551:. Catheter ablation wasconsidered to be a first-line treatment method for many people with typical atrial flutter due to its high rate of success (>90%) and low incidence of complications, although pulsed field ablation now offers a non-thermal option. This is done in the cardiac electrophysiology lab by causing a ridge of scar tissue in the cavotricuspid isthmus that crosses the path of the circuit that causes atrial flutter. Eliminating conduction through the isthmus prevents reentry, and if successful, prevents the recurrence of the atrial flutter. Atrial fibrillation often occurs (30% within 5 years) after catheter ablation for atrial flutter.
39:
424:
523:). However, atrial flutter is more resistant to correction with such medications than atrial fibrillation. For example, although the class III antiarrhythmic agent ibutilide is an effective treatment for atrial flutter, rates of recurrence after treatment are quite high (70–90%). Additionally, there are some specific considerations particular to treatment of atrial flutter.
382:
by blocking atrial impulses in excess of about 180 beats/minute, for the example of a resting heart rate. (This block is dependent on the age of the patient and can be calculated roughly by subtracting patient age from 220). If the flutter rate is 300 beats per minute, only half of these impulses will be conducted, giving a ventricular rate of 150 beats per minute, or a 2:1
436:
478:
Type II (atypical) atrial flutter follows a significantly different re-entry pathway to type I flutter, and is typically faster, usually 340–350 beats/minute. Atypical atrial flutter rarely occurs in people who have not undergone previous heart surgery or previous catheter ablation procedures. Left
381:
will demonstrate the atrial chambers of the heart contracting at a rate of 280–300 beats per minute whereas the ventricular chambers of the heart typically beat at a rate of 140–150 beats per minute. Due primarily to its longer refractory period, the AV node exerts a protective effect on heart rate
339:
conduct activity from the atria to the ventricles at a rate that the AV node would usually block. Bypassing the AV node, the atrial rate of 300 beats/minute leads to a ventricular rate of 300 beats/minute (1:1 conduction). Even if the ventricles are able to sustain a cardiac output at such a high
394:
Typical atrial flutter is recognized on an electrocardiogram by the presence of characteristic "flutter waves" at a regular rate of 250 to 350 beats per minute. Flutter waves may not be evident on an ECG in atypical forms of atrial flutter. Individual flutter waves may be symmetrical, resembling
218:(1881–1945) and colleagues. AFL is the second most common pathologic supraventricular tachycardia but occurs at a rate less than one-tenth of the most common supraventricular tachycardia (atrial fibrillation). The overall incidence of AFL has been estimated at 88 cases per 100,000
142:(AF). But rarely does it persist for months or years. Similar to the abnormal heart rhythm atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter also leads to poor contraction of the atrial chambers of the heart. This leads to the pooling of the blood in the heart and can lead to the formation of
368:
of atrial tissue. This creates electrical activity that moves in a localized self-perpetuating loop, which usually lasts about 200 milliseconds for the complete circuit. For each cycle around the loop, an electric impulse results and propagates through the atria.
206:
effectively control atrial flutter about 80% of the time when they are started but atrial flutter recurs at a high rate (70–90% of the time) despite continued use. Atrial flutter can be treated more definitively with a technique known as
161:
in the vein (intravenously) can help medical personnel differentiate between atrial flutter and other forms of supraventricular tachycardia. Immediate treatment of atrial flutter centers on slowing the heart rate with medications such as
311:. A blood clot in the left atrial appendage is particularly important as the left side of the heart supplies blood to the entire body through the arteries. Thus, any thrombus material that dislodges from this side of the heart can
211:. This involves the insertion of a catheter through a vein in the groin which is followed up to the heart and is used to identify and interrupt the electrical circuit causing the atrial flutter (by creating a small burn and scar).
372:
The impact and symptoms of atrial flutter depend on the heart rate of the affected person. Heart rate is a measure of ventricular rather than atrial activity. Impulses from the atria are conducted to the ventricles through the
178:) if the affected person is not having chest pain, has not lost consciousness, and if their blood pressure is normal (known as stable atrial flutter). If the affected person is having chest pain, has lost consciousness, or has
1129:
1106:
479:
atrial flutter is considered atypical and is common after incomplete left atrial ablation procedures. Atypical atrial flutter originating from the right atrium and heart's septum have also been described.
