Gamma-ray Bands: Chandra, Suzaku, GLAST, and NuSTAR"
847:
771:
356:
325:
72:
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is opaque to this part of the electromagnetic spectrum. An example of this type of telescope is the
413:. A vehicle or permanent campus containing one or more telescopes or other instruments is called an
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1953:"High resolution imaging with Fresnel interferometric arrays: suitability for exoplanet detection"
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3715:
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3444:
3295:"The First Telescopes". Part of an exhibit from Cosmic Journey: A History of Scientific Cosmology
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The earliest existing record of a telescope was a 1608 patent submitted to the government in the
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X-ray and Gamma-ray telescopes are usually installed on high-flying balloons or Earth-orbiting
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at the beginning of the 17th century. They were used for both terrestrial applications and
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masks: the patterns of the shadow the mask creates can be reconstructed to form an image.
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built the first practical reflecting telescope, of a design which now bears his name, the
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2554:"The Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR): optics overview and current status"
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2086:"Limitations and Opportunities for the Diagnostics of Solar and Stellar Magnetic Fields"
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1998:
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The 20th century also saw the development of telescopes that worked in a wide range of
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Higher energy X-ray and gamma ray telescopes refrain from focusing completely and use
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2221:
Wolter, H. (1952), "Glancing
Incidence Mirror Systems as Imaging Optics for X-rays",
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2002:
1990:
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Two refracting telescopes (135 mm and 90 mm) along with more modern equipment at the
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1982:
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to measure galaxy redshifts and discover the general expansion of the universe.
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1994:
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are examples of gamma-ray detectors based on the Water
Cherenkov Detectors.
709:
4180:
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3222:
3146:
3114:
1688:
1138:
1102:
They
Laughed at Galileo: How the Great Inventors Proved Their Critics Wrong
739:
731:
670:
659:
571:
255:
124:
In the 20th century, many new types of telescopes were invented, including
52:
3238:
2679:"Balloon-borne telescope lifts off to study black holes and neutron stars"
1561:
3989:
3339:
3086:
2877:
2474:
2397:
2128:
2054:
1969:
759:
658:
is a proposed ultra-lightweight design for a space telescope that uses a
620:
554:
491:
Aperture synthesis is now also being applied to optical telescopes using
414:
348:
216:
107:
3126:
3094:
2857:
2381:"The development and scientific impact of the chandra x-ray observatory"
1563:
1537:
838:(IACTs) or with Water Cherenkov Detectors (WCDs). Examples of IACTs are
3959:
3936:
3416:
2711:"The Large Area Telescope on Thefermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescopemission"
1535:
996:
966:
961:
951:
666:
614:
592:
575:
458:
406:
294:
227:. The actual inventor is unknown but word of it spread through Europe.
2951:
2925:. 2nd VERITAS Symposium on the Astrophysics of Extragalactic Sources.
2919:"VERITAS: the Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System"
2577:
2491:
3381:
3183:
3161:
2789:"Search for Extended Sources in the Galactic Plane Using Six Years of
1671:
1654:
971:
820:
751:
608:
587:
355:
The name "telescope" covers a wide range of instruments. Most detect
179:
111:
3272:
3006:
2809:
2618:
2558:
Space
Telescopes and Instrumentation 2010: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray
2318:
2293:
2180:
976:
747:
287:
3214:
2727:
2164:"Ultraviolet emission from main-sequence companions of AGB stars"
1450:"5 Reasons Why Astronomy Is Better From The Ground Than In Space"
843:
755:
397:
Telescopes may also be classified by location: ground telescope,
3309:
39:
4084:
1392:"World's Largest Reflecting Telescopes Explained (Infographic)"
1022:
Timeline of telescopes, observatories, and observing technology
775:
583:
63:
is a device used to observe distant objects by their emission,
2290:
1481:"This Is Why We Can't Just Do All Of Our Astronomy From Space"
405:. They may also be classified by whether they are operated by
2029:"Celestron Rowe-Ackermann Schmidt Astrograph – Astronomy Now"
1353:
Bakich, Michael E. (10 July 2003). "Chapter Two: Equipment".
767:
727:
485:
383:
165:
3350:
2785:
2598:
250:—led to many proposed designs and several attempts to build
2707:
1562:
ASTROLab du parc national du Mont-Mégantic (January 2016).
835:
579:
103:
87:, or a combination of both to observe distant objects – an
80:
4175:
2915:
1536:
Space
Telescope Science Institution; NASA (19 July 2023).
3526:
1811:
The Search for Life Continued: Planets Around Other Stars
719:'s X-ray focusing mirror, consisting of over two hundred
650:
which uses mirrors combined with lenses to form an image.
