Axis occupation of Greece

2352: 177: 3794:(large landowners) but also mid and small size landowners who constituted the majority of the community... in many parts of Chamouria. According to our findings, these were the circumstances that led to a gradual transformation of a southern Balkan Muslim community to a national minority... The rift between the two, formerly co-existing, religious communities of the region was already in effect since the mid-1920s. But the cycle of blood and revenge was triggered during the Second World War. When Italy invaded Greece some armed Muslim Chams committed, to a limited extent, atrocities against the Christian population... At the end of November of 1941, when the Italian army withdrew, much-extended acts of violence occurred this time against the Muslim Chams. … many of the Muslim adult males were in exile, Christians committed murders, lootings and rapes under the tolerance, if not the support, of local authorities… control of the roads, paths and of citizens' movement, in general, was in the hands of Muslim Chams. This was another important factor that added animosity... between the two groups. In the majority of the settlements a "choice" of... two communities. 856:, or, roughly, "retaliation measures", the "retaliation" being for Greece having chosen the wrong side. Germany was additionally motivated by a desire to "pluck out the best fruit" to plunder before the Italians could get it. Groups of economic advisers, businessmen, engineers and factory managers came from Germany with the task of seizing anything they deemed of economic value, with involvement from both Germany's Economic Ministry and its Foreign Office involved in the operation. These groups saw themselves as in competition with the Italians to plunder the country, and also with each other. The primary purpose of the German requisitions, however, was finding as much food as possible to sustain the German army. The occupying powers' requisitions, disruption in agricultural production, hoarding by farmers and breakdown of the country's distribution networks from both infrastructure damage and change in government structure led to a severe shortage of food in the major urban centres in the winter of 1941–42. Some of this shortage is attributable to the 1750: 1333:, in particular of Kastoria and Florina provinces, collaborated with Axis forces and came out openly for Bulgaria. These Slavophones considered themselves Bulgarian. In the first two years of occupation, a group of this community believed that the Axis would win the war, spelling the demise of Greek rule in the region and its annexation by Bulgaria. The first non-communist resistance organization that emerged in the area had as main opponents members of the Aromanian- and Slav-speaking minorities, as well as the communists, rather than the Germans themselves. Because of the strong presence of German troops and the general distrust of Slavophones by the Greeks, the communist organisations EAM and ELAS had difficulties in Florina and Kastoria. The majority of the Slav-speakers in Macedonia after mid-1943 joined EAM and were allowed to retain their organization. In October 1944 they deserted and departed to Yugoslavia. In November 1945, after the end of the war, some of then tried to capture 1235:, and Bulgarian officers organized supplying of food and provisions for the Slavic-speaking population in these regions, aiming to recruit collaborators and gather intelligence on what was happening in the German- and Italian-occupied zones. In 1942, the Bulgarian club asked assistance from the High Command in organizing armed units among those populations, but the Germans were initially very suspicious. Taking advantages of Italian incompetence and the German need for releasing troops on other fronts, since 1943 Sofia had been seeking to extend its control over the rest of Macedonia. After the Italian collapse in 1943, the Germans allowed the Bulgarians to intervene in Greek Central Macedonia, over the area between the Strymon and Axios rivers. The situation also forced the Germans to take control of Western Macedonia with the occasional interventions of Bulgarian troops. At that time the Greek guerrilla forces, especially the left-wing 1346: 405: 2018: 1526: 1275:, where there were several limited attacks from withdrawing German troops in the middle of September. Bulgaria hoped to keep these territories after the war. The Soviet Union initially also believed it was possible to include at least Western Thrace in the post-war borders of Bulgaria and thereby to secure a strategic outlet to the Aegean Sea. But the United Kingdom, whose troops advanced towards Greece at the same time, stated that the withdrawal of Bulgarian troops from all occupied territories was a precondition for a ceasefire agreement with Bulgaria. As result on 10 October, the Bulgarian army and administration began evacuating and after two weeks withdrew from the area. Meanwhile, around 90,000 Bulgarians left the area, nearly half of them settlers and the rest locals. The administrative power was handed over by the already ruling 416: 146: 891:. Of the country's 7.3 million inhabitants in 1941, it is estimated that 2.5 million received this aid, of whom half lived in Athens, meaning that almost all people in the capital city received this aid. Although the food aid reduced the risk of starvation in the cities, little of it reached the countryside, which experienced its own period of famine in 1943–44. The rise of the armed Resistance resulted in major anti-partisan campaigns across the countryside by the Axis, which led to wholesale burning of villages, destruction of fields, and mass executions in retaliation for guerrilla attacks. As P. Voglis writes, the German sweeps " producing areas into burned fields and pillaged villages, and the wealthy provincial towns into refugee settlements". 2255: 1799:(EDES) was led by Napoleon Zervas, a former army officer and republican. EDES was formed on 9 September 1941 and was at the beginning thoroughly republican and anti-monarchist, but also attracted a few monarchists and other right-wing supporters. The British were instrumental in the development of EDES, hoping it would become a counterweight to ELAS. Throughout the occupation period, Zervas did not attempt to change his doctrine and EDES remained clearly a guerrilla force. Its main theatre of operation was Epirus. Because it was a particularly poor district, most of the logistical support was provided by the British. When EDES was finally disbanded at the fall of 1944, it had about 12,000 fighters, in addition to 5,000 reserves. 1862:

understandings with the Axis commanders and with British support, he turned against ELAS during a ceasefire with the Germans. Zervas, undoubtedly aimed to get rid of the Axis, but lacked the qualities and the organizational background to form a strong resistance movement and saw EDES as a tool to fight the occupation troops and advance his own fortunes. For Zervas the first priority was EAM/ELAS. Reports sent on 10 August 1943 by the German Chief of Staff in Giannina suggested that he believed Zervas was 'loyal' to their operations. According to German post-war testimonies, resistance was temporarily limited in Epirus and the local population was terrorized partly due to the reprisals and

7196: 7073: 6939: 6819: 1867:

Germans to concentrate their operations against ELAS. Zervas' pro-royalist tendencies and close collaboration both with the Germans and the British Office destroyed EDES' initial republican and democratic ideology. In 1944, EDES membership no longer represented the anti-monarchists but had come to reflect a broad spectrum of right-wing forces which opposed both the Germans and ELAS. A short-lived German attempt to coopt EDES and use them against ELAS partisans failed and by July 1944 EDES attacks against the Germans resumed. A German report of 17 July 1944, stated that "the destruction of the EDES pocket" is of vital importance.

7362: 7266: 7148: 1385: 2030:

local anti-Semites began posting warnings on Jewish businesses saying "Jews Not Welcome Here". The German occupation of the city began on 8 April 1941. On 15 April the Jewish leadership within the city was arrested, and in June, the Rosenburg Commando began confiscating Jewish cultural property including manuscripts and art, and sending it back to Germany. Significant hardship occurred in the winter of 1941–1942, as refugees streamed in from the hinterlands of Greek Macedonia and Thrace, straining food supplies beyond their limit and causing starvation and typhus outbreaks, combined with

7458: 6974: 6878: 176: 2401: 38: 832: 2043:

clothed, the 9,000 men were forced to take part in a "gymnastics drill" lasting six and a half hours, under the threat of being beaten, whipped, shot or set upon by dogs if they did not do as they were told. They were forced to gaze straight at the sun the whole time, and if their eyes moved, they would be whipped or otherwise punished. The "drill" also included running long distances, moving about on all fours, rolling in dust and performing somersaults. In the following days, several of the men died from brain hemorrhages or meningitis.

2073:, after a Jewish railroad builder in the Habsburg Empire. In this camp, by early March, 2500 Jews were squeezed into 593 small rooms. Signs written in Greek, German and Ladino warned Jews not to exit, and the non-Jewish population to not enter, on pain of death. Throughout the night, German officers forced the Jewish inmates to perform traditional dances for their "entertainment". At the end of their stay, the railroad to Salonica that had been built by the historical Baron Hirsch, originally intended to help Jews escape from 7231: 7113: 2306:, the Grand Rabbi of Athens, was summoned to the Department of Jewish Affairs and told to submit a list of names and addresses of members of the Jewish community. Instead, he destroyed the community records, thus saving the lives of thousands of Athenian Jews. He advised the Jews of Athens to flee or go into hiding. A few days later, the Rabbi himself was spirited out of the city by EAM-ELAS fighters and joined the resistance. EAM-ELAS helped hundreds of Jews escape and survive (especially officer 104: 1607: 2434:

Pangalos follower and head of the special security police during the war period, was sentenced to death, but most of his co-defendants received short prison terms. During 1945, more than 80,000 people were prosecuted. The judges, many of whom had served during the occupation period, sentenced leftists harshly, and wartime collaborators lightly. US and UK intelligence opposed the appointment of Zervas as a minister citing their suspicions of his collaboration with Nazi Germany.

1075: 2206: 1987: 1299: 1221: 815: 1669: 569:'s pre-war plans as a target for German annexation: the country was poor, not adjacent to Germany, and did not host any German minorities. The Greeks themselves were seen by Nazi racial theory as neither valuable enough to be Germanized and assimilated, nor as sub-humans to be exterminated. Indeed, Hitler opposed the diversion of efforts towards western and southern Europe, and focused on the conquest and assimilation of Eastern Europe as the future German " 7531: 2149: 887:), but most of the food ended up in the hands of government officials and black market traders, who used their connection to the authorities to "buy" the aid from them and then sell it on at inflated prices. The perception of suffering and pressure from the Kingdom of Greece's government in exile eventually led to the British partially lifting the blockade, and from the summer of 1942 Canadian wheat began to be distributed by the 2389:. The immediate cause of the fighting was an unsanctioned EAM demonstration in Athens' Syntagma Square on Sunday, 3 December 1944, which turned violent when gunfire erupted. Meanwhile, General Scobie promptly ordered all ELAS units to leave Athens within seventy-two hours, and on the following day he declared martial law. The clashes ended on the night of 5 January, and ELAS began a general withdrawal from the Greek capital. 1067: 1823: 2108: 2351: 919:, but these were turned down by the Germans, as they would have been a hindrance to concluding an armistice and establishing a collaborationist government: any such concession would have terminated the puppet government's legitimacy. Likewise, Italian suggestions for an outright military occupation without a Greek administration were rejected. Hitler and the German Foreign Minister, 1173:. This uprising was suppressed by the Bulgarian Army, followed by massive reprisals against Greek civilians. By late 1942, more than 100,000 Greeks were expelled from the Bulgarian occupation zone. Bulgarian colonists were encouraged to settle in East Macedonia and Thrace with credits and incentives from the central Bulgarian government, including confiscated land and houses. 967:

and shifted their allegiances when a better one appeared. Many events were part of a cycle of revenge between local communities over land ownership, state policies, sectarian hostilities and personal vendettas. This cycle of revenge became nationalized during the war with different communities choosing different sides. Although the majority of Cham Albanian elites

4957: 1578:, had the power to recommend the appointment and dismissal of Greek officials and were the key civilian figures in shaping Axis policy towards Greece. In addition, there was no clear distinction between the civil and military administration, while even the military administration was divided among various sectors (Italian 11th army, German 12th army, " 1896:, designated to represent the Allied High Command in Greece, for the purpose of driving the Axis out of Greece. ELAS and EDES also agreed to allow the landing of British forces in Greece, to refrain from any attempt to seize power on their own, and to support the return of the Greek Government of National Unity under Georgios Papandreou. 2065:, and their residences were similarly marked, so they could be easily identified and further isolated from the rest of Greek society. Jewish families were kicked out of their homes and arrested while the Nazi-controlled press turned public opinion by spreading anti-Semitism against them. As spring approached, Jews were shoved into 923:, even cautioned the Italians of the dangers of annexing territories inhabited by large Greek populations, which might become hotbeds of resistance. Nevertheless, in the Ionian Islands the Greek civil authorities were replaced by Italians, presumptively in preparation for annexation after the war. Claiming the inheritance of the 2449:(UNRRA). In the second half of 1945 UNRRA delivered to Greece some $ 171 million (equivalent to $ 2894 million in 2023) in goods. In the first year after the liberation, over 1.7 million tons of food were provided by UNRRA and the Allies. Nevertheless, a minimum daily ration of 2,000 calories proved impossible. 1654:. Following the occupation, the prefectures of Drama, Kavalla, Rhodope and Serres were annexed by Bulgaria and no longer under the control of the Greek government. The remaining 33 prefectures had a concurrent military administration by Italian or German troops. In 1943, Attica and Boeotia was split into separate prefectures. 4869: 2047:

sacks brought to his office by wheelbarrow. Salonica's Chief Rabbi, Zevi Koretz was a "naïve partner" of Merten; he acquiesced to all of Merten's demands, thinking that by doing so he was saving his people from extermination; however despite his good faith, he made it easier for the Germans to implement their plans.

819: 1970:(36%). The low rate in Volos was because of coordination by Rabbi Pesach with the region's bishop, who was tipped off by the German consul in Volos, and the actions of the local Greek community that provided them with resources during their time in hiding. In the Bulgarian zone, death rates surpassed 90%. In 817: 5159:

Throughout the period October 1943 to October 1944, Zervas consistently rejected active collaboration in favor of coexistence. The German records do not sustain Kedros's charges of a German- Rallis-British conspiracy. Zervas's policy of coexistence, however, enabled the Germans to concentrate on ELAS

4215:

In the first days of September 1944, Bulgarian troops and administrative authorities left the occupied territories, including Greek Thrace and Macedonia. The following year, the Bulgarian authorities responsible were put on trial before "People's Courts" for their actions during the war. Thousands of

3828:

They did not have the opportunity, however, to make any significant contributions in the fight against the Germans. ... the Cham partisan quoted above could describe the battles against EDES, but none against the Germans. Admittedly these fighting units were formed at the end of the war and therefore

2054:, which dated back to the 15th century Spanish expulsions of Sephardim so the ancient tombstones could be used as building material for sidewalks and walls. They were also used to build a public baths and a swimming pool in the city. The site of the old cemetery is today occupied by the campus of the 2029:

When the occupation zones were drawn up, Thessaloniki came under German control, while Thrace came under Bulgarian control. The Greek army evacuated Thessaloniki in early 1941, and the population was urged to stock up on supplies in preparation for the hard times ahead; before the arrival of Germans,

1965:

Despite some assistance from the surrounding Greek population, what was left of the Jewish community in Thessaloniki would be almost entirely annihilated by the Holocaust; only 1950 individuals survived. Only one Jewish family from Thessaloniki, once called the "mother of Israel", survived intact. In

1891:

ELAS, and to a lesser extent EDES and the other surviving resistance groups, assumed control of the countryside, but all groups refrained from trying to seize control of the Athens-Piraeus area, in accordance with their previous agreements. In the resulting "Caserta Agreement", signed on 26 September

1845:

EAM accused its rival organizations, and particularly EDES, of collaboration with the occupation forces. However, this accusation was as yet unfounded, at least in regards to EDES's guerilla branch. Right-wing resistance groups, including EDES, lacked a nationwide organizational apparatus and did not

1712:

The first signs of armed resistance activity manifested themselves in northern Greece, where resentment at the Bulgarian annexations ran high, in early autumn 1941. The Germans responded swiftly, torching several villages and executing 488 civilians. The brutality of these reprisals led to a collapse

1372:

Increasing attacks by partisans in the latter years of the occupation resulted in a number of executions and wholesale slaughter of civilians in reprisal. In total, the Germans executed some 21,000 Greeks, the Bulgarians executed some 40,000 and the Italians executed some 9,000. By June 1944, between

1109:

at the Greek-Turkish border, which was retained by the Germans over Bulgarian protests because of its strategic value. Unlike Germany and Italy, Bulgaria officially annexed the occupied territories on 14 May 1941, which had long been a target of Bulgarian foreign policy. East Macedonia and Thrace had

749:

comments, "The stage was set for bureaucratic infighting of Byzantine complexity: Italians pitted against Germans, diplomats against generals, the Greeks trying to play one master off against the other". Relations between the Germans and Italians were not good and there were brawls between German and

2363:

collapsed, the German 6th Army was encircled and destroyed while the German 8th Army retreated into the Carpathians. Accelerating the collapse was the coup in Bucharest on 23 August 1944 as King Michael dismissed Marshal Ion Antonescu as Prime Minister and declared war on Germany. Within a matter of

2328:

In March 1943 the vast majority of the Jewish population, 4,058 of the 4,273 was rounded up and sent to local warehouses by the Bulgarian occupation authorities. They were initially sent by train to concentration camps in Bulgaria. Kept under inhumane conditions, they were informed by the Bulgarians

2046:

In October 1942, Merten implemented measures to extract any and all objects of value (jewelry, etc.) from the Jewish community. Merten, 28 years old at the time, was "above all an extortionist". He allowed exemptions from his forced labor programme for large amounts of money, paid in cash stuffed in

1866:

in September 1943. During October 1943-October 1944 Zervas consistently rejected active collaboration though he favoured a temporary coexistence. According to German records, a conspiracy of German-Ralli's collaborationist government-British can't be sustained. This policy of coexistence enabled the

1685:

Few Greeks actively cooperated with the Nazis: most chose either the path of passive acceptance or active resistance. Active Greek resistance started immediately as many Greeks fled to the hills, where a partisan movement was born. One of the most touching episodes of the early resistance is said to

1196:

Because of these occupation policies, there was armed resistance in the Bulgarian zone was that enjoyed widespread support from the civilians in the region; Greek guerrillas engaged the Bulgarian military in many battles, even entering pre-war Bulgarian territory, raided villages and captured booty.

1176:

The Bulgarian government's attempts to win the loyalty of the local Slavic language-speaking populations and recruit collaborators among them had some success, with the Bulgarian armed forces being greeted as liberators in some areas. However, the ethnic composition of the region meant that the most

1019:

carried out raids in service of Italy. While most local Aromanians remained loyal to the Greek nation, some collaborated with the Axis powers because of latent pro-Romanian feelings or anger toward the Greek government and its military. Diamandi's Legion collapsed in 1942 when Italian positions were

839:

Residents of Greece suffered greatly during the occupation. With the country's economy having been reduced from six months of war, and economic exploitation by the occupying forces, raw materials and food were requisitioned, and the collaborationist government paid the costs of the occupation, which

2093:

death camps. By the summer of 1943, the Jews of the German and Bulgarian zones were gone and only those in the Italian zone remained. Jewish property in Thessaloniki was distributed to Greek 'caretakers' who were chosen by special committee, the "Service for the Disposal of Jewish Property" (YDIP).

2038:

For the first year of the German occupation, neither the Nuremberg Laws nor any specific anti-Semitic measures were applied, although there were some unorganized incidents by local anti-Semites. However, since 1937 but especially during this year, the Germans undertook a systematic investigation of

1883:

among the armed groups of the Greek resistance: EAM, EDES and the EKKA. According to this, they agreed to refrain from infringing on each other's territory and that all future efforts would be directed against the Germans rather than each other. This marked the end of the "First Round" of the Greek

1857:

On 12 October 1943, elements of ELAS struck EDES units in the mountains of Thessaly, beginning what came to be called the "First Round" of the Greek civil war. As a result, EDES was confined to Epirus, Zervas's birthplace, and only managed to survive due to British support. British officials stated

1833:

From its very beginnings, ELAS had sought to absorb or eliminate the rest of the Greek resistance groups and achieved some success in that effort. It firmly established and maintained a clear advantage over its rivals in terms of overall numbers, organization and the amount of territory controlled.

1161:

and economic restrictions on Greek businesses, in an effort to influence them to migrate to the German- and Italian-occupied parts of Greece. A licensing system banned the practice of trades and professions without permission, along with confiscation of estates of Greek landowners, which were given

2042:

In July 1942, forced labor was imposed on the Jewish population by Doctor Max Merten, the German chief civilian administrator of Thessaloniki. Merten ordered all Jews between the ages of 18 and 45 to report to Eleftherios Square at 8 in the morning. In a "ritual humiliation" in extreme heat, fully

1036:

Unlike the Germans, the Italian military mostly protected Jews in their zone, and rejected the introduction of measures such as those established in the German occupation zone in Thessaloniki. The Germans were purportedly perturbed as the Italians not only protected Jews on their territory, but in

966:

community. For at least the beginning of the occupation, Muslim communities chose different political alignments according to the circumstances, alternating between collaboration, neutrality and, less frequently, resistance. Albanian and Greek communities allied with the strongest available patron

2433:

who was also denounced by the Communist Party and decided to continue his guerrilla activity. After a few months, he was hunted down by government units and executed. Official policy towards Axis collaborators was milder and more hesitant than perhaps anywhere else in Europe. Alexandros Lambou, a

2034:

of the Jewish population during the situation by the Germans; during some parts of the winter, 60 Jews died each day. The Germans made an effort to spread anti-Semitic sentiments among the local population, and revived local anti-Semitic publications that had been banned under the Metaxas regime.

327:

The occupation reduced the Greek economy and brought hardships to the Greek civilian population. Much of Greece's economic capacity was destroyed, including 80% of industry, 28% of infrastructure (ports, roads and railways), 90% of its bridges, and 25% of its forests and other natural resources.

2420:. This provided a temporary respite from open warfare but Greece was in ruins. The country remained politically divided and unstable. Several anti-left elements, friendly to the former Security Battalions, had been appointed to key posts in the Ministry of War, while thoughts of allowing former 1614:

As in other European countries, there were Greeks willing to collaborate with the occupying force. However, few of the members of the Security battalions shared a pro-German ideology. The majority convinced themselves that the British approved anti-communist activity; others enlisted because of

1569:

in Athens. Neither Tsolakoglou nor his cabinet of equally inexperienced generals had any previous political experience. The civilian ministers were also an unimpressive group without political background. The government itself was wracked by internal disputes and held in low esteem by the Greek

1961:

and the reconstruction afterwards which displaced the Jewish community. The Jewish communities of Athens, the islands and Epirus were integrated into Greek public life, while the picture was more complicated in the traditionally Ladino-speaking Thessaloniki community. Although the Greek Jewish

1547:, Felix Benzler, the formation of a puppet government wasn't an easy task "because it is very difficult to persuade qualified civilians to participate in any form". The most influential Greek personalities hardly wished to make their re-entry into public life at such a moment, while archbishop 2444:

had died during the conflicts and the occupation. Sanitation conditions were deplorable, and the health of those who had survived was imperilled by a resurgence of malaria and tuberculosis, the lack of medicines and medical materials, inadequate diet, and the breakdown of preventive measures.