535:
than atrial fibrillation, with a shock of only 20 to 50 Joules commonly being enough to cause a return to a normal heart rhythm (sinus rhythm). Exact placement of the pads does not appear important.
395:
p-waves, or maybe asymmetrical with a "sawtooth" shape, rising gradually and falling abruptly or vice versa. If atrial flutter is suspected clinically but is not clearly evident on ECG, acquiring a
222:. The incidence of AFL is significantly lower (~5 cases/100,000 person-years) in those younger than age 50 and is far more common (587 cases/100,000 person-years) in those over 80 years of age.
462:. Type I flutter is further divided into two subtypes, known as counterclockwise atrial flutter and clockwise atrial flutter depending on the direction of current passing through the loop.
237:
Atrial flutter is usually well-tolerated initially (a high heart rate is, for most people just a normal response to exercise); however, people with other underlying heart diseases (such as
809:
Vidaillet H, Granada JF, Chyou PH, Maassen K, Ortiz M, Pulido JN, et al. (2002). "A Population-Based Study of
Mortality among Patients with Atrial Fibrillation or Flutter".
466:
Counterclockwise atrial flutter (known as cephalad-directed atrial flutter) is more commonly seen. The flutter waves in this rhythm are inverted in ECG leads II, III, and aVF.
287:
In rare situations, atrial flutter associated with a fast heart rate persists for an extended period of time without being corrected to a normal heart rhythm and leads to a
157:
A supraventricular tachycardia with a ventricular heart rate of 150 beats per minute is suggestive (though not necessarily diagnostic) of atrial flutter. Administration of
443:
Type I atrial flutter, also known as common atrial flutter or typical atrial flutter, has an atrial rate of 240 to 340 beats/minute. However, this rate may be slowed by
291:. Even in individuals with a normal heart, if the heart beats too quickly for a prolonged period of time, this can lead to ventricular decompensation and heart failure.
716:
Vadmann, H; Nielsen, PB; Hjortshøj, SP; Riahi, S; Rasmussen, LH; Lip, GY; Larsen, TB (September 2015). "Atrial flutter and thromboembolic risk: a systematic review".
415:. Most individuals with atrial flutter will manifest only one of these. Rarely someone may manifest both types; however, they can manifest only one type at a time.
360:. This usually occurs along the cavo-tricuspid isthmus of the right atrium though atrial flutter can originate in the left atrium as well. Typically initiated by a
1909:
327:
Sudden death is not directly associated with atrial flutter. However, in individuals with a pre-existing accessory conduction pathway, such as the
256:). This may manifest as exercise intolerance (exertional breathlessness), difficulty breathing at night, or swelling of the legs and/or abdomen.
264:
Although often regarded as a relatively benign heart rhythm problem, atrial flutter shares the same complications as the related condition
268:. There is a paucity of published data directly comparing the two, but overall mortality in these conditions appears to be very similar.
503:
agent. Both rhythms can be associated with dangerously fast heart rates and thus require medication to control the heart rate (such as
230:
While atrial flutter can sometimes go unnoticed, its onset is often marked by characteristic sensations of the heart feeling like it is
1550:
469:
The re-entry loop cycles in the opposite direction in clockwise atrial flutter, thus the flutter waves are upright in II, III, and aVF.
138:, it may occur spontaneously in people with otherwise normal hearts. It is typically not a stable rhythm and often degenerates into
1240:
990:
1967:
1284:
328:
303:, there is stasis (pooling) of blood in the atria. Stasis of blood in susceptible individuals can lead to the formation of a
966:
1771:
1608:
543:
Due to the reentrant nature of atrial flutter, it is often possible to ablate the circuit that causes atrial flutter with
1962:
1776:
1766:
1355:
198:) is an important component of treatment to reduce the risk of blood clot formation in the heart and resultant strokes.
