1318:
1480:
1176:
1300:
There are various views and opinions on the Kriol language. Some deny that it is even its own language simply referring to it as
English or insisting those who speak Kriol are just speaking English poorly. Others view the language as a threat because it encroaches on other older aboriginal languages.
1296:
The Kriol language unlike many other aboriginal languages is healthy with most of its speakers under the age of 30. 99% of Kriol speakers are aboriginals with only 0.8% being part of other groups. This shows that Kriol is an insider language only used within a community. Kriol speakers mainly use the
1259:
variety is spoken, but Daly River speakers do not consider themselves to be Kriol speakers. There is the question of whether the varieties should be understood as different forms of Kriol to strengthen the identities of the respective region, or they all should be seen as Kriol and potentially have a
365:
During that period, relations between the natives and
European people were strained. Aboriginal people fiercely defended their lands. However, the control of lands was eventually seized by the settlers, when a cattle company acquired much of the area. The settlers became more determined to take full
380:
region in 1908. That brought together around 200 people from eight different aboriginal ethnic groups, who spoke different native languages, Although adult members of these groups were multilingual because of frequent meetings and ceremonies. Children from these groups were educated in
English,
309:
in the northern regions has maintained a vibrant use of the language, which is spoken by about 30,000 people. Despite its similarities to
English in vocabulary, it has a distinct syntactic structure and grammar. It is a language in its own right and is distinct from
1297:
language orally with there being low literacy rates. Though there are groups and initiatives working to increase the usage of Kriol literacy and usage in media by teaching Kriol literacy, creating new works in Kriol, and translating pre existing works into Kriol.
1343:
have been translated into Kriol and many books have been published in Kriol. Online there are several videos and texts available in Kriol, as well as resources for learning the language. There is also currently an
Australian Kriol Knowledge currently on the
1407:
Orait, longtaim wen God bin stat meigimbat ebrijing, nomo enijing bin jidan. Imbin jis eniwei, nomo garram enijing. Oni strongbala woda bin goran goran ebriwei, en imbin brabli dakbala, en det Spirit blanga God bin mubabat ontop langa det
1422:
Our Kriol programs help students feel strong about themselves. In Room 33, students have been completing Kriol profiles about themselves while in Room 12, students did some great family portraits with all the labels in Kriol.
1364:
in the
Northern Territory. Translation took over 29 years. It was undertaken by a team of native Kriol speakers led by Rev. Canon Gumbuli Wurrumara and specialists from the Society for Australian Indigenous Languages.
1240:
area, but there are minor differences between the varieties of Kriol spoken in particular areas. Some speakers of Kriol prefer to refer to their language by their unique name. However, the varieties are quite similar.
1418:
Wen ola bigini dun Kriol la skul, im album alabat jidan strongbala. La run 33 alabat bin dum profail, bla dalim wi "hu yu?". La Rum 12, alabat bin drodrobat alabat femili en raidimdan wani dei gulum alabat gada Kriol
346:
developed throughout the territory based on Port
Jackson Pidgin English (PJPE). By 1900 PJPE had developed into Northern Territory Pidgin English (NTPE) was widespread and well understood. Then by 1908 NTPE would
415:
exclusively. In Kriol the order of possessor and possessum varies with it being evenly split between possessor possessum and possessum possessor. In Kriol word order is evenly split between Verb object
1496:
1413:
In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. Now the earth was formless and empty, darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the Spirit of God was hovering over the waters.
236:
388:
Although the relations between the missionaries and
Aboriginal people were friendly, the missionaries were not responsible for the development of Kriol. In fact, they tried to introduce
145:
1368:
The Kriol Bible is the first complete edition of the Bible in any
Indigenous Australian language. The publication was a joint venture of The Bible Society, Lutheran Bible Translators,
677:
369:
The resettlements and land seizures nearly annihilated the indigenous population was a major factor in the development of the creole, as it created drastic social change.
3109:
1844:
1167:
area), Barkly Kriol, Fitzroy Valley Kriol, and Daly River Kriol. Of the various dialects those spoken in the Roper River and
Barunga area are best documented.
