292:
688:(formerly Rudolfsgnad), where an estimated 11,000 to 12,500 Swabians died. The situation improved in 1947, when foreign humanitarian aid reached the camps, and their work routines were loosened. The camp system was closed in March 1948, with the surviving inmates being conscripted for forced labor in the army or industry. Their flight also was usually tolerated. By the end of the 1950s, about 300,000 Yugoslav Swabians had managed to emigrate to Western countries, including the United States.
54:
585:
363:, they received financial support and long-term tax relief. Many of the earliest immigrants never married, since few German women traveled among them. Craftsmen were financially encouraged, as were teachers, doctors, and other professionals. Over the decades and more, the German spoken by these colonists became separate from that developing in Germany, particularly after its unification. It became known as Donau-Swabian, an archaic form of the language.
64:
662:
Near the end of the war, all
Swabians who were suspected of having been involved with the Nazi military administration were placed in provisional internment camps. Many were tortured, and at least 5,800 were killed. Others were used as forced labor. After Christmas in 1944, about 30,000 younger people, mostly women, were transferred to labor camps in the Soviet Union by train, escorted by communist partisans.
81:
431:
763:, Germans, Swabians and Saxons (Lutheran Germans) have mixed blood with the Magyars. About one grandparent of a Magyar today is of German origin; centuries ago it seemed to be more the rule than the exception. Borders are blurred, and famous individuals claim these two ethnicities, or even more sometimes. For example, composer
714:, having gained the required 3,000 voter signatures. The president, Andreas Biegermeier, stated the council would focus on property restitution, as well as marking mass graves and camp sites. He estimated the total number of remaining Danube Swabians in Serbia and their descendants as between 5,000 and 8,000.
620:
in 1990, almost all the remaining Banat
Germans in Romania left for Germany. As a consequence, the ethnic German population in Romania is greatly reduced. Some are returning, generally entrepreneurs with economic ambitions supported by the German non-returnable grants for development projects outside
576:
In the 1960s, however, the political atmosphere relaxed. The policy of disfranchising and dispossessing alleged Nazi collaborators within the German-speaking minority ended. Banat
Swabians were extended the full rights of Romanian citizenship. Nevertheless, many Banat Swabians chose to use the looser
299:
Immigrants were encouraged to settle in the Banat by the
Austrian emperors in the 18th century to repopulate a frontier province bordering the Turkish empire, and to add ethnic European Christians to the population of the newly occupied region. The Germans were offered free land and the privilege of
661:
While the
Swabians from other areas of Yugoslavia escaped or were expelled, the destiny of Banat and Bačka Swabians was much less fortunate. Due to the high level of military conscription, mostly women, children and elderly people remained in the villages, and they were unwilling or unable to flee.
722:
In
Hungary fewer than 62,000 Danube Swabians remain, but they do have political representation. Expulsion of the Swabian minority from Hungary by the communist government, dictated by Soviet Union, took place between 1945 and 1948. As a result, many have assimilated and changed their ethnicity to
624:
Of the 750,000 ethnic
Germans who once lived in Romania, less than one-tenth of that number remain today. Only in cities with large populations is there still a functioning German cultural life, usually aided by uninterrupted Romanian State subsidies and help from ethnic Romanians. Still, the
581:, who had lived in the region since the Middle Ages, made a similar decision. Even though the Swabian families of the Danube and Banat Swabians had lived there for ten generations or more, and their cultures had developed quite differently from Germany's, they no longer felt safe.
613:(depending on age and education) for a permanent emigration visa. Still, thousands of Banat Swabians left each year into the 1980s. An economic crisis of the communist state, as well as a rumor concerning a village destruction project, caused some 200,000 to flee Romania.
695:, later supported by German emigrant organizations, at least 7,200 Swabians were executed by the Partisans, about 2,000 deported to the Soviet Union, and roughly 48,000 died in labor camps. About 16.8% of the Swabians in Yugoslavia died during and after the war.