2073:
1904:
1518:
288:
1944:
488:
759:
Lewis T, Feil HS, Stroud WD (1920). "Observations upon flutter, fibrillation, II: the nature of auricular flutter".
591:
Sawhney, NS; Anousheh, R; Chen, WC; Feld, GK (February 2009). "Diagnosis and management of typical atrial flutter".
1939:
544:
1808:
1589:
1048:"The efficacy of pad placement for electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation/flutter: a systematic review"
783:
633:
Link, MS (October 2012). "Clinical practice. Evaluation and initial treatment of supraventricular tachycardia".
1884:
1879:
1803:
365:
332:
276:
Rapid heart rates may produce significant symptoms in patients with pre-existing heart disease and can lead to
319:. Thrombus material can embolize to any other portion of the body, though usually with a less severe outcome.
252:
Prolonged atrial flutter with fast heart rates may lead to decompensation with loss of normal heart function (
2230:
2106:
2035:
1867:
1603:
386:. The addition of rate-controlling drugs or conduction system disease can increase this block substantially
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2018:
2001:
1934:
1854:
1233:
532:
361:
100:
2328:
2068:
1513:
215:
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Atrial flutter was first identified as an independent medical condition in 1920 by the
British physician
2050:
1538:
1523:
122:
Although this abnormal heart rhythm typically occurs in individuals with cardiovascular disease (e.g.,
1597:
2128:
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2008:
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341:
234:. Such sensations usually last until the episode resolves, or until the heart rate is controlled.
103:. Atrial flutter is characterized by a sudden-onset (usually) regular abnormal heart rhythm on an
2333:
2285:
2259:
2247:
2235:
2220:
1954:
1896:
1700:
1681:
1333:
1273:
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508:
439:
Atrial flutter with a two to one block. Note the P waves hiding in the T waves in leads V1 and V2
238:
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127:
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Kirkland, S; Stiell, I; AlShawabkeh, T; Campbell, S; Dickinson, G; Rowe, BH (July 2014).
265:
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68:
20:
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745:
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725:
688:
642:
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300:
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975:
2297:
1689:
1670:
1657:
1464:
1343:
1218:
1149:
729:
459:
187:
115:, a feeling as if one's stomach has dropped, a feeling of being light-headed, or
1024:
956:
904:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
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2198:
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in the atrium, individuals with atrial flutter usually require some form of
2212:
2186:
2030:
1978:
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to the brain's arteries, with the potentially devastating consequence of a
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1484:
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1179:
383:
231:
219:
179:
108:
96:
1098:
846:"Risk of thromboembolism in acute atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter"
307:(blood clot) within the heart. A thrombus is most likely to form in the
2175:
1725:
1201:
1064:
1047:
520:
396:
167:
56:
1190:
516:
203:
175:
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Chou's electrocardiography in clinical practice: adult and pediatric
109:
a feeling of the heart beating too fast, too hard, or skipping beats
2101:
1258:
492:
312:
304:
277:
249:
and, in some patients, nervousness and feelings of impending doom.
241:) or poor exercise tolerance may rapidly develop symptoms, such as
200:
Medications used to restore a normal heart rhythm (antiarrhythmics)
195:
191:
143:
38:
427:
Type I atrial flutter, counterclockwise rotation with 3:1 and 4:1
423:
1045:
450:
The reentrant loop circles the right atrium, passing through the
428:
374:
242:
147:
112:
675:
Bun, SS; Latcu, DG; Marchlinski, F; Saoudi, N (September 2015).
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246:
151:
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Because there is little, if any, effective contraction of the
957:
Surawicz, Borys; Knilans, Timothy K.; Chou, Te-Chuan (2001).
