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273:. The agrarian legislation introduced in Estonia on 10 October 1919 and in Latvia on 16 September 1920 reflected above all a determination to break the disproportionate political and economic power of the German element. In Estonia 96.6% of all the estates belonging to the Baltic Germans were taken over, together with farms and villas. The question of fair compensation was left open for later. In Latvia, in contrast to the implied promise in Estonia, nominal remainders usually made up of about 50 hectares and in a few cases 100 hectares, were left to the dispossessed estate owners, as well as an appropriate amount of stock and equipment. These concessions were seen by most Baltic Germans as forcing them to accept the lifestyle of a peasant farmer. Again, fair compensation would be considered later. The Baltic Germans thus lost most of their inherited wealth built up over 700 years.
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of the
Latvian State. The USA Commissioner to the Baltic in 1919 wrote of the Estonians: "German Balts are their pet aversion, more so really than the Bolsheviks". His comment conveys the extreme position of the Baltic peoples on the subject of the Baltic Barons. The dispossessed Germans drifted to the cities and towns. The new left-wing government in Berlin was unsympathetic to their kin in the Baltic States and was criticized by Baron Wrangel, who from March 1919 had increasingly assumed the role of spokesman for the German Balts at the German Foreign Ministry (Auswartiges Amt) and argued that the internationally recognised
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269:. With independence the government was firmly Left. In 1918 in Estonia 90% of the large landed estates had been owned by Baltic Barons and Germans and about 58% of all agricultural estates had been in the hands of the big landowners. In Latvia approximately 57% of agricultural land was under Baltic German ownership. The Baltic Germans lost the most land in left-wing and nationalist agrarian reform, as in the new
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accomplished main buildings, whole ranges of outbuildings, homes for peasants and other workers at the estates and early industrial complexes such as breweries. Parks, chapels and even burial grounds for the noble families were also frequently found on the grounds. Today, these complexes form an important cultural and architectural heritage of
Estonia and Latvia.
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dependent upon the old estates was severely affected. The expropriation of agrarian banks by the State also hit the Baltic
Germans, who controlled/owned them. Paul Schiemann's later polemic against the Bank of Latvia came to the conclusion that 90% of Baltic Germans wealth had gone into the coffers
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Baltic German nobles not only shaped the agricultural landscape but also significantly contributed to the region's cultural and architectural heritage. Their manor houses, often elaborate in design, incorporated elements of contemporary architectural styles and served as centers of cultural life,
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The manorial system gave rise to a rich establishment of manorial estates all over present-day
Estonia and Latvia, and numerous manor houses were built by the nobility. The manorial estates were agricultural centres and often incorporated, apart from the often architecturally and artistically
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who now grudgingly entered into negotiations with the Baltic governments on their behalf, especially in relation to compensation for their ruination. Of the 84,000 German Balts, some 20,000 emigrated to
Germany during the course of 1920-21. More followed during the inter-war years.
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in 1861). Still, the nobility continued to dominate the rural parts of
Estonia and Latvia via manorial estates throughout the 19th century. However, almost immediately following the declaration of independence of Estonia and Latvia, both countries enacted far-reaching
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340:. Broadly speaking, the system was built on a sharp division between the landowning, German-speaking nobility and the Estonian- or Latvian-speaking peasantry.
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was for a long time a defining characteristic of the Baltic countryside and underscored a long-lasting feudal system, until its abolishment in the
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336:, established and sustained by the Baltic nobility, up until the declaration of independence of Latvia and Estonia following the upheavals after
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1329:"Baltisches Wappenbuch. Wappen sämmtlicher, den Ritterschaften von Livland, Estland, Kurland und Oesel zugehöriger Adelsgeschlechter"
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Hein, Ants (2009). Eesti Mõisad - Herrenhäuser in
Estland - Estonian Manor Houses. Tallinn: Tänapäev. ISBN 978-9985-62-765-5.
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This nobility was a source of officers and other servants to
Swedish kings in the 16th and particularly 17th centuries, when
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lands belonged to them. Subsequently, the
Russian tsars used Baltic nobles in all parts of local and national government.
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is for historical, social and ethnic reasons separated from the German-dominated nobility of
Estonia and Latvia.
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1485:, the English version introduces 438 well preserved manors in Estonia, historically owned by the Baltic nobility
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519:; Baron Arthur Friedrich Johann Ludwig von Kleist-Keyserlingk (1839-1915 Mitau, Latvia) "House Susten Gawesen"
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families also became part of the nobility, just as Baltic German families re-settled in locations such as the
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also had an institution to register rolls of nobles in accordance with Baltic models in the 18th century.
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and the latter were engaged throughout 1919 in a war against the German landed aristocracy and the German
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Sakk, Ivar (2004). Estonian Manors - A Travelogue. Tallinn: Sakk & Sakk OÜ. ISBN 9949-10-117-4.
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953:, naturalist, biologist, geologist, meteorologist, geographer, a founding father of embryology
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Nowadays, it is possible to find the descendants of the Baltic nobility all around the world.
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The Baltic Barons and the Baltic Germans in general were given the new and lasting label of
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which in one stroke ended the former dominance of the Baltic nobility on the countryside.