2550:
3329:
1951:
Koechlin, L.; Serre, D.; Duchon, P. (1 November 2005).
3274:
Galileo to Gamma Cephei – The History of the Telescope
2973:
2602:"The protoMIRAX hard X-ray imaging balloon experiment"
2090:
Magnetic Fields Across the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram
1922:"Telescope could focus light without a mirror or lens"
643:
which uses an arrangement of mirrors to form an image.
363:
operate more like a radio telescope. For example, the
27:
Instrument that makes distant objects appear magnified
4128:
2133:. Arthur N. Cox (4th ed.). New York: AIP Press.
1712:"The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI)"
590:
and in many non-astronomical instruments, including:
3240:
Stargazer : the life and times of the telescope
3180:
The Enterprise of Science in Islam: New Perspectives
3177:
3131:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders College Pub.
2162:
Ortiz, Roberto; Guerrero, Martín A. (28 June 2016).
1950:
1776:
1624:"Observatories Across the Electromagnetic Spectrum"
1127:
The Galileo Project > Science > The Telescope
738:composed of ring-shaped 'glancing' mirrors made of
3099:. H. Spencer Jones. New York: Dover Publications.
3052:"Silicon 'prism' bends gamma rays – Physics World"
1655:"Microsoft moguls back search for ET intelligence"
1594:"Hubble's Instruments: WFC3 – Wide Field Camera 3"
3320:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). pp. 557–573.
2168:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1779:"SETI & the Search for Extraterrestrial Life"
943:open standards for computer control of telescopes
746:. The mirrors are usually a section of a rotated
4188:
1509:
1285:
808:released into orbit by the Space Shuttle in 1991
2793:-Large Area Telescope Pass 8 Data above 10 GeV"
2552:Murray, Stephen S; Takahashi, Tadayuki (eds.).
1356:The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Amateur Astronomy
887:List of largest optical telescopes historically
558:One of four auxiliary telescopes belong to the
3325:Outside the Optical: Other Kinds of Telescopes
1227:Stargazer: The Life and Times of the Telescope
846:with the next-generation gamma-ray telescope-
338:
146:was coined in 1611 by the Greek mathematician
95:, and in some cases other types of detectors.
3366:
3157:Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science
3153:
2977:; Cawley, M. F.; Fegan, D. J.; Gibbs, K. G.;
2676:
2161:
1141:of Alkmaar... another citizen of Middelburg,
882:List of largest optical refracting telescopes
877:List of largest optical reflecting telescopes
742:that are able to reflect the rays just a few
574:of distant objects as well as their apparent
154:'s instruments presented at a banquet at the
3308:Taylor, Harold Dennis; Gill, David (1911).
2861:"Observations of the Crab nebula with HESS"
1716:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
169:
3373:
3359:
3330:Gray, Meghan; Merrifield, Michael (2009).
3307:
3200:
2255:
2220:
1846:
1362:. Cambridge University Press. p. 33.
1145:is sometimes associated with the invention
786:mast to enable photon energies of 79 keV.
502:Radio telescopes are also used to collect
420:
98:The first known practical telescopes were
3121:
2950:
2876:
2826:
2808:
2726:
2617:
2473:
2396:
2385:International Journal of Modern Physics D
2317:
2294:"The Einstein /HEAO 2/ X-ray Observatory"
2197:
2179:
1968:
1814:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1670:
1516:NASA's exoplanet-hunting space telescopes
1075:
1071:
3046:
3044:
2455:
2378:
907:List of telescope parts and construction
836:Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes
799:
778:X-ray Telescope was launched which uses
708:
553:
443:Three radio telescopes belonging to the
438:
342:
277:
206:
38:
3154:Rashed, Roshdi; Morelon, Régis (1996),
3080:
2526:
2083:
484:(VLBI) telescopes such as the Japanese
14:
4189:
3243:. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin.
3236:
1877:
1709:
1652:
1417:Stierwalt, Everyday Einstein Sabrina.
1352:
1223:
864:
628:. There are three main optical types:
3354:
3178:Sabra, A.I.; Hogendijk, J.P. (2003).
3041:
2379:Schwartz, Daniel A. (1 August 2004).
2126:
1808:Jones, Barrie W. (2 September 2008).
1807:
1777:Nola Taylor Tillman (2 August 2016).
1604:from the original on 12 November 2020
1564:"The James-Clerk-Maxwell Observatory"
1416:
1184:
1166:from the original on 14 February 2021
521:to search for extraterrestrial life.