1791:

By September 1943, the reorganization of ELAS bands along conventional lines had been completed, and ELAS strength was about 15,000 fighters with additionally 20,000 reserves. Eventually, the EAM incorporated 90% of the Greek resistance movement, boasted a total membership of over 1,500,000,

1053:

in which 150 Greek civilians were killed. As they controlled most of the countryside, Italy was the first to face the rising resistance movement in 1942–43. By mid-1943, the resistance had managed to expel a few Italian garrisons from some mountainous areas, including several towns, creating

4892: 1837:

Velouchiotis, though a charismatic leader, was regarded with suspicion by a large part of EAM/ELAS and the Communist party. His early pre-eminence in the resistance had been achieved through exemplary executions and the torture of traitors, informers, and others. ELAS's critics also accused

2445:

One-fourth of the villages had been burned, and over 100,000 buildings destroyed or heavily damaged. Nearly 700,000 of the total Greek population were refugees and lacked the basic necessities of life. Famine was narrowly averted in 1945 only by massive aid provided by the Allies and the

2368:

oil fields, which were Germany's most important source of oil. Germany had occupied Greece in 1941 out of the fear that British bombers based in Greece would bomb the Romanian oil fields and deprive the Reich of the oil that powered its war machine. On 23 August 1944, at a meeting at his

1861:

During this period, the British intelligence suspected the EAM/ELAS resistance for collaboration with the Axis. As such EAM/ELAS refused to provide support to the British units and on some occasions even betrayed them to the Germans. There is documentary evidence that Zervas had certain

2084:

Despite warnings of impending deportations, most Jews were reluctant to leave their homes, although several hundred were able to flee the city. The Germans and Bulgarians began mass deportations in March 1943, sending the Jews of Thessaloniki and Thrace in packed boxcars to the distant

1713:

of the early guerrilla movement. It was revived in 1942 at a much greater scale. The first event that signaled the beginning of organized, armed opposition to the occupation forces occurred in September 1942 when the Greek Fascist Party (EEE) Club in downtown Athens was blown up by the

900: 2039:

the Jewish community and its assets, which included having Hans Reegler, a half-Greek half-German agent who pretended to be a British Jew named William Lions, assemble a comprehensive network of informants that compiled all the necessary information on individuals and assets of value.

1834:

ELAS's execution of rival EKKAS's leader, Dimitrios Psarros, later in spring of 1944 was a typical example of its ruthless determination to monopolise the armed resistance. Generally, ELAS clashed with the other resistance groups nearly as often as it fired upon the occupation forces.

2424:

to enter the new National Guard were abandoned. This policy made an impartial solution to Greece's security problems virtually impossible, and undermined the moral basis for the British doctrine of non-interference in internal Greek affairs. British Foreign Office was also fearful of

1542:

The Third Reich had no long-term plans for Greece and Hitler had already decided that a domestic puppet regime would be the least expensive drain on German efforts and resources as the invasion of the Soviet Union was imminent. According to a report by Foreign Office delegate of the

848:

was founded; two months later, the Greek collaborationaist government agreed to treat the balance as a loan without interest that was to be repaid once the war was over. By the end of the war, this forced loan amounted to 476 million Reichsmarks (equivalent to 2 billion 2021 euros).

1474:" on 22 August 1944 in Crete, where 164 civilians were executed and nine villages were dynamited after being looted. At the same time, in the course of the concerted anti-guerrilla campaign, hundreds of villages were systematically torched and almost 1,000,000 Greeks left homeless. 818: 820: 475:

their first victory over Axis forces on land, although due to German intervention, it eventually resulted in a victory for the Axis. 15 of the 21 Greek divisions were deployed against the Italians, leaving only six divisions to defend against the attack from German troops in the

1618:

Occupation authorities were reluctant to arm potential groups willing to fight the left-wing EAM resistance due to the absence of a fascist movement in Greece and the general dislike of the Germans by the Greek population. Fascist organizations supported by the Germans were the

1177:

of its inhabitants actively resisted the occupying forces. East Macedonia and Thrace had an ethnically mixed population until the early 20th century, including Greeks, Turks, Slavic-speaking Christians (some of whom self-identified as Greeks, others as Bulgarians), Jews, and

758:

officers. German officers often complained that the Italians were more interested in making love than in making war, and that the Italians lacked the "hardness" to wage a campaign against the Greek guerrillas because many Italian soldiers had Greek girlfriends. After the

2373:, the commander of the German forces in the Balkans, that with the Romanian oil fields lost and the Greek resistance inflicting serious casualties, there was now no more point in occupying Greece and he should begin preparations for a withdrawal from Greece at once. 573:". Coupled with admiration for the Greek resistance to the Italian invasion, the result was that Hitler favoured postponing a final territorial settlement of Italy's claims on Greece to after the war. In the meantime, a local puppet government headed by Lt. General 2385:. On 1 December, the government decreed that all guerrilla groups were to be disarmed. On 2 December, the six EAM ministers in the Government of National Unity resigned in protest, and on 4 December Papandreou himself resigned too. A new government was formed by 1842:. He thus managed to achieve closer ties with the British mission. With the surrender of Italy in September 1943, Italian forces in Greece either surrendered to the Joint Resistance headquarters (composed of ELAS, EDES, EKKA and the British) or to the Germans. 1045:

and in occupied France and will not permit their being drafted for work or compelled to wear the Star of David. This shows once again that Fascism does not really dare to get down to fundamentals but is very superficial regarding problems of vital importance."

5190:

Consequently, by 1944, the membership of EDES no longer represented the anti-monarchist faction but had come to reflect a broad spectrum of right-wing forces opposed just as much to ELAS as to the Germans. Furthermore, by this time, the rapid development of

1846:

follow a consistent strategy, while their relative weakness compared to EAM resulted in complete dependence on the British and to surreptitious collaboration with the Axis. Over time, the EDES Central Committee and political apparatus in Athens, directed by

8906: 1792:

including 50,000 armed guerrillas, and controlled much of rural mainland Greece and attracted large numbers of non-Communists. The first contact between Soviet officers and members of the Communist Party and the EAM-ELAS forces occurred at 28 July 1943.

1373:

them the Axis powers had "raided 1,339 towns, boroughs and villages, of which 879, or two-thirds, were completely wiped out, leaving more than a million people homeless" (P. Voglis) in the course of their anti-partisan sweeps, mostly in the areas of

7548: 1884:

civil war. A conference in Lebanon on 17–20 May 1944, where representatives from all resistance organizations and the Greek government-in-exile participated, the unification of all resistance groups under a "Government of National Unity", headed by

2380:

arrived in Athens on 14 October 1944. Four days later, the Greek government-in-exile returned to the Greek capital. Conflict between the monarchist Right and the republican and communist Left soon erupted, despite the initiatives of Prime Minister

1002:

mountains and Western Macedonia also collaborated with the Axis powers. Italian occupation forces were welcomed in some Aromanian villages as liberators, and Aromanians offered their services as guides or interpreters in exchange for favors. Under

358:, and set up espionage networks. By late 1943 the different resistance groups began to fight amongst themselves. At the end of occupation of the Greek mainland in October 1944, Greece was in a state of political polarization, which soon led to the 750:

Italian soldiers; the Germans regarded the Italians as incompetent and frivolous, while the Italians considered the behaviour of their ostensible allies as barbarous. By contrast, the Italians had no such inhibitions, which created problems among

3789:

Muslim Chams inhabited... Thesprotia. The community suffered various forms of discriminations, mainly through administrative harassment... During the second half of 1920s illegal land expropriations carried out by the state affected not only the

632:. Entry to this zone was forbidden to the Bulgarians, and the Germans maintained only a police and administrative staff there. The Germans also retained control of a patchwork of strategically important areas across the country. The region of 628:, on Greece's border with Turkey, remained under control of the collaborationist Greek government to give the Turkish government a pretext for disregarding her obligations to assist Greece in case of a Bulgarian attack according to the 1934 467:. The Hellenic forces counterattacked and forced the Italians to retreat. By mid-December, the Greeks had occupied nearly one-quarter of Albania, before Italian reinforcements and the harsh winter stemmed the Greek advance. In March 1941, a 1551:

refused to swear such an Axis puppet. Suspicious of the Greeks' capacity for causing problems, the Axis decided to withhold international recognition from the new regime, which remained without a Foreign Minister for its entire lifetime.

5374:. p. 236: "The Jews of Salonika, for the moment still the majority population, were hoping that the peace negotiations .... Of all the allies, Greece had suffered the least casualties, human and material, during the First Balkan War... 1740:

were launching direct attacks on Italian guard posts and barracks, while on 16 April, an Italian report noted that "control throughout the north-east, centre and south-west of Greece remains very precarious, not to say nonexistent".

9204: 763:

in September 1943, the Italian zone was taken over by the Germans, often by attacking the Italian garrisons. There was a failed attempt by the British to take advantage of the Italian surrender to reenter the Aegean Sea with the

373:

killed 21,087 Axis soldiers (17,536 Germans, 2,739 Italians, 1,532 Bulgarians) and captured 6,463 (2,102 Germans, 2,109 Italians, 2,252 Bulgarians), compared to the death of 20,650 Greek partisans and an unknown number captured.

6342:

Ravitaillement de la Grèce, pendant l'occupation 1941–44 et pendant les premiers cinq mois après la liberation. Rapport final de la Commission de Gestion pour les Secours en Grèce sous les auspices du Comité International de la

2278:

Jewish communities were well-integrated into the Orthodox Greek society and could not easily be singled out from the Christians, who in turn were more ready to resist the German authorities' demands. The Archbishop of Athens

1938:, who ordered all regional governors to welcome Jewish refugees onto their shores, with later Ottoman governments continuing the policies of granting citizenship and shelter to Jews fleeing persecution by Christian rulers. 9802: 10368: 8542: 3807: 868:

area alone, some 40,000 people died of starvation, and by the end of the occupation "it was estimated that the total population of Greece was 300,000 less than it should have been because of famine or malnutrition".

1957:, although this majority was lost as the Jewish community declined from 90,000 down to 56,000 after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, including anti-Jewish (and anti-Ladino) discrimination, land confiscations, the 7796: 1850:, became increasingly ineffective, estranged from the EDES guerrillas in the mountains (headed by Zervas) and winning the particular enmity of the organization because of Gonatas's support for the collaborationist 564:

Although the German army was instrumental in the conquest of Greece, this was an accident born of Italy's ill-fated invasion and the subsequent presence of British troops on Greek soil. Greece had not figured in

335:

The Jewish population of Greece was nearly eradicated. Of its pre-war population of 75–77,000, around 11–12,000 survived, often by joining the resistance or being hidden. Most of those who died were deported to

1153:

officers. The usage of the Greek language was banned, and the names of towns and places were changed to traditional Bulgarian forms. Gravestones bearing Greek inscriptions were defaced as a part of the effort.

1032:

Compared to the other two occupation zones, the Italian regime was relatively safe for its Greek residents, with a relatively low number of executions and atrocities compared to the German and Bulgarian zones.

840:

resulted in greater inflation. Because the outflows of raw materials and products from Greece towards Germany weren't offset by German payments, substantial imbalances accrued in the settlement accounts at the

9807: 816: 455:

launched the invasion partly to prove that Italians could match the military successes of the German Army and partly because Mussolini regarded southeastern Europe as lying within Italy's sphere of influence.

640:, was kept under German control both as a strategic outlet into the Aegean as well as a trump card between the competing claims of both Bulgarians and Italians on it. Along with the eastern Aegean islands of 9832: 7719: 9197: 7560: 1966:

total, at least 81% (around 60,000) of Greece's total pre-war Jewish population perished, with the percentage ranging from 91% in Thessaloniki to 50% in Athens, and less in other provincial areas such as

1020:

taken over by Germany, and most of its leaders fled to Romania or Greek cities. Most active members were convicted as war criminals in absentia, but many convictions were forgotten over the course of the

311:

was established in its place. Greece's territory was divided into occupation zones run by the Axis powers, with the Germans administering the most important regions of the country themselves, including

9837: 9817: 3104: 1197:

In 1943, previously united Greek factions began armed conflict between communist and right-wing groups with the aim of securing control of the region following the anticipated Bulgarian withdrawal.

8439: 294:. Nazi Germany intervened on its ally's behalf in southern Europe. While most of the Hellenic Army was located on the Albanian front lines to defend against Italian counter-attacks, a rapid German 1769:(KKE) and five other left-wing parties. EAM was virtually controlled by the KKE, although initially, the secretive and generally unpopular Communist party was successful in concealing this fact. 9190: 3829:

could no longer exert any broad influence on the Cham population. The majority of their elites had been corrupted by the occupying forces ... have constrained any motivation for joint resistance.

971:, some Chams joined a mixed EAM battalion at the end of the war, but never ended up making a significant contribution to the resistance against Germany. (For local developments in 1944–1945: see 5426:. p. 518: "Despite losing twenty-two relations in Auschwitz, all of Erika's immediate family survived – the only Jewish family from Salonika to return from Auschwitz with all its members alive." 1367:

The German part of the sign reads: "Kandanos was destroyed in retaliation for the bestial ambush murder of a paratrooper platoon and a half-platoon of military engineers by armed men and women."

9842: 1962:

community was used to Jewish-Christian tensions that often had origins in the economic rivalries, they were completely unprepared for the forms of anti-Semitism which had matured in Germany.

1570:

public, especially after the Italians replaced the Germans throughout much of the country in June 1941. The puppet government was kept under strict Axis control. Two Axis plenipotentiaries,

9920: 9797: 1157:

The Bulgarian government tried to alter the ethnic composition of the region by aggressively expropriating land and houses from Greek people in favor of settlers from Bulgaria, and enacted

9827: 8395: 8226: 6659: 1838:

Velouchiotis, claiming the organization was not above open collusion with the Axis. Meanwhile, on 9 March 1943, Zervas repudiated EDES's earlier republicanism of loyalty to the exiled

8429: 1267:

The Soviet Union declared war on the Kingdom of Bulgaria in early September 1944. Bulgaria withdrew from the central parts of Greek Macedonia after the pro-Soviet coup in the country

1697:, to retire the Greek flag. The Greek soldier obeyed, but when he was done, he wrapped himself in the flag and threw himself off the plateau where he died. Some days later, when the 7543: 860:

since Greece depended on wheat imports to cover about a third of its annual needs. These factors created the conditions for the "Great Famine" (Μεγάλος Λιμός) where in the greater

6653: 1501:

and did not stop until more than 4,500 Italians had been shot. The 4,000 or so survivors were put aboard ships for the mainland, but some of them sank after hitting mines in the

3642:"Drucksache 17/709, Entschädigungs-, Schadensersatz- und Reparationsforderungen wegen NS-Unrechts in Griechenland, Italien und anderen ehemals von Deutschland besetzten Staaten" 10328: 10147: 10052: 8492: 1231:

The Bulgarian government also attempted to extend its influence to central and west Macedonia. The German High Command approved the foundation of a Bulgarian military club in

3815: 8487: 8407: 8272: 17: 2393:

estimates Greece suffered at least 250,000 dead during the Axis occupation. Historian William Woodruff lists 155,300 dead Greek civilians and 16,400 military deaths, while

584:, and to shore up his relations with his most important Axis partner, Hitler agreed to leave most of the country to be occupied by the Italians. This was undertaken by the 7691: 6534: 939:", was introduced in early 1942, and a policy of Italianization initiated in public education and the press. Similar steps were undertaken in the eastern Aegean island of 728:, originally allotted to the German zone, were handed over to Italian control in October 1941; southern Attica was likewise transferred to the Italians in September 1942. 6426:

Voglis, Polymeris (2006). "Surviving Hunger: Life in the Cities and the Countryside during the Occupation". In Gildea, Robert; Wievorka, Olivier; Warring, Anette (eds.).

8155: 2989:, leader of the Aromanian "Roman Legion" (an organization of Aromanians who supported the Italian army) and promoter of the idea for an Aromanian-run, independent canton 2274:, the Germans turned their attention to the Jews of Athens and the rest of formerly Italian-occupied Greece. There their propaganda was not as effective, as the ancient 1788:, a former Greek army officer and non-communist. Immediately upon assuming command of ELAS, Sarafis set about reforming its haphazardly organized and commanded bands. 328:

Along with the loss of economic capacity, an estimated 7-11% of Greece's civilian population died as a result of the occupation. In Athens, 40,000 civilians died from

10343: 9070: 2283:

ordered his priests to ask their congregations to help the Jews and sent a strong-worded letter of protest to the collaborationist authorities and the Germans. Many

362:. The civil war gave opportunity who had prominently collaborated with Nazi Germany or other occupiers to reach positions of power and avoid sanction because of the 10178: 9755: 9616: 9606: 9571: 8477: 8191: 1749: 7746: 2446: 2437:

Greece's recovery from the devastation of World War II and the Axis occupation lagged far behind that of the rest of Europe. About 8% of the Greek population of

2457:

The Axis occupation of Greece, specifically the Greek islands, has a significant presence in English-language books and films. Real special forces raids, e.g.,

9910: 8246: 1165:

As a reaction to these policies, there was a spontaneous and poorly organized attempt to expel the Bulgarians with a spontaneous and poorly organized uprising

10213: 9596: 8497: 3148: 2094:

Instead of giving apartments and businesses to the many refugees, they were most often given to friends and relatives of committee members or collaborators.

3108: 1286:" in post-war Bulgaria for their actions during the war. In general thousands of people were sentenced to prison, while ca. 2,000 received death sentences. 10666: 9601: 9591: 7681: 6699: 2581: 344:. The Italians did not deport Jews living in territory they controlled, but when the Germans took it over from them, Jews living there were also deported. 6671: 6447:

Wievorka, Olivier; Tebinka, Jacek (2006). "Resisters: From Everyday Life to Counter-state". In Gildea, Robert; Wievorka, Olivier; Warring, Anette (eds.).

10651: 10646: 9581: 9576: 745:, while the fragmented occupation regimes meant that different military commanders were responsible for different parts of the country. As the historian 3808:"The Secret Past of the Greek-Albanian Borderlands. Cham Muslim Albanians: Perspectives on a Conflict over Historical Accountability and Current Rights" 2376:

German troops evacuated Athens on 12 October 1944, and by the end of the month, they had withdrawn from mainland Greece. The first British troops under

1041:, Hitler's propaganda minister, wrote in his diary, "The Italians are extremely lax in the treatment of the Jews. They protect the Italian Jews both in 8512: 8241: 5658: 5437: 2329:

that they would be sent to Palestine. However, the deportees could not be convinced. Except for five who died in the Bulgarian camps they were sent to

663: 7751: 3262: 10702: 10605: 10287: 9566: 9445: 8901: 8482: 7555: 5221:

A short-lived attempt to coopt EDES forces, and use them against ELAS partisans, also failed, and by July 1944, EDES was attacking the Germans again.

1276: 305: 3166: 1643:, and other minor pro-Nazi, fascist or anti-Semitic organizations such as the Hellenic Socialist Patriotic Organization (ESPO) or the "Iron Peace" ( 1058:

in September 1943, the Italian zone was taken over by the Germans. As a result, German anti-partisan and anti-Semitic policies were extended to it.

10574: 10430: 10082: 8582: 8186: 1953:

among the Jewish community. Jews had been the majority in Thessaloniki for centuries, and remained so at the end of Ottoman rule on the eve of the

936: 4063: 1345: 8206: 1193:. This left only a minority of local Slavic language speakers as the target of the Bulgarian government's recruitment and collaboration efforts. 1055: 932: 10788: 10763: 6708: 6639: 6612: 4342: 399: 9954: 9455: 7462: 4045:

Loring M. Danforth. The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995;

3601: 1190: 1647:). Cooperation of civil servants with the resistance, in particular the EAM, occurred even before a widescale resistance movement unfolded. 10600: 10425: 2508: 796:

replaced Stroop as the Higher SS Police Leader in Greece and established a better working relationship with the Neubacher-Löhr duumvirate.

7776: 2262:

on 25 March 1944. Almost all of the people deported were murdered on or shortly after 11 April 1944, when the train carrying them reached

404: 10768: 10491: 8136: 8029: 7771: 4195:Димитър Йончев, България и Беломорието (октомври 1940–9 септември 1944 г.), Военнополитически аспекти, "Дирум", София, 1993, предговор. 2663: 2323: 2166: 2121: 10564: 9977: 8467: 8165: 7965: 7905: 7791: 7741: 7504: 1586:, a professor of medicine whose main qualification for Prime Minister seemed to be his marriage to the niece of German Field Marshal 1525: 1392:. Operating from September 1943 until September 1944, it was the largest concentration camp and notorious for torture and executions. 1093:

without having fired a shot. The Bulgarian occupation zone included the northeastern corner of the Greek mainland and the islands of

968: 3868: 10454: 9989: 9223: 8567: 8236: 8145: 7184: 6692: 6266:

Blutiges Edelweiß: Die 1. Gebirgs-division im zweiten Weltkrieg [Bloodstained Edelweiss. The 1st Mountain-Division in WWII]

3017: 2017: 1780:, a declared Communist. EAM increased in size and its central committee sought a more experienced military figure to take command. 915:

After the German invasion, the Italian government put forward vague demands for annexations in northwestern Greece, as well as the

701: 8160: 10778: 10218: 10198: 10122: 9822: 5643: 4396: 6543: 6067:

Fame di guerra. L'occupazione italiana della Grecia (1941–1943) [War Hunger. The Italian Occupation of Greece 1941–1943]

4846: 3842:

Examining policy responses to immigration in the light of interstate relations and foreign policy objectives: Greece and Albania

3130: 10193: 10188: 10067: 9897: 9162: 8449: 6563: 4186:Бойка Василева, Миграционни процеси в България след Втората световна, София, Унив. изд. "Св. Климент Охридски", 1991. стр. 139. 3622: 9915: 260:, the entirety of Greece was occupied starting in June 1941. The occupation of the mainland lasted until Germany and its ally 9944: 9934: 9812: 8782: 7243: 4318: 4147:Анатолий Прокопиев, Противодесантната отбрана на Беломорското крайбрежие от Втори корпус (ноември 1943 г. – октомври 1944 г.) 4030: 3964: 2885: 2840: 2491: 1486: 1424: 5456: 2511:, tells the story of an idyllic Greek island where the residents absorb the eight Italian occupiers into their daily lives. 2287:

Christians risked their lives hiding Jews in their apartments and homes, despite the threat of imprisonment. Even the Greek

10142: 10032: 9982: 9105: 8419: 7135: 6647: 6332: 2055: 1892:

1944, EDES, ELAS, and the Greek government-in-exile, agreed to place their forces under the command of British Lt. General

1714: 776:

From 1942 onwards, the German occupation zone was ruled by the duumvirate of the plenipotentiary for South-Eastern Europe,

624:, were handed over to Bulgaria, and were de facto annexed into the Bulgarian state. However, a band of territory along the 10228: 4751:

Alter Wein in neuen Schläuchen: eine Analyse der zweiten Ausstellung Vernichtungskrieg. Verbrechen der Wehrmacht 1941–1944

415: 145: 10254: 10077: 9692: 8414: 6685: 6054: 3060: 1814:

had been connected with monarchism, the Metaxas dictatorship, defeatism, and abandonment of the homeland to the invader.