1301:
While some take pride in it and try to support it. Government support for Kriol is limited with there being only two bilingual language programs in
2016:
188:
2739:
711:
644:
1757:
2674:
392:
as the official language for the mission, which the Aboriginal children used in class and with the missionaries, but Kriol still flourished.
1950:
326:
called Port Jackson Pidgin English are found from the 1780s with the pidgin being used for communication between the white settlers around
1444:
1309:
though the one in Barunga has closed though they both have successfully included Kriol as both a medium and an object of study.
1317:
578:
537:
412:
2667:
2009:
955:
682:
2999:
2732:
1962:
747:
542:
301:. Later, it was spoken by groups further west and north. The pidgin died out in most parts of the country, except in the
687:
1919:(1993) "Losing and gaining a language: the story of Kriol in the Northern Territory" in Walsh, M and Yallop, C (eds),
1690:
1223:
1197:
1205:
1814:
618:
2443:
2083:
2002:
1893:
1276:
which was formed by pervasive code switching between Kriol and Gurnidji. There is another Creole language called
808:
604:
2748:
2725:
2683:
1201:
844:
The primary contributing language of Kriol is English but it received and continues to receive influence from:
275:
114:
1244:
The differences are not actually that large. Mari Rhydwen compares the distinction to the distinction between
2593:
2475:
2387:
2064:
1361:
1237:
1127:
1123:
1115:
56:
44:
334:
was attempted over a period of about forty years. Settlement finally succeeded in 1870 with the founding of
2829:
2284:
1285:
737:
611:
447:, and dual plural inclusive and exclusive pronouns first person. The language also differentiates between
2778:
2429:
2276:
1302:
1164:
944:
where several different spellings can be used to make the same sound. Kriol, unlike English, also uses a
625:
583:
140:
2783:
2306:
2050:
1945:
1389:
829:
742:
571:
485:
335:
290:
1545:
2436:
1939:
552:
298:
1479:
2856:
2628:
2614:
2512:
2498:
2057:
1958:
1377:
1336:
1186:
547:
440:
250:
3005:
2906:
2788:
2401:
2240:
2161:
1273:
1190:
702:
590:
532:
2961:
2705:
2698:
2182:
2126:
2025:
1916:
1369:
1256:
649:
432:
306:
82:
2971:
2935:
2098:
2071:
637:
490:
436:
385:. Children from these communities disseminated English features throughout their community.
3088:
2985:
2867:
2450:
2380:
2299:
1345:
1163:
Dialects of Kriol include Roper River Kriol (Roper River Pidgin), Bamyili Creole (from the
945:
857:
654:
557:
311:
467:
There is a large variety in the specific pronouns and they vary largely between dialects.
8:
2900:
2621:
2568:
2335:
2320:
2140:
1492:
1322:
941:
901:
881:
869:
861:
500:
242:
68:
2925:
2844:
2269:
2262:
2154:
2043:
909:
889:
885:
853:
659:
495:
464:
342:
speakers followed. To communicate between both groups and the local Aboriginal people,
331:
302:
52:
2191:
1988:
228:
2930:
2920:
2839:
2834:
2635:
2342:
2313:
2255:
2248:
2225:
2147:
2105:
1686:
1685:. Summer Institute of Linguistics, Australian Aborigines Branch. pp. 69, 74–75.
1565:
1281:
1269:
1255:
Roper River (Ngukurr) Kriol is also spoken in Barunga, and in the Daly River area, a
897:
893:
668:
527:
515:
505:
460:
448:
305:, where the contact between European settlers, the Chinese and other Asians, and the
60:
431:
or verbs to specify meaning. Kriol pronouns differentiate between different between
3068:
2642:
2554:
2547:
2540:
2489:
2346:
2292:
2112:
2033:
1845:"While many Indigenous languages are disappearing, one has more speakers than ever"
1557:
1340:
1245:
1148:
929:
877:
389:
372:
Another factor in the development of Kriol was the establishment of a community of
339:
192:
1732:
3078:
3035:
2991:
2977:
2966:
2956:
2951:
2886:
2880:
2875:
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2798:
2793:
2773:
2717:
2607:
2600:
2586:
2533:
2519:
2422:
2366:
2205:
2198:
2175:
2168:
1983:
1249:
873:
865:
698:
632:
510:
408:
294:
278:
106:
96:
1111:
936:
and digraphs are used but also in the rules for said letters and digraphs. Each
407:
As a general rule the grammar of Kriol is a simplified version of that found in
395:
Kriol was not recognized as a language until the 1970s, as it was regarded as a
366:
control of the land from the native people and carried out a campaign to do so.
