93:. Avoidance relations differ from tribe to tribe in terms of strictness and to whom they apply. Typically, there is an avoidance relationship between a man and his mother-in-law, usually between a woman and her father-in-law, and sometimes between any person and their same-sex parent-in-law. For some tribes, avoidance relationships are extended to other family members, such as the mother-in-law's brother in
148:, a man and his mother-in-law may not make eye contact, face one another or directly talk to each other. Rather, they must address a third person or even a nearby object. For slightly less restricted relationships, such as between a man and his father-in-law, avoidance style is used and must be spoken in a slow, soft voice. An extreme case of avoidance behavior is found in the
160:
Children in these cultures acquire avoidance speech forms as part of their normal language development, learning with whom to use them at a fairly young age. Additionally, a few languages have another style, called a "secret language" or "mystic language", that is taught to boys as part of initiation
140:"travel" covers several everyday verbs meaning "go", "walk", "crawl", "paddle", "float, sail, drift", and "limp along". Corresponding avoidance and everyday words are generally not linguistically related. Avoidance forms tend to be longer than everyday forms.
143:
In some areas, the avoidance style is used by both members of the avoidance relationship; in others the senior member may talk to the junior in everyday style. Behavior associated with avoidance speech is a continuum and varies between tribes. For the
219:, as well as Sotho. This special speech style and correlating respectful behaviors may be used in many contexts, but is most strongly associated with married women in respect to their father-in-law and other senior male relatives. Women who practice
22:
is a group of sociolinguistic phenomena in which a special restricted speech style must be used in the presence of or in reference to certain relatives, or in certain situations. Avoidance speech is found in many
1046:
1162:
868:
605:
McGrath, Pam; Phillips, Emma (2008). "Australian findings on
Aboriginal cultural practices associated with clothing, hair, possessions and use of name of deceased persons".
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128:. Typically, the taboo lexical set has a one-to-many correspondence with the everyday set. For example, in Dyirbal the avoidance style has one word,
634:
520:
Fandrych, Ingrid. "Between tradition and the requirements of modern life: Hlonipha in southern Bantu societies, with special reference to
Lesotho."
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640:
O'Connor, Mary
Catherine (1990). "Third-person reference in Northern Pomo conversation: The indexing of discourse genre and social relations".
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prohibits speaking and writing syllables or characters that appear in the names of esteemed people, such as emperors, parents, and ancestors.
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as their names. They avoid the taboo words phonologically (substituting sounds) or lexically (replacing words with synonyms, etc.). The
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do not pronounce any words beginning with the same syllable as the name of their husband's mother or father. Instead, they may use
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system also includes avoidance of the names of certain relatives by all speakers and physical avoidance of certain relatives.
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trilogy; the ambulatory males and females avoid most direct communication, and use separate language styles otherwise.
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66:, however, tends to be smaller than in normal speech since the styles are only used for limited communication.
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Treis, Yvonne (2005). "Avoiding their names, avoiding their eyes: How
Kambaata women respect their in-laws".
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Goddard, Ives (1979). "South Texas and the lower Rio Grande". In
Campbell, L.; Mithun, M. (eds.).
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is closely tied to elaborate tribal kinship systems in which certain relatives are considered
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835:
825:
1244:
569:
Hoijer, Harry (1945). "The
Apachean verb, part I: Verb structure and pronominal prefixes".
109:– more people may fall into the "mother-in-law" category than just a man's wife's mother.
8:
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A special system of avoidance vocabulary is traditionally used by married women speaking
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185:, and includes physical and linguistic avoidance of parents-in-law. Women who practice
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Finlayson, Rosalie. "Hlonipha—the women's language of avoidance among the Xhosa."
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516:. Vol. Section 3.3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 58–65.
216:
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132:, for all lizards, while the everyday style differentiates many varieties. In
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Rudwick, Stephanie, and
Magcino Shange. "Hlonipha and the rural Zulu woman."
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48:
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Prabhakaran, Varijakshi. "Hlonipha in
Dravidian Languages and Society?."
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Tefera, Anbessa (1987). "Ballissha: Women's Speech Among the Sidama".
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The languages of native
America: Historical and comparative assessment
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55:
512:
Dixon, R. M. W. (1980). "Speech and song styles: Avoidance styles".