550:, where thousands of them died. Those who remained had their land confiscated and lost ownership of their homes (partially returned during the 1950s), while those who fled also lost their citizenship. In 1951 more than a thousand Banat Swabians were
966:
Smaranda Vultur, De l'Ouest à l'Est et de l'Est à l'Ouest : les avatars identitaires des Français du Banat, Texte presenté a la conférence d'histoire orale "Visibles mais pas nombreuses : les circulations migratoires roumaines", Paris,
604:
came to power in
Romania. At first he opened the country to the West, but by the end of the 1970s, he had become ultra-nationalistic and an opponent of all ethnic minorities. Under his rule, any Banat Swabian who chose to emigrate had to pay a
746:
Banat
Swabians in the United States, whose ancestors emigrated beginning in the 1950s, have also formed community associations, including one in the New York metropolitan area, one in the Detroit area, and one in the Cincinnati area.
282:
rule, when the Crown recruited German immigrants, particularly farmers. It wanted to repopulate the lands newly recovered from
Turkish occupation and to revive agriculture in an area that had been frequently overrun by war.
645:, there are German-language primary and secondary schools, attended mostly by Romanian students. The remaining ethnic Germans (including Banat Swabians) in Romania are represented in politics by the DFDR or
750:
Others have created online communities like Donauschwaben Villages Helping Hands which is a non-profit to keep the Danube Swabian legacy alive and to connect families and relatives with their ancestry.
393:. Their number eventually exceeded 90 families. In 1929 they built a separate Roman Catholic church after disagreements with Bulgarian Catholics. Some of these German-speaking families later moved to
41:
442:
The collapse of the Austro-Hungarian rule and its replacement by Romanian rule over the Banat after World War I had some benefits. In the late 19th century, Hungary had undergone a period of rapid
453:, and across Banat, German-language newspapers were established. In 1921 a cultural association called the "Verband der Deutschen in Rumaenien" (Union of Germans in Romania) was founded.
449:
Under Romanian rule, Banat Swabians could have German-language schools again for the first time since 1868. Banat Swabian culture flourished. A German-language theatre operated in
621:
Germany. Some former Banat Swabians now have a renewed desire to return to their long-time home, but most had to sell their property when they left and have no home to return to.
2178:
1718:
1532:
1515:
495:, fearing there would be sanctions against their families if they refused. After August 1941 Nazi Germany instituted involuntary conscription of Banat Swabians into the
1739:
735:
The Banat Swabians who emigrated to Germany are generally well integrated into the society in which they live. They keep contact through cultural organisations (
558:
of southeast Romania, where they founded new villages. Almost all were finally allowed to return home in 1956, but some were kept interned by force until 1963.
1955:
2011:
543:
2035:
1999:
1597:
743:
and in southern Germany, where most Banat Swabians now live, some maintain their customs and dialect, and offer support to those who remain in Romania.
2264:
1972:
2638:
2057:
1989:
1977:
1036:
2195:
2231:
1084:
492:
506:
Banat Swabians who served in the Prinz Eugen Division gained notoriety because of the division's war crimes against Jews and Serbs during the
1128:
1791:
499:. Towards the end of the war, some Banat Swabians openly opposed the Nazis, who in retaliation publicly executed a group of them in
2913:
531:
on 23 August 1944. Overnight, all Banat Swabians in Romania became regarded as potential enemies of the state. The approach of the
381:
policies of the nationalistic Hungarian State, some Banat Swabians began to move to Bulgaria, where they settled in the village of
233:
446:, during which it attempted to assimilate all of its minorities. Schools were required to teach only in the Hungarian language.
2908:
2257:
650:
2631:
1909:
304:
immigrants, as were the Italian and the Spanish colonists who had come to the region. Most of the German settlers came from
2607:* = Subgroups of officially recognized ethnicities that are not treated by the Romanian authorities as separate minorities.