3054:
2415:
2371:
2232:
2119:
1277:
1152:
905:
849:
845:
452:
181:
3103:
3030:
2762:
2561:
2328:
2133:
1758:"A New Language Spoken By Just 350 People Has Evolved In Australia's Outback"
1707:
1569:
1467:
1144:
913:
770:
566:
382:
1933:
1608:
2914:
2851:
1583:
1119:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
348:
327:
64:
1942:
site for the main Aboriginal Community producing Kriol language materials.
1561:
212:
2394:
1994:
1976:
1373:
963:
933:
783:
765:
726:
377:
373:
355:
40:
1936:
Bilingual Kriol-English website providing news and information on Kriol.
1881:
2803:
2526:
1786:
1653:
1472:
822:
775:
456:
424:
72:
2892:
3060:
2482:
1497:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
1136:
952:
803:
599:
221:
205:
1175:
362:), where cattle stations were established and a township developed.
3083:
3040:
925:
268:
Roper River Kriol, Fitzroy Valley Kriol, Northern Australian Creole
1894:"Bible Gateway passage: Genesis 1:1-2 - New International Version"
1495:
Australian Kriol at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
3074:
3048:
1815:"2021 Census: Kriol a growing language - Meigim Kriol Strongbala"
1306:
937:
522:
396:
359:
48:
330:
and the local indigenous population. European settlement in the
2660:
2468:
2362:
1515:
1442:
444:
417:
343:
323:
286:
282:
2505:
1714:, Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
1357:
1268:
There is also a creole language based off a mix of Kriol and
1140:
959:
428:
16:
Creole language developed in Australia from an English-pidgin
1959:"First complete Bible translation in an indigenous language"
2903:(Franch Guiana and Suriname; English and Portuguese based)
1280:
formed by rapid code-switching between Kriol, English, and
1260:
better chance of funding for bilingual education programs.
1982:
Kriol materials from the Barunga bilingual program at the
1868:
Carroll, Peter J. 2004. From the beginning to Proverbs.
1405:
1380:, and the Australian Society of Indigenous Languages.
1326:
1712:
Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online
1705:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
940:
in Kriol can only be made with one letter, unlike in
815:
796:
789:
399:
of English, rather than a language in its own right.
1546:"Northern Territory Pidgin English: A Lexical Study"
948:
in which words are spelled to match how they sound.
2747:
1512:The Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures
1356:On 5 May 2007, the first complete edition of the
3101:
322:The first records of the progenitor to Kriol, a
3110:English-based pidgins and creoles of Australia
2733:
2010:
1706:Schultze-Berndt, Eva; Angelo, Denise (2013),
1921:Language and Culture in Aboriginal Australia
1204:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2740:
2726:
2024:
2017:
2003:
1956:
951:The Kriol alphabet contains 21 letters 11
1224:Learn how and when to remove this message
1680:
1632:
1443:Australian Bureau of Statistics (2021).
1325:, a copy of the Australian Kriol Bible (
1316:
1635:Papers in Pidgin and Creole Linguistics
1531:Kriol - An Australian Language Resource
3102:
1984:Living Archive of Aboriginal Languages
1809:
1807:
1787:"APiCS Online - Survey chapter: Kriol"
1781:
1779:
1654:"APiCS Online - Survey chapter: Kriol"
1543:
1486:
1360:in the Kriol language was launched at
2721:
1998:
1923:, Aboriginal Studies Press, Canberra.