4112:
3304:by the American Institute of Physics
3092:
2658:from the original on 29 January 2022
2009:from the original on 3 December 2021
1574:from the original on 5 February 2011
1419:"Why Do We Put Telescopes in Space?"
1389:
1291:
1099:
3288:The Galileo Project – The Telescope
2767:from the original on 20 August 2022
2689:from the original on 20 August 2022
2437:from the original on 20 August 2022
2360:from the original on 16 August 2022
2108:from the original on 20 August 2022
2065:from the original on 20 August 2022
2035:from the original on 1 October 2022
1932:from the original on 20 August 2022
1902:from the original on 20 August 2022
1789:from the original on 17 August 2022
1634:from the original on 20 August 2022
1510:Brennan, Pat; NASA (26 July 2022).
1491:from the original on 20 August 2022
1460:from the original on 20 August 2022
1429:from the original on 20 August 2022
1398:from the original on 20 August 2022
1294:Isaac Newton: Adventurer in Thought
782:design optics at the end of a long
636:which uses lenses to form an image.
495:(arrays of optical telescopes) and
174:. The root of the word is from the
24:
3074:
3029:from the original on 11 April 2023
2514:from the original on 28 April 2022
1478:
1447:
1053:from the original on 11 March 2020
509:Some radio telescopes such as the
25:
4223:
3266:
2534:"NuStar: Instrumentation: Optics"
2084:Stenflo, J. O. (1 January 2001).
1859:from the original on 16 July 2013
1828:from the original on 8 March 2020
1248:from the original on 2 March 2021
1224:Watson, Fred (20 November 2017).
1185:Loker, Aleck (20 November 2017).
831:which was launched in June 2008.
566:An optical telescope gathers and
499:at single reflecting telescopes.
482:very-long-baseline interferometry
351:at different wavelengths of light
4174:
4162:
4150:
4138:
4111:
4100:
4099:
3870:Southern African Large Telescope
3058:from the original on 12 May 2013
2130:Allen's astrophysical quantities
1334:from the original on 17 May 2016
1205:from the original on 27 May 2016
1047:The American Heritage Dictionary
1017:Timeline of telescope technology
1007:Remote Telescope Markup Language
850:, currently under construction.
539:
2967:
2909:
2851:
2779:
2701:
2670:
2592:
2544:
2449:
2372:
2350:"DLR - About the ROSAT mission"
2342:
2284:
2249:
2214:
2155:
2120:
2077:
2047:
2021:
1944:
1914:
1871:
1840:
1801:
1770:
1710:Tarter, Jill (September 2001).
1703:
1646:
1616:
1586:
1555:
1529:
1503:
1472:
1441:
1410:
1383:
1346:
1314:
829:Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope
497:aperture masking interferometry
390:use special mirrors to reflect
51:near Los Angeles, USA, used by
2677:Brett Tingley (13 July 2022).
1880:"1918PA.....26..525R Page 525"
1847:Lauren Cox (26 October 2021).
1736:10.1146/annurev.astro.39.1.511
1260:
1217:
1178:
1148:
1118:
1093:
1080:
1065:
1035:
680:
445:Atacama Large Millimeter Array
219:by Middelburg spectacle maker
189:'to look or see'; τηλεσκόπος,
13:
1:
3380:
1849:"Who Invented the Telescope?"
1653:Dalton, Rex (1 August 2000).
1390:Tate, Karl (30 August 2013).
1028:
806:Compton Gamma Ray Observatory
513:are used by programs such as
365:James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
43:The 100-inch (2.54 m) Hooker
3096:The history of the telescope
2865:Astronomy & Astrophysics
2745:10.1088/0004-637X/697/2/1071
2606:Astronomy & Astrophysics
1957:Astronomy & Astrophysics
1188:Profiles in Colonial History
789:
476:and the technique is called
474:astronomical interferometers
135:
7:
3081:Elliott, Robert S. (1966),
2943:10.1016/j.newar.2003.12.050
2636:10.1051/0004-6361/201526343
1878:Rupert, Charles G. (1918).
1274:and theoretical designs by
1088:The Naming of the Telescope
918:
902:List of space observatories
524:
339:By electromagnetic spectrum
308:
10:
4228:
2895:10.1051/0004-6361:20065351
2462:AIP Conference Proceedings
2055:"Telescope (Comet Seeker)"
1987:10.1051/0004-6361:20052880
1298:Cambridge University Press
1282:, and Gregory among others
1156:"NASA – Telescope History"
872:List of optical telescopes
793:
698:
684:
543:
528:
424:
312:
200:
196:
32:Telescope (disambiguation)
29:
4094:
3886:
3863:Large Binocular Telescope
3828:Extremely Large Telescope
3821:Extremely large telescope
3794:
3677:
3617:
3538:
3500:
3461:
3454:
3388:
2987:The Astrophysical Journal
2797:The Astrophysical Journal
2715:The Astrophysical Journal
2415:10.1142/S0218271804005377
2298:The Astrophysical Journal
1256:– via Google Books.