2147:
1703:
1245:
681:
in "village camps", later described as "extermination camps" by the survivors, where the death rate ranged as high as 50%.
464:
in the 1930s hit the Banat hard. Many Swabians left to work in Argentina, Brazil, and the United States, never to return.
217:
of 1920. The greater part was annexed by Romania, a smaller part by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (since 1929
2923:
2152:
1753:
1712:
359:
The colonists were generally the younger sons of poor farming families, who saw little chance of success at home. Under
2918:
2893:
938:
194:
2903:
2250:
2122:
1874:
1422:
1280:
990:
906:
2928:
2624:
2294:
833:, poet, novelist and recipient of the 2009 Nobel Prize in Literature; her books deal with the lives of Swabians in
793:, football goalkeeper, winner of European Cup and current record holder for most penalty kicks saved in a shootout
321:
237:
1055:
1008:
2888:
2382:
2117:
577:
conditions to emigrate to Germany, since they no longer trusted Romania's communist government's promises. The
1237:
491:, without having to give up their Romanian citizenship. Initially, some were virtually forced to serve in the
2862:
2806:
1942:
1822:
1723:
1362:
699:
565:
Banat managed to flee to Germany in the immediate postwar years. Others were helped by French Prime Minister
17:
484:
435:
1098:
248:
The Banat colonists are often grouped with other German-speaking ethnic groups in the area under the name
1040:
1899:
1580:
978:
1771:
1379:
551:
965:
887:
The information in this article is based on and translated from that found in its German equivalent.
2841:
2308:
2273:
915:
Tiberiu Schatteles, Evreii din Timișoara în perspectiva istorică, Editura "Hasefer" București, 2013
862:
764:
412:
Between 1941 and 1943, 2,150 ethnic German Bulgarian citizens were relocated to Germany as part of
360:
1125:
2883:
2781:
2691:
2647:
2593:
2023:
1585:
811:
677:— took over the confiscated Swabian farms and houses. In March 1945, the surviving Swabians were
1063:
The Expulsion of the 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War
1016:
The Expulsion of the 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War
899:
Banatskite bǎlgari: istorijata na edna malcinstvena obštnost vǎv vremeto na nacionalnite dǎržavi
2761:
2746:
2519:
2502:
2412:
1643:
1478:
1465:
890:
528:
198:
401:
along with a handful of Banat Bulgarian families who went to another Banat Bulgarian village,
2801:
2751:
2443:
2435:
2364:
2314:
2302:
2173:
1653:
1648:
1628:
1273:
873:
507:
103:
2831:
2786:
2766:
2681:
2527:
2418:
2406:
1766:
1460:
665:
In the framework of agricultural reform, partisan families - mainly migrants from war-torn
617:
578:
336:, but it is probably because the majority registered and embarked from the Swabian city of
210:
1145:
601:
8:
2836:
2741:
2718:
2701:
2696:
2575:
2388:
2142:
1857:
1668:
1633:
367:
2016:
1982:
768:
510:
period. They became alienated and were distrusted by their non-Banat Swabian neighbors.
2756:
2686:
2662:
2545:
2358:
2320:
2168:
2137:
2127:
1921:
1884:
1842:
1658:
1602:
1537:
1488:
1455:
1443:
1438:
1410:
1374:
846:
806:
802:
760:
692:
555:
524:
275:
186:
170:
1803:
2791:
2708:
2461:
2424:
2400:
2376:
2370:
2338:
1916:
1852:
1832:
1827:
1776:
1761:
1708:
1680:
1663:
1607:
1547:
1542:
1448:
1112:
986:
902:
840:
703:
457:
422:
policy. These included 164 Banat Swabians from Bardarski Geran and 33 from Gostilya.
317:
214:
190:
2816:
2796:
2776:
2723:
2713:
2581:
2533:
2394:
2352:
2326:
2132:
2112:
2090:
1994:
1904:
1889:
1879:
1862:
1817:
1809:
1781:
1685:
1638:
1623:
1557:
1525:
1498:
1493:
1403:
1266:
852:
790:
784:
538:
By January 1945, Romania was completely under Soviet control. Early in 1945, under
461:
390:
240:
and its republics many of those remaining left for economic and emotional reasons.