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Avoidance speech styles used with taboo relatives are often called
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116:, although they are not actually separate languages but separate
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may not say the names of these men or any words with the same
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Lecture notes on
Dyirbal illustrating mother-in-law language
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Zungu, Phyllis. "Some aspects of hlonipha in Zulu society."
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477:
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308:
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193:, synonyms or semantically similar words, antonyms, or
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Assessing politeness, language and gender in hlonipha.
532:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 355–389.
465:
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685:"Word taboo and comparative Austronesian linguistics"
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1193:Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations
759:One of three "LanguageHat" blog posts in the topic
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62:as the standard language they are a part of. The
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633:Mous, Maarten. 2015. Laws of in-law-languages.
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203:is a traditional system of avoidance speech in
1680:Northern Territory National Emergency Response
1183:National Congress of Australia's First Peoples
54:Avoidance speech styles tend to have the same
1168:Australian Aboriginal Progressive Association
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642:International Journal of American Linguistics
571:International Journal of American Linguistics
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1275:South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council
1260:Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land Council
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538:South African Journal of African Languages
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607:International Journal of Nursing Practice
997:National Indigenous Human Rights Awards
869:People from politics and public service
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161:rituals, and is only used between men.
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977:Literature of Indigenous Australians
327:Brave Bird, Mary (27 January 2009).
241:Australian Aboriginal sign languages
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1158:Aborigines Progressive Association
14:
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701:from the original on 2 July 2021.
619:10.1111/j.1440-172X.2007.00667.x
171:Highland East Cushitic languages
41:Highland East Cushitic languages
1752:Australian Aboriginal languages
1496:Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976
522:Journal of Language and Culture
274:: fictional race from the post-
87:Australian Aboriginal languages
25:Australian Aboriginal languages
1708:Uluru Statement from the Heart
1125:Torres Strait Island languages
320:
1:
1173:Australian Aborigines' League
1153:Aborigines Advancement League
1070:Australian Aboriginal English
597:Luthuli, Thobekile Patience.
505:
284:Taboo against naming the dead
207:of southern Africa including
173:in southwestern Ethiopia. In
1213:National Reconciliation Week
708:Journal of Ethiopian Studies
544:Herbert, Robert K. (1990). "
268:: Australian ritual language
69:
7:
1265:NSW Aboriginal Land Council
1203:Registered Aboriginal Party
1188:National Indigenous Council
1075:Macro-Gunwinyguan languages
721:Anthropological Linguistics
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10:
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1643:Constitutional recognition
1512:Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars
1148:Aboriginal Medical Service
548:and the Ambiguous Woman".
514:The languages of Australia
136:the avoidance speech verb
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1037:Traditional custodianship
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679:23, no. 82 (2009): 66-75.
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45:Southern Bantu languages
16:Sociolinguistic phenomena
1502:Australian Frontier Wars
1208:Reconciliation Australia
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256:Honorifics (linguistics)
181:, this system is called
76:Taboo on naming the dead
33:North American languages
1554:Australian history wars
1415:Contemporary visual art
831:Torres Strait Islanders
540:2, no. 1 (1982): 35-60.
524:3, no. 4 (2012): 67-73.
114:mother-in-law languages
81:Mother-in-law languages
1250:Kimberley Land Council
1100:Pama–Nyungan languages
1090:Loanwords into English
1007:Religion and mythology
960:Torres Strait Islander
811:Aboriginal Australians
197:from other languages.
29:Austronesian languages
1589:Native Title Act 1993
1524:Cummeragunja walk-off
1270:Northern Land Council
1120:Torres Strait English
1047:Torres Strait Islands
683:Simons, Gary (1982).
205:Nguni Bantu languages
1245:Central Land Council
105:. All relations are
85:Avoidance speech in
1002:Outstation movement
841:Western Australians
692:Pacific Linguistics
498:, pp. 460–461.
486:, pp. 457–459.
450:, pp. 292–294.
317:, pp. 157–226.
