1907:
architecture of the
Congress, these meetings are also referred to as the "Metternich congress" or "Metternich system". Under Metternich as the Austrian foreign minister, other congresses would meet to resolve European foreign affairs. These included the Congresses of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818), Carlsbad (1819), Troppau (1820), Laibach (1821), and Verona (1822). The Metternich congresses aimed to maintain the political equilibrium among the European powers and prevent revolutionary efforts. These meetings also aimed to resolve foreign issues and disputes without resorting to violence. By means of these meetings and by allying the Austrian Empire with other European powers whose monarchs had a similar interest in preserving conservative political direction, Metternich was able to establish the Austrian Empire's influence on European politics. Also, because Metternich used the fear of revolutions among European powers, which he also shared, he was able to establish security and predominance of the Habsburgs in Europe.
2204:
1943:
2216:
2192:
3263:"Vor dem Jahr 1848 is das Kaisertum Österreich verfassungsrechtlich als ein monarchischer Einheitsstaat auf differenziert föderalistischer Grundlage zu sehen, wobei die besondere Stelung Ungarns im Rahmen dieses Gesamtstaates stets offenkundig war. Eine weitere Differenzierung der föderalistischen Grundlage erfolgte ab 1815 durch die Zugehörigkeit eines teiles des Kaisertums zum Deutschen Bund." "Before 1848 the Austrian Empire can be regarded in constitutional law as a unitary monarchy on a differentiated federalistic basis, whereby the special position of Hungary within the framework of this federal entity was always evident. A further differentiation of the federalistic position followed from 1815 through the affiliation of a part of the empire to the German federation."
3030:
154:
830:
746:
3636:"Verordnung der Minister des Inneren, der Justiz und der Finanzen vom 19. Jänner 1853, womit die Allerhöchsten Entschließungen über die Einrichtung und Amtswirksamkeit der Bezirksämter, Kreisbehörden und Statthaltereien, über die Einrichtung der Gerichtsstellen und das Schema der systemisirten Gehalte und Diätenclassen, sowie über die Ausführung der Organisirung für die Kronländer Oesterreich ob und unter der Enns, Böhmen, Mähren, Schlesien, Galizien und Lodomerien mit Krakau, Bukowina, Salzburg, Tirol mit Vorarlberg, Steiermark, Kärnthen, Krain, Görz, Gradiska und Istrien mit Triest, Dalmatien, Kroatien und Slawonien, Siebenbürgen, die serbische Wojwodschaft mit dem Banate, kundgemacht werden"
2434:
1981:
3018:
2442:
2002:
230:
987:
900:
214:
858:
774:
939:
802:
3177:
1001:
47:
3090:
3042:
3078:
140:
886:
4024:
4010:
844:
1058:
3054:
970:
953:
914:
788:
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1939:: the Austrian Empire fought no wars nor did it undergo any radical internal reforms. However, it was also thought of as a period of economic growth and prosperity in the Austrian Empire. The population of Austria rose to 37.5 million by 1843. Urban expansion also occurred and the population of Vienna reached 400,000. During the Metternich era, the Austrian Empire also maintained a stable economy and reached an almost balanced budget, despite having a major deficit following the Napoleonic Wars.
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the title of
Emperor of Austria for all the Erblande of the dynasty and for the other Lands, including Hungary. Thus Hungary formally became part of the Empire of Austria. The Court reassured the diet, however, that the assumption of the monarch's new title did not in any sense affect the laws and the constitution of Hungary
1877:'s foreign policy. He also had a major influence in European politics. He was known for his strong conservative views and approach in politics. Metternich's policies were strongly against revolution and liberalism. In his opinion, liberalism was a form of legalized revolution. Metternich believed that
1724:) under Francis and his predecessors. By contrast, the Austrian Empire was legally a single state, although the overarching structure and the status of its component lands at first stayed much the same as they had been under the composite monarchy. This was especially demonstrated by the status of the
3251:
From the perspective of the Court since 1723, regnum
Hungariae had been a hereditary province of the dynasty's three main branches on both lines. From the perspective of the ország, Hungary was regnum independens, a separate Land as Article X of 1790 stipulated ........ In 1804, Emperor Franz assumed
1918:
Metternich operated very freely with regard to foreign policy under
Emperor Francis I's reign. Francis died in 1835. This date marks the decline of Metternich's influence in the Austrian Empire. Francis' heir was his son Ferdinand I, but he suffered from health issues. Ferdinand's accession preserved
1914:
revolts in
Austrian north Italy and in the German states were forcibly crushed. At home, he pursued a similar policy to suppress revolutionary and liberal ideals. He employed the Carlsbad Decrees of 1819, which used strict censorship of education, press and speech to repress revolutionary and liberal
1931:
forced
Metternich's resignation. Metternich is remembered for his success in maintaining the status quo and the Habsburg influence in international affairs. No Habsburg foreign minister following Metternich held a similar position within the empire for such a long time nor held such a vast influence
2380:. Thanks to his efforts, Austria was seen as the senior partner with Prussia keeping watch over Germany as a whole. Further, Metternich opposed the weakening of France in the years after Napoleon, and viewed the new monarchy in Paris as an effective tool in keeping Russia at bay. From 1815 to 1848,
2304:
and
Commander in Chief of the Austrian army. Endowed with the enlarged powers, he reformed the Austrian Army to preparedness for another war. Johann Philipp von Stadion, the foreign minister, personally hated Napoleon due to an experience of confiscation of his possessions in France by Napoleon. In
2364:
exerting a large degree of influence over foreign policy in the
Austrian Empire, a matter nominally decided by the Emperor. Metternich initially supported an alliance with France, arranging the marriage between Napoleon and Francis I's daughter, Marie-Louise; however, by the 1812 campaign, he had
1968:
From March 1848 through
November 1849, the Empire was threatened by revolutionary movements, most of which were of a nationalist character. Besides that, liberal and even socialist currents resisted the empire's longstanding conservatism. Although most of the revolution plans failed, some changes
1906:
and also into Italy. Due to the
Congress of Vienna in 1815, Austria was the leading member of the German Confederation. Following the Congress, the major European powers agreed to meet and discuss resolutions in the event of future disputes or revolutions. Because of Metternich's main role in the
2271:
for almost ten years. This severely overburdened the Austrian economy, making the war greatly unpopular. Emperor Francis I therefore refused to join any further war against Napoleon for a long time. On the other hand, Francis I continued to intrigue for the possibility of revenge against France,
1881:
was the only proper system of government. This notion influenced his anti-revolutionary policy to ensure the continuation of the Habsburg monarchy in Europe. Metternich was a practitioner of balance-of-power diplomacy. His foreign policy aimed to maintain international political equilibrium to
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steered Austria Imperial foreign policy, and indeed the mood of Europe, and managed to keep peace on the continent despite the growing liberal and radical movements inside most major powers. His resignation in 1848, forced by moderates in the court, and
3976:
2373:—and the rise of liberalism equated to his political downfall. The result was that the Austrian Empire was seen as one of the great powers after 1815, but also as a reactionary force and an obstacle to national aspirations in Italy and Germany.
193:
1728:, a country that had never been a part of the Holy Roman Empire and which had always been considered a separate realm – a status that was affirmed by Article X, which was added to Hungary's constitution in 1790 and described the state as a
1665:
for himself and his successors, thereby becoming Francis I of Austria. This new title and state were created to safeguard his dynasty's imperial status as he foresaw either the end of the Holy Roman Empire, or the eventual accession of
2203:
2405:, and, while not going to war, was supportive of the Anglo-French coalition. Having abandoned its alliance with Russia, Austria was diplomatically isolated following the war, which contributed to Russia's non-intervention in the 1859
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in the streets, may have caused the spread of the revolutions throughout the monarchy. It is stipulated that Metternich's departure emboldened liberal factions in Austria and Hungary, but this cannot be confirmed for certain.
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with Denmark in 1864, Holstein came under Austrian administration, and Schleswig and Lauenburg under Prussian administration. But the internal difficulties continued. Diets replaced the parliament in 17 provinces, the
1799:. In practice this meant the dissolution of the long-lived Holy Roman Empire and a reorganization under a Napoleonic model of the German states. Austrian claims on those German states were renounced without exception.
2280:
suffered from wartime expenditures and its international position was significantly undermined, the humiliating Treaty of Pressburg provided plenty of time to strengthen the army and economy. Moreover, the ambitious
3662:"Verordnung des Ministeriums des Inneren vom 12. Mai 1851, wodurch in Folge Allerhöchster Entschließung vom 12. Mai 1851 die Organisirung politischen Verwaltung im Großfürstenthume Siebenbürgen kundgemacht wird"
2275:
Austrian unwillingness to join the Third Coalition was overcome by British subsidies, but the Austrians withdrew from the war yet again after a decisive defeat at the Battle of Austerlitz. Although the Austrian
1919:
the Habsburg dynastic succession, but he was not capable of ruling. The leadership of the Austrian Empire was transferred to a state council composed of Metternich, Francis I's brother Archduke Louis, and
2356:
in 1809), Austria played a decisive part in the overthrow of Napoleon in the campaigns of 1813–14. It participated in a second invasion of France in 1815, and put an end to Murat's regime in south Italy.