1213:– via Google Books.
772:Chandra X-ray Observatory
357:electromagnetic radiation
106:and were invented in the
73:electromagnetic radiation
4207:Astronomical instruments
3835:Gran Telescopio Canarias
3344:University of Nottingham
2828:10.3847/1538-4357/aa775a
2278:10.1002/andp.19524450410
2243:10.1002/andp.19524450108
1292:Hall, A. Rupert (1992).
931:Amateur telescope making
897:List of solar telescopes
892:List of radio telescopes
694:
407:professional astronomers
203:History of the telescope
93:electromagnetic spectrum
75:. Originally, it was an
49:Mount Wilson Observatory
3930:Astrology and astronomy
3640:Gravitational radiation
3317:Encyclopædia Britannica
3160:, vol. 1 & 3,
3093:King, Henry C. (1979).
2887:2006A&A...457..899A
2628:2015A&A...580A.108B
2456:Madejski, Greg (2006).
2059:Smithsonian Institution
1979:2005A&A...443..709K
1728:2001ARA&A..39..511T
1327:Encyclopædia Britannica
912:List of telescope types
550:Visible-light astronomy
493:optical interferometers
435:Submillimetre astronomy
421:Radio and submillimeter
369:Spitzer Space Telescope
211:17th- century telescope
164:, Galileo had used the
3849:Hubble Space Telescope
3128:Contemporary astronomy
1598:www.spacetelescope.org
1568:Canada under the stars
809:
724:
648:catadioptric telescope
563:
447:
373:Hubble Space Telescope
352:
290:
212:
170:
56:
18:Astronomical telescope
3953:Astroparticle physics
3688:Australian Aboriginal
3237:Watson, Fred (2007).
2923:New Astronomy Reviews
2354:DLRARTICLE DLR Portal
2199:10.1093/mnras/stw1547
2127:Allen, C. W. (2000).
1628:imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov
1379:on 10 September 2008.
1276:Bonaventura Cavalieri
1100:Jack, Albert (2015).
803:
712:
687:Ultraviolet astronomy
557:
511:Allen Telescope Array
450:Radio telescopes are
442:
346:
281:
265:The invention of the
252:reflecting telescopes
210:
100:refracting telescopes
42:
4202:Astronomical imaging
3945:Astronomers Monument
3877:Very Large Telescope
3424:Astronomical symbols
3332:"Telescope Diameter"
3300:9 April 2008 at the
1542:Webb Space Telescope
1134:23 June 2004 at the
764:Einstein Observatory
641:reflecting telescope
634:refracting telescope
560:Very Large Telescope
248:chromatic aberration
244:spherical aberration
225:refracting telescope
156:Accademia dei Lincei
119:reflecting telescope
45:reflecting telescope
30:For other uses, see
4018:List of astronomers
3431:Astronomical object
3186:. pp. 85–118.
2999:1989ApJ...342..379W
2935:2004NewAR..48..345K
2819:2017ApJ...843..139A
2737:2009ApJ...697.1071A
2570:2010SPIE.7732E..0TH
2540:on 1 November 2010.
2484:2005AIPC..801...21M
2407:2004IJMPD..13.1239S
2310:1979ApJ...230..540G
2270:1952AnP...445..286W
2235:1952AnP...445...94W
2190:2016MNRAS.461.3036O
2102:2001ASPC..248..639S
1896:1918PA.....26..525R
1512:"Missons/Discovery"
1423:Scientific American
1322:"Chester Moor Hall"
1076:Drake (1978, p.196)
865:Lists of telescopes
796:Gamma-ray astronomy
519:Arecibo Observatory
504:microwave radiation
411:amateur astronomers
392:extreme ultraviolet
377:Wide Field Camera 3
322:astronomical seeing
260:Newtonian reflector
185:'far' and σκοπεῖν,
130:infrared telescopes
4004:Physical cosmology
3280:8 May 2013 at the
2258:Annalen der Physik
2223:Annalen der Physik
1072:Sobel (2000, p.43)
936:Angular resolution
825:Earth's atmosphere
810:
725:
564:
535:Infrared astronomy
531:Infrared telescope
478:aperture synthesis
448:
353:
291:
234:The idea that the
213:
148:Giovanni Demisiani
77:optical instrument
57:
4126:
4125:
4011:Quantum cosmology
3997:Planetary geology
3790:
3789:
3501:Celestial subject
3311:"Telescope"
3250:978-1-74176-392-8
3209:(10): 1157–1177,
3193:978-0-262-19482-2
3171:978-0-415-12410-2
3123:Pasachoff, Jay M.