345:
92:
808:
715:
531:
Atrial flutter is considerably more sensitive to electrical
107:(ECG) in which the heart rate is fast. Symptoms may include
454:– a body of fibrous tissue in the lower atrium between the
674:
186:
to restore a normal heart rhythm is necessary. Long-term
95:. When it first occurs, it is usually associated with a
435:
46:
Atrial flutter with varying A-V conduction (5:1 and 4:1)
590:
491:. Because both rhythms can lead to the formation of a
364:, atrial flutter is propagated due to differences in
1088:
1248:
1011:Garan, H (April 2008). "Atypical atrial flutter".
897:
407:There are two types of atrial flutter, the common
148:breaking off and traveling through the bloodstream
362:premature electrical impulse arising in the atria
2315:
340:rate, 1:1 flutter with time may degenerate into
146:in the heart, which poses a significant risk of
758:
399:ECG may be helpful in revealing flutter waves.
898:Yow, A. G.; Rajasurya, V.; Sharma, S. (2023).
778:
776:
774:
677:"Atrial flutter: more than just one of a kind"
586:
584:
489:managed in the same way as atrial fibrillation
1234:
582:
580:
578:
576:
574:
572:
570:
568:
566:
564:
377:. In a person with atrial flutter, a 12-lead
245:, chest pain, lightheadedness or dizziness,
16:Abnormal heart rhythm beginning in the atria
771:
1551:Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
1241:
1227:
709:
628:
626:
624:
622:
561:
182:(unstable atrial flutter), then an urgent
37:
1063:
1004:
692:
670:
668:
666:
664:
278:inadequate blood flow to the heart muscle
843:
434:
422:
619:
322:
2316:
1285:Spontaneous coronary artery dissection
661:
1222:
1010:
993:from the original on 26 February 2009
487:In general, atrial flutter should be
225:
1609:Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
937:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
632:
344:, causing hemodynamic collapse and
13:
1905:Accelerated idioventricular rhythm
862:10.1111/j.1540-8175.2000.tb01155.x
351:
289:tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy
14:
2345:
1084:
402:
294:
811:The American Journal of Medicine
545:radiofrequency catheter ablation
526:
375:atrio-ventricular node (AV node)
259:
1590:Subacute bacterial endocarditis
1039:
950:
925:
635:New England Journal of Medicine
313:embolize (break off and travel)
271:
99:and is classified as a type of
891:
837:
802:
752:
356:Atrial flutter is caused by a
333:Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
1:
2107:Pulseless electrical activity
2036:Multifocal atrial tachycardia
1910:Catecholaminergic polymorphic
823:10.1016/S0002-9343(02)01253-6
554:
511:) and/or rhythm control with
482:
184:electrical shock to the heart
730:10.1136/heartjnl-2015-307550
533:direct current cardioversion
389:
101:supraventricular tachycardia
7:
1052:Academic Emergency Medicine
1025:10.1016/j.hrthm.2007.10.031
538:
10:
2350:
2051:Wandering atrial pacemaker
1598:non-infective endocarditis
1539:Endocardial fibroelastosis
983:"Atrial Flutter: Overview"
961:. Philadelphia: Saunders.
473:
18:
2268:
2211:
2129:hexaxial reference system
2120:
2087:
2074:Jervell and Lange-Nielsen
2059:
2017:
1976:
1953:
1927:
1895:
1853:
1834:
1733:
1719:
1619:
1604:Libman–Sacks endocarditis
1573:
1559:
1475:
1424:
1417:
1354:
1309:
1266:
1257:
1170:
1092:
605:10.1016/j.ccl.2008.09.010
513:class III antiarrhythmics
418:
62:
50:
45:
36:
31:
2009:Ventricular fibrillation
1280:Coronary artery aneurysm
844:Stoddard, M. F. (2000).
694:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv118
509:calcium channel blockers
342:ventricular fibrillation
335:, the accessory pathway
232:beating too fast or hard
172:calcium channel blockers
19:Not to be confused with
2286:Diastolic heart failure
2260:Athletic heart syndrome
2221:Ventricular hypertrophy
1955:Pre-excitation syndrome
1809:Left posterior fascicle
1334:Acute coronary syndrome
1274:Coronary artery disease
379:electrocardiogram (ECG)
239:coronary artery disease
128:coronary artery disease
1804:Left anterior fascicle
1584:infective endocarditis
1369:Hibernating myocardium
1250:Cardiovascular disease
900:"Sudden Cardiac Death"
788:Johns Hopkins Medicine
681:European Heart Journal
452:cavo-tricuspid isthmus
440:
432:
1968:Wolff–Parkinson–White
1928:Premature contraction
1826:Adams–Stokes syndrome
1529:Loeffler endocarditis
1339:Myocardial infarction
647:10.1056/NEJMcp1111259
549:pulsed field ablation
445:antiarrhythmic agents
438:
426:
188:use of blood thinners
117:loss of consciousness
85:abnormal heart rhythm
2135:Right axis deviation
2097:Sudden cardiac death
1455:Pericardial effusion
1398:Ventricular aneurysm
987:eMedicine Cardiology
323:Sudden cardiac death
113:difficulty breathing
111:, chest discomfort,
2140:Left axis deviation
1997:Atrial fibrillation
1992:Ventricular flutter
1915:Torsades de pointes
1789:Bundle branch block
1748:Sick sinus syndrome
1534:Cardiac amyloidosis
1519:Tachycardia-induced
1374:Myocardial stunning
1322:Prinzmetal's angina
1291:Coronary thrombosis
266:atrial fibrillation
243:shortness of breath
140:atrial fibrillation
124:high blood pressure
87:that starts in the
69:Electrocardiography
21:Atrial fibrillation
2329:Cardiac arrhythmia
2243:Atrial enlargement
2041:Pacemaker syndrome
1963:Lown–Ganong–Levine
1885:Junctional ectopic
1880:AV nodal reentrant
1386:Myocardial rupture
1296:Coronary vasospasm
1171:External resources
1065:10.1111/acem.12407
790:. 22 February 2021
599:(1): 55–67, viii.
593:Cardiology Clinics
456:inferior vena cava
441:
433:
366:refractory periods
226:Signs and symptoms
180:low blood pressure
2311:
2310:
2303:Obstructive shock
2207:
2206:
2154:Short QT syndrome
2121:Other / ungrouped
2112:Sinoatrial arrest
2027:Ectopic pacemaker
1923:
1922:
1743:Sinus bradycardia
1715:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1460:Cardiac tamponade
1413:
1412:
1403:Dressler syndrome
1301:Myocardial bridge
1216:
1215:
968:978-0-7216-8697-4
358:re-entrant rhythm
309:atrial appendages
209:catheter ablation
136:diabetes mellitus
105:electrocardiogram
74:
73:
64:Diagnostic method
26:Medical condition
2341:
2276:Cardiac fibrosis
2168:T wave alternans
2061:Long QT syndrome
1855:Supraventricular
1851:
1850:
1784:Intraventricular
1731:
1730:
1571:
1570:
1422:
1421:
1267:Coronary disease
1264:
1263:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1220:
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1002:
1001:
999:
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954:
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933:"Atrial Flutter"
929:
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922:
920:
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889:
888:
886:
884:
850:Echocardiography
841:
835:
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806:
800:
799:
797:
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784:"Atrial Flutter"
780:
769:
768:
756:
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696:
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617:
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216:Sir Thomas Lewis
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2349:
2348:
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2339:
2338:
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2298:Rheumatic fever
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1949:
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1891:
1838:
1830:
1724:
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1471:
1465:Hemopericardium
1409:
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1344:Unstable angina
1317:Angina pectoris
1310:Active ischemia
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1101:
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641:(15): 1438–48.