1829:
in 1807, having been occupied several times since 1801, but Britain remained at war with France and no treaty was signed recognising their annexation. His claims were later settled by the creation of the
191:
3152:
1634:
2173:
was adopted. By this act, the Kingdom of Hungary and the Empire of Austria as two separate entities joined on an equal basis to form the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. The frequent abbreviation
3714:"Verordnung der Minister des Inneren, der Justiz und der Finanzen vom 1. Februar 1854, betreffend die politische und gerichtliche Organisirung der serbischen Woiwodschaft und des Temeser Banates"
3267:
Verfassung, Verfassungsrecht und Lehre des Öffentlichen Rechts in Österreich bis 1848: Eine Darstellung der materiellen und formellen Verfassungssituation und der Lehre des öffentlichen Rechts
192:
2971:
1650:
from 51 to 6. This measure was aimed at replacing the old constitution of the Holy Roman Empire, but the actual consequence of the Imperial Recess, along with the French occupying the
3971:
1756:
The French victories encouraged rulers of certain imperial territories to ally themselves with the French and assert their formal independence from the Empire. On 10 December 1805,
3017:
2072:. This exile undermined Borovský's health and he died soon afterwards. This affair earned Bach a very bad reputation among Czechs and subsequently led to the strengthening of the
3688:"Verordnung der Minister des Inneren, der Justiz und der Finanzen vom 4. Juni 1854, betreffend die politische und gerichtliche Organisirung des Großfürstenthumes Siebenbürgen"
2272:
entering into a secret military agreement with the Russian Empire in November 1804. This convention was to assure mutual cooperation in the case of a new war against France.
1734:. Hungary's affairs remained administered by its own institutions (King and Diet) as they had been beforehand; thus no Imperial institutions were involved in its government.
213:
4827:
3998:
2181:, "Imperial and Royal") does not refer to that dual monarchy but originated in 1745, when the "royal" part referred to the Apostolic Kingdom of Hungary. However, during
1654:
in the same month and various Holy Roman states becoming allied with or against France, was the end of the empire. Taking this significant change into consideration,
1795:, Slovakia) on 26 December 1805, in which he recognised these new titles and ceded large amounts of territory to Napoleon's German allies and the French Satellite
2045:
control over education and family life. This period in the history of the Austrian Empire would become known as the era of neo-absolutism, or Bach's absolutism.
1810:
put an end to the Holy Roman Empire. On 6 August 1806, Francis proclaimed the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, as he did not want Napoleon to succeed him.
6921:
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2932:
Administratively, most of the crown lands excluding Hungary, Croatia, Slavonia, Transylvania, Lombardy–Venetia and the Military Frontier were divided into
1279:
460:
1753:
on 2 December 1805. Francis was forced into negotiations with the French from 4 to 6 December 1805, which concluded with an armistice on 6 December 1805.
6916:
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3029:
4820:
3991:
153:
3609:"Kaiserliche Entschließung vom 26. Juni 1849, wodurch die Grunzüge für die Organisation der Politischen Verwaltungs-Behörden genehmiget werden"
5708:
229:
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3413:"History of Austria, Austria in the Age of Metternich." History of Austria, Austria in the Age of Metternich. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 March 2015.
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dominated Austrian foreign policy from 1804 to 1815. The Austrian army was one of the most formidable forces the French had to face. After
1498:
891:
1585:—as Regnum Independens—was administered by its own institutions separately from the rest of the empire. After Austria was defeated in the
6851:
4813:
1536:
2025:
largely dictated policy in Austria and Hungary. Bach centralized administrative authority for the Austrian Empire, but he also endorsed
3984:
2949:
2457:
1963:
1928:
596:
2376:
During this time, Metternich was able to maintain an elaborate balance between Prussia, the lesser German states, and Austria in the
1350:
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1942:
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4179:
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1902:. The Austrian Empire also gained new territories from the Congress of Vienna, and its influence expanded to the north through the
4436:
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3101:
2604:
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1890:
in 1815. The Austrian Empire was the main beneficiary from the Congress of Vienna and it established an alliance with Britain,
1773:
3077:
6661:
6043:
3566:
3229:
3118:
2361:
1946:
1920:
3608:
1741:
was accelerated by French intervention in the Empire in September 1805. On 20 October 1805, an Austrian army led by General
6871:
4524:
4411:
2976:
2185:
Austria-Hungary issued military stamps for use in occupied regions, with the text "K.u.K. Feldpost" or K.u.K. Militärpost.
1738:
1421:
570:
6567:
3713:
3687:
3661:
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was remarkable, and he became not only the premier statesman in Europe but the virtual ruler of the Empire until 1848—the
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3041:
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905:
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159:
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realised the inevitability of Napoleon's downfall and took Austria to war against France. Metternich's influence at the
6713:
5713:
4836:
4431:
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3747:
3740:
Imperial Lineages and Legacies in the Eastern Mediterranean: Recording the Imprint of Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman Rule
2725:
2556:
2406:
2325:
2313:, located in Paris, called for careful advance in the case of the war against France. The defeat of French army at the
1725:
1582:
793:
2058:
a standing army of soldiers, a sitting army of office holders, a kneeling army of priests and a fawning army of sneaks
1985:
6886:
6881:
5357:
3392:
Handbook of Austria and Lombardy-Venetia Cancellations on the Postage Stamp Issues 1850–1864, by Edwin Mueller, 1961.
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90:
68:
61:
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4051:
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1936:
1847:
1814:
1491:
1431:
1208:
863:
1678:. Initially Francis II/I continued to hold both titles but abdicated the throne of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806.
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17:
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Tuncer, Huner. "Metternich and the Modern Era." Arts–Culture. Daily News, 6 September 1996. Web. 24 March 2015.
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1861:
became Foreign Minister in 1809. He also held the post of Chancellor of State from 1821 until 1848, under both
1749:. The French victory resulted in the capture of 20,000 Austrian soldiers and many cannons. Napoleon's army won
1658:
1547:
1446:
1406:
1391:
425:
3635:
2079:
However, Bach's relaxed ideological views (apart from the neo-absolutism) led to a great rise in the 1850s of
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Strauss, Johann. "Language and power in the late Ottoman Empire" (Chapter 7). In: Murphey, Rhoads (editor).
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This article is about the Habsburg realm between 1804 and 1867. For the Habsburg realms more generally, see
6772:
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4560:
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signed a peace treaty with France on 5 April 1795, Austria was forced to carry the main burden of war with
2209:
Imperial standard of the Austrian Empire with the medium coat of arms (used until 1915 for Austria-Hungary)
2197:
Imperial standard of the Austrian Empire with the lesser coat of arms (used until 1915 for Austria-Hungary)
1989:
1463:
1441:
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5209:
4861:
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constituted a single land with disaggregated provincial and military administration, and representation.
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1980:
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1426:
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in Spain on 27 July 1808 triggered the war. On 9 April 1809, an Austrian force of 170,000 men attacked
2286:
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932:
507:
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in 1851 (re-divided in 1854); the Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar was also divided into
2441:
1850:, succeeded as King of Hanover, thus ending the personal union with Great Britain that dated to 1714.
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5888:
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5278:
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2006:
1899:
1806:
was established, comprising 16 sovereigns and countries. This confederation, under French influence,
1788:
1567:
449:
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3797:
3293:
2001:
1566:, except for a period between 1809 and 1813, when Austria was first allied with Napoleon during the
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Sofka, James R. "Metternich's Theory of European Order: A Political Agenda for 'Perpetual Peace'."
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2914:(in today's France, Germany and Switzerland) had already been lost in the 1805 Peace of Pressburg.
2761:
2340:—and consequently lost territory throughout the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (the Treaties of
2301:
2090:
In her capacity as leader of the German Confederation, Austria participated with volunteers in the
2022:
1539:, while geographically, it was the third-largest empire in Europe after the Russian Empire and the
1322:
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55:
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4416:
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4319:
4165:
4126:
2883:
1742:
1368:
1307:
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667:
395:
354:
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6319:
6239:
6172:
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5721:
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5403:
5303:
5273:
5240:
4656:
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2341:
2091:
2073:
2034:
1974:
1866:
1858:
1170:
779:
479:
437:
72:
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until the latter's dissolution in 1806. It continued fighting against Napoleon throughout the
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4928:
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a brief attempt was made to introduce modern-style political districts (in addition to the
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1903:
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The Habsburg Monarchy, 1809–1918: A History of the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary
3283:, In: Eszmék, forradalmak, háborúk. Vadász Sándor 80 éves, ELTE, Budapest, 2010 p. 557
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Crankshaw, Edward. The Fall of the House of Habsburg. New York: Viking, 1963. Print.
2221:
Merchant ensign from 1786 until 1869 and naval and war ensign from 1786 until 1915 (
2087:
duties were abolished, and peasants were emancipated from their feudal obligations.
1882:
preserve the Habsburgs' power and influence in international affairs. Following the
1531:. During its existence, it was the third most populous monarchy in Europe after the
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Napoleon's great adversaries: the Archduke Charles and the Austrian army, 1792–1814
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in 1853/54 instead instituted a system which delegated the responsibilities of the
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2337:
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5186:
5166:
5148:
5027:
5019:
4996:
4719:
4309:
4096:
4023:
4009:
3201:
3123:
2911:
2540:
2528:
2461:
2260:
2131:
2125:
1915:
concepts. Metternich also used a wide-ranging spy network to dampen down unrest.
1883:
1765:
1594:
1563:
1261:
1218:
946:
919:
609:
271:
267:
255:
119:
35:
6214:
3839:(1976). "Nobility and Military Careers: The Habsburg Officer Corps, 1740–1914".
6735:
6730:
6693:
6668:
6651:
6562:
6547:
6518:
6476:
6324:
6284:
6279:
6234:
6160:
6120:
6110:
6100:
5915:
5794:
5688:
5555:
5437:
5298:
5104:
5064:
5001:
4794:
4492:
3904:
Sked, Alan. "Explaining the Habsburg Empire, 1830–90." in Pamela Pilbeam, ed.,
3817:
The World Restored: Metternich, Castlereagh, and the Problems of Peace, 1812–22
2402:
2053:
1895:
1843:
1822:
1761:
1717:
1532:
1474:
821:
337:
333:
307:
275:
263:
3023:
The 'hauskrone' of Rudolph II, later the imperial crown of the Austrian Empire
2112:
removed Lombardy, except for the part east of the Mincio river, the so-called
1593:
was adopted, joining the Kingdom of Hungary and the Empire of Austria to form
1578:, which reaffirmed the empire as one of the great powers of the 19th century.