2578:10.1117/12.857654
2564:. SPIE: 197–209.
2492:10.1063/1.2141828
1884:Popular Astronomy
1821:978-0-387-76559-4
1758:on 20 August 2022
1241:978-1-74176-392-8
1232:Allen & Unwin
1198:978-1-928874-16-4
1143:Zacharias Janssen
1125:galileo.rice.edu
1012:Robotic telescope
957:Bioptic telescope
736:Wolter telescopes
546:Optical telescope
467:focal-plane array
347:Six views of the
288:Helsinki, Finland
240:parabolic mirrors
128:in the 1930s and
89:optical telescope
16:(Redirected from
4219:
4212:Dutch inventions
4179:
4178:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4134:
4119:
4115:
4114:
4107:
4103:
4102:
4087:
4078:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4048:
4041:
4034:
4032:Medieval Islamic
4027:
4020:
4013:
4006:
3999:
3992:
3985:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3939:
3932:
3925:
3918:
3916:Astroinformatics
3911:
3904:
3897:
3895:Archaeoastronomy
3879:
3872:
3865:
3858:
3856:Keck Observatory
3851:
3844:
3837:
3830:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3783:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3753:
3751:Medieval Islamic
3746:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3628:
3610:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3578:
3570:
3568:
3556:
3549:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3459:
3458:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3426:
3419:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3375:
3368:
3361:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3321:
3313:
3290:by Al Van Helden
3262:
3233:
3197:
3174:
3150:
3118:
3089:
3083:Electromagnetics
3068:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3048:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3034:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2954:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2880:
2878:astro-ph/0607333
2855:
2849:
2848:
2830:
2812:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2730:
2721:(2): 1071–1102.
2705:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2621:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2536:. Archived from
2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2477:
2475:astro-ph/0512012
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2400:
2398:astro-ph/0402275
2391:(7): 1239–1247.
2376:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2321:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2264:(4–5): 286–295,
2253:
2247:
2246:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2201:
2183:
2174:(3): 3036–3046.
2159:
2153:
2152:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
1972:
1970:astro-ph/0510383
1948:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1754:. Archived from
1707:
1701:
1700:
1674:
1672:10.1038/35020722
1650:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1372:. Archived from
1361:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1289:
1283:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1152:
1146:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1097:
1091:
1084:
1078:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1039:
780:Wolter telescope
723:aluminium shells
675:solar telescopes
662:to focus light.
461:being observed.
403:flying telescope
284:Ursa Observatory
173:
161:Starry Messenger
126:radio telescopes
21:
4227:
4226:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4173:
4163:
4161:
4151:
4149:
4139:
4137:
4129:
4127:
4122:
4110:
4098:
4090:
4083:
4074:
4067:
4062:X-ray telescope
4060:
4053:
4044:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4009:
4002:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3972:
3965:
3958:
3951:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3921:
3914:
3907:
3900:
3893:
3882:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3812:
3805:
3797:
3786:
3779:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3742:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3714:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3673:
3668:Multi-messenger
3666:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3613:
3606:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3573:
3564:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3534:
3525:
3518:
3507:
3496:
3491:Space telescope
3489:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3429:
3422:
3415:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3384:
3379:
3302:Wayback Machine
3282:Wayback Machine
3269:
3251:
3194:
3172:
3139:
3107:
3077:
3075:Further reading
3072:
3071:
3061:
3059:
3050:
3049:
3042:
3032:
3030:
2972:
2968:
2914:
2910:
2856:
2852:
2784:
2780:
2770:
2768:
2706:
2702:
2692:
2690:
2675:
2671:
2661:
2659:
2597:
2593:
2549:
2545:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2515:
2454:
2450:
2440:
2438:
2377:
2373:
2363:
2361:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2289:
2285:
2254:
2250:
2219:
2215:
2160:
2156:
2141:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2109:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2066:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2038:
2036:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2012:
2010:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1933:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1905:
1903:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1860:
1845:
1841:
1831:
1829:
1822:
1806:
1802:
1792:
1790:
1775:
1771:
1761:
1759:
1708:
1704:
1651:
1647:
1637:
1635:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1607:
1605:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1577:
1575:
1560:
1556:
1546:
1544:
1534:
1530:
1520:
1518:
1508:
1504:
1494:
1492:
1479:Siegel, Ethan.