1882:https://ebible.org/pdf/rop/rop_a4.pdf
1839:
1837:
1835:
1676:
1674:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1463:
1461:
455:, Independent Pronoun, and Adnominal
1506:
1504:
1351:
1202:adding citations to reliable sources
1169:
338:, and an influx of both English and
1963:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1819:meigimkriolstrongbala.org.au/en_au/
1804:
1776:
1236:Kriol is very widely spoken in the
13:
1957:Crittenden, Stephen (2 May 2007).
1832:
1671:
1641:
1544:Harris, John W. (1 January 1988).
1528:
1458:
1284:by the inhabitants of the town of
297:, Australia, in the early days of
14:
3121:
1927:
1637:(4th ed.). pp. 182–185.
1626:
1501:
1335:Many famous pieces of media such
146:Northern Territory Pidgin English
1478:
1174:
285:used initially in the region of
2444:South Australian Pidgin English
1886:
1875:
1862:
1750:
1725:
1699:
1263:
443:, as well as between singular,
2749:English-based creole languages
2684:Australian Irish Sign Language
1601:
1576:
1537:
1522:
1436:
1383:
919:
1:
2889:(French Guiana and Suriname)
2388:Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin
1429:
1370:The Church Missionary Society
839:
2895:(French Guiana and Suriname)
1445:"Cultural diversity: Census"
932:but varies not only in what
470:
7:
2430:Port Jackson Pidgin English
1991:Retrieved 25 December 2014.
1989:Roper Gulf Regional Council
1953:Retrieved 25 December 2014.
1158:
141:Port Jackson Pidgin English
10:
3126:
1979:Retrieved 13 January 2020.
1977:The Kriol Bible, full text
1681:Sandefur, John R. (1984).
1406:
1378:Wycliffe Bible Translators
402:
354:It creolized first in the
317:
3018:
2944:
2822:
2815:
2755:
2693:
2652:
2578:
2461:Major immigrant languages
2460:
2437:Queensland Kanaka English
2361:
2279:? (5-6 families/isolates)
2217:
2093:
2081:
2032:
1708:"Kriol structure dataset"
1633:Margaret, Sharpe (1978).
1291:
725:
697:
667:
631:
598:
521:
420:and Adverb verb object.
249:
235:
219:
203:
198:
178:
154:
133:
103:
88:
78:
36:
28:
23:
2675:Indigenous Sign Language
1951:Kriol-English Dictionary
1946:Kriol language resources
1737:espace.library.uq.edu.au
1312:
423:Word order is used over
94:7,500 (2021 census)
2579:Major foreign languages
2243:? (3 families/isolates)
1934:Meigim Kriol Strongbala
1327:
381:necessitating use of a
351:into Australian Kriol.
3000:San Andrés–Providencia
2706:Indigenous Australians
2699:Aboriginal Australians
2026:Languages of Australia
1683:Work Papers of Sil-Aab
1332:
307:Aboriginal Australians
281:that developed from a
83:Aboriginal Australians
3089:Torres Strait Islands
2668:Australian Aboriginal
2065:Australian Aboriginal
1562:10.1075/eww.9.1.06har
1320:
1257:mutually-intelligible
299:European colonisation
255:52-ABB-ca (varieties:
3026:Australian Aborginal
3019:Asia and the Pacific
2868:Afro-Seminole Creole
2451:Torres Strait Creole
1870:The Bible Translator
1198:improve this section
946:Phonetic Orthography
376:missionaries in the
312:Torres Strait Creole
169:Fitzroy Valley Kriol
2830:Antigua and Barbuda
2806:(Equatorial Guinea)
1529:Sharpe, Margret C.