6835:
6816:
6703:
6498:
6471:
6444:
6422:
6400:
6167:
6150:
6135:
5979:
5932:
5920:
5846:
5738:
5612:
5607:
5582:
5464:
5217:
5133:
5128:
5035:
4713:
4334:
3944:
3868:
Rothenberg, Gunther E. (1968). "The Austrian Army in the Age of Metternich".
2945:
2492:
2480:
2333:
2084:
1746:
1317:
717:
701:
6244:
6224:
3972:
The empire of Austria; its rise and present power (Third millennium library)
6708:
6449:
6439:
6405:
6334:
6329:
6256:
6046:
6028:
5989:
5984:
5964:
5959:
5831:
5824:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5698:
5636:
5617:
5602:
5538:
4262:
4225:
3783:
Austria, Hungary, and the Habsburgs: Essays on Central Europe, c. 1683–1867
3751:
3583:"Najnovije doba hrvatske povjesti (R. Horvat)/Prelom s Ugarskom – Wikizvor"
3247:
Hungary's Long Nineteenth Century: Constitutional and Democratic Traditions
3128:
1524:
1165:
1087:
960:
547:
2986:
In the course of the post-1848 reforms Transylvania was also divided into
2158:
pressed for autonomy, and Venetia was attracted by the now unified Italy.
6427:
6412:
6261:
5974:
5883:
5873:
5799:
5447:
5442:
2394:
2292:
2182:
2026:
1911:
531:
516:
346:
3953:
3830:
3742:(Vol. 18 of Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman Studies). Routledge, 2016.
2041:) party, which culminated in the concordat of August 1855 that gave the
6454:
6271:
6145:
6105:
6038:
4938:
4014:
3889:
3860:
3281:
Austerlitz, 1805. december 2. A három császár csatája – magyar szemmel
2544:
2449:
1839:
1792:
1781:
1684:
1625:
1574:. Austria and its allies emerged victorious in the war, leading to the
1155:
1133:
2421:
2409:, which meant the end of Austrian influence in Italy; and in the 1866
1842:
as Kings of Hanover. Succession could only be in the male line, so on
6344:
6115:
5999:
5969:
5750:
5624:
5415:
4621:
4339:
3912:
3532:
1805, Austerlitz: Napoleon and the Destruction of the Third Coalition
3294:"Maximilian I | Duke and Elector of Bavaria (1573-1651) | Britannica"
2113:
1835:
1327:
1141:
374:
350:
3852:
1825:; Hanover and Lauenburg were incorporated into the French satellite
5745:
5528:
5486:
5425:
4252:
4235:
4157:
3881:
3006:
German was the primary language of higher education in the empire.
2104:. Austria was defeated in the 1859 armed conflict. The Treaties of
1670:
as Holy Roman Emperor, who had earlier that year adopted the title
1667:
1551:
1137:
1105:
1095:
712:
4835:
3826:
The Habsburg Monarchy, c. 1765–1918: From Enlightenment to Eclipse
3728:– via ÖNB-ALEX – Historische Rechts- und Gesetztexte Online.
3702:– via ÖNB-ALEX – Historische Rechts- und Gesetztexte Online.
3676:– via ÖNB-ALEX – Historische Rechts- und Gesetztexte Online.
2239:
5658:
5587:
5543:
5398:
5308:
4230:
4188:
2516:
2264:
2146:). But most nationalities of the monarchy remained dissatisfied.
1970:
1969:
were made; significant lasting reforms included the abolition of
1891:
1621:
1373:
1091:
1057:
369:
362:
5459:
5491:
5366:
4240:
2413:, with the loss of its influence in most German-speaking land.
2277:
2174:
2069:
2061:
1813:
The dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire was not recognized by
1784:
on 12 December. Each of these new states became French allies.
1768:, proclaimed himself king, followed by the Duke of Württemberg
1702:
1099:
695:
245:
1977:
said to implement a constitution throughout the whole Empire.
6125:
4213:
2839:
2134:, also known as "February Patent", created a House of Lords (
1145:
1077:
3424:"Ferdinand (I) | Biography, Reign, & Facts | Britannica"
3249:, Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, the Netherlands, p. 6,
2983:('office districts'), a system which persisted until 1867.
1949:
and the monarchs of Austria, Prussia, and Russia after the
5335:
3107:
Military districts in Hungarian part of the Empire in 1850
2456:, including the local government reorganizations from the
3772:
For God and Kaiser: The Imperial Austrian Army, 1619–1918
3400:
3398:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3337:
2169:
of 1866 and the German Confederation was dissolved, the
1554:'s declaration of the First French Empire, unifying all
218:
The Austrian Empire in 1815, with the boundaries of the
2822:), from 1849, merged into Hungary and Slavonia in 1860
2445:
Ethnographic composition of the Austrian Empire in 1855
1716:, which had until then been legally separate realms in
3926:
The Decline and Fall of the Habsburg Empire, 1815–1918
3395:
3372:
3370:
3329:
The Decline and Fall of the Habsburg Empire, 1815–1918
2300:
Archduke Charles of Austria served as the Head of the
2033:
and abandoned public trials. He later represented the
1935:
Historians generally consider the Metternich era as a
1869:. The period of 1815–1848 is also referred to as the "
1558:
under one central government. It remained part of the
1527:
from 1804 to 1867, created by proclamation out of the
3640:ÖNB-ALEX – Historische Rechts- und Gesetztexte Online
3613:ÖNB-ALEX – Historische Rechts- und Gesetztexte Online
3334:
2289:
never abandoned the goal of further war with France.
3095:
Double-headed eagle at the Ministry of War in Vienna
2832:
autonomous entity 1848/49, not officially recognized
2550:
Gefürstete Grafschaft Tirol mit dem Lande Vorarlberg
2309:, agreed with Stadion's efforts to begin a new war.
1570:
and later neutral during the first few weeks of the
34:. For the Habsburg realm between 1867 and 1918, see
3367:
1973:, cancellation of censorship and a promise made by
3353:The Habsburg Empire in European Affairs: 1814–1918
1612:Imperial and Royal Army during the Napoleonic Wars
3718:Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt für das Kaiserthum Österreich
3692:Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt für das Kaiserthum Österreich
3666:Reichs-Gesetz-Blatt für das Kaiserthum Österreich
3485:"February Patent | Austrian history | Britannica"
3323:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3315:
2060:. Prisons were full of political prisoners, like
1873:". During this period, Metternich controlled the
6833:
2944:'), an administrative division introduced under
2425:The Austrian Empire, between 1816 and 1859 (the
3448:
3388:
3386:
3218:Germany Since 1789: A Nation Forged and Renewed
1846:'s accession to the British throne, her uncle,
3545:The Role of Metternich in Undermining Napoleon
3312:
2784:; restored to Hungary in 1822; to Croatia 1849
2360:The latter period of Napoleonic Wars featured
2100:allied itself with France for the conquest of
1747:defeated by French armies near the city of Ulm
6922:1867 disestablishments in the Austrian Empire
6912:States and territories disestablished in 1867
5351:
4821:
4173:
4137:Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar
3992:
2814:Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar
1492:
1285:History of Austria-Hungary during World War I
6808:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
3732:
3383:
3161:
2993:
2987:
2969:
2963:
2953:
2933:
2899:
2887:
2875:
2863:
2851:
2817:
2805:
2793:
2765:
2753:
2741:
2729:
2717:
2703:
2691:
2677:
2665:
2653:
2632:
2620:
2608:
2596:
2584:
2572:
2560:
2548:
2532:
2520:
2510:
2496:
2484:
2472:
2141:
2135:
2068:who was forcibly expatriated (1851–1855) to
1886:, Metternich was the chief architect of the
1700:
1682:
1642:) was declared, which reduced the number of
173:
111:
3906:Themes in Modern European History 1830–1890
3805:A History of the Habsburg Empire, 1526–1918
3633:Gesetz vom 19. Jänner 1853, RGBl. 10/1853:
2771:
1729:
1690:
6917:1804 establishments in the Austrian Empire
6907:States and territories established in 1804
5358:
5344:
4828:
4814:
4180:
4166:
3999:
3985:
3867:
3835:
3606:Gesetz vom 26. Juni 1849, RGBl. 295/1849:
3452:; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905).
3212:
2048:The pillars of the so-called Bach system (
1964:Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire
1929:Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire
1821:(formally Brunswick-Lüneburg) and Duke of
1499:
1485:
228:
212:
3811:
3550:
662:698,700 km (269,800 sq mi)
91:Learn how and when to remove this message
3967:Austrian Army during the Napoleonic Wars
2819:Woiwodschaft Serbien und Temescher Banat
2776:under Hungary from 1779; part of French
2440:
2432:
2420:
2291:
2238:
2000:
1979:
1941:
54:This article includes a list of general
6632:
4132:Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca
3264:
2610:Gefürstete Grafschaft Görz und Gradisca
2605:Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca
2305:addition, the third wife of Francis I,
14:
6834:
3943:
3244:
3083:Postage stamp depicting Franz Joseph I
2486:Erzherzogtum Österreich unter der Enns
2452:of the Austrian Empire after the 1815
2251:, and other European diplomats at the
2021:in 1852, the Minister of the Interior
1957:
234:Greatest extent of the Austrian Empire
5339:
4809:
4161:
3980:
3917:Metternich and Austria: An Evaluation
3777:
3556:
3547:(University of Illinois Press, 1948).
3474:Mueller 1961, Historical Data, p. H5.
3464:(1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
3355:. Chicago: Rand Mcnally, 1969. Print.