178:
772:
2933:
2846:
2821:
2811:
2666:
2539:
1950:
1847:
1837:
1798:
1470:
1384:
1367:
1340:
1132:
606:
406:
398:
386:
382:
329:
305:
279:
250:
182:
144:
122:
97:
45:
830:
818:
775:, author had a father, originally named Spiegel, with mostly Swabian ancestors.
483:, many ethnic Germans were conscripted into the Romanian Army and served on the
2898:
2342:
1590:
1575:
1552:
1508:
1415:
1312:
824:
796:
710:. In December 2007 the remaining Swabians formed their own minority council in
637:), subsidized by the Romanian government, produces permanent theatre shows. In
566:
476:
418:
301:
263:
206:
174:
107:
2877:
2563:
2551:
2485:
2045:
1928:
1520:
1503:
1482:
1328:
642:
539:
472:
443:
378:
295:
Traditionally German (Saxon or Swabian) territories in Banat and Transylvania
487:. After 1943, a German-Romanian treaty allowed them to serve instead in the
291:
189:. They emigrated in the 18th century to what was then the Austrian Empire's
2455:
2242:
1894:
1396:
584:
547:
480:
413:
229:
2616:
2508:
1213:
834:
638:
630:
450:
53:
2224:
1672:
1135:
The category "Germans" includes mostly, but not only, the Danube Swabians
868:
858:
610:
394:
2467:
942:
849:(born Johann Weißmüller), American actor; Olympic swimming gold medalist
685:
366:
Those who came from French-speaking or linguistically mixed communes in
2569:
2473:
2028:
674:
562:
468:
218:
68:
The coat of arms of the Banat Swabians (as part of the Danube Swabians)
1965:
1389:
535:
caused a flood of refugees to flee to the safety of Hitler's Germany.
2557:
2285:
1786:
1319:
1066:
1019:
939:""History of German Settlements in Southern Hungary" by Sue Clarkson"
707:
589:
488:
313:
271:
259:
2771:
2587:
2479:
2332:
2050:
2040:
711:
532:
500:
402:
353:
349:
267:
202:
140:
2826:
374:), as well as a separate ethnic identity for several generations.
255:
2449:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2062:
1289:
1053:
1006:
724:
309:
236:
by the Soviet Union and its subsidiaries, and after 1990 and the
166:
134:
2072:
1258:
1159:
63:
2346:
2188:
2183:
1960:
1867:
1056:"The Expulsion of the German-Speaking Minority from Yugoslavia"
1009:"The Expulsion of the German-Speaking Minority from Yugoslavia"
865:"for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy"
740:
691:
According to a study conducted in 1961 by the German historian
678:
666:
345:
325:
222:
1229:
1184:
983:
Die Deutschen in Rumänien und die Weimarer Republik 1919-1933,
897:
Nyagulov, Blagovest (1999). "Banatskite bǎlgari v Bǎlgarija".
2657:
2004:
1221:
1065:. European University Institute, Florence: 56. Archived from
1018:. European University Institute, Florence: 55. Archived from
593:
84:
629:
is a thriving weekly paper, and the German State Theater in
80:
2200:
2067:
771:
had a father (Kreisinger) who had mostly German ancestors.
670:
300:
keeping their language and religion. The Crown was seeking
197:, a province which had been left sparsely populated by the
1037:"Vojvodina Germans Seek Moral and Cultural Rehabilitation"
434:
Republic of Banatia, proposed by Banatian Swabians at the
430:
332:. It is unclear how the group came to be called the Banat
254:. Besides the Banat, these groups lived in nearby western
370:
maintained the French language (labelled Banat French or
337:
205:
minority worked to establish an independent multi-ethnic
496:
1253:
799:, President, United States Soccer Federation 1986–1990
1238:
Cultural minorities in Romania: the Danube Swabians
456:Economically, however, things did not go well. The
356:, whence they set off on foot for their new homes.