1393:
1323:Museum of the Bible
942:English orthography
759:
477:
465:Reciprocal pronouns
69:Cape York Peninsula
3063:(Papua New Guinea)
2051:Western Australian
1550:English World-Wide
1388:
1333:
1059:Consonant Digraphs
757:
475:
427:or subject object
332:Northern Territory
303:Northern Territory
272:Aboriginal English
257:52-ABB-caa to -caf
53:Northern Territory
3097:
3096:
3057:(Solomon Islands)
3014:
3013:
2715:
2714:
2357:
2356:
2277:Macro-Gunwinyguan
2218:Language families
1940:Ngukurr Community
1791:apics-online.info
1764:. 25 January 2024
1658:apics-online.info
1613:apics-online.info
1588:apics-online.info
1476:(25th ed., 2022)
1427:
1426:
1352:Bible translation
1234:
1233:
1226:
1133:Punctuation Marks
964:punctuation marks
837:
836:
755:
754:
459:. There are also
261:
260:
160:Roper River Kriol
61:Western Australia
3117:
3069:Ngatikese Creole
3006:Turks and Caicos
2864:(United States)
2820:
2819:
2768:Aku (The Gambia)
2742:
2735:
2728:
2719:
2718:
2708:
2701:
2686:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2550:
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2536:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2350:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2280:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2236:
2228:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2091:
2090:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2058:South Australian
2053:
2046:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1996:
1995:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1890:
1884:
1879:
1873:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1857:
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1841:
1830:
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1825:
1811:
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1801:
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1797:
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1773:
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1769:
1754:
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1729:
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1722:
1721:
1719:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1678:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1650:
1639:
1638:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1609:"APiCS Online -"
1605:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1584:"APiCS Online -"
1580:
1574:
1573:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1508:
1499:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1468:Australian Kriol
1465:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1440:
1410:
1409:
1394:
1387:
1341:Waltzing Matilda
1331:) is on display.
1330:
1229:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1209:
1178:
1170:
1149:Exclamation mark
930:English Alphabet
928:is based on the
760:
756:
478:
474:
411:. Kriol uses an
390:Standard English
264:Australian Kriol
245:
231:
215:
208:
193:English Alphabet
184:
172:Daly River Kriol
123:Australian Kriol
109:
24:Australian Kriol
21:
20:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3036:Hawaiian Pidgin
3010:
2978:Limonese Creole
2967:Jamaican Patois
2962:Jamaican Maroon
2940:
2870:(United States)
2811:
2765:(Sierra Leone)
2751:
2746:
2716:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2689:
2682:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2372:mixed languages
2370:
2353:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2283:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2239:
2231:
2224:
2213:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2085:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2028:
2023:
1967:
1965:
1930:
1913:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1880:
1876:
1867:
1863:
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1374:Anglican church
1354:
1321:Located at the
1315:
1294:
1266:
1250:British English
1230:
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1210:
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1179:
1161:
1153:Quotation marks
962:digraphs and 5
922:
842:
473:
405:
320:
295:New South Wales
279:creole language
256:
241:
227:
211:
204:
185:
180:
150:
136:
129:
110:
107:Language family
105:
99:: 10,000 (1991)
95:
91:
90:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
3123:
3113:
3112:
3095:
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2972:Bocas del Toro
2964:
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2936:Virgin Islands
2933:
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2694:
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2653:Sign languages
2650:
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2597:
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2472:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2416:Light Warlpiri
2412:
2405:
2402:Gurindji Kriol
2398:
2391:
2384:
2376:
2374:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2296:
2289:
2285:Marrku–Wurrugu
2281:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2245:
2237:
2229:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2206:Djambarrpuyngu
2202:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2183:Pitjantjatjara
2179:
2172:
2162:Western Desert
2158:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2120:Kalaw Lagaw Ya
2116:
2109:
2102:
2094:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2039:
2037:
2030:
2029:
2022:
2021:
2014:
2007:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1954:
1948:
1943:
1937:
1929:
1928:External links
1926:
1925:
1924:
1911:
1910:
1885:
1874:
1872:55.4: 491–497.
1861:
1831:
1803:
1775:
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1533:. p. 178.