3269:, Lang, Frankfurt am Main, p. 45
3170:
3119:Former countries in Europe after 1815
2437:The Austrian Empire, in 1866 and 1867
1787:Francis II agreed to the humiliating
4187:
3923:
3911:
3823:
3802:
2416:
1927:of the Austrian Empire. The liberal
1739:dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire
571:Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire
40:
3908:(Routledge, 2002) pp. 141–176.
3561:. London: Allen Lane. p. 433.
3442:
3133:Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867
2948:in the 18th century. Following the
2498:Erzherzogtum Österreich ob der Enns
2171:Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867
1628:(1801–1803). On 24 March 1803, the
1591:Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867
906:Federation of the Seven Communities
24:
6852:States of the German Confederation
4837:States of the German Confederation
4432:Western European broadleaf forests
4112:Grand Principality of Transylvania
3794:The Habsburg Empire: A New History
3763:
3131:for the Austrian Empire after the
2904:) merged into Transylvania in 1853
2802:Grand Principality of Transylvania
2795:Lombardo-Venezianisches Königreich
2693:Königreich Galizien und Lodomerien
2064:nationalist journalist and writer
1616:Changes shaping the nature of the
60:it lacks sufficient corresponding
27:Empire in Europe from 1804 to 1867
25:
6933:
3960:
3071:Postage stamp depicting Francis I
2397:, Austria maintained a policy of
2234:
1996:
1853:
1712:) comprised all the lands of the
1620:took place during conferences in
4860:
4107:Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia
4052:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
4022:
4008:
3100:
3088:
3076:
3064:
3052:
3040:
3028:
3016:
2910:The old Habsburg possessions of
2762:City of Fiume with its territory
2688:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
2324:Despite military defeats of the
2214:
2202:
2190:
1815:George III of the United Kingdom
1468:
1280:Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
1209:Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg
1056:
999:
985:
968:
951:
937:
912:
898:
884:
870:
864:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
856:
842:
828:
814:
800:
786:
772:
758:
744:
189:
152:
138:
45:
6862:Former countries in the Balkans
3706:
3680:
3654:
3627:
3600:
3575:
3537:
3524:
3511:
3502:
3477:
3468:
3416:
3407:
3358:
3331:. London: Longman, 1989. Print.
3047:Growth of the Habsburg Monarchy
2896:Transylvanian Military Frontier
5187:Reuß-Lobenstein und Ebersdorf
4387:Alps conifer and mixed forests
3461:New International Encyclopedia
3455:"Bach, Alexander, Baron"
3286:
3273:
3257:
3238:
3206:
3195:
3172:[ˌkaɪzɐtuːmˈøːstəʁaɪç]
3145:
2307:Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este
13:
1:
4142:Imperial Free City of Trieste
3940:detailed contemporary account
3189:
2617:Imperial Free City of Trieste
2311:Klemens Wenzel von Metternich
2119:
2019:Prince Felix of Schwarzenberg
1932:on European foreign affairs.
1791:, signed in Pressburg (today
1751:another victory at Austerlitz
1640:Reichsdeputationshauptschluss
1605:
1546:The empire was proclaimed by
493:Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust
176:Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser
3720:(in German). 1 February 1854
3642:(in German). 19 January 1853
3001:
2565:), subdivided in 1849/1850:
1817:who was also the Elector of
892:Principality of Transylvania
7:
6872:Former monarchies of Europe
5365:
4360:Military history of Austria
4350:Allied-administered Austria
4067:Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
3112:
3035:The crown jewels of Austria
2872:Slavonian Military Frontier
2807:Großfürstentum Siebenbürgen
2790:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
2645:Lands of the Bohemian Crown
2328:—especially the Battles of
2296:The Austrian Empire in 1812
2140:) and a House of Deputies (
10:
6938:
6847:House of Habsburg-Lorraine
3220:(2nd ed.). New York:
3009:
2901:Siebenbürger Militärgrenze
2860:Croatian Military Frontier
2287:Johann Philipp von Stadion
2179:Kaiserliche und Königliche
2123:
1961:
1921:Count Franz Anton Kolowrat
1804:Confederation of the Rhine
1646:from 81 to only 3 and the
1609:
1600:
1515:, officially known as the
1303:Republic of German-Austria
1111:Odoacer's Kingdom of Italy
933:North German Confederation
29:
6801:
6753:
6270:
5674:
5373:
5322:
5291:
5264:
5231:
5157:
5124:
5117:
5055:
5010:
4974:
4967:
4921:
4905:
4869:
4858:
4844:
4767:
4685:
4612:
4603:
4546:
4537:
4458:
4449:
4377:
4368:
4199:
4032:
3870:Journal of Modern History
3615:(in German). 26 June 1849
3543:Josephine Bunch Stearns,
2877:Slawonische Militärgrenze
1780:, was given the title of
1015:
723:
711:
683:
673:
666:
656:
649:
645:
632:
619:
606:
593:
580:
567:
557:
553:
543:
528:
513:
503:
499:
486:
473:
469:
459:
455:
443:
431:
419:
415:
405:
380:
368:
325:
251:
241:
227:
211:
168:
134:
129:
105:
6887:19th century in Slovakia
6882:19th century in Slovenia
4382:Administrative divisions
4330:Federal State of Austria
4127:Princely County of Tyrol
3803:Kann, Robert A. (1980).
3694:(in German). 4 June 1854
3668:(in German). 12 May 1851
3559:Crimea: The Last Crusade
3138:
2865:Kroatische Militärgrenze
2541:Princely County of Tyrol
2052:) were, in the words of
2023:Baron Alexander von Bach
1925:first Minister-President
1374:Second Austrian Republic
1323:Federal State of Austria
184:God Save Emperor Francis
6902:19th century in Hungary
6897:19th century in Bohemia
6892:19th century in Austria
4417:Pannonian mixed forests
4320:First Austrian Republic
3954:excerpt and text search
3831:excerpt and text search
3557:Figes, Orlando (2010).
3380:60.01 (1998): 115. Web.
3265:Zeilner, Franz (2008),
2884:Banat Military Frontier
2474:Erzherzogtum Österreich
2074:Czech national movement
2066:Karel Havlíček Borovský
2009:with his troops at the
1923:, who later became the
1743:Karl Mack von Leiberich
1550:in 1804 in response to
1529:realms of the Habsburgs
1369:Allied-occupied Austria
1308:First Austrian Republic
396:Constitutional monarchy
75:more precise citations.
4290:Siege of Vienna (1529)
4270:Margraviate of Austria
4122:Margraviate of Moravia
3932:Steed, Henry Wickham.
3837:Rothenberg, Gunther E.
3378:The Review of Politics
3245:Laszlo, Péter (2011),
3162:
3158:Kaiserthum Oesterreich
3157:
2994:
2988:
2970:
2964:
2958:), but the reforms of
2954:
2934:
2900:
2888:
2876:
2864:
2852:
2818:
2806:
2794:
2772:
2767:Stadt Fiume mit Gebiet
2766:
2754:
2742:
2730:
2718:
2704:
2692:
2678:
2666:
2662:Margraviate of Moravia
2654:
2634:Markgrafschaft Istrien
2633:
2621:
2609:
2597:
2585:
2573:
2561:
2549:
2533:
2521:
2511:
2497:
2485:
2473:
2446:
2438:
2430:
2297:
2256:
2142:
2136:
2092:First War of Schleswig
2029:policies that reduced
2014:
1993:
1975:Ferdinand I of Austria
1954:
1947:Karl von Schwarzenberg
1859:Klemens von Metternich
1730:
1701:
1683:
1639:
1171:Margraviate of Austria
780:Electorate of Salzburg
480:Klemens von Metternich
174:
112:
6877:19th century in Italy
6778:Medieval great powers
4117:Margraviate of Istria
3934:The Hapsburg monarchy
2889:Banater Militärgrenze
2667:Markgrafschaft Mähren
2629:Margraviate of Istria
2553:), subdivided in 1861
2444:
2436:
2424:
2295:
2243:Metternich alongside
2242:
2043:Roman Catholic Church
2004:
1983:
1945:
1827:Kingdom of Westphalia
1802:On 12 July 1806, the
1672:Emperor of the French
1652:Electorate of Hanover
1644:ecclesiastical states
252:Common languages
160:Imperial coat of arms
6788:European colonialism
6773:Ancient great powers
4949:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
4944:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
4437:World Heritage Sites
4280:Archduchy of Austria
4077:Archduchy of Austria
3824:Okey, Robin (2002).
3517:Gunther Rothenberg,
3508:Mueller 1961, p. H6.
3214:Williamson, David G.
3163:Kaisertum Österreich
3059:Vereinstaler of 1866
2798:), lost in 1859/1866
2755:Königreich Slawonien
2719:Königreich Dalmatien
2708:), split off in 1850
2534:Herzogtum Steiermark
2469:Archduchy of Austria
2378:German Confederation
2165:was defeated in the
2132:Constitution of 1861
2031:freedom of the press
1990:Hungarian Revolution
1904:German Confederation
1758:Maximilian IV Joseph
1681:This new empire or "
1674:and established the
1648:free imperial cities
1556:Habsburg possessions
1257:German Confederation
1242:Archduchy of Austria
766:Archduchy of Austria
675:• 1843 estimate
610:Constitution adopted
559:• Proclamation
220:German Confederation
113:Kaisertum Österreich
6783:Modern great powers
5149:Waldeck and Pyrmont
4671:freedom of religion
4258:Ostrogothic Kingdom
4072:Kingdom of Slavonia
4047:Kingdom of Dalmatia
3924:Sked, Alan (2001).
3521:(Indiana UP, 1982).
3351:Jelavich, Barbara.