857: 5600: 4825: 1485:

in September 1943, during the German takeover of the Italian occupation areas. In Cephalonia, the 12,000-strong Italian

10738: 8041: 6581: 6458: 6437: 6416: 6390: 6312: 6293: 6274: 6234: 6191: 6149: 6121: 6098: 6075: 6031: 6010: 5716: 5689: 5478: 5214: 5152: 5116: 5079: 5049: 5013: 4931: 4902: 4879: 4856: 4833: 4800: 4759: 4484: 4292: 4265: 4237: 4168: 4111: 4050: 2827: 2644: 2405: 2074: 1758: 1374: 1330: 9760: 9611: 3081:

Die Okkupationspolitik des deutschen Faschismus in Jugoslawien, Griechenland, Albanien, Italien und Ungarn (1941–1945)

2333:, where they died in the following days. By the end of March 97% of the local Jewish community had been exterminated. 2254: 1784:, the leader of a rival guerrilla group, was approached but could not be enticed to join ELAS. The post was filled by 10223: 9949: 9060: 8823: 8129: 7298: 6508: 6479: 6213: 6131:

Karras, Georgios (1985). "The Revolution that Failed: The story of the Greek Communist Party in the period 1941–49".

3585: 2844: 2653: 2635: 2606: 2241: 2188: 2135: 1773: 1401: 1236: 1182: 81: 59: 10415: 1717:(PEAN), a right-wing Greek resistance organization. Attacks on Axis personnel became more frequent from that month. 52: 10132: 9246: 8444: 7696: 7293: 6860: 2917: 2690: 2672: 2616: 1796: 1548: 1442:

carried out the extermination of the entire male population and the subsequent total destruction of the town; the "

935:

took steps to uncouple the islands from the rest of Greece: his decrees had the force of law, a new currency, the "

300:

campaign took place from April to June 1941, resulting in Greece being defeated and occupied. The Greek government

9928: 9182: 5328: 1466:" where the German army murdered in reprisal nearly 100 people in the village of Lingiades, 13 kilometres outside 1268: 10773: 10743: 10137: 10107: 7803: 7418: 6721: 4491:

Few security battalionists were consciously pro-German... by the opportunities for plunder that such work offered

3575: 1810:. In general, most of the major guerrilla groups were at least moderately republican in orientation, whereas the 1239:(ELAS) were gaining more and more strength in the area. As a result, armed collaborationist militias composed of 685: 9429: 2291:

ignored instructions to turn over Jews to the Germans. When Jewish community leaders appealed to Prime Minister

2217: 1998: 1310: 10625: 10590: 10484: 10292: 10117: 10062: 9394: 8816: 8802: 8434: 8402: 8119: 7915: 7817: 7213: 7208: 6961: 6951: 6253: 6170: 5920: 5893: 4989: 4073: 3092: 2681: 2625: 2170: 2127: 1803: 1632: 1566: 1498: 872:

Greece received some foreign aid to make up some of the shortfall, coming at first from neutral countries like

737:, 'preponderance') granted to Italy by Hitler proved an illusion. The Italian plenipotentiary in Greece, Count 5315: 4230:

Claiming Macedonia: The Struggle for the Heritage, Territory and Name of the Historic Hellenic Land, 1862–2004

1594:

became head of the regime as of April 1943 and was responsible for the creation of the Greek collaborationist

1149:

campaign deported all Greek mayors, landowners, industrialists, school teachers, judges, lawyers, priests and

10753: 10173: 10168: 9789: 9677: 9488: 9099: 8630: 8221: 7406: 4205:

Hoppe, Joachim (1984). "Germany, Bulgaria, Greece: Their Relations and Bulgarian Policy in Occupied Greece".

3007: 2481: 1507: 1118:

until being annexed by Greece in two stages. Later in 1913, Greece annexed parts of Western Thrace after the

835:

German economic exploitation led to rampant inflation: 200,000,000-drachma banknote, issued in September 1944

282:

Fascist Italy had initially declared war and invaded Greece in October 1940, but had been pushed back by the

245: 115: 9750: 6114:

History of Greece in the 20th Century, Volume III: World War II. Occupation and Resistance 1940–1945, Part 2

6091:

History of Greece in the 20th Century, Volume III: World War II. Occupation and Resistance 1940–1945, Part 1

2416:

Negotiations between the newly established Greek government and EAM concluded at 12 February 1945, with the

507:, overwhelming Greek and British troops. On 20 April, after cessation of Greek resistance in the north, the 10712: 10610: 10338: 10333: 10323: 10233: 10042: 10037: 10012: 9905: 9147: 8809: 8546: 8150: 7931: 7839: 7729: 7535: 7278: 7048: 6110:Ιστορία της Ελλάδας του 20ού αιώνα, Γ' Τόμος: Β' Παγκόσμιος Πόλεμος. Κατοχή – Αντίσταση 1940–1945, Μέρος 2ο 6087:Ιστορία της Ελλάδας του 20ού αιώνα, Γ' Τόμος: Β' Παγκόσμιος Πόλεμος. Κατοχή – Αντίσταση 1940–1945, Μέρος 1ο 4565: 3273: 3048: 3039: 3030: 3021: 3011: 2533: 2330: 2263: 1583: 1520: 1497:, and forced to surrender on 21 September after suffering some 1,300 casualties. The next day, the Germans 1283: 1272: 308: 5300: 480:

near the border between Greece and Yugoslavia/Bulgaria in the first days of April. They were supported by

10297: 10208: 9508: 9154: 9119: 8696: 8528: 8231: 7786: 6757: 3956:

The Routledge History Handbook of Central and Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century: Volume 4: Violence

3177: 2465: 2051: 1224: 972: 7433: 5086:

Neither EAM nor ELAS supported the SOE missions and on some occasions even betrayed them to the Germans.

2870: 1858:

that the Germans would soon leave the country and that "at all costs Greece must not become communist".

10748: 10307: 10302: 10027: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9631: 9541: 9075: 9055: 8830: 8797: 8792: 7686: 7033: 6900: 4346: 1958: 1389: 1008: 4258:

Nationalising and Denationalising European Border Regions, 1800–2000: Views from Geography and History

3762:"Violence, resistance and collaboration in a Greek borderland: the case of the Muslim Chams of Epirus" 10620: 10477: 10238: 9924: 8691: 8674: 8662: 8140: 8114: 8109: 7009: 6772: 6000: 2801: 1811: 1766: 1201: 1185:, the ethnic composition of the region's population had dramatically shifted, as Greek refugees from 1170: 1102: 301: 6636: 10758: 10595: 10022: 9449: 9359: 9344: 9141: 8896: 8757: 7910: 7253: 7248: 7043: 6792: 6322: 1620: 468: 46: 4129:

Yiannis D. Stefanidis, Modern and Contemporary Macedonia, vol. II, 64–103. Macedonia in the 1940s.

3609: 10127: 10072: 10047: 8767: 8762: 8716: 8711: 8592: 8282: 7763: 7516: 7511: 7235: 7117: 7095: 6851: 6841: 6782: 3623:"Secret Not for Publication: Famine and Death Ride into Greece at the Heels of the Nazi Conquest" 2311: 2159: 1905: 1447: 928: 888: 841: 609: 593: 481: 252:

that was initiated in October 1940, having encountered major strategical difficulties. Following

3841: 2864: 2854: 1854:. EDES called for a future democratic constitution and the punishment of wartime collaborators. 1505:, where another 3,000 were lost. The Cephalonia massacre serves as the background for the novel 1439: 1137:

Throughout the Bulgarian occupation zone, Bulgaria had a policy of extermination, expulsion and

10676: 9778: 9379: 7998: 7884: 7879: 7666: 7662: 7499: 5885: 5173: 2559: 1729: 1282:

In 1945 the former Bulgarian authorities, including those in Greece, were put on trial before "

1086: 920: 601: 472: 265: 63: 6469: 6160: 5910: 5679: 5108: 5102: 5069: 5003: 4369: 4020: 3954: 1411:" on 14–16 September 1943, in which over 500 civilians from several villages in the region of 1384: 955: 943:. However, due to German insistence, no official annexation took place during the occupation. 519:

outlet in Western Thrace and Eastern Macedonia. The Bulgarians occupied territory between the

9959: 9521: 9493: 9065: 8950: 8933: 8840: 8701: 8359: 8211: 7993: 7724: 7587: 7125: 7038: 6630: 6498: 6380: 4313:. Guido Knopp, Mario Sporn (Taschenbuchausg., 1. Aufl ed.). München. 2009. p. 193. 4282: 4158: 2938: 2719: 2429:

influence in Greece. Such developments infuriated a part of the EAM members. One of them was

2386: 2370: 2360: 2280: 1922:

communities which had existed in Greece since antiquity; and the approximately 56,000-strong

1863: 1694: 1651: 1544: 1431: 995: 805: 585: 547:

fled, first to Crete and then to Cairo. A Greek right-wing government ruled from Athens as a

216: 5877: 1776:(ELAS). Its first guerrilla band had been formed in Central Greece, under the leadership of 10783: 10671: 10615: 10451: 10410: 10373: 10102: 9883: 9536: 9498: 9419: 9414: 9334: 9113: 8976: 8835: 8587: 8572: 7834: 7597: 7100: 6846: 6787: 3026: 2860: 2739: 2527: 2485:

are examples. Notable Greek movies referring to the period, the war and the occupation are

2459: 2271: 1949:

from Spain, many of these became assimilated into the newly dominant Sephardic culture and

1556: 1477:

Two other notable acts of brutality were the massacres of Italian troops at the islands of

1408: 1150: 760: 581: 574: 272:

being surrendered to the Allies by German garrisons in May and June 1945, after the end of

9516: 7374: 2757: 2400: 2299:

had been guilty of subversive activities and that this was the reason they were deported.

742: 741:, shared control over the Greek puppet government with his German counterpart, Ambassador 8: 10641: 10569: 10183: 9710: 9621: 9526: 9314: 9299: 9289: 9127: 8971: 8913: 8747: 8742: 8706: 8329: 8287: 8277: 8093: 7936: 7900: 7874: 7849: 7701: 7676: 7642: 7637: 7607: 7218: 7085: 6956: 6226:

After the War was Over: Reconstructing the Family, Nation, and State in Greece, 1943–1960

5983: 3778: 3641: 2986: 2668: 2659: 2563: 2545: 2497: 2382: 1971: 1931: 1885: 1851: 1839: 1687: 1650:

For the purposes of civil administration before the invasion, Greece was divided into 37

1640: 1595: 1530: 1471: 1256: 1123: 1004: 765: 544: 355: 291: 261: 228: 189: 185: 158: 133: 1888:

was agreed. EAM-ELAS was granted one-fourth of the cabinet posts in the new government.

10548: 10270: 9867: 9702: 9586: 9531: 9339: 9279: 8918: 8772: 8752: 8374: 8349: 8334: 7946: 7869: 7864: 7627: 7617: 7612: 7592: 7489: 7090: 6836: 6797: 6606: 6367: 4524: 4336: 2903: 2364:

days, most of Romania was occupied by the Soviet Union including most importantly, the

1698: 1463: 1358: 1252: 1050: 924: 904: 824: 709: 617: 154: 9715: 4386: 4138:Янчо Гочев, Дейността на Седма пехотна рилска дивизия в Солунската област (1943–1944). 10378: 9404: 9329: 9092: 9050: 8991: 8943: 8923: 8726: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8502: 8472: 8369: 8364: 8324: 8319: 8267: 8201: 8196: 8078: 8058: 7941: 7671: 7657: 7652: 7494: 7379: 7283: 7200: 7077: 6991: 6943: 6823: 6767: 6762: 6733: 6577: 6514: 6504: 6485: 6475: 6454: 6433: 6412: 6386: 6371: 6308: 6289: 6270: 6249: 6230: 6209: 6187: 6166: 6145: 6117: 6094: 6071: 6050: 6027: 6006: 5916: 5889: 5878: 5712: 5685: 5210: 5148: 5112: 5075: 5045: 5009: 4985: 4927: 4898: 4875: 4852: 4829: 4796: 4755: 4528: 4504: 4480: 4324: 4314: 4288: 4261: 4233: 4164: 4107: 4069: 4046: 4026: 3960: 3581: 3088: 2992: 2850: 2805: 2794: 2763: 2696: 2686: 2677: 2621: 2602: 2430: 2417: 2070: 2031: 1935: 1847: 1807: 1777: 1721: 1673: 1571: 1378: 1119: 1016: 984: 788:, the newly appointed Higher SS Police Leader, tried to challenge the Neubacher-Löhr 777: 633: 548: 489: 440: 387: 351: 249: 241: 9284: 7389: 6587: 4118:

the Chams collaborated enthusiastically ... with the Bulgarian forces were reported.

2812: 781: 720:, it was regarded as a target for eventual annexation after the war. The islands of 10681: 10446: 9324: 9294: 9212: 8635: 8507: 8088: 8083: 8073: 8063: 8025: 7632: 7622: 7475: 7457: 7425: 7028: 6986: 6978: 6973: 6890: 6882: 6877: 6855: 6777: 6752: 6359: 6350:

Santarelli, Lidia (2004). "Muted violence: Italian war crimes in occupied Greece".

5056:

The British suspected, on the contrary, collaboration between the Germans and ELAS.

4516: 3953:

Böhler, Jochen; Borodziej, Włodzimierz; Puttkamer, Joachim von (15 February 2022).

3035: 2927: 2897: 2729: 2640: 2631: 2593: 2575: 2471: 2394: 2307: 2284: 1785: 1706: 1663: 1615:

opportunistic advancement, while most of them came from a pro-royalist background.

1575: 1443: 1248: 1138: 1115: 1106: 1037:

parts of occupied France, Greece, the Balkans, and elsewhere. On 13 December 1942,

958:

after the end of the war. Similarly to the Ionian Islands, a local administration (

831: 738: 649: 496: 452: 391: 370: 347: 324:. Other regions of the country were run by Germany's partners, Italy and Bulgaria. 237: 166: 2769: 785: 716:", came to be regarded as a de facto separate command; upon the insistence of the 10717: 10661: 10523: 10112: 9730: 9720: 9349: 9238: 8981: 8928: 8881: 8868: 8577: 8354: 8344: 8339: 8314: 8216: 7859: 7647: 7384: 7053: 6865: 6831: 6643: 6448: 6427: 6264: 6224: 6181: 6065: 6021: 5706: 5604: 5482: 5460: 5450: 5204: 5142: 5039: 4749: 4476:

Hitler's Europe Ablaze: Occupation, Resistance, and Rebellion during World War II

4474: 4470: 4400: 4101: 4090:Μάρκος Βαφειάδης, Απομνημονεύματα, Β΄ Τόμος, σελίδες 64–65, 1984, Εκδόσεις Λιβάνη 3627: 3330: 3302: 3044: 2881: 2779: 2734: 2649: 2612: 2569: 2355:

Residents of Athens celebrating the liberation from the Axis powers, October 1944

2346: 1950: 1826: 1781: 1482: 1038: 1021: 793: 597: 540: 432: 428: 395: 366:, even eventually coming to power in post-war Greece after the Communist defeat. 359: 332:

and tens of thousands more died from reprisals by Nazis and their collaborators.

253: 10017: 8251: 7429: 6626: 6363: 3149:"Οι μεγάλες καταστροφές και το γερμανικό χρέος στην Ελλάδα μέσα από ντοκουμέντα" 2908: 2050:

In December 1942, Jewish cemeteries were looted. The Germans demolished the old

10533: 10152: 10087: 9725: 9546: 8181: 8068: 7854: 7844: 7470: 7438: 7401: 7230: 7112: 6895: 3105:"The Math of Mass Starvation and Murder: Germany in Greece During World War II" 2950: 2874: 2833: 2725: 2552: 2539: 2303: 2292: 1942: 1702: 1591: 1579: 1166: 1162:

to Bulgarian peasants settlers from within the pre-war boundaries of Bulgaria.

1127: 1111: 1079: 980: 916: 713: 693: 673: 621: 524: 508: 363: 321: 269: 207: 162: 6500:

World War II in Europe: An Encyclopedia: Military History of the United States

6382:

The withered vine: logistics and the communist insurgency in Greece, 1945–1949

4826:

The withered vine: logistics and the communist insurgency in Greece, 1945–1949

4520: 1271:. At that time it declared war on Germany, but the Bulgarian army remained in 881: 103: 10732: 10686: 10203: 10092: 9409: 9399: 9369: 9354: 9309: 8986: 8966: 8424: 7958: 7165: 7130: 6910: 6677: 6518: 6328: 5597: 4328: 2973: 2713: 2709: 2377: 2062: 1893: 1762: 1606: 1240: 1146: 1142: 1024:, in which many convicted Legion members actively fought for the government. 963: 520: 460: 283: 8415:

Defenders of Northern Greece (YVE)/Panhellenic Liberation Organization (PAO)

6489: 5472: 4175:

former collaborators such as the Slav Macedonian militias … their new master

3857:

Ktistakis, Yiorgos. "Τσάμηδες - Τσαμουριά. Η ιστορία και τα εγκλήματα τους"

3230:, Jefferson: MacFarland & Company, Inc., 2018, p. 95. ISBN 9781476631042 708:

as a mid-way stronghold to Crete; and most of Crete, except for the eastern

378:

estimated Greece suffered at least 250,000 dead during the Axis occupation.

350:

groups were formed during this occupation. These resistance groups launched

10656: 10538: 10057: 9424: 9269: 9214: 9134: 8721: 7567: 7485: 7480: 7394: 7366: 7361: 7288: 7270: 7265: 7170: 7160: 7152: 7147: 6915: 6905: 6201: 2934: 2816: 2790: 2747: 2503: 2426: 2296: 2022: 1927: 1911: 1876: 1725: 1587: 1232: 1158: 746: 717: 637: 589: 566: 477: 447:

less than three hours later. (The anniversary of Greece's refusal is now a

409: 317: 273: 234: 124: 4308: 4099: 1396:

The most infamous examples in the German zone are those of the village of

1074: 987:. However, by the time of conviction, they had already relocated abroad. 10528: 10518: 10363: 9384: 9319: 8938: 8562: 7975: 7413: 6002:

MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service

5411:

Sephardic and Mizrahi Jewry: From the Golden Age of Spain to Modern Times

5266:

Sephardic and Mizrahi Jewry: From the Golden Age of Spain to Modern Times

5104:

MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service

4100:

Featherstone, K.; Papadimitriou, D.; Mamarelis, A.; Niarchos, G. (2011).

2823: 2409: 2342: 1954: 1220: 629: 625: 613: 532: 202: 10097: 7970: 6646:, online lecture by Dr. Nikos Tzafleris, Postdoctoral Researcher at the 5964: 2365: 2205: 1986: 1668: 1298: 959: 10405: 9389: 9374: 9274: 7781: 7445: 5336: 4543:

The untold history of Greek collaboration with Nazi Germany (1941–1944)

2954: 2891: 2275: 2173: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1919: 1728:

viaduct in Central Greece, disrupting the flow of Axis supplies to the

1502: 1478: 1098: 951: 580:

Eager to pull German troops out of the country in view of the imminent

570: 528: 516: 504: 329: 296: 4403:, nrw.vvn-bda.de/texte/mittenwald_engl.htm. Retrieved 7 December 2014. 3252:

Andreas Papandreou, Democracy at Gunpoint (Η Δημοκρατία στο απόσπασμα)

1701:

was waving on the Acropolis' uppermost spot, two Athenian youngsters,

1259:. The ELAS units joined EAM in 1944 before the end of the occupation. 9471: 9304: 9264: 5984:"The Italian Holocaust: The Story of an Assimilated Jewish Community" 5880:

The Politics of Retribution in Europe: World War II and Its Aftermath

2090: 2086: 2078: 1946: 1561: 1435: 1416: 1090: 751: 436: 341: 337: 6637:

The Catastrophe of Salonikan Jewry and the Looting of their Property

3780: 3779:

Lambros Baltsiotis; Institute for the Study of Human Rights (2014).

3761: 2258:

A young woman weeps during the deportation of the Romanoite Jews of

2148: 1215: 1070:

Bulgarian troops entering a village in northern Greece in April 1941

543:, all of Greece was under Axis occupation. After the invasion, King 10469: 10420: 9364: 7736: 7530: 6043:

Krieg und Nachkrieg: Das schwierige deutsch-griechische Jahrhundert

5335:. The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. Archived from 3565:, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001 p. 223. ISBN 9780300089233 3552:, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001 p. 222. ISBN 9780300089233 2977: 2390: 2259: 1923: 1735: 1467: 1362: 1350: 1205: 1186: 976: 947: 845: 809: 605: 500: 375: 6660:

Note of the Reich Government to the Greek Government, 6 April 1941

5359:

Salonique 1850–1918, la "ville des Juifs" et le réveil des Balkans

1822: 1066: 577:

would be installed as the most efficient way to run the country.