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1402:
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1398:
1385:
1382:
1353:
1350:
1314:
1311:
1293:
1290:
1278:Light Warlpiri
1274:Gurndji Creole
1265:
1262:
1232:
1231:
1182:
1180:
1173:
1160:
1157:
1108:Vowel Digraphs
921:
918:
841:
838:
835:
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827:
825:
819:
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472:
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413:SVO word order
404:
401:
319:
316:
266:also known as
259:
258:
253:
247:
246:
239:
233:
232:
225:
217:
216:
209:
201:
200:
199:Language codes
196:
195:
189:Kriol Alphabet
186:
182:Writing system
179:
176:
175:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:Bamyili Creole
161:
156:
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139:
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134:
131:
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128:
127:
126:
125:
115:English Creole
113:
111:
104:
101:
100:
92:
89:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
38:
34:
33:
30:
29:Native to
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3122:
3111:
3108:
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3105:
3090:
3087:
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3067:
3062:
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3056:
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3031:Bonin Islands
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:Miskito Coast
2984:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
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2937:
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2932:
2931:Saint Vincent
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2894:
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2869:
2866:
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2860:
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2846:
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2825:
2821:
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2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
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2782:
2781:
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2777:
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2767:
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2696:
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2676:
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2669:
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2662:
2658:
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2323:(4 families?)
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2241:Darwin Region
2238:
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2159:
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2138:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2127:Murrinh Patha
2124:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2072:Torres Strait
2069:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2045:
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2040:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2015:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1899:
1898:Bible Gateway
1895:
1889:
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1878:
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1692:0-86892-297-8
1688:
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1228:
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1203:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1183:This section
1181:
1177:
1172:
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1168:
1166:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1145:Question mark
1142:
1138:
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1125:
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1109:
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1100:
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911:
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891:
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879:
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867:
863:
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855:
851:
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831:
828:
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817:
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805:
802:
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798:
795:
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785:
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772:
769:
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764:
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724:
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713:
710:
708:
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679:
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559:
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541:
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536:
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531:
529:
526:
524:
520:
517:
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507:
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502:
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494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
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479:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
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446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
421:
419:
414:
410:
400:
398:
393:
391:
386:
384:
383:lingua franca
379:
375:
370:
367:
363:
361:
357:
352:
350:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
315:
313:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
277:
276:English-based
273:
269:
265:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
224:
223:
218:
214:
210:
207:
202:
197:
194:
191:based off of
190:
187:
183:
177:
171:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
157:
153:
147:
144:
143:
142:
138:
132:
124:
121:
120:
118:
117:
116:
112:
108:
102:
98:
93:
87:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
39:
35:
31:
27:
22:
19:
3071:(Micronesia)
3025:
2988:(Nicaragua)
2980:(Costa Rica)
2915:Sranan Tongo
2408:
2307:Pama–Nyungan
2235:(5 families)
2099:Anindilyakwa
1966:. Retrieved
1920:
1917:Harris, John
1901:. Retrieved
1897:
1888:
1877:
1869:
1864:
1852:. Retrieved
1848:
1822:. Retrieved
1818:
1794:. Retrieved
1790:
1768:15 September
1766:. Retrieved
1761:
1752:
1740:. Retrieved
1736:
1727:
1716:, retrieved
1711:
1701:
1682:
1661:. Retrieved
1657:
1634:
1628:
1616:. Retrieved
1612:
1603:
1591:. Retrieved
1587:
1578:
1556:(1): 77–99.
1553:
1549:
1539:
1530:
1524:
1518:. p. 1.
1511:
1488:
1471:
1448:. Retrieved
1438:
1367:
1355:
1334:
1299:
1295:
1267:
1264:Creolization
1254:
1243:
1235:
1220:
1211:
1196:Please help
1184:
1162:
1132:
1131:
1107:
1106:
1058:
1057:
969:
968:
950:
923:
843:
782:
491:Inter-Dental
441:third person
422:
406:
394:
387:
371:
368:
364:
353:
328:Port Jackson
321:
271:
267:
263:
262:
251:Linguasphere
220:
166:Barkly Kriol
122:
65:Gulf Country
18:
2994:(Nicaragua)
2845:Saint Kitts
2779:West Africa
2395:Cocos Malay
2381:Angloromani
2192:Yolŋu Matha
1968:25 December
1733:"UQ eSpace"
1384:Sample text
1348:Incubator.