2950:revolutions of 1848
2836:Banat of Temeschwar
2750:Kingdom of Slavonia
2743:Königreich Kroatien
2714:Kingdom of Dalmatia
2679:Herzogtum Schlesien
2562:Königreich Illyrien
2458:Revolutions of 1848
2411:Austro-Prussian War
2407:Franco-Austrian War
2371:Year of revolutions
2167:Austro-Prussian War
2017:After the death of
2011:Battle of Solferino
1958:Revolutions of 1848
1937:period of stability
1789:Treaty of Pressburg
1676:First French Empire
1587:Austro-Prussian War
1572:Sixth Coalition War
1541:First French Empire
1236:Early modern period
1116:Ostrogothic Kingdom
850:Kingdom of Slavonia
623:Austro-Prussian War
4581:Telecommunications
4325:Austrian Civil War
4305:Congress of Vienna
4300:March Constitution
4219:Kingdom of Noricum
4087:Duchy of Carinthia
4062:Kingdom of Illyria
4057:Kingdom of Hungary
4042:Kingdom of Croatia
4037:Kingdom of Bohemia
3792:Judson, Pieter M.
3770:Bassett, Richard.
3489:www.britannica.com
3428:www.britannica.com
3298:www.britannica.com
3222:Palgrave Macmillan
3160:, modern spelling
2968:among subordinate
2782:Kingdom of Illyria
2778:Illyrian Provinces
2738:Kingdom of Croatia
2726:Kingdom of Hungary
2705:Herzogtum Bukowina
2650:Kingdom of Bohemia
2569:Duchy of Carinthia
2557:Kingdom of Illyria
2525:) of Upper Austria
2512:Herzogtum Salzburg
2454:Congress of Vienna
2447:
2439:
2431:
2399:hostile neutrality
2367:Congress of Vienna
2298:
2257:
2253:Congress of Vienna
2039:Klerikalabsolutist
2015:
1994:
1955:
1910:Under Metternich,
1900:Quadruple Alliance
1888:Congress of Vienna
1834:which was held by
1832:Kingdom of Hanover
1731:Regnum Independens
1726:Kingdom of Hungary
1722:composite monarchy
1663:Emperor of Austria
1661:created the title
1656:Holy Roman Emperor
1583:Kingdom of Hungary
1576:Congress of Vienna
1568:invasion of Russia
1475:Austria portal
1351:National Socialism
1224:Duchy of Carinthia
1176:House of Babenberg
1082:Kingdom of Noricum
1017:1: Territories of
836:Kingdom of Croatia
794:Kingdom of Hungary
636:Compromise of 1867
584:Congress of Vienna
461:Minister-President
6827:
6826:
6749:
6748:
6714:Polish–Lithuanian
5889:Gurjara-Pratihara
5333:
5332:
5287:
5286:
5213:
5200:
5113:
5112:
5057:Ernestine duchies
4803:
4802:
4763:
4762:
4599:
4598:
4533:
4532:
4525:Political parties
4478:Foreign relations
4445:
4444:
4355:History of Vienna
4285:Habsburg monarchy
4209:Hallstatt culture
4155:
4154:
4147:Military Frontier
4102:Duchy of Salzburg
4092:Duchy of Carniola
4082:Duchy of Bukovina
3587:hr.wikisource.org
3568:978-0-7139-9704-0
3231:978-1-137-35004-6
2927:Military Frontier
2848:Military Frontier
2826:Serbian Vojvodina
2731:Königreich Ungarn
2700:Duchy of Bukovina
2655:Königreich Böhmen
2581:Duchy of Carniola
2574:Herzogtum Kärnten
2507:Duchy of Salzburg
2427:Military Frontier
2417:Constituent lands
2336:, Austerlitz and
2269:Napoleonic France
2056:, four "armies":
2005:Austrian Emperor
1986:Battle of Komárom
1951:Battle of Leipzig
1879:absolute monarchy
1875:Habsburg monarchy
1871:Age of Metternich
1778:Margrave of Baden
1774:Charles Frederick
1714:Habsburg monarchy
1618:Holy Roman Empire
1560:Holy Roman Empire
1517:Empire of Austria
1509:
1508:
1333:Ostmark (Austria)
1204:Holy Roman Empire
1199:House of Habsburg
1181:Privilegium Minus
1128:Early Middle Ages
1073:Hallstatt culture
1030:
1029:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1006:
925:
924:
878:Duchy of Bukovina
752:Holy Roman Empire
538:House of Deputies
475:• 1821–1848
445:• 1848–1916
433:• 1835–1848
421:• 1804–1835
390:Absolute monarchy
205:
107:Empire of Austria
101:
100:
93:
32:Habsburg monarchy
16:(Redirected from
6929:
6857:Christian states
6630:
6629:
6295:Austro-Hungarian
5995:Chagatai Khanate
5360:
5353:
5346:
5337:
5336:
5257:
5256:
5247:
5246:
5224:
5223:
5211:
5206:
5205:
5198:
5193:
5192:
5183:
5182:
5177:Reuss-Lobenstein
5173:
5172:
5144:Schaumburg-Lippe
5122:
5121:
5101:
5093:
5085:
5077:
5069:
5048:
5040:
5032:
5024:
5012:Anhalt (Ascania)
4993:
4972:
4971:
4864:
4830:
4823:
4816:
4807:
4806:
4783:
4776:
4610:
4609:
4544:
4543:
4456:
4455:
4375:
4374:
4275:Duchy of Austria
4182:
4175:
4168:
4159:
4158:
4027:
4026:
4013:
4012:
4001:
3994:
3987:
3978:
3977:
3952:
3929:
3920:
3901:
3864:
3841:Military Affairs
3829:
3820:
3813:Kissinger, Henry
3808:
3786:
3758:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3554:
3548:
3541:
3535:
3528:
3522:
3515:
3509:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3481:
3475:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3457:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3420:
3414:
3411:
3405:
3402:
3393:
3390:
3381:
3374:
3365:
3362:
3356:
3349:
3332:
3325:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3290:
3284:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3210:
3204:
3199:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3155:
3149:
3104:
3092:
3080:
3068:
3056:
3044:
3032:
3020:
2997:
2991:
2982:
2980:
2967:
2957:
2939:
2903:
2891:
2879:
2867:
2855:
2821:
2809:
2797:
2775:
2773:Corpus separatum
2769:
2757:
2745:
2733:
2721:
2707:
2695:
2681:
2674:Duchy of Silesia
2669:
2657:
2636:
2624:
2612:
2600:
2588:
2576:
2564:
2552:
2536:
2524:
2514:
2500:
2488:
2476:
2315:Battle of Bailén
2283:Archduke Charles
2218:
2206:
2194:
2145:
2143:Abgeordnetenhaus
2139:
2102:Lombardy–Venetia
2081:economic freedom
2050:Bachsches System
1797:Kingdom of Italy
1772:on 11 December.
1733:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1637:
1624:(1797–1799) and
1501:
1494:
1487:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1417:Military history
1402:Economic history
1363:Post-war Austria
1214:Duchy of Austria
1161:Frankish Kingdom
1060:
1050:
1032:
1031:
1003:
1002:
995:Kingdom of Italy
989:
988:
972:
971:
955:
954:
941:
940:
929:
928:
916:
915:
902:
901:
888:
887:
874:
873:
860:
859:
846:
845:
832:
831:
818:
817:
808:Kingdom of Italy
804:
803:
790:
789:
776:
775:
762:
761:
748:
747:
741:
740:
725:
724:
508:Imperial Council
359:Eastern Catholic
355:Eastern Orthodox
232:
216:
207:
206:
187:
179:
156:
142:
124:
123:
115:
103:
102:
96:
89:
85:
82:
76:
71:this article by
62:inline citations
49:
48:
41:
21:
6937:
6936:
6932:
6931:
6930:
6928:
6927:
6926:
6842:Austrian Empire
6832:
6831:
6828:
6823:
6812:American Empire
6797:
6793:African empires
6745:
6628:
6320:Central African
6266:
6084:Romano-Germanic
5670:
5404:Middle Assyrian
5377:
5369:
5364:
5334:
5329:
5318:
5283:
5260:
5254:
5253:
5244:
5243:
5227:
5221:
5220:
5203:
5202:
5190:
5189:
5180:
5179:
5170:
5169:
5167:Reuss-Ebersdorf
5153:
5109:
5099:
5091:
5089:Gotha-Altenburg
5083:
5075:
5073:Coburg-Saalfeld
5067:
5051:
5046:
5038:
5030:
5022:
5006:
4991:
4963:
4959:Weimar-Eisenach
4934:Hesse-Darmstadt
4917:
4901:
4865:
4856:
4840:
4834:
4804:
4799:
4786:
4779:
4772:
4759:
4750:Public holidays
4745:National anthem
4681:
4622:Austrian people
4595:
4529:
4441:
4364:
4310:Austria-Hungary
4295:Austrian Empire
4248:Germanic tribes
4195:
4186:
4156:
4151:
4097:Duchy of Styria
4028:
4021:
4019:Austrian Empire
4007:
4005:
3963:
3958:
3928:(2nd ed.).
3853:10.2307/1986702
3807:(2nd ed.).
3779:Evans, R. J. W.