471:

failed. The initial Greek defeat of the Italian invasion gave the

427:

In the early morning hours of 28 October 1940, Italian ambassador

9034: 6672:

Pictures of the German Army in Greece and Greek collaborationists

3453: 2585: 1720:

On 25 November, the resistance together with the British mission

1691: 1459: 1455: 1412: 1397: 1334: 865: 852:

Hitler's policy toward the economy of occupied Greece was termed

789: 689: 448: 444: 287: 3477: 899: 340:, while those under Bulgarian occupation in Thrace were sent to 138:

The Italian zone was taken over by the Germans in September 1943

10543: 10504: 10500: 9852: 8156:

Organization for the Protection of the People's Struggle (OPLA)

7953: 7602: 7195: 7072: 6938: 6818: 6183:

Revolt in Athens: The Greek Communist "Second Round," 1944–1945

5598:

Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture

5071:

Killing the Enemy: Assassination Operations During World War II

3844:". In King, Russell, & Stephanie Schwandner-Sievers (eds). 3465: 2981: 2295:, he tried to alleviate their fears by saying that the Jews of 2288: 2066: 1880: 1244: 1209: 1178: 1094: 999: 991: 877: 873: 861: 725: 721: 712:, which was handed over to the Italians. Crete, quickly named " 697: 681: 677: 645: 641: 536: 512: 464: 420: 313: 276: 5372:

The Balkans: Nationalism, War, and the Great Powers, 1804–1999

5264:

Fromm, Annette B. "Hispanic Culture in Exile", in Zion Zahar,

4982:

Deadly Paradigms: The Failure of U.S. Counterinsurgency Policy

4793:

Dangerous Citizens: The Greek Left and the Terror of the State

2310:), many of whom stayed with the resistance as fighters and/or 1462:

resulting in the deaths of 218 civilians; the 3 October 1943 "

1400:

on 16 August 1943, where 317 inhabitants were executed by the

354:

against the occupying powers, fought against collaborationist

6562:

Antaios, Petros; Aronis, Panagiotis; Glesos, Malonis (2006).

6450:

Surviving Hitler and Mussolini: Daily Life in Occupied Europe

6429:

Surviving Hitler and Mussolini: Daily Life in Occupied Europe

6206:

Inside Hitler's Greece: The Experience of Occupation, 1941–44

5385:

The Balkans: Nationalism, War and the Great Powers, 1804–1999

4022:

The Balkans, 1804–2012: Nationalism, War and the Great Powers

3563:

Inside Hitler's Greece: The Experience of Occupation, 1941–44

3550:

Inside Hitler's Greece: The Experience of Occupation, 1941–44

3083:

Hüthig, Berlin 1992; Decker/ Müller, Heidelberg 2000. Reihe:

3079:

Martin Seckendorf; Günter Keber; u.a.; Bundesarchiv (Hrsg.):

2783: 2773: 1967: 1494: 1420: 1354: 1042: 940: 799: 705: 653: 485: 257: 6654:

Memorandum to the Note to the Greek Government, 6 April 1941

3366: 1709:, climbed by night on the Acropolis and tore down the flag. 8390: 8124: 1582:" etc.) . In December 1942, Tsolakologlou was succeeded by 1365:

for the locals' armed resistance against invading Germans.

1078:

Monument to the victims of Bulgarian reprisals against the

962:) was installed, and armed groups were formed by the local 6471:

A Concise History of the Modern World: 1500 to the Present

6324:

German Antiguerrilla Operations in The Balkans (1941–1944)

6135:. University of Manitoba, Canada: unpublished M.A. Thesis. 6108:

Hatziiosif, Christos; Papastratis, Prokopis, eds. (2007).

6085:

Hatziiosif, Christos; Papastratis, Prokopis, eds. (2007).

4103:

The Last Ottomans: The Muslim Minority of Greece 1940–1949

3720: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3518: 3419: 3417: 3354: 3131:"Τα ερείπια της γερμανικής κατοχής στην Ελλάδα (μέρος 2ο)" 2061:

In 1943, Jews in the German zones were forced to wear the

1974:, all 275 Jews survived, hidden in the island's interior. 1114:

until 1913, when it became part of Bulgaria following the

792:

and was swiftly fired after less than a month on the job.

268:

pressure in early October 1944, with Crete and some other

9071:

Museum of the Battle of Crete and the National Resistance

5438:"The Rabbi and Bishop Who Saved a Greek Jewish Community" 4921: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4370:"Kriegsverbrechen, Menschenrechte, Völkerrecht 1939–1945" 4160:

Greece: The Modern Sequel : from 1831 to the Present

1915: 1131: 559: 8866: 6049:] (in German). Cologne: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 5791: 5730: 5728: 4688: 4686: 4684: 3952: 3673: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3402: 3390: 3378: 3344: 3342: 3340: 2397:

lists 73,700 battle deaths and 350,000 civilian deaths.

1601: 1126:, Greece formally received the remainder of present-day 910: 8673: 5174:"The Role of the Greek Officer Corps in The Resistance" 5147:. Pella Publishing Company, Incorporated. p. 198. 5041:

The Greek Civil War, 1943–1950: Studies of Polarization

4630: 4628: 3703: 3489: 3441: 3414: 2447:

United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration

1945:

who spoke a Greek dialect but with the mass arrival of

755: 6162:

Greece at the crossroads: the Civil War and its legacy

5912:

Greece at the crossroads: the Civil War and its legacy

5803: 4594: 3882: 3530: 3213: 3211: 1817: 1686:

have taken place just after the Wehrmacht reached the

975:). After the war, a Special Court on Collaborators in 827:

about distribution of food to the Greek people in 1944

666:. Further south, the 'South Greece Military Command' ( 515:

without firing a shot, with the goal of regaining its

495:

On 6 April 1941, Germany came to the aid of Italy and

6665: 6565:Η Μαύρη Βίβλος της Κατοχής/ Schwarzbuch der Besatzung 6107: 6084: 5725: 5206:

Hitler's Soldiers: The German Army in the Third Reich

5144:

Occupation and Resistance: The Greek Agony, 1941–1944

4681: 4260:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 93. 3501: 3429: 3337: 2359:

On 20 August 1944, the Red Army invaded Romania. The

6662:, historicalresources.org. Retrieved 8 December 2014 6656:, historicalresources.org. Retrieved 8 December 2014 6047:

War and Post-War: The Difficult German–Greek Century

5708:

The Bulgarian Jews and the Final Solution, 1940–1944

4625: 2900:, responsible for the deportation of Salonika's Jews 1089:

entered Greece on 20 April 1941 on the heels of the

439:. Metaxas rejected the ultimatum and Italian forces 233:'the occupation') began in April 1941 after 97:

Occupation of Greece by Germany, Italy, and Bulgaria

8879: 6561: 4926:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. pp. 788–789. 3759: 3208: 1733: 1672:

The rail bridge of Gorgopotamos that was blown up (

1489:was attacked on 13 September by elements of the 1. 1200:There were a few instances of collaboration by the 221: 8161:Slavic-Macedonian National Liberation Front (SNOF) 5607:, sephardicstudies.org. Retrieved 7 December 2014. 5318:. Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 17 August 2018 4917: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4563: 4251: 4249: 4156: 1870: 1015:, while another band of Aromanian followers under 463:successfully exploited the mountainous terrain of 9701: 8137:Political Committee of National Liberation (PEEA) 6409:A World at Arms A Global History of World War Two 6305:The German Secret Field Police in Greece, 1941–44 5548: 5546: 5454:, American Friends of the Jewish Museum of Greece 4786: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4216:them were sentenced, many (about 2,000) to death. 3869:"XIV. Macedonia in the Maelstrom of World War II" 3228:The German Secret Field Police in Greece, 1941–44 1690:on 27 April. The Germans ordered the flag guard, 1216:Bulgarian activities in German-occupied Macedonia 1101:, which corresponds to the present-day region of 931:for centuries, the senior Fascist Party official 616:. The northeastern parts of the country, eastern 10730: 8166:Anti-Fascist Committee for a Free Germany (AKFD) 7906:Hellenic Socialist Patriotic Organisation (ESPO) 7328: 5962: 5876:Deák, István; Gross, Jan T.; Judt, Tony (2000). 5303:. Jewish Virtual Library Accessed 17 August 2018 3866: 3267:(in Greek and German), Athens 2006, pp. 125–126" 3171:(In Greek and German) Athens 2006 pp. 1018–1019" 2452: 1875:On 29 February 1944, an agreement was signed in 1049:Mass reprisals did sometimes occur, such as the 9939: 8146:United Panhellenic Organization of Youth (EPON) 6446: 6208:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 6158: 5908: 4908: 4897:Vol. 2. University Press of New England, 1981, 4246: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3334:, 2014, Pluto Press (p. 182) ISBN 9780745333014 2479:(1954), and the fictional occupation narrative 1559:– who had signed the armistice treaty with the 1169:in late September 1941 primarily guided by the 8024: 6720: 6707: 6576:(in Greek and German) (2nd ed.). Athens. 5869: 5543: 5296: 5294: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5235: 5100: 5096: 5094: 4790: 4777: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4157:Koliopoulos, Giannēs; Veremēs, Thanos (2002). 3577:Famine and Death in Occupied Greece, 1941–1944 2369:headquarters, Adolf Hitler told Field Marshal 1765:" organization composed of a coalition of the 1189:settled in Macedonia and Thrace following the 400:Military history of Greece during World War II 10485: 9198: 8661: 6693: 5875: 5711:. University of Pittsburgh Pre. p. 111. 5684:. Stanford University Press. pp. 80–82. 5617: 5615: 5613: 5592: 5590: 5564: 5562: 5532: 5530: 5311: 5309: 5292: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5274: 4700: 4698: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4468: 4221: 4086: 4084: 4082: 3319:K.Svolopoulos, Greek Foreign Policy 1945–1981 1680: 1191:population exchange between Greece and Turkey 1181:(a Muslim Slavic group). However, during the 732: 656:, became 'Salonica-Aegean Military Command' ( 18:Axis occupation of Greece during World War II 10268: 9469: 9244: 9236: 5663:, Kehila Kedosha Janina Synagogue and Museum 5644:Kehila Kedosha Janina Synagogue and Museum, 4949: 4674: 4672: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4455: 4453: 4434: 4432: 4422: 4420: 4418: 3978: 3976: 3912: 3303:"The war claims dividing Greece and Germany" 2894:, Chief of Military Administration, Salonika 2509:Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film 2077:, was used to send Salonica's Jews north to 1934:who were guaranteed safe shelter by Ottoman 1061: 667: 657: 8420:Panhellenic Union of Fighting Youths (PEAN) 6629:(plates from the book published in 1946 by 6345:(in French). Société Hellenique d'Editions. 5580: 5578: 5452:History of the Jewish Communities of Greece 5244: 5171: 5091: 5008:. Cambridge University Press. p. 283. 4716: 4255: 3580:. Cambridge University Press. 6 July 2006. 2336: 2136:Learn how and when to remove these messages 2021:Registration of male Jews at the center of 1761:(EAM) was established. It was nominally a " 1054:liberated zones ("Free Greece"). After the 1027: 946:Italian policy promised that the region of 539:fell on 27 April, and by 1 June, after the 10492: 10478: 9205: 9191: 6700: 6686: 6650:, yadvashem.org. Retrieved 8 December 2014 6611:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6385:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 38. 6349: 5673: 5671: 5610: 5587: 5559: 5527: 5435: 5306: 5271: 4695: 4637: 4505:"Armed collaboration in Greece, 1941–1944" 4502: 4341:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4079: 3300: 2942:and Supreme Commander of mainland Greece ( 2699:(Petrakogiorgis), partisan leader in Crete 2324:The Holocaust in Bulgarian-occupied Greece 1941:The Jews of Greece were originally mostly 1899: 1744: 1289: 1247:, were formed in 1943 in the districts of 894: 800:Economic exploitation and the Great Famine 523:and a line of demarcation running through 10565:National-Socialist Patriotic Organisation 8614:Gorgopotamos Bridge (Operation "Harling") 8473:Gorgopotamos Bridge (Operation "Harling") 8396:National Bands of Greek Guerrillas (EOEA) 6040: 5981: 5902: 5665:, 28 July 2005. Retrieved 5 January 2009. 5476:, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 4669: 4611: 4450: 4441: 4429: 4415: 4227: 3973: 3834: 3726: 3714: 3495: 3483: 3471: 3459: 3447: 3423: 3396: 3384: 3372: 3360: 2242:Learn how and when to remove this message 2189:Learn how and when to remove this message 1565:– was appointed as prime minister of the 1349:Bilingual sign erected at the village of 1011:was declared, and 2000 locals joined his 771: 82:Learn how and when to remove this message 6674:, ethniko.net. Retrieved 8 December 2014 6467: 6406: 6179: 5797: 5575: 5202: 4795:. Fordham University Press. p. 53. 4479:. Skyhorse Publishing, Inc. p. 77. 3296: 3294: 2514: 2399: 2350: 2317: 2253: 2069:, the largest of which was called Baron 2016: 1821: 1748: 1667: 1605: 1524: 1383: 1344: 1219: 1073: 1065: 898: 830: 813: 414: 403: 45:This article includes a list of general 8445:Northern Epirus Liberation Front (MAVI) 8391:National Republican Greek League (EDES) 6627:Greece's sacrifices during World War II 6496: 6378: 6243: 6222: 6200: 6159:Iatrides, John; Wrigley, Linda (1995). 6019: 5909:Iatrides, John; Wrigley, Linda (1995). 5884:. Princeton University Press. pp. 5809: 5668: 5652: 5637: 5485:, ushmm.org. Retrieved 7 December 2014. 5463:, afjmg.org. Retrieved 7 December 2014. 5140: 4955: 4894:Greece in the 1940s: a nation in crisis 4845:Ian Dear,Michael Richard Daniell Foot. 4747: 4605: 4068:, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2002; 3888: 3679: 3536: 3524: 3512: 3435: 3408: 3348: 3263:"Council for Reparations from Germany, 3203:Population Changes in Europe Since 1939 3167:"Council for Reparations from Germany, 2808:Commandant, October 1943-September 1944 1802:Another armed resistance group was the 1262: 169:in one of the first acts of resistance. 14: 10731: 9860: 9685: 9481: 9257: 6425: 6339: 6283: 6130: 5998: 5677: 5258: 4862: 4018: 3805: 3799: 2097: 1446:" on 10 June 1944, where units of the 844:. In October 1942 the trading company 560:Establishment of the occupation regime 459:Against Mussolini's expectations, the 10764:Mediterranean theatre of World War II 10473: 9186: 9163:What Did You Do in the War, Thanasis? 9016: 8865: 8660: 8403:National and Social Liberation (EKKA) 8130:Greek People's Liberation Navy (ELAN) 8125:Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS) 8023: 7327: 6719: 6681: 6302: 6139: 6063: 5704: 5659:Raptis, Alekos and Tzallas, Thumios, 5333:Beit Hatfutsot Open Databases Project 5209:. Yale University Press. p. 89. 5037: 5001: 4962:. J.B. Lippincott Company. p. 87 4280: 4204: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3760:Spyros Tsoutsoumpis (December 2015). 3291: 2958:and Supreme Commander of the Aegean ( 2836:, Military Commander, Southern Greece 1977: 1602:Civil administration and armed groups 911:Annexationist and separatist projects 636:around Greece's second largest city, 10499: 8435:National Organization of Crete (ΕΟΚ) 8207:Protests against labour mobilization 6648:Aristotle University of Thessaloniki 6532: 6286:Bulgaria during the Second World War 4984:, Princeton University Press, 2014, 4959:The Greek dilemma: war and aftermath 4848:The Oxford companion to World War II 4503:N. Kalyvas, Stathis (1 April 2008). 4025:. Granta Publications. p. 364. 3781:"Historical Dialogue on Cham Issues" 2492:What did you do in the war, Thanasi? 2200: 2171:adding citations to reliable sources 2142: 2101: 2056:Aristotle University of Thessaloniki 1981: 1715:Panhellenic Union of Fighting Youths 1293: 1145:, expel or kill ethnic Greeks. This 554: 31: 27:1941–1945 period during World War II 8624:Asopos Bridge (Operation "Washing") 6668:, ww2.gr. Retrieved 8 December 2014 6536:The Greek Sacrifice in World War II 5067: 4828:. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999 4754:(in German). Freiland. p. 97. 3331:Second World War: A Marxist History 3243:, 1971 ISBN 9789600200980 pp. 40–42 3061:German reparations for World War II 1914:, there existed two main groups of 1818:Developments and signs of civil war 1753:ELAS fighters in mountainous Greece 1381:and the Bulgarian occupation zone. 451:in Greece.) Italian Prime Minister 192:after the liberation from the Nazis 24: 6633:on behalf of the Greek government) 6526: 6453:. Oxford: Berg. pp. 153–176. 5681:The Agony of Greek Jews, 1940–1945 5329:"The Jewish Community of Salonika" 4922:Leften Stavros Stavrianos (2000). 4871:The origins of the Greek civil war 4564:Christopher Bakken (6 July 2015). 4065:The struggle for Greece, 1941–1949 3941: 2886:22nd Air Landing Infantry Division 2463:or fictional special forces raids 2406:5th (Scottish) Parachute Battalion 1637:Elliniko Ethnikososialistiko Komma 1340: 954:) in northwestern Greece would be 51:it lacks sufficient corresponding 25: 10800: 10789:Germany–Greece military relations 10769:World War II occupied territories 9640:Friesland, Groningen, and Drenthe 9017: 8120:Union of People's Democracy (ELD) 6620: 6352:Journal of Modern Italian Studies 6307:. MacFarland & Company, Inc. 6026:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. 5915:. Penn State Press. p. 137. 5160:for at least two major operations 3814:(6/2002): 171–195. Archived from 3241:The Birth of Neofascism in Greece 2967:Leaders of secessionist movements 2930:, Italian Plenipotentiary 1941–43 2408:takes cover in Athens during the 2117:This section has multiple issues. 1772:The military wing of EAM was the 1454:looted and burned the village of 1202:Muslim minority in Western Thrace 381: 10128:Serbia (Commissioner Government) 7529: 7456: 7360: 7264: 7229: 7194: 7146: 7111: 7071: 6972: 6937: 6876: 6817: 6722:1940–1941 Balkans Campaign 6432:. Oxford: Berg. pp. 16–41. 5956: 5947: 5938: 5929: 5860: 5851: 5842: 5833: 5824: 5815: 5782: 5773: 5764: 5755: 5746: 5737: 5698: 5628: 5514: 5501: 5488: 5466: 5444: 5429: 5416: 5403: 5390: 5377: 5364: 5351: 5321: 5226: 5196: 5165: 5134: 5125: 5061: 5031: 5022: 4995: 4974: 4940: 4885: 4851:. Oxford University Press, 2001 4839: 4818: 4809: 4768: 4741: 4732: 4707: 4062:Christopher Montague Woodhouse, 2691:Northern Epirus Liberation Front 2204: 2147: 2106: 1985: 1797:National Republican Greek League 1514: 1434:" on 13 December 1943, in which 1297: 676:comprised isolated locations of 175: 144: 102: 36: 10108:Norway (Administrative Council) 8115:Socialist Party of Greece (SKE) 8110:Communist Party of Greece (KKE) 7804:Rescue of the Jews of Zakynthos 6269:(in German). Ch. Links Verlag. 5975: 5963:Gloede_The_Saint (3 May 1954). 5661:Deportation of Jews of Ioannina 4956:McNeill, William Hardy (1947). 4660: 4651: 4585: 4576: 4557: 4548: 4535: 4496: 4462: 4406: 4380: 4362: 4353: 4301: 4274: 4198: 4189: 4180: 4150: 4141: 4132: 4123: 4093: 4056: 4039: 4012: 4003: 3994: 3985: 3932: 3903: 3894: 3860: 3851: 3772: 3753: 3744: 3732: 3694: 3685: 3670:Voglis (2006), pp. 22–24, 30ff. 3664: 3651: 3634: 3616: 3594: 3568: 3555: 3542: 3322: 3313: 3255: 3246: 2158:needs additional citations for 2125:or discuss these issues on the 2052:Jewish cemetery in Thessaloniki 2025:(Eleftherias square), July 1942 1871:Final months of Axis occupation 1499:began executing their prisoners 1337:but were repulsed by the ELAS. 1279:to local subdivisions of ELAS. 1227:against the Bulgarian expansion 731:From the outset, the so-called 10779:Military occupations of Greece 10626:National Popular Consciousness 10591:Greek National Socialist Party 7916:Greek National Socialist Party 7911:National Union of Greece (EEE) 7214:Central Macedonia Army Section 7209:Eastern Macedonia Army Section 6962:Western Macedonia Army Section 6411:. Cambridge University Press. 6229:. Princeton University Press. 6186:. Princeton University Press. 6020:Fischer, Bernd Jürgen (1999). 5986:. American Council for Judaism 5107:. Simon and Schuster. p. 3602:"'Greece: Hungriest Country', 3233: 3220: 3195: 3159: 3141: 3123: 3097: 3073: 2766:, Reich Special Envoy, 1942–44 1930:, originally Jews fleeing the 1804:National and Social Liberation 1774:Greek People's Liberation Army 1633:Greek National Socialist Party 1610:Prefectures of Greece, 1941–44 1487:33rd Infantry Division "Acqui" 1407:and the village torched; the " 1237:Greek People's Liberation Army 1130:province after its victory in 692:, and the offshore islands of 669:Befehlsbereich Südgriechenland 408:German artillery shelling the 153:. German soldiers raising the 13: 1: 10133:Serbia (Council of Ministers) 8631:Kidnapping of Heinrich Kreipe 6288:. Stanford University Press. 6284:Miller, Marshall Lee (1975). 6263:Meyer, Hermann Frank (2008). 4228:Papavizas, George C. (2006). 3066: 2995:, close associate of Diamandi 2453:Influence in post-war culture 2438: 2270:In September 1943, after the 1657: 1537: 1533:standing near an executed man 1427:Luftlande Infanterie-Division 1277:Bulgarian communist partisans 784:. In September–October 1943, 659:Befehlsbereich Saloniki-Ägäis 244:in order to assist its ally, 9906:Army Group Rear Area Command 9213:Administrative divisions in 8493:Execution of Josef Salminger 7330:Occupation and collaboration 6570:The Black Book of Occupation 6379:Shrader, Charles R. (1999). 5982:Brownfeld, Peter E. (2003). 5705:Chary, Frederick B. (1972). 5241:Shrader, 1999, pp. xviii, 35 5178:Journal of Hellenic Diaspora 5172:Gerolymatos, Andree (1984). 5141:Hondros, John Louis (1983). 5068:Wey, Adam Leong Kok (2015). 4748:Schmick, Karl-Heinz (2002). 4207:Journal of Hellenic Diaspora 3787:. Columbia University: 1–3. 3265:Black Book of the Occupation 3169:Black Book of the Occupation 2534:Konstantinos Logothetopoulos 2331:Treblinka extermination camp 1584:Konstantinos Logothetopoulos 1273:Eastern Macedonia and Thrace 1204:, who mainly resided in the 582:invasion of the Soviet Union 201:occupation of Greece by the 161:. It would be taken down by 7: 10713:Collaborationist government 10288:Belgium and Northern France 9911:Belgium and Northern France 8867:Liberation and road to the 8529:Expulsion of Cham Albanians 7787:Jewish cemetery of Salonica 7638:Cephalonia (Acqui Division) 6364:10.1080/1354571042000254728 6142:Die Wehrmacht – Eine Bilanz 6116:]. Athens: Bibliorama. 6093:]. Athens: Bibliorama. 5839:Mazower, 1993, pp. 348, 375 5649:. Retrieved 5 January 2009. 5634:Mazower (2004), pp. 443–448 5584:Mazower (2004), pp. 424–428 5005:A Concise History of Greece 3631:, 3 August 1942, pp. 28–29. 3054: 1734: 1225:22 July 1943 Athens protest 973:Expulsion of Cham Albanians 469:major Italian counterattack 290:, which at the time was an 222: 10: 10805: 9790:Civil Administration Areas 9395:Southern Hanover–Brunswick 9100:Captain Corelli's Mandolin 9056:Holocaust Museum of Greece 7692:Larissa concentration camp 7687:Haidari concentration camp 6901:Sebastiano Visconti Prasca 6709:Greece during World War II 6666:Greece during World War II 6497:Zabecki, David T. (2015). 6468:Woodruff, William (1998). 6407:Weinberg, Gerhard (2005). 6333:Center of Military History 6303:Munoz, Antonio J. (2018). 6262: 6180:Iatrides, John O. (2015). 6133:Dept. Of Political Studies 5761:Weinberg, 2005 pp. 716–717 5743:Weinberg, 2005 pp. 713–714 5678:Bowman, Steven B. (2009). 5074:. I.B.Tauris. p. 89. 4509:European Review of History 4310:Die Wehrmacht: eine Bilanz 4256:Knippenberg, Hans (2012). 4232:. McFarland. p. 116. 3991:Miller (1975), pp. 126–127 3959:. Routledge. p. 236. 3846:The new Albanian migration 3738: 3301:Mark Lowen (13 May 2013). 2548:, Finance Minister 1941–43 2482:Captain Corelli's Mandolin 2340: 2321: 1959:Great Fire of Thessaloniki 1903: 1757:On 27 September 1941, the 1681:Outbreak of the resistance 1661: 1629:Ethnikon Kyriarchon Kratos 1518: 1508:Captain Corelli's Mandolin 1390:Haidari concentration camp 1243:Slavic-speakers, known as 1122:, and then in 1920 at the 1009:Principality of the Pindus 969:collaborated with the Axis 803: 385: 108:The three occupation zones 10739:Axis occupation of Greece 10708:Axis occupation of Greece 10695: 10634: 10621:Greeks for the Fatherland 10583: 10557: 10511: 10439: 10398: 10391: 10356: 10316: 10280: 10267: 10247: 10161: 10005: 9998: 9970: 9896: 9876: 9851: 9788: 9777: 9743: 9676: 9660:North Brabant and Limburg 9655:South Holland and Zeeland 9650:North Holland and Utrecht 9645:Gelderland and Overijssel 9630: 9559: 9507: 9468: 9438: 9235: 9222: 9084: 9061:Kalavryta Massacre Museum 9043: 9027: 9023: 9012: 8959: 8889: 8875: 8861: 8781: 8735: 8684: 8669: 8663:Greek government-in-exile 8656: 8601: 8555: 8541: 8521: 8460: 8383: 8307: 8300: 8273:5/42 Regiment dissolution 8260: 8174: 8102: 8051: 8040: 8036: 8019: 7986: 7924: 7893: 7827: 7816: 7797:Expropriation of property 7772:Bulgarian-occupied Greece 7762: 7710: 7580: 7527: 7454: 7358: 7349: 7340: 7336: 7323: 7262: 7227: 7192: 7183: 7144: 7109: 7069: 7062: 7021: 7008: 6970: 6935: 6928: 6874: 6815: 6808: 6745: 6732: 6728: 6715: 6041:Fleischer, Hagen (2020). 6023:Albania at War, 1939–1945 5646:The Holocaust in Ioannina 5203:Shepherd, Ben H. (2016). 4946:Shrader, 1999, pp. 30, 38 4521:10.1080/13507480801931051 4387:Reproduced articles from 4287:. Routledge. p. 75. 4106:. Springer. p. 297. 3848:. Sussex Academic. p. 16. 2906:, Wehrmacht paramilitary 2786:October 1943-October 1944 2704:Other Greek personalities 1918:in Greece: the scattered 1812:Greek government-in-exile 1767:Communist Party of Greece 1759:National Liberation Front 1171:Communist Party of Greece 1103:East Macedonia and Thrace 1062:Bulgarian occupation zone 903:Dead civilians after the 858:Allied blockade of Europe 592:, with three army corps: 551:of the occupying forces. 211: 174: 143: 101: 96: 10596:National Union of Greece 9898:Military administrations 9430:Württemberg-Hohenzollern 9142:The 11th Day: Crete 1941 8897:National Bands Agreement 8758:Panagiotis Kanellopoulos 8543:British Military Mission 8151:National Solidarity (EA) 7720:Greek economy, 1941–1944 7434:Friedrich-Wilhelm Müller 7249:2nd New Zealand Division 6793:Italian spring offensive 6642:27 February 2017 at the 6533:Doxiades, Constantinos. 6246:Salonica, City of Ghosts 5999:Dorril, Stephen (2002). 5603:21 February 2007 at the 5038:Close, David H. (1993). 4566:"How Greece Got to 'No'" 4281:Close, David H. (2014). 3909:Shrader, 1999, pp. 33–34 3806:Kretsi, Georgia (2002). 3700:Voglis (2006), pp. 35–38 3462:, pp. 27, 153, 160. 3205:, Geneva 1951. pp. 89–91 3085:Europa unterm Hakenkreuz 2871:Friedrich-Wilhelm Müller 2828:XXII Mountain Army Corps 2760:, German Plenipotentiary 2634:, military commander of 2542:, Prime Minister 1943–44 2536:, Prime Minister 1942–43 2530:, Prime Minister 1941–42 2487:The Germans Strike Again 2412:events, 18 December 1944 2337:Liberation and aftermath 1864:executions in Paramythia 1621:National Union of Greece 1521:Hellenic State (1941–44) 1331:Slavophones of Macedonia 1028:Oppression and reprisals 9076:Thessaloniki War Museum 8768:Christodoulos Tsigantes 8763:Thrasyvoulos Tsakalotos 8593:Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz 7254:6th Australian Division 7096:Konstantinos Bakopoulos 6842:Charalambos Katsimitros 6144:(in German). Goldmann. 6070:(in Italian). Carocci. 5474:The Holocaust in Greece 5101:Stephen Dorril (2002). 5002:Clogg, Richard (2013). 4791:Neni Panourgiá (2009). 4570:The Wall Street Journal 4399:3 November 2005 at the 3486:, pp. 29, 149–171. 2797:February–September 1944 2578:, mayor of Thessaloniki 2555:, Army Minister 1941–43 1906:The Holocaust in Greece 1900:The Holocaust in Greece 1806:(EKKA), led by Colonel 1745:Major resistance groups 1290:Regional level policies 983:collaborators to death 895:Italian occupation zone 889:International Red Cross 842:National Bank of Greece 688:, parts of the port of 441:invaded Greek territory 66:more precise citations. 10774:Antisemitism in Greece 10744:Greece in World War II 10677:Nikolaos Michaloliakos 10269: 9999:Puppet administrations 9803:Carinthia and Carniola 9470: 9245: 9237: 9217:and German occupations 8252:Killing of Franz Krech 7999:Executions of Kokkinia 7885:Dionysios Papadongonas 7880:Ioannis Plytzanopoulos 7294:1st Parachute Division 7013:(April–May 1941) 6861:Dimitrios Papadopoulos 6474:. Palgrave Macmillan. 6340:Helger, Bengt (1949). 6244:Mazower, Mark (2004). 6223:Mazower, Mark (2000). 6005:. Simon and Schuster. 5965:"They Who Dare (1954)" 5370:Glenny, Misha (2000). 4924:The Balkans Since 1453 4019:Glenny, Misha (2012). 3929:Mazower (2000), p. 276 3867:Ioannis Kolioupoulos. 3647:. Deutscher Bundestag. 3474:, pp. 28–29, 153. 3217:Mazower (2001), p. 155 2912:in Crete and Macedonia 2722:, Archbishop of Athens 2680:, political leader of 2671:, political leader of 2643:, political leader of 2560:Ioannis Plytzanopoulos 2413: 2356: 2267: 2026: 1830: 1754: 1732:. By March–April, the 1677: 1625:Ethniki Enosis Ellados 1611: 1534: 1393: 1369: 1228: 1082: 1071: 921:Joachim von Ribbentrop 907: 836: 828: 772:German occupation zone 733: 668: 658: 443:from Italian-occupied 424: 412: 9450:Reichsfestung Belgrad 8977:Archbishop Damaskinos 8934:Percentages agreement 8360:Konstantinos Ventiris 7747:Occupation Reichsmark 7299:5th Mountain Division 7126:Henry Maitland Wilson 6952:8th Infantry Division 6631:Konstantinos Doxiadis 6140:Knopp, Guido (2009). 