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In the Baltic German nobility, the titles are Duke, Count, Baron, Knight and noble.
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with some even housing collections of art and hosting musical performances.
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Historical upper class in the present-day countries of Estonia and Latvia
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1446:"The Russian and the Baltic German nobility in the eighteenth century"
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by John Hiden, Cambridge University Press (England), 1987, p.36-7.
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Noble titles in the Duchies of Estonia, of Livonia and Courlande
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For an overview of manorial estates in Estonia and Latvia, see
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Eesti Mõisad - Herrenhäuser in Estland - Estonian Manor Houses
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guaranteed the position of the German minority in the Baltic.
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Rural Estonia and Latvia were to a large extent dominated by
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1198:, general and explorer, one of the first organisers of the
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1138:, biologist, ethologist, cyberneticist and a semiotician
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Peter August, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck
1104:, teacher, mathematician and linguist, creator of the
1471:
Genealogisches Handbuch der baltischen Ritterschaften
328:) manor house, Estonia, a typical Baltic manor house.
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Latvia in particular was noted for its followers of
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
666:Member of the State Council of the Russian Empire
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829:Lady-in-waiting of the Imperial Court of Russia
276:Apart from the landed estate owners, the rural
1776:
1504:
1326:
1473:, family trees of Baltic nobility in German
797:, Russian field marshal and Minister of War
737:, Austrian field marshal, son of the latter
378:List of palaces and manor houses in Estonia
1783:
1769:
1511:
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1073:, Lutheran theologian and church historian
382:List of palaces and manor houses in Latvia
704:, Russian field marshal, reformer of the
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1342:The Baltic States and Weimar Ostpolitik
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1058:, Lutheran theologian and statistician
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1153:, professor of agricultural chemistry
1451:Cahiers du Monde Russe et Soviétique
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810:Fabian Gottlieb von der Osten-Sacken
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58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
160:. It existed continuously from the
24:
1479:, coats of arms of Baltic nobility
1327:von Klingspor, Carl Arvid (1882).
780:Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen
567:Grand Master of the Teutonic Order
490:Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck
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171:Most of the nobility consisted of
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152:in the territories of modern-day
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356:in 1819 (and in the rest of the
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1401:. Tallinn: Sakk & Sakk OÜ.
1244:Stanislaus Eric, Count Stenbock
1123:, geologist and Arctic explorer
633:Duke of Courland and Semigallia
511:(or the corresponding title of
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164:and the medieval foundation of
45:needs additional citations for
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1399:Estonian Manors - A Travelogue
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1043:, geologist and paleontologist
920:, religious mystic and author.
702:Burkhard Christoph von Münnich
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1259:Alexandra von Wolff-Stomersee
517:Henrik Magnus von Buddenbrock
585:Master of the Livonian Order
7:
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1011:Peter Clodt von Jürgensburg
996:Otto Magnus von Stackelberg
750:Adam Johann von Krusenstern
662:Peter Ludwig von der Pahlen
398:They were organized in the
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1229:Roman von Ungern-Sternberg
881:Christoph Johann von Medem
859:Balthasar von Campenhausen
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1231:, anti-Bolshevik General
1166:Alexander von Middendorff
140:("Baltic Armorial"), 1882
1444:Bartlett, Roger (1993).
1276:, anti-Bolshevik General
1168:, zoologist and explorer
1041:Alexander von Keyserling
649:, Austrian field marshal
601:, Soldier and politician
334:a manorial estate system
69:"Baltic German nobility"
1801:(*) : state where
1056:Alexander von Oettingen
966:Otto Wilhelm von Struve
722:, Russian field marshal
647:Ernst Gideon von Laudon
616:, Swedish field marshal
614:Otto Wilhelm von Fersen
505:; Count von Löwenwolde.
473:Magnus, King of Livonia
2544:Baltic-German nobility
1483:Estonian Manors Portal
1196:Alexander von Kaulbars
1151:Margarete von Wrangell
782:, admiral and explorer
767:, admiral and explorer
752:, admiral and explorer
629:Ernst Johann von Biron
581:Wolter von Plettenberg
549:Albert von Buxhoeveden
475:, declared during the
354:Governorate of Livonia
346:Governorate of Estonia
329:
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146:Baltic German nobility
141:
1477:Baltisches Wappenbuch
1464:10.3406/cmr.1993.2349
1376:. Tallinn: Tänapäev.
1362:Hiden, 1987, p.50-55.
1353:Hiden, 1987, p.37-41.
983:, Duchess of Courland
765:Ferdinand von Wrangel
735:Franz Moritz von Lacy
706:Imperial Russian Army
503:Joseph Carl von Anrep
311:
197:nobility of Lithuania
138:Baltisches Wappenbuch
135:
1678:Hungary and Slovakia
1599:Austria and Slovenia
1214:Paul von Rennenkampf
1181:Eduard von Tottleben
918:Barbara von Krüdener
897:Frederick William II
408:Couronian Knighthood
350:Courland Governorate
54:improve this article
1863:South Africa (Zulu)
1397:Sakk, Ivar (2004).
1372:Hein, Ants (2009).