3766:
3764:Further reading
3761:
3737:
3733:
3723:
3721:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3697:
3695:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3671:
3669:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3645:
3643:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3618:
3616:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3591:
3589:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3569:
3555:
3551:
3542:
3538:
3529:
3525:
3516:
3512:
3507:
3503:
3493:
3491:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3473:
3469:
3447:
3443:
3433:
3431:
3430:. 15 April 2024
3422:
3421:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3403:
3396:
3391:
3384:
3375:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3350:
3335:
3326:
3313:
3303:
3301:
3300:. 13 April 2024
3292:
3291:
3287:
3279:József Zachar,
3278:
3274:
3262:
3258:
3243:
3239:
3232:
3211:
3207:
3202:October Diploma
3200:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3186:
3176:
3175:
3167:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3124:Austria-Hungary
3115:
3108:
3105:
3096:
3093:
3084:
3081:
3072:
3069:
3060:
3057:
3048:
3045:
3036:
3033:
3024:
3021:
3012:
3004:
2974:
2912:Further Austria
2780:from 1809 then
2586:Herzogtum Krain
2529:Duchy of Styria
2462:October Diploma
2419:
2387:revolutionaries
2261:Napoleonic Wars
2237:
2230:
2219:
2210:
2207:
2198:
2195:
2128:
2126:Austria-Hungary
2122:
1999:
1966:
1960:
1884:Napoleonic Wars
1856:
1848:Ernest Augustus
1766:Duke of Bavaria
1709:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1633:
1630:Imperial Recess
1614:
1608:
1603:
1595:Austria-Hungary
1564:Napoleonic Wars
1513:Austrian Empire
1505:
1469:
1467:
1457:
1456:
1387:
1379:
1378:
1364:
1356:
1355:
1346:
1338:
1337:
1298:
1290:
1289:
1275:
1267:
1266:
1262:Austria-Hungary
1252:Austrian Empire
1247:Habsburg empire
1237:
1229:
1228:
1219:Duchy of Styria
1194:
1186:
1185:
1129:
1121:
1120:
1068:
1048:
1041:
1026:
1000:
986:
969:
952:
947:Austria-Hungary
938:
920:Duchy of Warsaw
913:
899:
885:
871:
857:
843:
829:
815:
801:
787:
773:
759:
745:
707:
676:
659:
638:
625:
615:20 October 1860
612:
599:
597:1848 Revolution
586:
573:
560:
534:
519:
489:
476:
446:
434:
422:
401:
345:
341:
332:
237:
235:
223:
222:in dotted lines
190:
188:
181:
180:
164:
163:
162:
157:
149:
148:
143:
125:
117:
110:
108:
97:
86:
80:
77:
67:Please help to
66:
50:
46:
39:
36:Austria-Hungary
28:
23:
22:
18:Austrian empire
15:
12:
11:
5:
6935:
6925:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6867:Former empires
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6825:
6824:
6822:
6821:
6820:
6819:
6814:
6805:
6803:
6799:
6798:
6796:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6769:
6768:
6757:
6755:
6751:
6750:
6747:
6746:
6744:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6722:
6721:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6665:
6664:
6659:
6649:
6644:
6638:
6636:
6627:
6626:
6625:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6594:
6589:
6588:
6587:
6577:
6572:
6571:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6550:
6545:
6544:
6543:
6538:
6528:
6527:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6496:
6495:
6494:
6489:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6463:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6432:
6431:
6430:
6425:
6415:
6410:
6409:
6408:
6403:
6393:
6392:
6391:
6386:
6376:
6375:
6374:
6369:
6359:
6354:
6353:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6322:
6317:
6316:
6315:
6310:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6276:
6274:
6268:
6267:
6265:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6248:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6207:
6202:
6201:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6165:
6164:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6097:
6096:
6091:
6081:
6080:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6025:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6004:
6003:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5951:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5925:
5924:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5898:
5897:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5855:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5834:
5829:
5828:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5792:
5791:
5790:
5785:
5775:
5774:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5748:
5743:
5742:
5741:
5731:
5730:
5729:
5724:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5680:
5678:
5676:Post-classical
5672:
5671:
5669:
5668:
5667:
5666:
5656:
5651:
5650:
5649:
5644:
5634:
5633:
5632:
5622:
5621:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5574:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5548:
5547:
5546:
5541:
5531:
5526:
5525:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5483:
5482:
5477:
5475:Middle Kingdom
5472:
5462:
5457:
5456:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5435:
5434:
5433:
5431:Neo-Babylonian
5428:
5423:
5421:Old Babylonian
5413:
5412:
5411:
5406:
5396:
5391:
5385:
5383:
5371:
5370:
5363:
5362:
5355:
5348:
5340:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5327:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5295:
5293:
5289:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5281:
5276:
5270:
5268:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5258:
5248:
5237:
5235:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5225:
5215:
5207:
5194:
5184:
5174:
5163:
5161:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5125:
5119:
5118:Principalities
5115:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5107:
5102:
5097:Hildburghausen
5094:
5086:
5078:
5070:
5061:
5059:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5049:
5041:
5033:
5025:
5016:
5014:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4986:
4981:
4975:
4969:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4925:
4923:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4915:
4909:
4907:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4873:
4871:
4867:
4866:
4859:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4841:
4833:
4832:
4825:
4818:
4810:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4792:
4785:
4784:
4777:
4769:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4691:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4679:
4674:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4613:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4547:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4501:
4500:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4463:Climate change
4459:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4378:
4372:
4366:
4365:
4363:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4315:German Austria
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4255:
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4233:
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4211:
4205:
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4030:
4029:
4004:
4003:
3996:
3989:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3962:
3961:External links
3959:
3957:
3956:
3945:Taylor, A.J.P.
3941:
3930:
3921:
3909:
3902:
3882:10.1086/240187
3876:(2): 155–165.
3865:
3847:(4): 182–186.
3833:
3821:
3809:
3800:
3790:
3775:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3748:978-1317118442
3731:
3705:
3679:
3653:
3626:
3599:
3574:
3567:
3549:
3536:
3530:Robert Goetz,
3523:
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3415:
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3224:. p. 14.
3205:
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2641:
2640:
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2638:
2626:
2614:
2590:
2578:
2554:
2538:
2526:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2490:
2418:
2415:
2302:Council of War
2236:
2235:Foreign policy
2233:
2232:
2231:
2220:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2189:
2124:Main article:
2121:
2118:
2054:Adolf Fischhof
1998:
1997:The Bach years
1995:
1962:Main article:
1959:
1956:
1855:
1854:Metternich era
1852:
1844:Queen Victoria
1823:Saxe-Lauenburg
1762:prince-elector
1718:personal union
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1537:United Kingdom
1533:Russian Empire
1507:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1496:
1489:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1454:
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1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1422:Rail transport
1419:
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1409:
1404:
1399:
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1340:
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1310:
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1297:Interwar years
1296:
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1103:
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1042:
1035:
1028:
1027:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1004:
997:
991:
990:
983:
981:Transleithania
974:
973:
966:
957:
956:
949:
943:
942:
935:
926:
923:
922:
917:
909:
908:
903:
895:
894:
889:
881:
880:
875:
867:
866:
861:
853:
852:
847:
839:
838:
833:
825:
824:
822:Bohemian Crown
819:
811:
810:
805:
797:
796:
791:
783:
782:
777:
769:
768:
763:
755:
754:
749:
737:
736:
731:
721:
720:
715:
709:
708:
706:
705:
699:
693:
687:
685:
681:
680:
677:
674:
671:
670:
664:
663:
660:
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654:
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647:
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643:
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633:
630:
629:
626:
620:
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613:
607:
604:
603:
600:
594:
591:
590:
587:
581:
578:
577:
574:
568:
565:
564:
563:11 August 1804
561:
558:
555:
554:
551:
550:
545:
544:Historical era
541:
540:
535:
529:
526:
525:
523:House of Lords
520:
514:
511:
510:
505:
501:
500:
497:
496:
490:
487:
484:
483:
477:
474:
471:
470:
467:
466:
463:
457:
456:
453:
452:
450:Franz Joseph I
447:
444:
441:
440:
435:
432:
429:
428:
423:
420:
417:
416:
413:
412:
409:
403:
402:
400:
399:
393:
386:
384:
378:
377:
372:
366:
365:
334:Roman Catholic
327:
323:
322:
253:
249:
248:
243:
239:
238:
233:
225:
224:
217:
209:
208:
166:
165:
158:
151:
150:
144:
137:
136:
135:
132:
131:
127:
126:
109:
106:
99:
98:
53:
51:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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6923:
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6915:
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6900:
6898:
6895:
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6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
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6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
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6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6839:
6837:
6830:
6818:
6817:Soviet empire
6815:
6813:
6810:
6809:
6807:
6806:
6804:
6802:Miscellaneous
6800:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6767:
6764:
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6759:
6758:
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6752:
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6707:
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6685:
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6677:
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6648:
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6643:
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6608:
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6603:
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6416:
6414:
6411:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6401:German Empire
6399:
6398:
6397:
6394:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6381:
6380:
6377:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6364:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6327:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6277:
6275:
6273:
6269:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
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6250:
6246:
6243:
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6233:
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6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
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6213:
6212:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6170:
6169:
6166:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6143:
6142:
6141:Turco-Persian
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6086:
6085:
6082:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6049:
6048:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6009:
6008:
6005:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5982:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5930:
5929:
5926:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5902:
5899:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5881:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5839:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5797:
5796:
5793:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5779:
5776:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5753:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5740:
5737:
5736:
5735:
5732:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5677:
5673:
5665:
5662:
5661:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5638:
5635:
5631:
5628:
5627:
5626:
5623:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5553:
5552:
5549:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5536:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5499:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5439:
5436:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5414:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5361:
5356:
5354:
5349:
5347:
5342:
5341:
5338:
5325:
5324:
5321:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5290:
5280:
5279:Sondershausen
5277:
5275:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5267:
5263:
5252:
5249:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5234:
5230:
5219:
5218:Reuss-Schleiz
5216:
5214:
5208:
5201:
5199:(Junior Line)
5195:
5188:
5185:
5178:
5175:
5168:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5160:
5156:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5134:Liechtenstein
5132:
5130:
5129:Hesse-Homburg
5127:
5126:
5123:
5120:
5116:
5106:
5103:
5098:
5095:
5090:
5087:
5082:
5079:
5074:
5071:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5058:
5054:
5045:
5042:
5037:
5034:
5029:
5026:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5013:
5009:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4973:
4970:
4966:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4922:Grand duchies
4920:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4904:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4868:
4863:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4843:
4838:
4831:
4826:
4824:
4819:
4817:
4812:
4811:
4808:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4782:
4778:
4775:
4771:
4770:
4766:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4715:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4684:
4678:
4675:
4672:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4642:Ethnic groups
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4536:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4335:Austrofascism
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4246:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4183:
4178:
4176:
4171:
4169:
4164:
4163:
4160:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4025:
4020:
4016:
4011:
4002:
3997:
3995:
3990:
3988:
3983:
3982:
3979:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3955:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3789:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3773:
3769:
3768:
3756:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3735:
3719:
3715:
3709:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3667:
3663:
3657:
3641:
3637:
3630:
3614:
3610:
3603:
3588:
3584:
3578:
3570:
3564:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3540:
3533:
3527:
3520:
3514:
3505:
3490:
3486:
3480:
3471:
3463:
3462:
3456:
3451:
3450:Gilman, D. C.