1477:
1473:
1463:
1461:
1448:Siegel, Ethan.
1446:
1442:
1432:
1430:
1415:
1411:
1401:
1399:
1388:
1384:
1376:
1370:
1359:
1351:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1290:
1286:
1265:
1261:
1251:
1249:
1242:
1222:
1218:
1208:
1206:
1199:
1191:. Aleck Loker.
1183:
1179:
1169:
1167:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1136:Wayback Machine
1123:
1119:
1112:
1098:
1094:
1086:Rosen, Edward,
1085:
1081:
1070:
1066:
1056:
1054:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1026:
992:Keyhole problem
921:
916:
867:
798:
792:
707:
705:X-ray astronomy
701:X-ray telescope
699:Main articles:
697:
689:
683:
603:spotting scopes
552:
544:Main articles:
542:
537:
529:Main articles:
527:
437:
431:Radio astronomy
427:Radio telescope
425:Main articles:
423:
399:space telescope
341:
326:light pollution
317:
315:Space telescope
311:
267:achromatic lens
205:
199:
152:Galileo Galilei
138:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4225:
4215:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4184:
4183:
4171:
4159:
4147:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4108:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4072:
4065:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4042:
4035:
4028:
4014:
4007:
4000:
3993:
3986:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3963:
3956:
3949:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3909:Astrochemistry
3905:
3898:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3842:Hale Telescope
3838:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3802:
3800:
3792:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3719:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3683:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3588:
3581:
3575:Visible-light
3571:
3557:
3550:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3516:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3465:
3463:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3397:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3378:
3377:
3370:
3363:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3327:
3322:
3305:
3292:
3284:
3268:
3267:External links
3265:
3264:
3263:
3249:
3234:
3198:
3192:
3175:
3170:
3151:
3137:
3119:
3105:
3090:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3054:. 9 May 2012.
3040:
3007:10.1086/167599
2966:
2929:(5): 345–349.
2908:
2871:(3): 899–915.
2850:
2778:
2700:
2669:
2591:
2543:
2525:
2448:
2371:
2341:
2319:10.1086/157110
2283:
2248:
2213:
2154:
2139:
2119:
2076:
2046:
2020:
1963:(2): 709–720.
1943:
1913:
1870:
1839:
1820:
1800:
1769:
1722:(1): 511–548.
1702:
1645:
1615:
1585:
1554:
1528:
1502:
1471:
1440:
1409:
1382:
1368:
1345:
1313:
1306:
1300:. p. 67.
1284:
1280:Marin Mersenne
1268:Niccolò Zucchi
1259:
1240:
1216:
1197:
1177:
1147:
1117:
1111:978-1629147581
1110:
1092:
1079:
1064:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
938:
933:
928:
922:
920:
917:
915:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
868:
866:
863:
814:coded aperture
794:Main article:
791:
788:
774:. In 2012 the
696:
693:
685:Main article:
682:
679:
656:Fresnel imager
652:
651:
644:
637:
541:
538:
526:
523:
455:radio antennas
422:
419:
340:
337:
313:Main article:
310:
307:
272:speculum metal
242:—reduction of
221:Hans Lipperhey
201:Main article:
198:
195:
193:'far-seeing'.
137:
134:
132:in the 1960s.
85:curved mirrors
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4224:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4170:
4160:
4158:
4148:
4146:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4118:
4109:
4106:
4097:
4096:
4093:
4086:
4082:
4077:
4073:
4070:
4066:
4063:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4012:
4008:
4005:
4001:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3975:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3967:Constellation
3964:
3961:
3957:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3899:
3896:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3878:
3874:
3871:
3867:
3864:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3839:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3822:
3818:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3793:
3782:
3778:
3773:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3755:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3734:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3720:
3717:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:Other methods
3616:
3609:
3605:
3600:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3554:Submillimetre
3551:
3548:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3528:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3513:Extragalactic
3510:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3477:Observational
3474:
3471:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3418:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3376:
3371:
3369:
3364:
3362:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3336:Sixty Symbols
3333:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3215:10.1068/p3210
3212:
3208:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3173:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3158:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3138:0-03-057861-2
3134:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3106:0-486-23893-8
3102:
3098:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3078:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3045:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2979:Hillas, A. M.
2976:
2975:Weekes, T. C.
2970:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2912:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2854:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2792:
2782:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2704:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2673:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2595:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2547:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2452:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2287:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2229:(1): 94–114,
2228:
2224:
2217:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2140:0-387-98746-0
2136:
2132:
2131:
2123:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1931:
1927:
1926:New Scientist
1923:
1917:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1804:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1706:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1665:(6796): 551.