1695:Stolen Generations
1685:Self-determination
1605:Stolen Generations
1539:Historical figures
1519:Caledon Bay crisis
1342:Fire-stick farming
1255:Maralinga Tjarutja
874:Performing artists
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1622:Western Australia
1357:Possum-skin cloak
1288:
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1280:Tiwi Land Council
1115:Taboo on the dead
1080:Australian Creole
821:Aboriginal groups
694:(C–76): 157–226.
438:, pp. 44–59.
426:, pp. 65–68.
402:, pp. 59–60.
390:, pp. 61–64.
378:, pp. 58–59.
261:Pandanus language
37:Anishinaabe-mowin
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1772:Ritual languages
1767:Sociolinguistics
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1065:Avoidance speech
1027:Smoking ceremony
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743:(1997): 171-181.
741:Language Matters
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672:(1998): 117-131.
670:Language Matters
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601:PhD diss., 2007.
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1663:Native title
1617:Tent embassy
1600:Pintupi Nine
1587:
1507:Bathurst War
1494:
1477:Yininmadyemi
1462:Sandpainting
1457:Papunya Tula
1452:NATSIA Award
1440:Music groups
1362:Scarred tree
1332:Dugout canoe
1064:
1022:Sacred sites
937:The Dreaming
879:Sportspeople
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613:(1): 57–66.
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118:lexical sets
113:
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84:
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49:naming taboo
19:
18:
1658:Land rights
1561:King plates
1377:Sweet foods
1347:Food groups
1317:Bush tucker
1057:Language(s)
992:NAIDOC Week
942:Enumeration
851:Individuals
816:Communities
436:Tefera 1987
315:Simons 1982
246:Minced oath
229:ukuhlonipha
221:ukuhlonipha
201:Ukuhlonipha
1746:Categories
1549:Prehistory
1472:Visual art
1425:Didgeridoo
1337:Fibrecraft
1312:Bush bread
1178:Mass media
1105:Placenames
982:Marn Grook
972:Kurdaitcha
955:Aboriginal
917:Corroboree
836:Victorians
826:Tasmanians
506:References
460:Treis 2005
448:Treis 2005
424:Dixon 1980
412:Dixon 1980
400:Dixon 1980
388:Dixon 1980
376:Dixon 1980
352:Treis 2005
303:Dixon 1980
272:Pequeninos
195:borrowings
191:paraphrase
187:ballishsha
183:ballishsha
74:See also:
47:. Chinese
1762:Etiquette
1571:Black War
1566:Massacres
1405:Artefacts
1302:Boomerang
1294:Bushcraft
1218:Sorry Day
1032:Songlines
907:Astronomy
864:Musicians
859:Activists
662:144782956
591:143582901
550:Anthropos
251:Euphemism
126:phonology
70:Australia
56:phonology
1578:Missions
1430:Dreaming
1327:Coolamon
1198:Politics
1042:Tjurunga
733:25132339
714:: 44–59.
696:Archived
627:18190485
562:40463571
546:Hlonipha
235:See also
175:Kambaata
95:Warlpiri
35:such as
1610:Apology
1544:History
1487:History
1387:Woomera
1163:AIATSIS
1017:Seasons
967:Kinship
932:Deities
922:Country
899:Culture
889:Writers
803:Peoples
122:grammar
103:Dyirbal
64:lexicon
60:grammar
1714:Treaty
1653:Health
1631:Issues
1095:Palawa
951:Flags
947:Elders
731:
677:Agenda
660:
635:Online
625:
589:
560:
335:
179:Sidamo
165:Africa
150:Umpila
138:bali-l
1757:Taboo
1724:Voice
1719:Truth
1648:Crime
1435:Music
1420:Dance
1382:Waddy
1367:Soaks
1352:Humpy
1143:ATSIC
729:JSTOR
699:(PDF)
688:(PDF)
658:S2CID
587:S2CID
558:JSTOR
290:Notes
266:Damin
217:Swazi
213:Xhosa
130:jijan
91:taboo
1467:Vibe
1445:Rock
1397:Arts
1307:Buka
1227:TSRA
1012:Riji
912:Bora
623:PMID
333:ISBN
225:root
215:and
209:Zulu
177:and
124:and
58:and
43:and
27:and
650:doi
615:doi
579:doi
101:in
97:or
1748::
725:47
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712:XX
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211:,
39:,
787:e
780:t
773:v
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305:.
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