3445:
3429:
3425:
3419:
3410:
3401:
3399:
3389:
3387:
3379:
3373:
3371:
3361:
3354:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3330:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3282:
3276:
3268:
3260:
3253:
3248:
3241:
3233:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3209:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3179:
3173:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3148:
3144:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3103:
3098:
3091:
3086:
3079:
3074:
3067:
3062:
3055:
3050:
3043:
3038:
3031:
3026:
3019:
3014:
3013:
3007:
2999:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2973:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2946:Maria Theresa
2943:
2938:
2937:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2913:
2902:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2882:
2878:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2853:Militärgrenze
2849:
2846:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2768:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2715:
2712:
2706:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2689:
2686:
2680:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2635:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2515:), 1815–1850
2513:
2508:
2505:
2499:
2494:
2493:Upper Austria
2491:
2487:
2482:
2481:Lower Austria
2479:
2478:
2475:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2443:
2435:
2429:is not shown)
2428:
2423:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2355:
2352:in 1806, and
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2326:Austrian army
2322:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2294:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2228:
2224:
2217:
2212:
2205:
2200:
2193:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2163:Austrian army
2159:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2144:
2138:
2133:
2127:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2094:(1848–1850).
2093:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1938:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1770:Frederick III
1767:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1737:The fall and
1735:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1705:
1704:
1687:
1686:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1589:of 1866, the
1588:
1584:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1521:multinational
1518:
1514:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1490:
1488:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1318:Austrofascism
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1067:Early history
1064:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1033:
1024:
1020:
1014:
998:
996:
993:
992:
984:
982:
980:
976:
975:
967:
965:
963:
959:
958:
950:
948:
945:
944:
936:
934:
931:
930:
927:
921:
918:
911:
910:
907:
904:
897:
896:
893:
890:
883:
882:
879:
876:
869:
868:
865:
862:
855:
854:
851:
848:
841:
840:
837:
834:
827:
826:
823:
820:
813:
812:
809:
806:
799:
798:
795:
792:
785:
784:
781:
778:
771:
770:
767:
764:
757:
756:
753:
750:
743:
742:
739:
738:
735:
732:
730:
727:
726:
722:
719:
716:
714:
713:ISO 3166 code
710:
703:
702:Vereinsthaler
700:
697:
694:
692:
689:
688:
686:
682:
678:
672:
669:
665:
661:
655:
652:
648:
644:
641:30 March 1867
640:
637:
631:
627:
624:
618:
614:
611:
605:
602:13 March 1848
601:
598:
592:
588:
585:
579:
576:6 August 1806
575:
572:
566:
562:
556:
552:
549:
546:
542:
539:
536:
533:
527:
524:
521:
518:
512:
509:
506:
502:
498:
494:
491:
485:
481:
478:
472:
468:
464:
462:
458:
454:
451:
448:
442:
439:
436:
430:
427:
424:
418:
414:
410:
408:
404:
397:
394:
391:
388:
387:
385:
383:
379:
376:
373:
371:
367:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
339:
335:
331:
328:
324:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
254:
250:
247:
244:
240:
231:
226:
221:
215:
210:
185:
178:
177:
171:
167:
161:
155:
147:
141:
133:
128:
121:
114:
104:
95:
92:
84:
81:December 2021
74:
70:
64:
63:
57:
52:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
6829:
6568:Contemporary
6418:Indo-Persian
6406:Nazi Germany
6350:Contemporary
6289:
6252:Vijayanagara
6151:Great Seljuk
6062:Thessalonica
5990:Golden Horde
5630:Carthaginian
5409:Neo-Assyrian
5394:Neo-Sumerian
5255:(until 1850)
5245:(until 1850)
5233:Hohenzollern
5222:(until 1848)
5212:(Elder Line)
5210:Reuss-Greiz
5181:(until 1824)
5171:(until 1824)
5100:(until 1826)
5092:(until 1826)
5081:Coburg-Gotha
5076:(until 1826)
5047:(until 1847)
5039:(until 1863)
5031:(until 1863)
4913:Hesse-Kassel
4851:
4705:Coat of arms
4695:Architecture
4662:Prostitution
4632:Demographics
4510:Legal system
4488:Human rights
4468:Constitution
4294:
4263:East Francia
4018:
3948:
3933:
3925:
3916:
3905:
3873:
3869:
3844:
3840:
3825:
3816:
3804:
3793:
3782:
3771:
3752:Google Books
3739:
3734:
3722:. Retrieved
3717:
3708:
3696:. Retrieved
3691:
3682:
3670:. Retrieved
3665:
3656:
3644:. Retrieved
3639:
3629:
3617:. Retrieved
3612:
3602:
3590:. Retrieved
3586:
3577:
3558:
3552:
3544:
3539:
3531:
3526:
3518:
3513:
3504:
3492:. Retrieved
3488:
3479:
3470:
3459:
3444:
3432:. Retrieved
3427:
3418:
3409:
3377:
3360:
3352:
3328:
3327:Sked, Alan.
3302:. Retrieved
3297:
3288:
3275:
3266:
3259:
3250:
3246:
3240:
3217:
3208:
3197:
3147:
3129:Cisleithania
3005:
2985:
2931:
2916:
2909:
2829:
2522:Salzachkreis
2460:to the 1860
2448:
2392:
2375:
2359:
2342:Campo Formio
2323:
2299:
2274:
2258:
2226:
2222:
2178:
2160:
2148:
2129:
2096:
2089:
2078:
2057:
2049:
2047:
2038:
2016:
2007:Franz Joseph
1967:
1934:
1917:
1909:
1898:forming the
1865:and his son
1857:
1812:
1807:
1801:
1786:
1755:
1736:
1680:
1615:
1580:
1545:
1516:
1512:
1510:
1462:
1345:World War II
1251:
1166:East Francia
978:
964:Cisleithania
961:
734:Succeeded by
733:
728:
658:• Total
628:14 June 1866
548:19th century
488:• 1867
342:
329:
183:
169:
87:
78:
59:
6156:Khwarezmian
6089:Carolingian
5894:Rashtrakuta
5598:Shaishunaga
5497:Hellenistic
5480:New Kingdom
5470:Old Kingdom
5292:Free cities
5266:Schwarzburg
5251:Sigmaringen
5204:(from 1848)
5197:Reuss-Gera
5191:(1824-1848)
5084:(from 1826)
5068:(from 1826)
5023:(from 1863)
4992:(from 1839)
4906:Electorates
4897:Württemberg
4839:(1815–1866)
4657:Pornography
4647:Health care
4551:Agriculture
4505:LGBT rights
4498:enforcement
4015:Crown lands
2975: [
2972:Amtsbezirke
2917:From 1850,
2450:Crown lands
2395:Crimean War
2393:During the
2229:until 1918)
2183:World War I
2106:Villafranca
2083:. Internal
2027:reactionary
1988:during the
1912:nationalist
1867:Ferdinand I
1525:great power
1274:World War I
1193:Middle Ages
1047:History of
729:Preceded by
704:(1857–1867)
698:(1804–1857)
589:8 June 1815
532:Lower house
517:Upper house
504:Legislature
438:Ferdinand I
398:(1860–1867)
392:(1804–1860)
347:Lutheranism
343:Minorities:
236:(1846–1859)
73:introducing
6836:Categories
6726:Portuguese
6607:Revival Le
6597:Vietnamese
6240:Later Tran
6210:Vietnamese
6106:Singhasari
6094:Holy Roman
5718:Bulgarian
5654:Satavahana
5625:Phoenician
5561:Achaemenid
5522:Indo-Greek
5502:Macedonian
5416:Babylonian
5274:Rudolstadt
4939:Luxembourg
4725:Literature
4520:Parliament
4483:Government
4402:Ecoregions
3913:Sked, Alan
3190:References
3168:pronounced
2925:, and the
2598:Küstenland
2545:Vorarlberg
2519:District (
2382:Metternich
2362:Metternich
2354:Schönbrunn
2249:Talleyrand
2245:Wellington
2161:After the
2156:Hungarians
2151:second war
2149:After the
2137:Herrenhaus
2120:After 1859
2035:Absolutist
1840:William IV
1793:Bratislava
1782:Grand Duke
1685:Kaiserthum
1659:Francis II
1626:Regensburg
1610:See also:
1606:Foundation
1548:Francis II
1432:Liberalism
1156:Carantania
1134:Marcomanni
679:37,500,000
668:Population
382:Government
370:Demonym(s)
56:references
6719:Couronian
6357:Ethiopian
6345:Manchukuo
6300:Brazilian
6146:Ghaznavid
6116:Srivijaya
6067:Trebizond
6052:Byzantine
6034:North Sea
6029:Norwegian
6017:Almoravid
6000:Ilkhanate
5970:Majapahit
5943:Muromachi
5852:Solomonic
5837:Ethiopian
5751:Caliphate
5684:Aragonese
5512:Ptolemaic
5326:partially
5304:Frankfurt
5241:Hechingen
5105:Meiningen
5065:Altenburg
5002:Lauenburg
4979:Brunswick
4954:Oldenburg
4652:Languages
4637:Education
4591:Transport
4561:Companies
4473:Elections
4412:Mountains
4397:Districts
4370:Geography
4340:Anschluss
4226:Roman Era
3898:143628536
3153:‹See Tfd›
3002:Education
2350:Pressburg
2348:in 1801,
2346:Luneville
2344:in 1797,
2114:Mantovano
1863:Francis I
1836:George IV
1635:‹See Tfd›
1523:European
1328:Anschluss
1313:Civil War
1142:Baiuvarii
1088:Roman Era
426:Francis I
351:Calvinist
330:Majority:
326:Religion
316:Ukrainian
276:Ruthenian
260:Hungarian
130:1804–1867
6699:Japanese
6662:Scottish
6642:American
6634:Colonial
6563:Imperial
6531:Moroccan
6467:Japanese
6445:Afsharid
6304:Burmese
6290:Austrian
6245:Later Le
6220:Early Le
6205:Venetian
6131:Tiwanaku
6044:Hellenic
6007:Moroccan
5938:Kamakura
5928:Japanese
5911:Saffarid
5864:Georgian
5778:Chalukya
5756:Rashidun
5746:Calakmul
5714:Bruneian
5593:Haryanka
5571:Sasanian
5566:Parthian
5517:Bactrian
5507:Seleucid
5487:Goguryeo
5465:Egyptian
5399:Assyrian
5389:Akkadian
5380:Colonies
5028:Bernburg
4984:Holstein
4870:Kingdoms
4790:Category
4667:Religion
4617:Abortion
4576:Taxation
4515:Military
4451:Politics
4253:Rugiland
4236:Pannonia
4193:articles
3947:(1941).