1664:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1543:
1539:
1538:"Quick Facts"
1532:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1397:
1394:. Space.com.
1393:
1386:
1375:
1371:
1369:9780521812986
1365:
1358:
1357:
1349:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1317:
1309:
1307:9780521566698
1303:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1272:James Gregory
1269:
1263:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1220:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1181:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1121:
1113:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1034:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
987:Hartmann mask
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
947:Bahtinov mask
945:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
923:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
869:
862:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
832:
830:
826:
822:
817:
815:
807:
802:
797:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
722:
718:
716:
711:
706:
702:
692:
688:
678:
676:
672:
671:comet seekers
668:
663:
661:
657:
649:
645:
642:
638:
635:
631:
630:
629:
627:
623:
622:
621:camera lenses
618:
616:
611:
610:
605:
604:
599:
595:
594:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
561:
556:
551:
547:
540:Visible light
536:
532:
522:
520:
516:
512:
507:
505:
500:
498:
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
470:
468:
462:
460:
456:
453:
446:
441:
436:
432:
428:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
395:
393:
389:
385:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
360:
358:
350:
345:
336:
332:
329:
327:
323:
316:
306:
304:
300:
296:
289:
285:
280:
276:
273:
268:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
209:
204:
194:
192:
188:
184:
181:
177:
176:Ancient Greek
172:
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
149:
145:
144:
133:
131:
127:
122:
120:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
54:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4169:Solar System
4054:
3943:
3923:Astrophysics
3902:Astrobiology
3566:Far-infrared
3520:Local system
3455:Astronomy by
3445:... in space
3335:
3315:
3287:
3273:
3239:
3206:
3202:
3179:
3156:
3127:
3095:
3082:
3060:. Retrieved
3031:. Retrieved
2990:
2986:
2969:
2926:
2922:
2911:
2868:
2864:
2853:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2781:
2769:. Retrieved
2718:
2714:
2703:
2691:. Retrieved
2682:
2672:
2660:. Retrieved
2609:
2605:
2594:
2561:
2557:
2546:
2538:the original
2528:
2516:. Retrieved
2468:(1): 21–30.
2465:
2461:
2451:
2439:. Retrieved
2388:
2384:
2374:
2362:. Retrieved
2353:
2344:
2301:
2297:
2286:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2129:
2122:
2110:. Retrieved
2093:
2089:
2079:
2067:. Retrieved
2058:
2049:
2037:. Retrieved
2023:
2011:. Retrieved
1960:
1956:
1946:
1934:. Retrieved
1925:
1916:
1904:. Retrieved
1887:
1883:
1873:
1861:. Retrieved
1852:
1842:
1830:. Retrieved
1810:
1803:
1791:. Retrieved
1782:
1772:
1760:. Retrieved
1756:the original
1719:
1715:
1705:
1662:
1658:
1648:
1636:. Retrieved
1627:
1618:
1606:. Retrieved
1597:
1588:
1576:. Retrieved
1567:
1557:
1547:17 September
1545:. Retrieved
1541:
1531:
1521:17 September
1519:. Retrieved
1515:
1505:
1493:. Retrieved
1484:
1474:
1462:. Retrieved
1453:
1443:
1431:. Retrieved
1422:
1412:
1400:. Retrieved
1385:
1374:the original
1355:
1348:
1336:. Retrieved
1325:
1316:
1293:
1287:
1266:Attempts by
1262:
1250:. Retrieved
1226:
1219:
1207:. Retrieved
1187:
1180:
1168:. Retrieved
1160:www.nasa.gov
1159:
1150:
1139:Jacob Metius
1126:
1120:
1104:. Skyhorse.
1101:
1095:
1087:
1082:
1067:
1055:. Retrieved
1046:
1037:
1002:Planetariums
860:
833:
818:
811:
740:heavy metals
732:X-ray optics
726:
714:
690:
664:
660:Fresnel lens
653:
625:
619:
613:
607:
601:
597:
591:
572:angular size
565:
508:
501:
490:
471:
463:
449:
396:
381:
361:
354:
333:
330:
318:
292:
264:
256:Isaac Newton
233:
214:
190:
186:
182:
171:perspicillum
159:
142:
141:
139:
123:
116:
97:
60:
58:
53:Edwin Hubble
36:
4157:Outer space
3990:Planetarium
3647:High-energy
3633:Cosmic rays
3585:Ultraviolet
3340:Brady Haran
3087:McGraw-Hill
1832:12 December
1252:21 November
1209:12 December
1043:"Telescope"
982:First light
760:Hans Wolter
758:. In 1952,
681:Ultraviolet
667:astrographs
596:(including
593:theodolites
452:directional
415:observatory
349:Crab Nebula
295:wavelengths
254:. In 1668,
217:Netherlands
150:for one of
108:Netherlands
102:with glass
4197:Telescopes
4191:Categories
3983:Photometry
3960:Binoculars
3937:Astrometry
3798:telescopes
3695:Babylonian
3539:EM methods
3417:Astronomer
3203:Perception
2952:10379/9414
2810:1702.00476
2803:(2): 139.