6064:Fonzi, Paolo (2019). 5866:Mazower, 1993, p. 373 5857:Mazower, 1993, p. 365 5848:Mazower, 1993, p. 348 5770:Weinberg, 2005 p. 717 5752:Weinberg, 2005 p. 714 5734:Weinberg, 2005 p. 713 5424:The Balkans 1804–1999 5028:Wrigley, 1995, p. 307 4774:Mazawer, 1993, p. 141 4738:Mazower, 1995, p. 300 4729:Iatrides, 2015, p. 24 4713:Mazawer, 1993, p. 348 4554:Mazower, 1993, p. 133 4345:) CS1 maint: others ( 4163:. Hurst. p. 73. 4009:Shrader, 1999, p. 19; 4000:Mazower (1995), p. 20 3982:Miller (1975), p. 127 3938:Miller (1975), p. 130 3612:on 27 September 2008. 3018:Christopher Woodhouse 2845:1st Mountain Division 2624:, military leader of 2615:, military leader of 2515:Notable personalities 2507:, which won the 1991 2403: 2387:Themistoklis Sofoulis 2371:Maximilian von Weichs 2354: 2318:In the Bulgarian zone 2257: 2020: 1825: 1752: 1695:Konstandinos Koukidis 1671: 1609: 1549:Chrysanthos of Athens 1528: 1432:Massacre of Kalavryta 1423:were executed by the 1387: 1348: 1223: 1141:, aiming to forcibly 1077: 1069: 902: 834: 823: 435:and presented him an 418: 407: 360:outbreak of civil war 306:Axis collaborationist 10754:Jewish Greek history 10672:Konstantinos Plevris 10452:Strength Through Joy 10411:Weather Station Kurt 10113:Norway (Quisling II) 9360:Munich–Upper Bavaria 9345:March of Brandenburg 9149:The Guns of Navarone 9114:Ill Met by Moonlight 8793:3rd Mountain Brigade 8588:George Psychoundakis 8573:Patrick Leigh Fermor 8237:Pinerolo disarmament 7835:Georgios Tsolakoglou 7244:1st Armoured Brigade 7236:British Commonwealth 7118:British Commonwealth 7101:Georgios Tsolakoglou 6847:Konstantinos Davakis 6165:. Penn State Press. 5953:Shrader, 1999, p. 48 5944:Shrader, 1999, p. 47 5935:Shrader, 1999, p. 46 5830:Shrader, 1999, p. 44 5821:Shrader, 1999, p. 43 5788:Shrader, 1999, p. 42 5779:Shrader, 1999, p. 39 5481:6 March 2006 at the 5459:29 June 2007 at the 5409:Fromm in Zion Zahar 5255:Shrader, 1999, p. 37 4824:Charles R. Shrader. 4815:Shrader, 1999, p. 28 4704:Shrader, 1999, p. 34 4692:Shrader, 1999, p. 38 4678:Shrader, 1999, p. 31 4666:Shrader, 1999, p. 30 4657:Shrader, 1999, p. 29 4648:Shrader, 1999, p. 35 4634:Shrader, 1999, p. 24 4622:Mazower, 1995, p. 23 4591:Mazower, 1995, p. 22 4582:Knopp (2009), p. 192 4541:Markos Vallianatos, 4459:Shrader, 1999, p. 16 4447:Mazower, 1993, p. 22 4438:Mazower, 1993, p. 20 4426:Mazower, 1993, p. 19 4412:Mazower, 1993, p. 18 4359:Voglis (2006), p. 37 3876:History of Macedonia 3812:Ethnologia Balkanica 3691:Voglis (2006), p. 24 3027:Patrick Leigh Fermor 2865:104th Jäger Division 2861:Hartwig von Ludwiger 2855:117th Jäger Division 2740:George Psychoundakis 2656:captain in Macedonia 2584:, representative of 2528:Georgios Tsolakoglou 2466:The Guns of Navarone 2460:Ill Met by Moonlight 2167:improve this article 1926:Jewish community of 1829:with fellow officers 1557:Georgios Tsolakoglou 1440:117th Jäger Division 1409:Holocaust of Viannos 1263:Bulgarian withdrawal 1151:Hellenic Gendarmerie 998:) population in the 854:Vergeltungsmassnahme 780:, and Field Marshal 761:Italian capitulation 684:region, such as the 600:and western Greece, 575:Georgios Tsolakoglou 535:. The Greek capital 482:British Commonwealth 292:Italian protectorate 10642:George S. Mercouris 10570:Security Battalions 10271:Reichskommissariats 10103:Norway (Quisling I) 10033:Chechnya-Ingushetia 9693:Bohemia and Moravia 9678:Partial annexations 9489:Danzig–West Prussia 9128:Ipolochagos Natassa 8972:Georgios Papandreou 8748:Emmanouil Tsouderos 8619:Operation "Animals" 8609:Operation "Albumen" 8330:Komninos Pyromaglou 8288:Red Terror (Greece) 8232:1943 Athens protest 8197:Gorgopotamos Bridge 8094:Evripidis Bakirtzis 8042:National Liberation 7937:Alcibiades Diamandi 7901:Security Battalions 7875:George S. Mercouris 7850:Sotirios Gotzamanis 7792:Baron Hirsch ghetto 7419:XXII Mountain Corps 7219:Epirus Army Section 6957:Epirus Army Section 6593:on 11 November 2020 5232:Meyer, 2008, p. 624 5131:Meyer, 2008, p. 476 4980:D. Michael Shafer, 4284:The Greek Civil War 3878:. pp. 304–305. 3527:, pp. 145–146. 3375:, pp. 146–147. 3111:on 21 November 2015 2987:Alcibiades Diamandi 2819:, C-in-C South-East 2776:August–October 1943 2669:Komninos Pyromaglou 2660:Evripidis Bakirtzis 2564:Security Battalions 2546:Sotirios Gotzamanis 2520:Greek collaborators 2501:. The Italian film 2498:Ipolochagos Natassa 2404:A soldier from the 2383:Georgios Papandreou 2098:In the Italian zone 1932:Spanish Inquisition 1886:Georgios Papandreou 1852:Security Battalions 1730:North African front 1676:), in November 1942 1641:George S. Mercouris 1596:Security Battalions 1531:Security Battalions 1472:Holocaust of Kedros 1269:on 9 September 1944 1124:San Remo conference 1005:Alcibiades Diamandi 766:Dodecanese Campaign 431:woke Greek premier 419:German soldiers in 356:Security Battalions 186:Georgios Papandreou 10667:Ektoras Tsironikos 10549:New Order (Nazism) 9703:General Government 9380:Schleswig-Holstein 9066:Kalpaki War Museum 8919:Lebanon Conference 8785:in the Middle East 8783:Greek Armed Forces 8773:Pafsanias Katsotas 8753:Sofoklis Venizelos 8440:Hellenic Army (ES) 8375:Kimonas Zografakis 8350:Vasileios Sachinis 8335:Antonis Fosteridis 8301:Non-EAM resistance 7966:Cham collaboration 7947:Vassilis Rapotikas 7870:Nikolaos Bourantas 7865:Friedrich Schubert 7840:K. Logothetopoulos 7490:Carlo Vecchiarelli 7091:Alexandros Papagos 6837:Alexandros Papagos 6248:. Harper Collins. 5357:Gilles Veinstein, 4891:John O. Iatrides. 3226:Munoz, Antonio J. 3201:Gregory, Frumkin. 3137:. 26 October 2011. 2953:, Governor of the 2904:Friedrich Schubert 2582:Ioannis Voulpiotis 2414: 2357: 2302:At the same time, 2268: 2264:Auschwitz-Birkenau 2216:. You can help by 2032:summary executions 2027: 1997:. You can help by 1978:In the German zone 1831: 1755: 1699:Reichskriegsflagge 1678: 1612: 1567:Nazi puppet regime 1535: 1493:with support from 1464:Lingiades massacre 1394: 1370: 1309:. You can help by 1229: 1083: 1072: 1051:Domenikon massacre 1007:, the pro-Italian 956:awarded to Albania 925:Republic of Venice 908: 905:Domenikon massacre 837: 829: 825:Universal Newsreel 710:Lasithi Prefecture 425: 413: 188:and others on the 10749:Fascism in Greece 10726: 10725: 10696:Historical events 10652:Spyros Sterodimas 10647:Georgios Kosmidis 10584:Political parties 10467: 10466: 10463: 10462: 10387: 10386: 10357:Other occupations 10352: 10351: 10263: 10262: 9978:Adriatic Littoral 9971:Operational Zones 9892: 9891: 9773: 9772: 9769: 9768: 9739: 9738: 9672: 9671: 9668: 9667: 9555: 9554: 9464: 9463: 9180: 9179: 9176: 9175: 9172: 9171: 9093:Aera! Aera! Aera! 9051:Athens War Museum 9008: 9007: 9004: 9003: 9000: 8999: 8992:Nikos Zachariadis 8944:Treaty of Varkiza 8929:Operation "Manna" 8924:Caserta Agreement 8857: 8856: 8853: 8852: 8849: 8848: 8712:April 1944 mutiny 8652: 8651: 8648: 8647: 8644: 8643: 8578:Bill Stanley Moss 8537: 8536: 8488:Skala Paramythias 8365:Manolis Paterakis 8325:Dimitrios Psarros 8320:Georgios Kartalis 8296: 8295: 8268:Feneos executions 8079:Alexandros Svolos 8059:Aris Velouchiotis 8015: 8014: 8011: 8010: 8007: 8006: 7942:Nicolaos Matussis 7812: 7811: 7697:200 of Kaisariani 7576: 7575: 7407:LXVIII Army Corps 7380:Hermann Neubacher 7375:Günther Altenburg 7319: 7318: 7315: 7314: 7311: 7310: 7307: 7306: 7284:XXXX Panzer Corps 7179: 7178: 7004: 7003: 7000: 6999: 6924: 6923: 6737:(1940–1941) 6734:Greco-Italian War 4874:. Longman, 1995, 4320:978-3-442-15561-3 4032:978-1-84708-772-0 3966:978-1-000-53804-5 3729:, pp. 29–30. 3682:, pp. 44–48. 3411:, pp. 18–21. 3363:, pp. 25–26. 3328:Bamberry, Chris, 2993:Nicolaos Matussis 2939:Italian 11th Army 2851:Karl von Le Suire 2764:Hermann Neubacher 2758:Günther Altenburg 2742:, Cretan partisan 2697:Georgios Petrakis 2687:Vasilios Sachinis 2678:Georgios Kartalis 2622:Dimitrios Psarros 2603:Aris Velouchiotis 2572:, SS collaborator 2431:Aris Velouchiotis 2418:Treaty of Varkiza 2252: 2251: 2244: 2234: 2233: 2199: 2198: 2191: 2140: 2015: 2014: 1936:Sultan Bayazid II 1848:Stylianos Gonatas 1808:Dimitrios Psarros 1778:Aris Velouchiotis 1674:Operation Harling 1627:, EEE), the EKK ( 1572:Gunther Altenburg 1379:Western Macedonia 1327: 1326: 1120:Second Balkan War 1110:been part of the 1105:, except for the 1056:Italian armistice 1017:Nicolaos Matussis 929:ruled the islands 821: 778:Hermann Neubacher 743:Günther Altenburg 686:Kalamaki Airfield 634:Central Macedonia 555:Triple occupation 490:Winston Churchill 488:on the orders of 484:troops sent from 388:Greco-Italian War 352:guerrilla attacks 286:into neighboring 242:Kingdom of Greece 232: 220: 197: 196: 184:. Prime Minister 92: 91: 84: 16:(Redirected from 10796: 10682:Ilias Kasidiaris 10494: 10487: 10480: 10471: 10470: 10396: 10395: 10278: 10277: 10274: 10003: 10002: 9990:Alpine Foothills 9858: 9857: 9808:Gebiet Bialystok 9786: 9785: 9699: 9698: 9683: 9682: 9628: 9627: 9542:Tyrol–Vorarlberg 9505: 9504: 9479: 9478: 9475: 9420:Westphalia-South 9415:Westphalia-North 9335:Magdeburg-Anhalt 9255: 9254: 9250: 9242: 9233: 9232: 9207: 9200: 9193: 9184: 9183: 9025: 9024: 9014: 9013: 8910: 8887: 8886: 8877: 8876: 8863: 8862: 8682: 8681: 8675:Greek government 8671: 8670: 8658: 8657: 8636:Damasta sabotage 8553: 8552: 8305: 8304: 8141:National Council 8089:Markos Vafeiadis 8084:Ilias Tsirimokos 8074:Georgios Siantos 8064:Stefanos Sarafis 8049: 8048: 8038: 8037: 8021: 8020: 7825: 7824: 7818:Collaborationist 7755: 7564: 7552: 7534: 7533: 7508: 7476:Pellegrino Ghigi 7461: 7460: 7426:Alexander Andrae 7365: 7364: 7356: 7355: 7347: 7346: 7338: 7337: 7325: 7324: 7279:XVIII Army Corps 7269: 7268: 7234: 7233: 7199: 7198: 7190: 7189: 7151: 7150: 7136:Bernard Freyberg 7116: 7115: 7076: 7075: 7067: 7066: 7029:Operation Lustre 7019: 7018: 7014: 6977: 6976: 6942: 6941: 6933: 6932: 6891:Benito Mussolini 6881: 6880: 6856:Ioannis Pitsikas 6822: 6821: 6813: 6812: 6743: 6742: 6738: 6730: 6729: 6717: 6716: 6702: 6695: 6688: 6679: 6678: 6616: 6610: 6602: 6600: 6598: 6592: 6586:. Archived from 6575: 6558: 6556: 6554: 6549:on 1 August 2013 6548: 6542:. Archived from 6541: 6522: 6493: 6464: 6443: 6422: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6375: 6346: 6336: 6318: 6299: 6280: 6259: 6240: 6219: 6197: 6176: 6155: 6136: 6127: 6104: 6081: 6060: 6037: 6016: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5969: 5968: 5960: 5954: 5951: 5945: 5942: 5936: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5906: 5900: 5899: 5883: 5873: 5867: 5864: 5858: 5855: 5849: 5846: 5840: 5837: 5831: 5828: 5822: 5819: 5813: 5807: 5801: 5795: 5789: 5786: 5780: 5777: 5771: 5768: 5762: 5759: 5753: 5750: 5744: 5741: 5735: 5732: 5723: 5722: 5702: 5696: 5695: 5675: 5666: 5656: 5650: 5641: 5635: 5632: 5626: 5619: 5608: 5594: 5585: 5582: 5573: 5566: 5557: 5550: 5541: 5534: 5525: 5518: 5512: 5505: 5499: 5492: 5486: 5470: 5464: 5448: 5442: 5441: 5436:Anav Silverman. 5433: 5427: 5420: 5414: 5407: 5401: 5394: 5388: 5381: 5375: 5368: 5362: 5355: 5349: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5325: 5319: 5313: 5304: 5298: 5269: 5262: 5256: 5253: 5242: 5239: 5233: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5187: 5185: 5169: 5163: 5162: 5138: 5132: 5129: 5123: 5122: 5098: 5089: 5088: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5035: 5029: 5026: 5020: 5019: 4999: 4993: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4953: 4947: 4944: 4938: 4937: 4919: 4906: 4889: 4883: 4868:David H. Close. 4866: 4860: 4843: 4837: 4822: 4816: 4813: 4807: 4806: 4788: 4775: 4772: 4766: 4765: 4745: 4739: 4736: 4730: 4727: 4714: 4711: 4705: 4702: 4693: 4690: 4679: 4676: 4667: 4664: 4658: 4655: 4649: 4646: 4635: 4632: 4623: 4620: 4609: 4603: 4592: 4589: 4583: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4561: 4555: 4552: 4546: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4471:Shepherd, Ben H. 4466: 4460: 4457: 4448: 4445: 4439: 4436: 4427: 4424: 4413: 4410: 4404: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4374:wlb-stuttgart.de 4366: 4360: 4357: 4351: 4350: 4340: 4332: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4253: 4244: 4243: 4225: 4219: 4218: 4202: 4196: 4193: 4187: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4154: 4148: 4145: 4139: 4136: 4130: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4097: 4091: 4088: 4077: 4060: 4054: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4016: 4010: 4007: 4001: 3998: 3992: 3989: 3983: 3980: 3971: 3970: 3950: 3939: 3936: 3930: 3927: 3910: 3907: 3901: 3900:Brownfeld (2003) 3898: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3879: 3873: 3864: 3858: 3855: 3849: 3838: 3832: 3831: 3825: 3823: 3818:on 10 March 2012 3803: 3797: 3796: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3757: 3751: 3748: 3742: 3736: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3712: 3701: 3698: 3692: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3671: 3668: 3662: 3655: 3649: 3648: 3646: 3638: 3632: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3608:. Archived from 3598: 3592: 3591: 3572: 3566: 3559: 3553: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3412: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3335: 3326: 3320: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3298: 3289: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3279:on 31 March 2014 3278: 3272:. Archived from 3271: 3259: 3253: 3250: 3244: 3239:Giannis Katris, 3237: 3231: 3224: 3218: 3215: 3206: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3182: 3176:. Archived from 3175: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3107:. Archived from 3101: 3095: 3077: 3036:N. G. L. Hammond 2928:Pellegrino Ghigi 2898:Dieter Wisliceny 2730:Apostolos Santas 2641:Georgios Siantos 2632:Stefanos Sarafis 2594:Greek Resistance 2576:George Seremetis 2472:Escape to Athena 2443: 2442: 7 million 2440: 2395:David T. Zabecki 2308:Stefanos Sarafis 2272:Italian collapse 2247: 2240: 2229: 2226: 2208: 2201: 2194: 2187: 2183: 2180: 2174: 2151: 2143: 2132: 2110: 2109: 2102: 2010: 2007: 1989: 1982: 1786:Stefanos Sarafis 1739: 1707:Apostolos Santas 1664:Greek resistance 1576:Pellegrino Ghigi 1529:A member of the 1491:Gebirgs-Division 1444:Distomo massacre 1404:Gebirgs-Division 1322: 1319: 1301: 1294: 1139:ethnic cleansing 1116:First Balkan War 1107:Evros prefecture 979:condemned 2,109 822: 739:Pellegrino Ghigi 736: 704:; the island of 671: 664:Curt von Krenzki 661: 650:Agios Efstratios 541:capture of Crete 453:Benito Mussolini 392:Battle of Greece 371:Greek Resistance 348:Greek Resistance 227: 225: 215: 213: 179: 167:Apostolos Santas 148: 136: 131: 127: 122: 118: 113: 106: 94: 93: 87: 80: 76: 73: 67: 62:this article by 53:inline citations 40: 39: 32: 21: 10804: 10803: 10799: 10798: 10797: 10795: 10794: 10793: 10759:1940s in Greece 10729: 10728: 10727: 10722: 10718:Greek Civil War 10703:Campbell attack 10691: 10662:Georgios Poulos 10630: 10579: 10553: 10524:Totalitarianism 10507: 10498: 10468: 10459: 10455:holiday resorts 10435: 10383: 10348: 10312: 10259: 10243: 10157: 9994: 9966: 9888: 9872: 9847: 9780: 9765: 9735: 9697: 9664: 9626: 9551: 9503: 9460: 9434: 9315:Halle-Merseburg 9300:Electoral Hesse 9290:Eastern Hanover 9227: 9225: 9218: 9211: 9181: 9168: 9085:Popular culture 9080: 9039: 9019: 8996: 8982:Georgios Grivas 8955: 8904: 8902:Plaka agreement 8871: 8845: 8784: 8777: 8731: 8676: 8665: 8640: 8597: 8568:Monty Woodhouse 8533: 8517: 8456: 8379: 8355:Lela Karagianni 8345:Ilias Degiannis 8340:Kostas Perrikos 8315:Napoleon Zervas 8292: 8256: 8227:Kournovo Tunnel 8170: 8098: 8043: 8032: 8003: 7982: 7920: 7889: 7860:Georgios Poulos 7819: 7808: 7758: 7749: 7742:Compulsory loan 7712: 7706: 7572: 7558: 7556:Trifon Trifonov 7546: 7528: 7523: 7512:VIII Army Corps 7502: 7455: 7450: 7385:Walter Schimana 7359: 7351: 7342: 7332: 7303: 7263: 7258: 7228: 7223: 7193: 7175: 7145: 7140: 7110: 7105: 7070: 7058: 7012: 7011: 7010:German invasion 6996: 6971: 6966: 6936: 6920: 6875: 6870: 6866:Georgios Kosmas 6832:Ioannis Metaxas 6816: 6804: 6736: 6735: 6724: 6711: 6706: 6644:Wayback Machine 6623: 6604: 6603: 6596: 6594: 6590: 6584: 6573: 6552: 6550: 6546: 6539: 6529: 6527:Further reading 6511: 6482: 6461: 6440: 6419: 6397: 6395: 6393: 6321: 6315: 6296: 6277: 6256: 6237: 6216: 6194: 6173: 6152: 6124: 6101: 6078: 6057: 6056:978-341251790-8 6034: 6013: 5989: 5987: 5978: 5973: 5972: 5961: 5957: 5952: 5948: 5943: 5939: 5934: 5930: 5923: 5907: 5903: 5896: 5874: 5870: 5865: 5861: 5856: 5852: 5847: 5843: 5838: 5834: 5829: 5825: 5820: 5816: 5808: 5804: 5796: 5792: 5787: 5783: 5778: 5774: 5769: 5765: 5760: 5756: 5751: 5747: 5742: 5738: 5733: 5726: 5719: 5703: 5699: 5692: 5676: 5669: 5657: 5653: 5642: 5638: 5633: 5629: 5621:Glenny, Misha. 5620: 5611: 5605:Wayback Machine 5596:Website of the 5595: 5588: 5583: 5576: 5568:Glenny, Misha. 5567: 5560: 5552:Glenny, Misha. 5551: 5544: 5536:Glenny, Misha. 5535: 5528: 5520:Glenny, Misha. 5519: 5515: 5507:Glenny, Misha. 5506: 5502: 5494:Glenny, Misha. 5493: 5489: 5483:Wayback Machine 5471: 5467: 5461:Wayback Machine 5449: 5445: 5434: 5430: 5422:Glenny, Misha. 5421: 5417: 5408: 5404: 5396:Glenny, Misha. 5395: 5391: 5383:Glenny, Misha. 5382: 5378: 5369: 5365: 5356: 5352: 5342: 5340: 5327: 5326: 5322: 5314: 5307: 5299: 5272: 5263: 5259: 5254: 5245: 5240: 5236: 5231: 5227: 5217: 5201: 5197: 5183: 5181: 5170: 5166: 5155: 5139: 5135: 5130: 5126: 5119: 5099: 5092: 5082: 5066: 5062: 5052: 5036: 5032: 5027: 5023: 5016: 5000: 4996: 4979: 4975: 4965: 4963: 4954: 4950: 4945: 4941: 4934: 4920: 4909: 4890: 4886: 4867: 4863: 4844: 4840: 4823: 4819: 4814: 4810: 4803: 4789: 4778: 4773: 4769: 4762: 4746: 4742: 4737: 4733: 4728: 4717: 4712: 4708: 4703: 4696: 4691: 4682: 4677: 4670: 4665: 4661: 4656: 4652: 4647: 4638: 4633: 4626: 4621: 4612: 4604: 4595: 4590: 4586: 4581: 4577: 4562: 4558: 4553: 4549: 4540: 4536: 4501: 4497: 4487: 4469:Cooke, Philip; 4467: 4463: 4458: 4451: 4446: 4442: 4437: 4430: 4425: 4416: 4411: 4407: 4401:Wayback Machine 4385: 4381: 4368: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4354: 4334: 4333: 4321: 4307: 4306: 4302: 4295: 4279: 4275: 4268: 4254: 4247: 4240: 4226: 4222: 4203: 4199: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4181: 4171: 4155: 4151: 4146: 4142: 4137: 4133: 4128: 4124: 4114: 4098: 4094: 4089: 4080: 4061: 4057: 4044: 4040: 4033: 4017: 4013: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3990: 3986: 3981: 3974: 3967: 3951: 3942: 3937: 3933: 3928: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3895: 3887: 3883: 3871: 3865: 3861: 3856: 3852: 3839: 3835: 3821: 3819: 3804: 3800: 3777: 3773: 3758: 3754: 3749: 3745: 3737: 3733: 3725: 3721: 3713: 3704: 3699: 3695: 3690: 3686: 3678: 3674: 3669: 3665: 3657:Glenny, Misha. 3656: 3652: 3644: 3640: 3639: 3635: 3621: 3617: 3606:, Feb. 09 1942" 3600: 3599: 3595: 3588: 3574: 3573: 3569: 3560: 3556: 3547: 3543: 3535: 3531: 3523: 3519: 3511: 3502: 3494: 3490: 3482: 3478: 3470: 3466: 3458: 3454: 3446: 3442: 3434: 3430: 3422: 3415: 3407: 3403: 3395: 3391: 3383: 3379: 3371: 3367: 3359: 3355: 3347: 3338: 3327: 3323: 3318: 3314: 3299: 3292: 3282: 3280: 3276: 3269: 3261: 3260: 3256: 3251: 3247: 3238: 3234: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3209: 3200: 3196: 3186: 3184: 3183:on 21 July 2011 3180: 3173: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3155:. 5 March 2015. 