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562:
557:
541:
529:
497:anticoagulation
485:
476:
460:tricuspid valve
421:
405:
392:
354:
352:Pathophysiology
325:
297:
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262:
228:
150:, resulting in
97:fast heart rate
89:atrial chambers
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2334:Heart diseases
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2199:Strain pattern
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2089:Cardiac arrest
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2069:Andersen–Tawil
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2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2006:
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1994:
1989:
1987:Atrial flutter
1983:
1981:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1901:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1859:
1857:
1848:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1786:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1759:
1750:
1745:
1739:
1737:
1728:
1717:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1579:
1577:
1568:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1497:Cardiomyopathy
1494:
1493:
1492:
1490:Chagas disease
1481:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1441:
1430:
1428:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1360:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1282:
1277:
1270:
1268:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1246:
1245:
1238:
1231:
1223:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1207:Atrial flutter
1198:
1196:article/151210
1187:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1152:
1141:
1126:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1093:Classification
1086:
1085:External links
1083:
1080:
1079:
1038:
1003:
974:
967:
949:
924:
890:
856:(4): 393–405.
836:
801:
770:
751:
708:
660:
618:
559:
558:
556:
553:
540:
537:
528:
525:
484:
481:
475:
472:
471:
470:
467:
420:
417:
404:
403:Classification
401:
391:
388:
353:
350:
329:bundle of Kent
324:
321:
296:
295:Clot formation
293:
282:a heart attack
273:
270:
261:
258:
227:
224:
132:cardiomyopathy
83:) is a common
77:Atrial flutter
72:
71:
66:
60:
59:
54:
48:
47:
43:
42:
34:
33:
32:Atrial flutter
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2346:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2281:Heart failure
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2192:ST depression
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1819:Trifascicular
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1702:
1701:regurgitation
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1682:regurgitation
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1663:regurgitation
1661:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1644:regurgitation
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1327:Stable angina
1325:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1058:(7): 717–26.
1057:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1019:(4): 618–21.
1018:
1014:
1007:
992:
988:
984:
978:
970:
964:
960:
953:
938:
934:
928:
913:
909:
905:
901:
894:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
840:
832:
828:
824:
820:
817:(5): 365–70.
816:
812:
805:
789:
785:
779:
777:
775:
766:
762:
755:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
712:
704:
700:
695:
690:
686:
682:
678:
671:
669:
667:
665:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
629:
627:
625:
623:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
587:
585:
583:
581:
579:
577:
575:
573:
571:
569:
567:
565:
560:
552:
550:
546:
536:
534:
527:Cardioversion
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
505:beta blockers
502:
498:
494:
490:
480:
468:
465:
464:
463:
461:
457:
453:
448:
446:
437:
430:
425:
416:
414:
410:
400:
398:
387:
385:
380:
376:
370:
367:
363:
359:
349:
347:
343:
338:
334:
330:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
292:
290:
285:
283:
279:
269:
267:
260:Complications
257:
255:
254:heart failure
250:
248:
244:
240:
235:
233:
223:
221:
217:
212:
210:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
164:beta blockers
160:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
120:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
70:
67:
65:
61:
58:
55:
53:
49:
44:
40:
35:
30:
22:
2213:Cardiomegaly
2187:ST elevation
2174:
2160:
2146:
2127:
2031:Ectopic beat
1986:
1979:fibrillation
1814:Bifascicular
1688:
1669:
1650:
1626:
1596:
1582:
1575:Endocarditis
1514:Hypertrophic
1448:Constrictive
1434:Pericarditis
1392:
1380:
1363:
1200:
1189:
1178:
1154:
1143:
1128:
1105:
1055:
1051:
1041:
1016:
1013:Heart Rhythm
1012:
1006:
995:. Retrieved
986:
977:
958:
952:
940:. Retrieved
936:
927:
915:. Retrieved
903:
893:
881:. Retrieved
853:
849:
839:
814:
810:
804:
792:. Retrieved
787:
764:
760:
754:
721:
717:
711:
684:
680:
638:
634:
596:
592:
542:
530:
501:antiplatelet
486:
477:
449:
442:
412:
408:
406:
393:
371:
355:
336:
326:
298:
286:
275:
272:Rate-related
263:
251:
236:
229:
220:person-years
213:
156:
121:
80:
76:
75:
2079:Romano–Ward
2046:Parasystole
1945:Ventricular
1897:Ventricular
1836:Tachycardia
1753:Heart block
1735:Bradycardia
1561:Endocardium
1524:Restrictive
1485:Myocarditis
1426:Pericardium
1180:MedlinePlus
384:heart block
144:blood clots
2324:Cardiology
2318:Categories
1977:Flutter /
1940:Junctional
1875:Junctional
1868:Multifocal
1841:paroxysmal
1757:Sinoatrial
1726:arrhythmia
1721:Conduction
1477:Myocardium
1202:Patient UK
1156:DiseasesDB
997:2009-03-06
595:(Review).