3915:(2008).
3815:(1955).
3781:(2006).
3216:(2016).
3156:German:
3113:See also
2923:Slavonia
2830:de facto
2593:Littoral
2401:towards
2227:de facto
2098:Sardinia
1808:de facto
1668:Napoleon
1638:German:
1552:Napoleon
1535:and the
1519:, was a
1464:Timeline
1447:Hinduism
1407:Football
1138:Lombards
1106:Rugiland
1096:Pannonia
1038:a series
1036:Part of
684:Currency
375:Austrian
338:official
304:Friulian
300:Venetian
292:Romanian
284:Croatian
6766:largest
6761:Empires
6741:Swedish
6736:Spanish
6731:Russian
6694:Italian
6669:Chinese
6657:English
6652:British
6647:Belgian
6622:Vietnam
6612:Tay son
6558:Tsarist
6553:Russian
6548:Ottoman
6514:Dzungar
6509:Khoshut
6482:Mexican
6477:Maratha
6460:Pahlavi
6440:Safavid
6435:Iranian
6362:Haitian
6325:Chinese
6285:Ashanti
6257:Wagadou
6183:Eastern
6178:Western
6161:Timurid
6121:Tibetan
6111:Songhai
6101:Serbian
6022:Almohad
6012:Idrisid
5916:Samanid
5906:Tahirid
5901:Iranian
5879:Kannauj
5859:Genoese
5795:Chinese
5788:Eastern
5783:Western
5771:Fatimid
5766:Abbasid
5761:Umayyad
5734:Burmese
5694:Ayyubid
5689:Angevin
5659:Xianbei
5647:Eastern
5642:Western
5588:Magadha
5551:Iranian
5544:Xiongnu
5529:Hittite
5438:Chinese
5426:Kassite
5375:Ancient
5367:Empires
5309:Hamburg
4989:Limburg
4968:Duchies
4892:Hanover
4882:Bavaria
4877:Prussia
4852:Austria
4845:Empires
4774:Outline
4735:Museums
4710:Cuisine
4687:Culture
4605:Society
4586:Tourism
4556:Banking
4539:Economy
4345:Ostmark
4231:Noricum
4201:History
4189:Austria
4017:of the
3936:(1919)
3890:1876727
3861:1986702
3798:excerpt
3796:(2016)
3774:(2016).
3592:15 June
3534:(2005).
3010:Gallery
2942:circles
2919:Croatia
2734:) with
2696:) with
2517:Salzach
2330:Marengo
2319:Bavaria
2265:Prussia
2223:de jure
2085:customs
1971:serfdom
1892:Prussia
1819:Hanover
1694:
1622:Rastatt
1601:History
1412:Cricket
1092:Noricum
1049:Austria
1023:Bohemia
1019:Austria
634:•
621:•
608:•
595:•
582:•
569:•
530:•
515:•
482:(first)
407:Emperor
363:Judaism
320:Yiddish
312:Italian
296:Lombard
288:Serbian
280:Slovene
242:Capital
170:Anthem:
69:improve
6704:Mongol
6689:German
6684:French
6674:Danish
6617:Dainam
6592:Tongan
6580:Somali
6575:Sokoto
6541:'Alawi
6519:Kalmyk
6499:Mongol
6492:Second
6472:Korean
6423:Mughal
6413:Indian
6396:German
6389:Second
6379:French
6372:Second
6308:Second
6280:Afghan
6272:Modern
6198:Kyrgyz
6193:Uighur
6188:Second
6168:Turkic
6136:Toltec
6072:Epirus
6057:Nicaea
5980:Mongol
5933:Yamato
5869:Huetar
5727:Second
5664:Rouran
5613:Shunga
5608:Maurya
5583:Kushan
5556:Median
5534:Hunnic
5492:Harsha
5314:Lübeck
5299:Bremen
5044:Köthen
5036:Dessau
5020:Anhalt
4997:Nassau
4887:Saxony
4795:Portal
4700:Cinema
4571:Mining
4566:Energy
4427:States
4422:Rivers
4392:Cities
4241:Raetia
4191:
3938:online
3896:
3888:
3859:
3788:online
3746:
3724:5 July
3698:5 July
3672:5 July
3646:5 July
3619:5 July
3565:
3494:28 May
3434:28 May
3304:6 June
3228:
2995:Kreise
2989:Kreise
2965:Kreise
2955:Kreise
2936:Kreise
2622:Triest
2403:Russia
2338:Wagram
2278:budget
2255:, 1815
2175:K.u.K.
2110:Zürich
2070:Brixen
2013:, 1859
1992:, 1849
1953:, 1813
1896:Russia
1894:, and
1760:, the
1703:Kaiser
1442:Cinema
1396:Vienna
1386:Topics
1100:Raetia
1040:on the
696:Thaler
691:Gulden
495:(last)
465:
411:
272:Polish
268:Slovak
256:German
246:Vienna
172:
120:German
116:
58:, but
6754:Lists
6709:Omani
6679:Dutch
6585:Isaaq
6536:Saadi
6504:Oirat
6487:First
6455:Qajar
6384:First
6367:First
6340:China
6313:Third
6173:First
6126:Tikal
6077:Morea
6047:Roman
5965:Latin
5960:Khmer
5955:Kanem
5921:Buyid
5847:Zagwe
5842:Aksum
5832:Chola
5739:First
5722:First
5709:Bornu
5704:Benin
5699:Aztec
5637:Roman
5618:Gupta
5603:Nanda
5539:White
5159:Reuss
5139:Lippe
4929:Baden
4781:Index
4755:Sport
4740:Music
4730:Media
4677:Women
4627:Crime
4407:Lakes
4214:Celts
3894:S2CID
3886:JSTOR
3857:JSTOR
3755:PT196
3139:Notes
2979:]
2840:Banat
2543:with
2062:Czech
1452:Islam
1437:Music
1427:Radio
1151:Avars
1146:Suebi
1078:Celts
1025:only.
651:Area
308:Ladin
264:Czech
6524:Bogd
6450:Zand
6428:Sikh
6335:Qing
6330:Ming
6262:Wari
6230:Tran
6215:Dinh
5985:Yuan
5975:Mali
5884:Pala
5874:Inca
5825:Yuan
5815:Song
5810:Liao
5805:Tang
5578:Kush
5460:Dʿmt
4720:Flag
4714:wine
3744:ISBN
3726:2023
3700:2023
3674:2023
3648:2023
3621:2023
3594:2019
3563:ISBN
3496:2024
3436:2024
3306:2024
3226:ISBN
2960:Bach
2285:and
2259:The
2130:The
2108:and
2037:(or
1984:The
1838:and
1764:and
1745:was
1707:-dom
1691:lit.
1581:The
1511:The
1392:Jews
1021:and
146:Flag
6602:Mac
6039:Oyo
5948:Edo
5820:Jīn
5800:Sui
5453:Jin
5448:Han
5443:Qin
4493:Law
3878:doi
3849:doi
2770:),
2334:Ulm
1720:(a
1689:" (
6838::
6235:Ho
6225:Ly
3892:.
3884:.
3874:40
3872:.
3855:.
3845:40
3843:.
3750:.
3716:.
3690:.
3664:.
3638:.
3611:.
3585:.
3487:.
3458:.
3426:.
3397:^
3385:^
3369:^
3336:^
3314:^
3296:.
3166:,
2998:.
2977:de
2940:('
2921:,
2856:)
2828:,
2601:)
2477:)
2464::
2332:,
2321:.
2247:,
2225:,
2116:.
2076:.
1776:,
1597:.
1543:.
1144:-
1140:-
1136:-
1098:-
1094:-
718:AT
361:,
357:,
353:,
349:,
318:,
314:,
310:,
306:,
302:,
298:,
294:,
290:,
286:,
282:,
278:,
274:,
270:,
266:,
262:,
258:,
5382:)
5378:(
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5352:t
5345:v
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4673:)
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4000:e
3993:t
3986:v
3951:.
3919:.
3900:.
3880::
3863:.
3851::
3828:.
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3785:.
3757:.
3650:.
3623:.
3596:.
3571:.
3498:.
3438:.
3308:.
3234:.
2898:(
2892:)
2886:(
2880:)
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2842:)
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2804:(
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2752:(
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