3147: 3146: 3142: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3114: 3112: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3057: 3045:W. Stanley Moss 2957: 2941: 2882:Heinrich Kreipe 2841:Walter Stettner 2780:Walter Schimana 2735:Elias Degiannis 2650:Markos Vafiades 2613:Napoleon Zervas 2570:Georgios Poulos 2517: 2455: 2441: 2349: 2347:Greek Civil War 2339: 2326: 2320: 2248: 2237: 2236: 2235: 2230: 2224: 2221: 2214:needs expansion 2195: 2184: 2178: 2175: 2164: 2152: 2111: 2107: 2100: 2075:Russian pogroms 2011: 2005: 2002: 1995:needs expansion 1980: 1951:Ladino language 1908: 1902: 1873: 1827:Napoleon Zervas 1820: 1782:Napoleon Zervas 1747: 1683: 1666: 1660: 1604: 1540: 1523: 1517: 1368: 1343: 1341:Axis atrocities 1323: 1317: 1314: 1307:needs expansion 1292: 1284:People's Courts 1265: 1218: 1064: 1039:Joseph Goebbels 1030: 1022:Greek Civil War 913: 897: 814: 812: 804:Main articles: 802: 794:Walter Schimana 774: 610:VIII Army Corps 594:XXVI Army Corps 562: 557: 433:Ioannis Metaxas 429:Emanuele Grazzi 402: 396:Battle of Crete 384: 302:went into exile 264:withdrew under 193: 170: 155:German War Flag 139: 137: 129: 128: 120: 119: 111: 110: 109: 88: 77: 71: 68: 58:Please help to 57: 41: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10802: 10792: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10776: 10771: 10766: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10746: 10741: 10724: 10723: 10721: 10720: 10715: 10710: 10705: 10699: 10697: 10693: 10692: 10690: 10689: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10669: 10664: 10659: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10638: 10636: 10632: 10631: 10629: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10587: 10585: 10581: 10580: 10578: 10577: 10575:Poulos Verband 10572: 10567: 10561: 10559: 10555: 10554: 10552: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10534:Anti-communism 10531: 10526: 10521: 10515: 10513: 10509: 10508: 10497: 10496: 10489: 10482: 10474: 10465: 10464: 10461: 10460: 10458: 10457: 10449: 10443: 10441: 10437: 10436: 10434: 10433: 10428: 10423: 10418: 10413: 10408: 10402: 10400: 10393: 10389: 10388: 10385: 10384: 10382: 10381: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10360: 10358: 10354: 10353: 10350: 10349: 10347: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10320: 10318: 10314: 10313: 10311: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10290: 10284: 10282: 10275: 10265: 10264: 10261: 10260: 10258: 10257: 10251: 10249: 10245: 10244: 10242: 10241: 10236: 10231: 10226: 10221: 10216: 10211: 10206: 10201: 10196: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10165: 10163: 10159: 10158: 10156: 10155: 10153:Zuyev Republic 10150: 10145: 10140: 10135: 10130: 10125: 10120: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10080: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10043:Czechoslovakia 10040: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10020: 10015: 10009: 10007: 10000: 9996: 9995: 9993: 9992: 9987: 9986: 9985: 9974: 9972: 9968: 9967: 9965: 9964: 9963: 9962: 9952: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9918: 9913: 9908: 9902: 9900: 9894: 9893: 9890: 9889: 9887: 9886: 9880: 9878: 9874: 9873: 9871: 9870: 9864: 9862: 9855: 9849: 9848: 9846: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9794: 9792: 9783: 9775: 9774: 9771: 9770: 9767: 9766: 9764: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9747: 9745: 9741: 9740: 9737: 9736: 9734: 9733: 9728: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9707: 9705: 9696: 9695: 9689: 9687: 9680: 9674: 9673: 9670: 9669: 9666: 9665: 9663: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9642: 9636: 9634: 9625: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9589: 9584: 9579: 9574: 9569: 9563: 9561: 9557: 9556: 9553: 9552: 9550: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9513: 9511: 9502: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9485: 9483: 9476: 9466: 9465: 9462: 9461: 9459: 9458: 9453: 9442: 9440: 9436: 9435: 9433: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9340:Main Franconia 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9280:Cologne–Aachen 9277: 9272: 9267: 9261: 9259: 9252: 9230: 9224:Administrative 9220: 9219: 9210: 9209: 9202: 9195: 9187: 9178: 9177: 9174: 9173: 9170: 9169: 9167: 9166: 9159: 9158: 9157: 9145: 9138: 9131: 9124: 9123: 9122: 9110: 9109: 9108: 9096: 9088: 9086: 9082: 9081: 9079: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9047: 9045: 9041: 9040: 9038: 9037: 9031: 9029: 9021: 9020: 9010: 9009: 9006: 9005: 9002: 9001: 8998: 8997: 8995: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8963: 8961: 8957: 8956: 8954: 8953: 8948: 8947: 8946: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8899: 8893: 8891: 8884: 8873: 8872: 8859: 8858: 8855: 8854: 8851: 8850: 8847: 8846: 8844: 8843: 8841:336th Squadron 8838: 8836:335th Squadron 8833: 8828: 8821: 8814: 8807: 8804:Vasilissa Olga 8800: 8795: 8789: 8787: 8779: 8778: 8776: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8743:King George II 8739: 8737: 8733: 8732: 8730: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8688: 8686: 8685:Events/Battles 8679: 8667: 8666: 8654: 8653: 8650: 8649: 8646: 8645: 8642: 8641: 8639: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8627: 8626: 8616: 8611: 8605: 8603: 8599: 8598: 8596: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8583:Themis Marinos 8580: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8559: 8557: 8550: 8539: 8538: 8535: 8534: 8532: 8531: 8525: 8523: 8519: 8518: 8516: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8464: 8462: 8458: 8457: 8455: 8454: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8411: 8410: 8400: 8399: 8398: 8387: 8385: 8381: 8380: 8378: 8377: 8372: 8370:Petrakogiorgis 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8311: 8309: 8302: 8298: 8297: 8294: 8293: 8291: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8264: 8262: 8258: 8257: 8255: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8182:Drama uprising 8178: 8176: 8172: 8171: 8169: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8134: 8133: 8132: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8106: 8104: 8100: 8099: 8097: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8069:Andreas Tzimas 8066: 8061: 8055: 8053: 8046: 8034: 8033: 8017: 8016: 8013: 8012: 8009: 8008: 8005: 8004: 8002: 8001: 7996: 7990: 7988: 7984: 7983: 7981: 7980: 7979: 7978: 7973: 7963: 7962: 7961: 7951: 7950: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7928: 7926: 7922: 7921: 7919: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7897: 7895: 7891: 7890: 7888: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7855:Georgios Bakos 7852: 7847: 7845:Ioannis Rallis 7842: 7837: 7831: 7829: 7822: 7814: 7813: 7810: 7809: 7807: 7806: 7801: 7800: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7774: 7768: 7766: 7760: 7759: 7757: 7756: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7733: 7732: 7722: 7716: 7714: 7708: 7707: 7705: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7584: 7582: 7578: 7577: 7574: 7573: 7571: 7570: 7565: 7553: 7540: 7538: 7525: 7524: 7522: 7521: 7520: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7500:III Army Corps 7497: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7471:Angelico Carta 7467: 7465: 7452: 7451: 7449: 7448: 7443: 7442: 7441: 7439:Fortress Crete 7423: 7422: 7421: 7411: 7410: 7409: 7402:Hellmuth Felmy 7399: 7398: 7397: 7390:Alexander Löhr 7387: 7382: 7377: 7371: 7369: 7353: 7344: 7334: 7333: 7321: 7320: 7317: 7316: 7313: 7312: 7309: 7308: 7305: 7304: 7302: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7275: 7273: 7260: 7259: 7257: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7240: 7238: 7225: 7224: 7222: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7205: 7203: 7187: 7181: 7180: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7157: 7155: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7122: 7120: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7086:King George II 7082: 7080: 7064: 7060: 7059: 7057: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7044:Kleisoura Pass 7041: 7036: 7031: 7025: 7023: 7016: 7006: 7005: 7002: 7001: 6998: 6997: 6995: 6994: 6989: 6983: 6981: 6968: 6967: 6965: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6948: 6946: 6930: 6926: 6925: 6922: 6921: 6919: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6896:Galeazzo Ciano 6893: 6887: 6885: 6872: 6871: 6869: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6828: 6826: 6810: 6806: 6805: 6803: 6802: 6801: 6800: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6749: 6747: 6740: 6726: 6725: 6713: 6712: 6705: 6704: 6697: 6690: 6682: 6676: 6675: 6669: 6663: 6657: 6651: 6634: 6622: 6621:External links 6619: 6618: 6617: 6583:978-9608910218 6582: 6559: 6528: 6525: 6524: 6523: 6509: 6494: 6480: 6465: 6460:978-1845201814 6459: 6444: 6439:978-1845201814 6438: 6423: 6418:978-0521618267 6417: 6404: 6392:978-0275965440 6391: 6376: 6358:(3): 280–299. 6347: 6337: 6319: 6314:978-1476667843 6313: 6300: 6295:978-0804708708 6294: 6281: 6276:978-3861534471 6275: 6260: 6254: 6241: 6236:978-0691058429 6235: 6220: 6214: 6198: 6193:978-1400869572 6192: 6177: 6171: 6156: 6151:978-3442155613 6150: 6137: 6128: 6123:978-9608087064 6122: 6105: 6100:978-9608087057 6099: 6082: 6077:978-8843099481 6076: 6061: 6055: 6038: 6033:978-1850655312 6032: 6017: 6012:978-0743217781 6011: 5996: 5977: 5974: 5971: 5970: 5955: 5946: 5937: 5928: 5921: 5901: 5894: 5868: 5859: 5850: 5841: 5832: 5823: 5814: 5802: 5800:, p. 351. 5790: 5781: 5772: 5763: 5754: 5745: 5736: 5724: 5718:978-0822976011 5717: 5697: 5691:978-0804772495 5690: 5667: 5651: 5636: 5627: 5609: 5586: 5574: 5558: 5542: 5526: 5513: 5500: 5487: 5465: 5443: 5428: 5415: 5402: 5389: 5376: 5363: 5350: 5339:on 8 July 2018 5320: 5305: 5270: 5268:, pp. 152–164. 5257: 5243: 5234: 5225: 5216:978-0300219524 5215: 5195: 5164: 5154:978-0918618245 5153: 5133: 5124: 5118:978-0743217781 5117: 5090: 5081:978-0857729705 5080: 5060: 5051:978-0415021128 5050: 5030: 5021: 5015:978-1107656444 5014: 4994: 4973: 4948: 4939: 4933:978-1850655510 4932: 4907: 4903:978-0874511987 4884: 4880:978-0582064720 4861: 4857:978-0198604464 4838: 4834:978-0275965440 4817: 4808: 4802:978-0823229673 4801: 4776: 4767: 4761:978-3980868914 4760: 4740: 4731: 4715: 4706: 4694: 4680: 4668: 4659: 4650: 4636: 4624: 4610: 4608:, p. 135. 4593: 4584: 4575: 4556: 4547: 4534: 4515:(2): 129–142. 4495: 4486:978-1632201591 4485: 4461: 4449: 4440: 4428: 4414: 4405: 4379: 4361: 4352: 4319: 4300: 4294:978-1317898528 4293: 4273: 4267:978-9401142939 4266: 4245: 4239:978-1476610191 4238: 4220: 4197: 4188: 4179: 4170:978-1850654636 4169: 4149: 4140: 4131: 4122: 4113:978-0230294653 4112: 4092: 4078: 4055: 4051:978-0691043579 4038: 4031: 4011: 4002: 3993: 3984: 3972: 3965: 3940: 3931: 3911: 3902: 3893: 3891:, p. 248. 3881: 3859: 3850: 3833: 3798: 3771: 3752: 3743: 3731: 3727:Fleischer 2020 3719: 3715:Fleischer 2020 3702: 3693: 3684: 3672: 3663: 3650: 3633: 3615: 3593: 3586: 3567: 3561:Mazower, Mark 3554: 3548:Mazower, Mark 3541: 3539:, p. 146. 3529: 3517: 3500: 3496:Fleischer 2020 3488: 3484:Fleischer 2020 3476: 3472:Fleischer 2020 3464: 3460:Fleischer 2020 3452: 3448:Fleischer 2020 3440: 3428: 3424:Fleischer 2020 3413: 3401: 3399:, p. 146. 3397:Fleischer 2020 3389: 3387:, p. 147. 3385:Fleischer 2020 3377: 3373:Fleischer 2020 3365: 3361:Fleischer 2020 3353: 3336: 3321: 3312: 3290: 3254: 3245: 3232: 3219: 3207: 3194: 3158: 3140: 3122: 3096: 3071: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3064: 3063: 3056: 3053: 3052: 3051: 3042: 3033: 3024: 3014: 3000:British agents 2997: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2980:leader of the 2964: 2963: 2951:Inigo Campioni 2947: 2931: 2914: 2913: 2901: 2895: 2888: 2878: 2875:Fortress Crete 2873:, Commander, " 2867: 2857: 2847: 2837: 2834:Hellmuth Felmy 2830: 2820: 2813:Alexander Löhr 2809: 2798: 2787: 2777: 2767: 2761: 2744: 2743: 2737: 2732: 2726:Manolis Glezos 2723: 2717: 2701: 2700: 2694: 2684: 2675: 2666: 2662:, head of the 2657: 2647: 2638: 2628: 2619: 2610: 2590: 2589: 2579: 2573: 2566: 2562:, head of the 2556: 2553:Georgios Bakos 2551:Major General 2549: 2543: 2540:Ioannis Rallis 2537: 2531: 2516: 2513: 2454: 2451: 2378:General Scobie 2338: 2335: 2322:Main article: 2319: 2316: 2304:Elias Barzilai 2293:Ioannis Rallis 2250: 2249: 2232: 2231: 2211: 2209: 2197: 2196: 2155: 2153: 2146: 2141: 2115: 2114: 2112: 2105: 2099: 2096: 2013: 2012: 1992: 1990: 1979: 1976: 1943:Romaniote Jews 1904:Main article: 1901: 1898: 1872: 1869: 1819: 1816: 1746: 1743: 1703:Manolis Glezos 1682: 1679: 1662:Main article: 1659: 1656: 1639:, EEK) led by 1603: 1600: 1592:Ioannis Rallis 1580:fortress Crete 1539: 1536: 1519:Main article: 1516: 1513: 1438:troops of the 1375:Central Greece 1366: 1342: 1339: 1325: 1324: 1304: 1302: 1291: 1288: 1264: 1261: 1217: 1214: 1183:interwar years 1128:Western Thrace 1112:Ottoman Empire 1087:Bulgarian Army 1080:Drama Uprising 1063: 1060: 1029: 1026: 937:Ionian Drachma 917:Ionian Islands 912: 909: 896: 893: 801: 798: 782:Alexander Löhr 773: 770: 714:Fortress Crete 674:Hellmuth Felmy 622:Western Thrace 602:III Army Corps 561: 558: 556: 553: 525:Alexandroupoli 511:entered Greek 509:Bulgarian Army 497:invaded Greece 449:public holiday 383: 382:Fall of Greece 380: 364:anti-communism 322:Aegean Islands 320:and strategic 270:Aegean islands 195: 194: 180: 172: 171: 163:Manolis Glezos 149: 141: 140: 107: 99: 98: 90: 89: 44: 42: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10801: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10736: 10734: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10700: 10698: 10694: 10688: 10687:Giannis Lagos 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10639: 10637: 10633: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10588: 10586: 10582: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10562: 10560: 10558:Organizations 10556: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10516: 10514: 10510: 10506: 10502: 10495: 10490: 10488: 10483: 10481: 10476: 10475: 10472: 10456: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10444: 10442: 10438: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10404: 10403: 10401: 10397: 10394: 10390: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10361: 10359: 10355: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10321: 10319: 10315: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10285: 10283: 10279: 10276: 10273: 10272: 10266: 10256: 10253: 10252: 10250: 10246: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10227: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10214:Russia (KONR) 10212: 10210: 10209:Russia (ODNR) 10207: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10166: 10164: 10160: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10010: 10008: 10004: 10001: 9997: 9991: 9988: 9984: 9981: 9980: 9979: 9976: 9975: 9973: 9969: 9961: 9958: 9957: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9930: 9929:zone réservée 9926: 9925:Atlantic Wall 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9903: 9901: 9899: 9895: 9885: 9882: 9881: 9879: 9875: 9869: 9866: 9865: 9863: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9850: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9795: 9793: 9791: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9776: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9751:Burgundy (SS) 9749: 9748: 9746: 9742: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9708: 9706: 9704: 9700: 9694: 9691: 9690: 9688: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9675: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9637: 9635: 9633: 9629: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9564: 9562: 9558: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9514: 9512: 9510: 9506: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9486: 9484: 9480: 9477: 9474: 9473: 9467: 9457: 9454: 9451: 9447: 9444: 9443: 9441: 9437: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9405:Upper Silesia 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9330:Lower Silesia 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9262: 9260: 9256: 9253: 9249: 9248: 9241: 9240: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9221: 9216: 9208: 9203: 9201: 9196: 9194: 9189: 9188: 9185: 9165: 9164: 9160: 9156: 9153: 9152: 9151: 9150: 9146: 9144: 9143: 9139: 9137: 9136: 9132: 9130: 9129: 9125: 9121: 9118: 9117: 9116: 9115: 9111: 9107: 9104: 9103: 9102: 9101: 9097: 9095: 9094: 9090: 9089: 9087: 9083: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9048: 9046: 9042: 9036: 9033: 9032: 9030: 9026: 9022: 9018:Commemoration 9015: 9011: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8987:Angelos Evert 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8967:Ronald Scobie 8965: 8964: 8962: 8958: 8952: 8949: 8945: 8942: 8941: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8908: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8894: 8892: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8878: 8874: 8870: 8864: 8860: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8831:13th Squadron 8829: 8827: 8826: 8822: 8820: 8819: 8815: 8813: 8812: 8808: 8806: 8805: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8790: 8788: 8786: 8780: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8740: 8738: 8734: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8689: 8687: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8672: 8668: 8664: 8659: 8655: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8625: 8622: 8621: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8606: 8604: 8600: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8560: 8558: 8554: 8551: 8548: 8544: 8540: 8530: 8527: 8526: 8524: 8520: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8465: 8463: 8459: 8453: 8452: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8425:Prometheus II 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8409: 8408:5/42 Regiment 8406: 8405: 8404: 8401: 8397: 8394: 8393: 8392: 8389: 8388: 8386: 8384:Organizations 8382: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8312: 8310: 8306: 8303: 8299: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8259: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8179: 8177: 8173: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8138: 8135: 8131: 8128: 8127: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8107: 8105: 8103:Organizations 8101: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8056: 8054: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8022: 8018: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7991: 7989: 7985: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7968: 7967: 7964: 7960: 7959:Andon Kalchev 7957: 7956: 7955: 7952: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7934: 7933: 7930: 7929: 7927: 7925:Secessionists 7923: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7898: 7896: 7894:Organizations 7892: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7832: 7830: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7815: 7805: 7802: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7779: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7769: 7767: 7765: 7764:The Holocaust 7761: 7753: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7731: 7728: 7727: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7717: 7715: 7709: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7585: 7583: 7579: 7569: 7566: 7562: 7557: 7554: 7550: 7545: 7542: 7541: 7539: 7537: 7532: 7526: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7506: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7492: 7491: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7468: 7466: 7464: 7459: 7453: 7447: 7444: 7440: 7437: 7436: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7424: 7420: 7417: 7416: 7415: 7412: 7408: 7405: 7404: 7403: 7400: 7396: 7393: 7392: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7372: 7370: 7368: 7363: 7357: 7354: 7348: 7345: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7326: 7322: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7276: 7274: 7272: 7267: 7261: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7241: 7239: 7237: 7232: 7226: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7202: 7197: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7182: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7166:Sepp Dietrich 7164: 7162: 7159: 7158: 7156: 7154: 7149: 7143: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7131:Thomas Blamey 7129: 7127: 7124: 7123: 7121: 7119: 7114: 7108: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7083: 7081: 7079: 7074: 7068: 7065: 7061: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7026: 7024: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7007: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6984: 6982: 6980: 6975: 6969: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6940: 6934: 6931: 6927: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6911:Ugo Cavallero 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6888: 6886: 6884: 6879: 6873: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6853: 6852:Markos Drakos 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6825: 6820: 6814: 6811: 6807: 6799: 6796: 6795: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6763:Korytsa/Korcë 6761: 6759: 6758:Elaia–Kalamas 6756: 6754: 6751: 6750: 6748: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6703: 6698: 6696: 6691: 6689: 6684: 6683: 6680: 6673: 6670: 6667: 6664: 6661: 6658: 6655: 6652: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6638: 6635: 6632: 6628: 6625: 6624: 6614: 6608: 6589: 6585: 6579: 6571: 6567: 6566: 6560: 6545: 6538: 6537: 6531: 6530: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6510:9781135812423 6506: 6503:. Routledge. 6502: 6501: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6481:9781349266630 6477: 6473: 6472: 6466: 6462: 6456: 6452: 6451: 6445: 6441: 6435: 6431: 6430: 6424: 6420: 6414: 6410: 6405: 6394: 6388: 6384: 6383: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6348: 6344: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6329:Washington DC 6326: 6325: 6320: 6316: 6310: 6306: 6301: 6297: 6291: 6287: 6282: 6278: 6272: 6268: 6267: 6261: 6257: 6251: 6247: 6242: 6238: 6232: 6228: 6227: 6221: 6217: 6215:0-300-06552-3 6211: 6207: 6203: 6202:Mazower, Mark 6199: 6195: 6189: 6185: 6184: 6178: 6174: 6168: 6164: 6163: 6157: 6153: 6147: 6143: 6138: 6134: 6129: 6125: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6106: 6102: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6083: 6079: 6073: 6069: 6068: 6062: 6058: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6039: 6035: 6029: 6025: 6024: 6018: 6014: 6008: 6004: 6003: 5997: 5985: 5980: 5979: 5966: 5959: 5950: 5941: 5932: 5924: 5918: 5914: 5913: 5905: 5897: 5891: 5887: 5882: 5881: 5872: 5863: 5854: 5845: 5836: 5827: 5818: 5812:, p. 33. 5811: 5806: 5799: 5798:Woodruff 1998 5794: 5785: 5776: 5767: 5758: 5749: 5740: 5731: 5729: 5720: 5714: 5710: 5709: 5701: 5693: 5687: 5683: 5682: 5674: 5672: 5664: 5662: 5655: 5648: 5647: 5640: 5631: 5624: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5606: 5602: 5599: 5593: 5591: 5581: 5579: 5571: 5565: 5563: 5556:. pp. 513–514 5555: 5549: 5547: 5539: 5533: 5531: 5524:. pp. 512–513 5523: 5517: 5511:. pp. 511–512 5510: 5504: 5497: 5491: 5484: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5469: 5462: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5447: 5439: 5432: 5425: 5419: 5412: 5406: 5399: 5393: 5387:. pp. 348–349 5386: 5380: 5373: 5367: 5360: 5354: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5324: 5317: 5312: 5310: 5302: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5267: 5261: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5238: 5229: 5222: 5218: 5212: 5208: 5207: 5199: 5192: 5179: 5175: 5168: 5161: 5156: 5150: 5146: 5145: 5137: 5128: 5120: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5105: 5097: 5095: 5087: 5083: 5077: 5073: 5072: 5064: 5057: 5053: 5047: 5044:. Routledge. 5043: 5042: 5034: 5025: 5017: 5011: 5007: 5006: 4998: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4977: 4961: 4960: 4952: 4943: 4935: 4929: 4925: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4895: 4888: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4872: 4865: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4849: 4842: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4821: 4812: 4804: 4798: 4794: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4771: 4763: 4757: 4753: 4752: 4744: 4735: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4710: 4701: 4699: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4675: 4673: 4663: 4654: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4631: 4629: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4607: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4588: 4579: 4571: 4567: 4560: 4551: 4545:, pp. 114–117 4544: 4538: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4499: 4492: 4488: 4482: 4478: 4477: 4472: 4465: 4456: 4454: 4444: 4435: 4433: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4409: 4402: 4398: 4395: 4394: 4390: 4383: 4375: 4371: 4365: 4356: 4348: 4344: 4338: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4316: 4312: 4311: 4304: 4296: 4290: 4286: 4285: 4277: 4269: 4263: 4259: 4252: 4250: 4241: 4235: 4231: 4224: 4217: 4212: 4208: 4201: 4192: 4183: 4176: 4172: 4166: 4162: 4161: 4153: 4144: 4135: 4126: 4119: 4115: 4109: 4105: 4104: 4096: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4066: 4059: 4052: 4048: 4042: 4034: 4028: 4024: 4023: 4015: 4006: 3997: 3988: 3979: 3977: 3968: 3962: 3958: 3957: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3935: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3906: 3897: 3890: 3885: 3877: 3870: 3863: 3854: 3847: 3843: 3837: 3830: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3802: 3795: 3793: 3786: 3782: 3775: 3767: 3763: 3756: 3750:Kretsi p. 177 3747: 3740: 3735: 3728: 3723: 3717:, p. 30. 