1337:Shakespeare
1328:Holi Baibul
920:Orthography
727:Approximant
476:Consonants
425:inflections
378:Roper River
356:Roper River
135:Early forms
97:L2 speakers
41:Roper River
3045:Melanesia
3002:(Colombia)
2917:(Suriname)
2909:(Suriname)
2901:Saramaccan
2883:(Suriname)
2840:Montserrat
2804:Pichinglis
2622:Indonesian
2569:Vietnamese
2300:Nyulnyulan
2141:Walmajarri
2084:Indigenous
2044:Australian
1762:IFLScience
1473:Ethnologue
1450:13 October
1430:References
924:The Kriol
902:Walmatjari
894:Ngarinyman
882:Rembarrnga
870:Nunggubuyu
862:Mangarrayi
858:Wandarrang
840:Vocabulary
457:Possessive
429:affixation
73:Queensland
3084:Singapore
3061:Tok Pisin
3051:(Vanuatu)
2816:Caribbean
2483:Cantonese
2343:Yangmanic
2336:Worrorran
2321:Tasmanian
2155:Warumungu
2086:languages
2036:varieties
1854:15 August
1824:15 August
1742:17 August
1718:17 August
1618:17 August
1593:17 August
1570:0172-8865
1362:Katherine
1346:Wikimedia
1238:Katherine
1214:July 2022
1185:does not
953:consonant
910:Miriwoong
890:Jaminjung
854:Ngalakgan
600:Fricative
567:Voiceless
501:Retroflex
471:Phonology
461:Reflexive
358:Mission (
291:Newcastle
222:Glottolog
206:ISO 639-3
79:Ethnicity
57:Kimberley
45:Katherine
32:Australia
3104:Category
3075:Pitcairn
3041:Malaysia
2992:Rama Cay
2974:(Panama)
2926:Trinidad
2852:Barbados
2835:Anguilla
2784:Cameroon
2636:Japanese
2490:Mandarin
2270:Jarrakan
2263:Iwaidjan
2256:Giimbiyu
2148:Warlpiri
2106:Arrernte
1849:SBS News
1400:English
1286:Lajamanu
1282:Warlpiri
1270:Gurindji
1246:American
1159:Dialects
956:digraphs
926:alphabet
898:Wardaman
496:Alveolar
374:Anglican
349:creolize
229:krio1252
155:Dialects
67:, Lower
3079:Norfolk
3049:Bislama
2952:Bahamas
2945:Western
2907:Matawai
2857:Grenada
2823:Eastern
2799:Nigeria
2794:Liberia
2643:Spanish
2629:Italian
2594:Chinese
2555:Tagalog
2548:Spanish
2541:Punjabi
2527:Maltese
2513:Italian
2476:Chinese
2367:creoles
2363:Pidgins
2347:Wagiman
2345:(incl.
2314:Tangkic
2249:Garrwan
2226:Bunuban
2176:Pintupi
2169:Luritja
2113:Burarra
2034:English
1903:24 June
1796:26 June
1663:26 June
1390:Genesis
1307:Ngukurr
1303:Barunga
1272:called
1206:removed
1191:sources
1165:Barunga
970:Letters
938:phoneme
934:letters
886:Barunga
878:Dalabon
771:Central
758:Vowels
669:Lateral
523:Plosive
516:Glottal
506:Palatal
449:Subject
409:English
403:Grammar
397:dialect
360:Ngukurr
344:pidgins
340:Chinese
318:History
237:AIATSIS
119:Pacific
49:Ngukurr
47:areas,
2957:Belize
2921:Tobago
2887:Ndyuka
2881:Kwinti
2876:Guyana
2862:Gullah
2774:Merico
2756:Africa
2661:Auslan
2608:German
2601:French
2587:Arabic
2534:Nepali
2520:Korean
2469:Arabic
2423:Norfuk
2293:Mirndi
2199:Dhuwal
2082:Major
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1137:Period
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874:Jawoyn
866:Ngandi
528:Voiced
486:Labial
453:Object
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418:adverb
336:Darwin
324:pidgin
287:Sydney
283:pidgin
274:is an
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2893:Aluku
2789:Ghana
2615:Greek
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2499:Greek
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1358:Bible
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633:Nasal
511:Velar
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2763:Krio
2562:Urdu
2329:Tiwi
2233:Daly
2134:Tiwi
1970:2014
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