2619:1505.06631
2181:1606.09086
1029:References
997:Microscope
967:Dew shield
962:Carey mask
952:Binoculars
823:since the
821:satellites
784:deployable
770:, and the
734:, such as
721:concentric
626:spyglasses
615:binoculars
609:monoculars
576:brightness
459:wavelength
303:gamma-rays
191:teleskopos
69:reflection
65:absorption
4145:Astronomy
4055:Telescope
3661:Spherical
3608:Gamma-ray
3577:(optical)
3382:Astronomy
3259:173996168
3184:MIT Press
3162:Routledge
3033:20 August
3023:119424766
3015:0004-637X
2961:1387-6473
2903:0004-6361
2845:119187437
2837:1538-4357
2771:20 August
2753:0004-637X
2728:0902.1089
2693:20 August
2683:Space.com
2662:20 August
2652:119222297
2644:0004-6361
2586:121831705
2518:20 August
2500:0094-243X
2441:20 August
2423:0218-2718
2364:20 August
2336:120943949
2328:0004-637X
2208:0035-8711
2112:20 August
2069:20 August
2039:20 August
2013:20 August
2003:119423063
1995:0004-6361
1936:20 August
1906:20 August
1863:20 August
1853:Space.com
1793:20 August
1783:Space.com
1762:20 August
1752:261531924
1744:0066-4146
1681:1476-4687
1638:20 August
1495:20 August
1464:20 August
1433:20 August
1402:20 August
972:Dynameter
790:Gamma ray
752:hyperbola
717:telescope
588:astronomy
236:objective
180:romanized
158:. In the
143:telescope
140:The word
136:Etymology
112:astronomy
61:telescope
4105:Category
3814:Category
3709:Egyptian
3626:Neutrino
3561:Infrared
3509:Galactic
3484:Sidewalk
3438:Glossary
3408:Timeline
3342:for the
3298:Archived
3278:Archived
3223:11721819
3125:(1981).
3056:Archived
3027:Archived
2765:Archived
2761:26361978
2687:Archived
2656:Archived
2612:: A108.
2512:Archived
2508:14601312
2435:Archived
2358:Archived
2149:40473741
2106:Archived
2063:Archived
2033:Archived
2007:Archived
1930:Archived
1900:Archived
1857:Archived
1826:Archived
1787:Archived
1689:10949267
1632:Archived
1608:16 April
1602:Archived
1578:16 April
1572:Archived
1489:Archived
1458:Archived
1427:Archived
1396:Archived
1332:Archived
1246:Archived
1203:Archived
1164:Archived
1132:Archived
1051:Archived
977:f-number
919:See also
840:H.E.S.S.
748:parabola
598:transits
525:Infrared
517:and the
309:In space
4131:Portals
4117:Commons
4069:history
4039:Russian
3887:Related
3796:Optical
3781:Tibetan
3765:Serbian
3758:Persian
3702:Chinese
3679:Culture
3599:History
3470:Amateur
3401:History
3394:Outline
3231:8185797
3147:7734917
3115:6025190
2995:Bibcode
2993:: 379.
2931:Bibcode
2883:Bibcode
2815:Bibcode
2733:Bibcode
2624:Bibcode
2566:Bibcode
2480:Bibcode
2403:Bibcode
2306:Bibcode
2304:: 540.
2266:Bibcode
2231:Bibcode
2186:Bibcode
2098:Bibcode
2096:: 639.
1975:Bibcode
1892:Bibcode
1890:: 525.
1724:Bibcode
1697:4415108
1170:11 July
1057:12 July
926:Airmass
844:VERITAS
756:ellipse
744:degrees
584:mirrors
582:and/or
568:focuses
246:and no
229:Galileo
197:History
187:skopein
4085:Zodiac
4025:French
3730:Indian
3723:Hebrew
3462:Manner
3257:
3247:
3229:
3221:
3190:
3168:
3145:
3135:
3113:
3103:
3062:15 May
3021:
3013:
2959:
2901:
2843:
2835:
2759:
2751:
2650:
2642:
2584:
2506:
2498:
2431:858689
2429:
2421:
2334:
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