1106:Occidental language
1026:Alexander von Bunge
951:Karl Ernst von Baer
893:Frederick the Great
844:Elisa von der Recke
825:Dorothea von Lieven
686:statesman from the
427:Livonian Knighthood
400:Estonian Knighthood
352:in 1817 and in the
1619:Estonia and Latvia
1528:Present monarchies
1520:Nobility of Europe
1303:Baltic knighthoods
1288:History of Estonia
981:Dorothea von Medem
394:Baltic knighthoods
330:
222:. You can help by
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2554:Estonian nobility
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1581:Former monarchies
1383:978-9985-62-765-5
1293:History of Latvia
1200:Russian Air Force
1136:Jakob von Uexküll
1071:Adolf von Harnack
933:Otto von Kotzebue
887:in the courts of
846:, writer and poet
680:Jacob von Sievers
563:Hermann von Salza
486:Dukes of Courland
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162:Northern Crusades
148:was a privileged
136:The cover of the
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43:This article
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2349:Ritterschaft
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2318:and Caucasus
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1998:
1805:still exists
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1331:(in German).
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1087:Tiesenhausen
968:, astronomer
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477:Livonian War
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388:Organization
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150:social class
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2445:Australasia
2221:Switzerland
2117:Philippines
2073:Indonesia*
1738:Switzerland
1546:Netherlands
867:Chamberlain
438: [
411: [
338:World War I
278:Mittelstand
2538:Categories
2482:Micronesia
2387:Montenegro
2335:Azerbaijan
1853:Madagascar
1708:Montenegro
1314:References
1028:, botanist
1013:, sculptor
831:, salonist
433:, and the
263:Bolshevism
80:newspapers
2500:Polynesia
2464:Melanesia
2453:Australia
2415:Ruthenian
2355:Lithuania
2067:Southeast
1794:by nation
1698:Lithuania
1216:, general
1183:, general
1089:, general
1085:Paul von
937:navigator
565:, fourth
526:and noble
450:Arensburg
318:‹See Tfd›
267:Freikorps
244:Couronian
2411:Ukraine
2301:Portugal
2285:Holy See
2246:Ireland
2237:Scotland
2122:Thailand
2111:Cambodia
2099:Malaysia
2087:Javanese
2077:Balinese
2023:Nobility
1991:Mongolia
1887:Americas
1836:Ethiopia
1830:Eswatini
1803:monarchy
1792:Nobility
1718:Portugal
1666:Medieval
1282:See also
1246:, writer
889:Prussian
885:courtier
513:Freiherr
256:Oeselian
254:and the
252:Livonian
248:Estonian
110:May 2024
2519:Hawai‘i
2436:Oceania
2420:Galicia
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2199:France
2194:Belgium
2166:Iceland
2161:Finland
2155:Denmark
2128:Vietnam
2082:Chinese
2051:Princes
2029:Yangban
1995:Japan*
1965:Lebanon
1906:Mexico
1868:Morocco
1858:Somalia
1841:Nigeria
1823:Mamluks
1748:Galicia
1743:Ukraine
1723:Romania
1688:Ireland
1683:Iceland
1654:Ancient
1650:Greece
1646:Germany
1641:Georgia
1624:Finland
1614:Croatia
1604:Bohemia
1594:Armenia
1589:Albania
1541:Denmark
1536:Belgium
684:Russian
532:Gallery
492:, e.g.
342:Serfdom
313:Järlepa
292:by the
203:History
189:Swedish
185:Russian
181:Swedish
154:Estonia
94:scholar
2407:Serbia
2402:Russia
2392:Poland
2260:Norman
2250:Gaelic
2208:Empire
2177:Sweden
2171:Norway
2141:Europe
2105:Brunei
2047:India
2019:Korea
2007:Daimyō
1970:Turkey
1938:Brazil
1901:Canada
1846:Rulers
1811:Africa
1733:Serbia
1728:Russia
1713:Poland
1659:Attica
1634:Empire
1629:France
1609:Bosnia
1561:Sweden
1551:Norway
1405:
1380:
904:Paul I
901:Russia
891:kings
523:Knight
454:Viborg
425:, the
406:, the
326:Jerlep
322:German
195:. The
177:Polish
158:Latvia
96:
89:
82:
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67:
2513:Tonga
2306:Spain
2296:Malta
2291:Italy
2278:South
2148:North
2092:Malay
2041:South
2013:Meiji
1986:China
1931:South
1894:North
1818:Egypt
1703:Malta
1693:Italy
1556:Spain
509:Baron
499:Count
446:]
423:Mitau
419:]
404:Reval
101:JSTOR
87:books
2472:Fiji
2187:West
2000:Kuge
1979:East
1958:West
1951:Asia
1922:Cuba
1403:ISBN
1378:ISBN
865:and
482:Duke
469:King
431:Riga
380:and
191:and
183:and
156:and
144:The
73:news
1460:doi
448:in
429:in
421:in
402:in
226:.
56:by
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444:et
442:;
440:de
417:lv
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168:.
2515:*
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2101:*
1903:*
1870:*
1832:*
1784:e
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315:(
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229:(
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117:(
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108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
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20:)
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