3716: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3697: 3688: 3681: 3676: 3667: 3661:. pp. 478–480 3660: 3654: 3643: 3637: 3630: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3611: 3607: 3605: 3597: 3589: 3587:9780521829328 3583: 3579: 3578: 3571: 3564: 3558: 3551: 3545: 3538: 3533: 3526: 3521: 3515:, p. 22. 3514: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3498:, p. 32. 3497: 3492: 3485: 3480: 3473: 3468: 3461: 3456: 3450:, p. 28. 3449: 3444: 3438:, p. 20. 3437: 3432: 3426:, p. 29. 3425: 3420: 3418: 3410: 3405: 3398: 3393: 3386: 3381: 3374: 3369: 3362: 3357: 3351:, p. 18. 3350: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3333: 3332: 3325: 3316: 3308: 3304: 3297: 3295: 3275: 3268: 3266: 3258: 3249: 3242: 3236: 3229: 3223: 3214: 3212: 3204: 3198: 3179: 3172: 3170: 3162: 3154: 3150: 3144: 3136: 3132: 3126: 3110: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3076: 3072: 3062: 3059: 3058: 3050: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3004: 3003: 3001: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2974:Andon Kalchev 2972: 2971: 2970: 2968: 2961: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2945: 2940: 2937:, Commander, 2936: 2932: 2929: 2925: 2924: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2911: 2910: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2893: 2889: 2887: 2884:, Commander, 2883: 2879: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2866: 2863:, Commander, 2862: 2858: 2856: 2853:, Commander, 2852: 2848: 2846: 2843:, Commander, 2842: 2838: 2835: 2831: 2829: 2826:, Commander, 2825: 2821: 2818: 2815:, Commander, 2814: 2810: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2785: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2771: 2770:Jürgen Stroop 2768: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2755: 2754: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2710:Angelos Evert 2708: 2707: 2706: 2705: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2627: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2604: 2601: 2600: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2587: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2567: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2554: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2525: 2524: 2523: 2521: 2512: 2510: 2506: 2505: 2500: 2499: 2494: 2493: 2488: 2484: 2483: 2478: 2477:They Who Dare 2474: 2473: 2468: 2467: 2462: 2461: 2450: 2448: 2435: 2432: 2428: 2423: 2419: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2361:Romanian Army 2353: 2348: 2344: 2334: 2332: 2325: 2315: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2277: 2273: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2246: 2243: 2228: 2219: 2215: 2212:This section 2210: 2207: 2203: 2202: 2193: 2190: 2182: 2179:December 2014 2172: 2168: 2162: 2161: 2156:This section 2154: 2150: 2145: 2144: 2139: 2137: 2130: 2129: 2124: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2104: 2103: 2095: 2092: 2088: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2063:Star of David 2059: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2033: 2024: 2019: 2009: 2000: 1996: 1993:This section 1991: 1988: 1984: 1983: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1963: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1907: 1897: 1895: 1894:Ronald Scobie 1889: 1887: 1882: 1878: 1868: 1865: 1859: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1843: 1841: 1835: 1828: 1824: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1798: 1793: 1789: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1763:popular front 1760: 1751: 1742: 1738: 1737: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1718: 1716: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1693: 1689: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1655: 1653: 1648: 1646: 1645:Sidira Eirini 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1616: 1608: 1599: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1564: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1550: 1546: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1515:Collaboration 1512: 1510: 1509: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1451: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1428: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1405: 1399: 1391: 1386: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1321: 1312: 1308: 1305:This section 1303: 1300: 1296: 1295: 1287: 1285: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1241:pro-Bulgarian 1238: 1234: 1226: 1222: 1213: 1212:prefectures. 1211: 1207: 1203: 1198: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1163: 1160: 1155: 1152: 1148: 1147:Bulgarization 1144: 1140: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1081: 1076: 1068: 1059: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1044: 1040: 1034: 1025: 1023: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1001: 997: 993: 988: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 965: 964:Cham Albanian 961: 957: 953: 949: 944: 942: 938: 934: 933:Pietro Parini 930: 926: 922: 918: 906: 901: 892: 890: 886: 885: 879: 875: 870: 867: 863: 859: 855: 850: 847: 843: 833: 826: 811: 807: 797: 795: 791: 787: 786:Jürgen Stroop 783: 779: 769: 767: 762: 757: 753: 748: 744: 740: 735: 734:preponderanza 729: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 670: 665: 660: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 586:Eleventh Army 583: 578: 576: 572: 568: 552: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 521:Strymon River 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 493: 491: 487: 483: 479: 474: 470: 466: 462: 461:Hellenic Army 457: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 422: 417: 411: 406: 401: 397: 393: 389: 379: 377: 372: 367: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 343: 339: 333: 331: 325: 323: 319: 315: 310: 307: 303: 299: 298: 293: 289: 285: 284:Hellenic Army 280: 278: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 236: 230: 224: 218: 209: 205: 204: 191: 187: 183: 178: 173: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 147: 142: 135: 126: 117: 105: 100: 95: 86: 83: 75: 72:December 2014 65: 61: 55: 54: 48: 43: 34: 33: 30: 19: 10707: 10657:Savitri Devi 10539:Antisemitism 10416:Schatzgräber 9838:West Prussia 9818:Lower Styria 9756:Holland (SS) 9527:Upper Danube 9522:Lower Danube 9325:Hesse-Nassau 9295:East Prussia 9265:Baden-Alsace 9228:Nazi Germany 9226:divisions of 9215:Nazi Germany 9161: 9148: 9140: 9135:Mediterraneo 9133: 9126: 9112: 9098: 9091: 8951:White Terror 8824: 8817: 8810: 8803: 8478:Agia Kyriaki 8468:ESPO bombing 8450: 8222:Sarantaporos 8192:Mikro Chorio 7932:Roman Legion 7777:Thessaloniki 7725:Great Famine 7713:exploitation 7568:Asen Sirakov 7486:Carlo Geloso 7481:Piero Parini 7430:Bruno Bräuer 7395:Army Group E 7329: 7289:Luftflotte 4 7171:Kurt Student 7161:Wilhelm List 7034:Metaxas Line 6916:Carlo Geloso 6906:Ubaldo Soddu 6783:Klisura Pass 6595:. Retrieved 6588:the original 6569: 6564: 6551:. Retrieved 6544:the original 6535: 6499: 6470: 6449: 6428: 6408: 6396:. Retrieved 6381: 6355: 6351: 6341: 6323: 6304: 6285: 6265: 6245: 6225: 6205: 6182: 6161: 6141: 6132: 6113: 6109: 6090: 6086: 6066: 6046: 6042: 6022: 6001: 5988:. Retrieved 5976:Bibliography 5958: 5949: 5940: 5931: 5911: 5904: 5879: 5871: 5862: 5853: 5844: 5835: 5826: 5817: 5810:Zabecki 2015 5805: 5793: 5784: 5775: 5766: 5757: 5748: 5739: 5707: 5700: 5680: 5660: 5654: 5645: 5639: 5630: 5622: 5569: 5553: 5537: 5521: 5516: 5508: 5503: 5495: 5490: 5473: 5468: 5451: 5446: 5431: 5423: 5418: 5410: 5405: 5397: 5392: 5384: 5379: 5371: 5366: 5358: 5353: 5341:. Retrieved 5337:the original 5332: 5323: 5265: 5260: 5237: 5228: 5220: 5205: 5198: 5189: 5182:. Retrieved 5177: 5167: 5158: 5143: 5136: 5127: 5103: 5085: 5070: 5063: 5055: 5040: 5033: 5024: 5004: 4997: 4981: 4976: 4964:. Retrieved 4958: 4951: 4942: 4923: 4893: 4887: 4870: 4864: 4847: 4841: 4820: 4811: 4792: 4770: 4750: 4743: 4734: 4709: 4662: 4653: 4606:Mazower 1993 4587: 4578: 4569: 4559: 4550: 4542: 4537: 4512: 4508: 4498: 4490: 4475: 4464: 4443: 4408: 4393:The Guardian 4392: 4388: 4382: 4373: 4364: 4355: 4309: 4303: 4283: 4276: 4257: 4229: 4223: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4200: 4191: 4182: 4174: 4159: 4152: 4143: 4134: 4125: 4117: 4102: 4095: 4064: 4058: 4041: 4021: 4014: 4005: 3996: 3987: 3955: 3934: 3905: 3896: 3889:Mazower 1993 3884: 3875: 3862: 3853: 3845: 3836: 3827: 3820:. Retrieved 3816:the original 3811: 3801: 3791: 3788: 3784: 3774: 3765: 3755: 3746: 3734: 3722: 3696: 3687: 3680:Mazower 1993 3675: 3666: 3658: 3653: 3636: 3626: 3618: 3610:the original 3603: 3596: 3576: 3570: 3562: 3557: 3549: 3544: 3537:Mazower 1993 3532: 3525:Mazower 1993 3520: 3513:Mazower 1993 3491: 3479: 3467: 3455: 3443: 3436:Mazower 1993 3431: 3409:Mazower 1993 3404: 3392: 3380: 3368: 3356: 3349:Mazower 1993 3329: 3324: 3315: 3306: 3281:. Retrieved 3274:the original 3264: 3257: 3248: 3240: 3235: 3227: 3222: 3202: 3197: 3185:. Retrieved 3178:the original 3168: 3161: 3153:Newsbeast.gr 3152: 3143: 3134: 3125: 3113:. Retrieved 3109:the original 3099: 3084: 3080: 3075: 2999: 2998: 2966: 2965: 2959: 2943: 2935:Carlo Geloso 2916: 2915: 2909:Sonderführer 2907: 2817:Army Group E 2802:Walter Blume 2791:Anton Burger 2746: 2745: 2703: 2702: 2689:, leader of 2592: 2591: 2519: 2518: 2504:Mediterraneo 2502: 2496: 2490: 2486: 2480: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2458: 2456: 2436: 2421: 2415: 2375: 2358: 2327: 2312:interpreters 2301: 2297:Thessaloniki 2269: 2238: 2222: 2218:adding to it 2213: 2185: 2176: 2165:Please help 2160:verification 2157: 2133: 2126: 2120: 2119:Please help 2116: 2083: 2060: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2028: 2023:Thessaloniki 2003: 1999:adding to it 1994: 1964: 1940: 1928:Thessaloniki 1912:World War II 1909: 1890: 1877:Plaka Bridge 1874: 1860: 1856: 1844: 1836: 1832: 1801: 1794: 1790: 1771: 1756: 1726:Gorgopotamos 1719: 1711: 1684: 1649: 1644: 1636: 1628: 1624: 1617: 1613: 1588:Wilhelm List 1560: 1554: 1541: 1506: 1490: 1476: 1449: 1426: 1403: 1395: 1388:View of the 1371: 1328: 1315: 1311:adding to it 1306: 1281: 1266: 1233:Thessaloniki 1230: 1199: 1195: 1175: 1167:around Drama 1164: 1159:forced labor 1156: 1136: 1084: 1048: 1035: 1031: 1013:Roman Legion 1012: 990:Some of the 989: 945: 927:, which had 914: 883: 871: 853: 851: 838: 806:Great Famine 775: 747:Mark Mazower 730: 718:Kriegsmarine 638:Thessaloniki 620:and most of 590:Carlo Geloso 579: 567:Adolf Hitler 563: 531:west of the 494: 478:Metaxas Line 458: 426: 410:Metaxas Line 368: 346: 334: 326: 318:Thessaloniki 295: 281: 274:World War II 254:the conquest 235:Nazi Germany 200: 198: 181: 150: 78: 69: 50: 29: 10784:Axis powers 10616:Golden Dawn 10529:Corporatism 10519:Nationalism 10293:Netherlands 10093:Netherlands 9833:Sudetenland 9781:occupations 9617:Vistulaland 9494:Sudetenland 9446:Prinz-Eugen 9350:Mecklenburg 8939:Dekemvriana 8905: [ 8880:Prelude to 8825:Papanikolis 8798:Sacred Band 8702:Wadi Akarit 8692:Mareth Line 8563:Eddie Myers 8212:Fardykambos 8044:Front (EAM) 8030:Free Greece 7976:Xhemil Dino 7750: [ 7663:Kallikratis 7559: [ 7547: [ 7544:Ivan Markov 7503: [ 7414:Hubert Lanz 7350:Leaders and 7049:Thermopylae 6773:Morava–Ivan 6343:Croix-Rouge 5623:The Balkans 5570:The Balkans 5554:The Balkans 5538:The Balkans 5522:The Balkans 5509:The Balkans 5496:The Balkans 5440:. HuffPost. 5398:The Balkans 5361:, pp. 42–45 3792:ciflik beys 3766:Qualestoria 3659:The Balkans 3008:Eddie Myers 2944:Supergrecia 2926:Ambassador 2824:Hubert Lanz 2756:Ambassador 2714:City Police 2526:Lt General 2410:Dekemvriana 2343:Dekemvriana 2225:August 2018 2006:August 2018 1955:Balkan Wars 1840:King George 1652:prefectures 1470:; and the " 1318:August 2018 985:in absentia 630:Balkan Pact 626:Evros River 614:Peloponnese 533:Evros River 250:ongoing war 248:, in their 203:Axis Powers 64:introducing 10733:Categories 10611:Front Line 10601:Iron Peace 10426:Bassgeiger 10406:New Swabia 10374:San Marino 10199:Montenegro 10123:Montenegro 9945:Luxembourg 9823:Luxembourg 9607:Vandalland 9572:Beskidland 9499:Wartheland 9472:Reichsgaus 9285:Düsseldorf 8914:Red Terror 8707:Dodecanese 8697:El Alamein 8602:Operations 8522:Atrocities 8461:Operations 8261:Atrocities 8247:Agorelitsa 8175:Operations 8026:Resistance 7994:Paramythia 7987:Atrocities 7820:government 7782:Zvi Koretz 7702:Chortiatis 7667:Kali Sykia 7581:Atrocities 7517:XXVI Corps 7446:Max Merten 6788:Trebeshina 6553:8 December 6398:16 October 6255:0007120222 6172:0271014113 5990:7 December 5922:0271014113 5895:0691009546 5184:11 January 4990:140086058X 4966:16 October 4074:1850654921 3741:: 151, 464 3739:Meyer 2008 3135:news247.gr 3115:21 October 3093:3822618926 3067:References 3006:Brigadier 2955:Dodecanese 2892:Max Merten 2720:Damaskinos 2341:See also: 2281:Damaskinos 2122:improve it 1658:Resistance 1538:Government 1503:Ionian Sea 1479:Cephalonia 1448:Waffen-SS 1099:Samothrace 952:Thesprotia 790:duumvirate 571:Lebensraum 529:Svilengrad 517:Aegean Sea 505:Yugoslavia 386:See also: 330:starvation 309:government 297:Blitzkrieg 47:references 10447:Nordstern 10431:Edelweiss 10339:Turkestan 10329:Don-Volga 10229:Turkestan 10179:Cossackia 10118:Macedonia 10078:Lithuania 9983:Ljubljana 9868:Bialystok 9853:Districts 9517:Carinthia 9410:Weser-Ems 9400:Thuringia 9370:Pomerania 9355:Moselland 9310:Franconia 8882:Civil War 8869:civil war 8727:Santorini 8498:Xirovouni 8451:others... 8278:Meligalas 7682:Kleisoura 7643:Mesovouno 7628:Domenikon 7618:Lingiades 7613:Kalavryta 7598:Alikianos 7588:Kondomari 7495:11th Army 7341:Occupying 6992:11th Army 6607:cite book 6519:908389541 6372:143570472 5498:. p. 511. 5343:17 August 4992:, p. 169. 4529:143591557 4389:The Times 4337:cite book 4329:423851310 3768:(2): 121. 2978:Bulgarian 2960:Superegeo 2920:officials 2750:officials 2712:, Athens 2652:, senior 2588:in Greece 2276:Romaniote 2128:talk page 2091:Treblinka 2087:Auschwitz 2079:Auschwitz 1972:Zakynthos 1947:Sephardim 1920:Romaniote 1910:Prior to 1722:destroyed 1688:Acropolis 1562:Wehrmacht 1545:12th Army 1436:Wehrmacht 1417:Ierapetra 1143:Bulgarize 1091:Wehrmacht 996:Aromanian 752:Wehrmacht 618:Macedonia 545:George II 437:ultimatum 342:Treblinka 338:Auschwitz 304:, and an 277:in Europe 223:I Katochi 217:romanized 190:Acropolis 159:Acropolis 157:over the 10512:Ideology 10440:Proposed 10421:Holzauge 10324:Caucasia 10317:Proposed 10255:Brittany 10248:Proposed 10239:Wallonia 10224:Slovakia 10174:Bulgaria 10148:Wallonia 10138:Slovakia 10053:Flanders 9935:Slovakia 9884:Brussels 9877:Proposed 9843:Zichenau 9813:Lorraine 9761:Lombardy 9744:Proposed 9632:Westland 9622:Wallonia 9602:Nordmark 9597:Gothland 9587:Flanders 9582:Burgundy 9560:Proposed 9532:Salzburg 9439:Proposed 9425:Westmark 9365:NSDAP/AO 9270:Bayreuth 9247:Altreich 8818:Katsonis 8677:in exile 7971:Këshilla 7737:DEGRIGES 7711:Economic 7593:Kandanos 7536:Bulgaria 7352:commands 6987:9th Army 6798:Hill 731 6640:Archived 6490:49285700 6204:(1993). 5625:. p. 515 5601:Archived 5572:. p. 514 5540:. p. 513 5479:Archived 5457:Archived 5413:, p. 162 5400:. p. 512 5316:"Turkey" 5301:"Greece" 5191:EAM-ELAS 4882:, p. 106 4859:, p. 403 4836:. p. 34. 4473:(2014). 4397:Archived 4053:, p. 73. 3785:Academia 3307:BBC News 3087:Band 6, 3055:See also 3016:Colonel 2949:Admiral 2933:General 2880:General 2869:General 2859:General 2849:General 2839:General 2832:General 2822:General 2811:General 2800:Colonel 2789:Captain 2630:General 2605:, chief 2568:Colonel 2558:Colonel 2422:andartes 2391:BBC News 2366:Ploiești 2285:Orthodox 2260:Ioannina 1924:Sephardi 1736:andartes 1555:General 1468:Ioannina 1452:Division 1363:reprisal 1351:Kandanos 1257:Kastoria 1206:Komotini 1187:Anatolia 977:Ioannina 960:Këshilla 948:Chameria 884:Kurtuluş 846:DEGRIGES 810:DEGRIGES 680:and the 672:) under 662:) under 606:Thessaly 501:Bulgaria 499:through 376:BBC News 262:Bulgaria 212:Η Κατοχή 134:Bulgaria 10606:Trident 10399:Founded 10379:Tunisia 10364:Finland 10334:Muscovy 10308:Ukraine 10303:Ostland 10281:Founded 10234:Ukraine 10204:Romania 10194:Hungary 10169:Belarus 10143:Ukraine 10068:Hungary 10048:Denmark 10038:Croatia 10028:Belarus 10023:Austria 10013:Albania 10006:Founded 9916:Croatia 9861:Founded 9711:Galicia 9686:Founded 9592:Galicia 9577:Brabant 9509:Austria 9482:Founded 9456:Holland 9385:Silesia 9320:Hamburg 9258:Founded 9044:Museums 9035:Ohi Day 8545: ( 8503:Trahili 8202:Meritsa 7672:Anogeia 7658:Viannos 7653:Vorizia 7633:Drakeia 7623:Distomo 7608:Kommeno 7367:Germany 7271:Germany 7153:Germany 7063:Leaders 7022:Battles 6809:Leaders 6768:Saranda 6746:Battles 6597:11 June 6335:. 1953. 5967:. IMDb. 5180:(3): 78 4905:, p. 58 4076:, p. 67 3822:12 July 3283:4 March 3187:15 June 2918:Italian 2609:captain 2596:leaders 2586:Siemens 2067:ghettos 1631:), the 1460:Boeotia 1456:Distomo 1450:Polizei 1430:; the " 1413:Viannos 1398:Kommeno 1335:Florina 1253:Florina 866:Piraeus 694:Salamis 690:Piraeus 612:in the 445:Albania 288:Albania 238:invaded 231: 219:: 116:Italian 60:improve 10635:People 10544:Racism 10505:Greece 10501:Nazism 10369:Monaco 10298:Norway 10219:Serbia 10189:Greece 10184:France 10162:Exiled 10063:Greece 10058:France 9955:Serbia 9950:Poland 9940:Greece 9921:France 9798:Alsace 9779:German 9731:Warsaw 9721:Lublin 9716:Kraków 9612:Venice 9547:Vienna 9537:Styria 9390:Swabia 9375:Saxony 9275:Berlin 9028:Events 8960:People 8890:Events 8811:Adrias 8736:People 8717:Rimini 8556:People 8513:Dodona 8508:Menina 8430:Apollo 8308:People 8283:Kilkis 8242:Steiri 8052:People 7954:Ohrana 7828:People 7677:Kedros 7648:Pyrgoi 7603:Doxato 7343:powers 7201:Greece 7078:Greece 6944:Greece 6824:Greece 6778:Himara 6753:Pindus 6580: 6572:] 6517: 6507: 6488: 6478: 6457: 6436: 6415: 6389: 6370: 6311: 6292: 6273: 6252: 6233: 6212: 6190: 6169: 6148: 6120: 6097: 6074: 6053: 6030: 6009: 5919: 5892: 5888:–215. 5715: 5688: 5213: 5151: 5115: 5078: 5048: 5012: 4988: 4930: 4901: 4878: 4855: 4832: 4799: 4758: 4527: 4483: 4327: 4317: 4291: 4264: 4236: 4213:: 54. 4167: 4110: 4072: 4049: 4029: 3963: 3584: 3091: 2982:Ohrana 2976:, pro- 2748:German 2693:(MAVI) 2427:Soviet 2289:police 2071:Hirsch 1881:Pindus 1692:Evzone 1495:Stukas 1245:Ohrana 1210:Xanthi 1179:Pomaks 1095:Thasos 1000:Pindus 878:Turkey 874:Sweden 862:Athens 726:Skyros 722:Euboea 702:Fleves 700:, and 698:Aegina 682:Attica 678:Athens 652:, and 646:Lesbos 642:Lemnos 608:, and 598:Epirus 588:under 549:puppet 537:Athens 513:Thrace 473:Allies 465:Epirus 423:, 1941 421:Athens 398:, and 314:Athens 266:Allied 132: 130: 125:German 123: 121: 114: 112: 49:, but 10392:Other 10088:Lokot 10083:Lepel 10073:Italy 9960:Banat 9828:Posen 9726:Radom 9567:Banat 9305:Essen 8909:] 8483:Milia 8217:Porta 7754:] 7563:] 7551:] 7507:] 7463:Italy 7185:Units 7054:Crete 6979:Italy 6929:Units 6883:Italy 6591:(PDF) 6574:(PDF) 6568:[ 6547:(PDF) 6540:(PDF) 6368:S2CID 6112:[ 6089:[ 6045:[ 4525:S2CID 3872:(PDF) 3645:(PDF) 3277:(PDF) 3270:(PDF) 3181:(PDF) 3174:(PDF) 2784:HSSPF 2774:HSSPF 2716:Chief 1968:Volos 1421:Crete 1359:razed 1355:Crete 1329:Many 1249:Pella 1043:Tunis 992:Vlach 941:Samos 880:(see 706:Milos 654:Chios 486:Libya 258:Crete 246:Italy 208:Greek 10344:Ural 10098:Nias 10018:Asch 9239:Gaus 9155:film 9120:film 9106:film 8722:Symi 8187:Ryka 8139:and 8028:and 7730:GWRA 7665:and 7488:and 7432:and 7039:Vevi 6854:and 6613:link 6599:2017 6578:ISBN 6555:2014 6515:OCLC 6505:ISBN 6486:OCLC 6476:ISBN 6455:ISBN 6434:ISBN 6413:ISBN 6400:2010 6387:ISBN 6309:ISBN 6290:ISBN 6271:ISBN 6250:ISBN 6231:ISBN 6210:ISBN 6188:ISBN 6167:ISBN 6146:ISBN 6118:ISBN 6095:ISBN 6072:ISBN 6051:ISBN 6028:ISBN 6007:ISBN 5992:2014 5917:ISBN 5890:ISBN 5713:ISBN 5686:ISBN 5345:2018 5211:ISBN 5186:2019 5149:ISBN 5113:ISBN 5076:ISBN 5046:ISBN 5010:ISBN 4986:ISBN 4968:2010 4928:ISBN 4899:ISBN 4876:ISBN 4853:ISBN 4830:ISBN 4797:ISBN 4756:ISBN 4481:ISBN 4391:and 4347:link 4343:link 4325:OCLC 4315:ISBN 4289:ISBN 4262:ISBN 4234:ISBN 4165:ISBN 4108:ISBN 4070:ISBN 4047:ISBN 4027:ISBN 3961:ISBN 3824:2018 3628:Life 3604:Time 3582:ISBN 3285:2016 3189:2011 3117:2015 3089:ISBN 2890:Dr. 2728:and 2682:EKKA 2673:EDES 2664:PEEA 2654:ELAS 2636:ELAS 2626:EKKA 2617:EDES 2607:ELAS 2495:and 2475:and 2345:and 2089:and 1916:Jews 1795:The 1724:the 1705:and 1574:and 1481:and 1425:22. 1415:and 1255:and 1208:and 1097:and 1085:The 981:Cham 876:and 808:and 754:and 724:and 527:and 503:and 369:The 240:the 229:lit. 199:The 182:1944 165:and 151:1941 10503:in 8547:SOE 6360:doi 5886:213 5109:307 4517:doi 3049:SOE 3040:SOE 3031:SOE 3022:SOE 3012:SOE 2645:EAM 2220:. 2169:by 2001:. 1879:in 1483:Kos 1458:in 1419:in 1402:1. 1361:in 1353:in 1313:. 1132:WWI 882:SS 604:in 596:in 256:of 10735:: 9927:‧ 8907:el 7752:el 7561:bg 7549:bg 7505:it 7428:, 6609:}} 6605:{{ 6513:. 6484:. 6366:. 6354:. 6331:: 6327:. 5727:^ 5670:^ 5612:^ 5589:^ 5577:^ 5561:^ 5545:^ 5529:^ 5331:. 5308:^ 5273:^ 5246:^ 5219:. 5188:. 5176:. 5157:. 5111:. 5093:^ 5084:. 5054:. 4910:^ 4779:^ 4718:^ 4697:^ 4683:^ 4671:^ 4639:^ 4627:^ 4613:^ 4596:^ 4568:. 4523:. 4513:15 4511:. 4507:. 4489:. 4452:^ 4431:^ 4417:^ 4372:. 4339:}} 4335:{{ 4323:. 4248:^ 4209:. 4173:. 4116:. 4081:^ 3975:^ 3943:^ 3914:^ 3874:. 3826:. 3810:. 3783:. 3764:. 3705:^ 3625:, 3503:^ 3416:^ 3339:^ 3305:. 3293:^ 3210:^ 3151:. 3133:. 3047:, 3038:, 3029:, 3020:, 3010:, 3002:: 2969:: 2922:: 2806:SD 2804:, 2795:SD 2793:, 2782:, 2772:, 2752:: 2598:: 2522:: 2489:, 2469:, 2439:c. 2314:. 2131:. 2081:. 2058:. 1598:. 1590:. 1511:. 1377:, 1357:, 1251:, 1134:. 768:. 756:SS 696:, 648:, 644:, 492:. 394:, 390:, 316:, 279:. 226:, 214:, 210:: 10493:e 10486:t 10479:v 9931:) 9923:( 9452:) 9448:( 9251:) 9243:( 9206:e 9199:t 9192:v 8549:) 6701:e 6694:t 6687:v 6615:) 6601:. 6557:. 6521:. 6492:. 6463:. 6442:. 6421:. 6402:. 6374:. 6362:: 6356:9 6317:. 6298:. 6279:. 6258:. 6239:. 6218:. 6196:. 6175:. 6154:. 6126:. 6103:. 6080:. 6059:. 6036:. 6015:. 5994:. 5925:. 5898:. 5721:. 5694:. 5347:. 5121:. 5018:. 4970:. 4936:. 4805:. 4764:. 4572:. 4531:. 4519:: 4376:. 4349:) 4331:. 4297:. 4270:. 4242:. 4211:3 4035:. 3969:. 3840:" 3590:. 3309:. 3287:. 3191:. 3119:. 2962:) 2946:) 2877:" 2266:. 2245:) 2239:( 2227:) 2223:( 2192:) 2186:( 2181:) 2177:( 2163:. 2138:) 2134:( 2008:) 2004:( 1635:( 1623:( 1320:) 1316:( 994:( 950:( 864:– 206:( 85:) 79:( 74:) 70:( 56:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Axis occupation of Greece

Index