555:References
521:dofetilide
493:blood clot
483:Management
458:, and the
411:and rarer
397:Lewis lead
168:metoprolol
57:Cardiology
2236:Pulmonary
2019:Pacemaker
1690:pulmonary
1671:tricuspid
1507:Alcoholic
1191:eMedicine
517:ibutilide
515:(such as
390:Diagnosis
280:and even
204:ibutilide
176:diltiazem
159:adenosine
52:Specialty
2102:Asystole
2002:Familial
1696:stenosis
1677:stenosis
1658:stenosis
1639:stenosis
1634:prolapse
1356:Sequelae
1259:Ischemia
1074:25117151
1033:18325846
991:Archived
912:29939631
878:20652213
870:10979012
831:12401530
746:26126493
738:26149627
703:25838435
655:23050527
613:19111764
539:Ablation
429:AV nodal
305:thrombus
202:such as
196:apixaban
192:warfarin
1502:Dilated
1444:Chronic
1252:(heart)
1150:D001282
474:Type II
413:type II
190:(e.g.,
174:(e.g.,
166:(e.g.,
152:strokes
91:of the
2182:J wave
1935:Atrial
1863:Atrial
1652:aortic
1628:mitral
1620:Valves
1566:valves
1418:Layers
1287:(SCAD)
1185:000184
1139:427.32
1072:
1031:
965:
942:3 July
917:3 July
910:
883:3 July
876:
868:
829:
794:3 July
767:: 191.
744:
736:
701:
653:
611:
431:block.
419:Type I
409:type I
317:stroke
247:nausea
134:) and
130:, and
2269:Other
2253:Right
2231:Right
1845:sinus
1794:Right
1544:Viral
1439:Acute
1393:weeks
1364:hours
1276:(CAD)
1124:I48.9
1120:I48.4
1116:I48.3
874:S2CID
761:Heart
742:S2CID
718:Heart
346:death
301:atria
170:) or
93:heart
2248:Left
2226:Left
1843:and
1799:Left
1381:days
1161:1072
1145:MeSH
1134:9-CM
1070:PMID
1029:PMID
963:ISBN
944:2021
919:2021
908:PMID
885:2021
866:PMID
827:PMID
796:2021
734:PMID
699:PMID
651:PMID
609:PMID
1130:ICD
1107:ICD
1060:doi
1021:doi
858:doi
819:doi
815:113
726:doi
722:101
689:doi
643:doi
639:367
601:doi
547:or
519:or
507:or
499:or
337:may
331:in
194:or
81:AFL
2320::
2176:ST
2148:QT
2029:/
1777:3°
1772:2°
1767:1°
1762:AV
1755::
1446:/
1205::
1194::
1183::
1159::
1148::
1137::
1122:,
1118:,
1114::
1111:10
1068:.
1056:21
1054:.
1050:.
1027:.
1015:.
989:.
985:.
935:.
906:.
902:.
872:.
864:.
854:17
852:.
848:.
825:.
813:.
786:.
773:^
763:.
740:.
732:.
720:.
697:.
685:36
683:.
679:.
663:^
649:.
637:.
621:^
607:.
597:27
563:^
447:.
348:.
284:.
154:.
126:,
119:.
2162:T
1847:)
1839:(
1723:/
1563:/
1242:e
1235:t
1228:v
1132:-
1109:-
1099:D
1076:.
1062::
1035:.
1023::
1017:5
1000:.
971:.
946:.
921:.
887:.
860::
833:.
821::
798:.
765:7
748:.
728::
705:.
691::
657:.
645::
615:.
603::
79:(
23:.
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