767:appears to be Austro-German, but was 3/4-Magyar.
727:in Hungary as well as in Yugoslavia and Romania.
2875:
1113:"Nemci traže da im država vrati oduzetu imovinu"
542:'s orders, many Banat Swabians were expelled or
243:
1246:Cultural minorities in Romania: the 'Austrians'
2505:(approximately 10,000 in the mid-19th century)
1054:Sretenovic, Stanislav & Prauser, Steffen.
1007:Sretenovic, Stanislav & Prauser, Steffen.
647:Demokratisches Forum der Deutschen in Rumänien
493:7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen
2632:
2258:
1926:
1274:
1082:
805:(1883–1966), writer, poet, newspaper editor;
561:Some Swabian families from both Romanian and
2272:
2222:
1394:
1326:
1310:
1303:
1085:"Zajednica brojnija nego što pokazuje popis"
961:
959:
933:
931:
929:
2646:
2232:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)
527:, formerly Nazi Germany's ally, joined the
460:and the subsequent financial crises of the
425:
324:. However, comparatively few came from the
209:; however, the province was divided by the
155:Native to south-western present-day Romania
2639:
2625:
2265:
2251:
1281:
1267:
1225:(in English, Romanian, French, and German)
286:
274:, Romania. All of these areas were in the
62:
52:
956:
926:
730:
201:. At the end of World War I in 1918, the
1214:Landmannschaft der Banater Schwaben e.V.
896:
706:, 3,154 of whom were in the province of
583:
429:
290:
1812:(including German, Swiss and Austrians)
1806:(including German, Swiss and Austrians)
1160:"Cultural Club Soccer Sterling Heights"
1126:Hungarian census by ethnic groups, 2001
1002:
1000:
998:
479:, including the Banat Swabians. During
14:
2876:
754:
651:Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania
2620:
2246:
1262:
809:answered his request for advice with
1254:Donauschwaben Villages Helping Hands
995:
377:Beginning with 1893, because of the
74:Regions with significant populations
2528:Citizens of the Republic of Moldova
1115:. Građanski List. 16 December 2007.
616:After Ceaușescu's fall in 1989 and
266:(present-day southern Hungary), in
24:
1233:(in English, Romanian, and German)
1083:Laloš, Vesela (5 September 2007).
901:(in Bulgarian). Sofia: Paradigma.
592:, Germany, for re-immigrants from
513:
328:regions of what was then known as
25:
2945:
1288:
1207:
1099:"Nemci osnivaju nacionalni savet"
320:. A small group can be traced to
2295:Officially recognised minorities
635:Deutsches Staatstheater Temeswar
471:gained some influence among the
270:, (present-day Croatia), and in
193:province, later included in the
79:
2914:Ethnic German groups in Romania
1177:
1152:
1138:
1119:
1101:. Glas Javnosti. 27 March 2007.
843:, American engineering educator
759:Today and centuries ago in the
684:The most notorious camp was at
340:. They were transported on the
1105:
1091:
1076:
1047:
1029:
971:
13:
1:
2909:Ethnic groups in Transylvania
2863:Demographic history of Serbia
919:
871:, Austrian-American actress (
656:
546:to forced labor camps in the
244:Banat and the Danube Swabians
199:wars with the Ottoman Empire
895:Banat Swabians in Bulgaria:
221:) and a small region around
39:
7:
1713:Alsatians and Lotharingians
861:, co-recipient of the 2014
627:Allgemeine Deutsche Zeitung
195:Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary
10:
2950:
2924:Ethnic groups in Vojvodina
1185:"Cincinnati Donauschwaben"
881:
717:
518:
225:remained part of Hungary.
2919:Ethnic groups in Bulgaria
2894:German diaspora in Europe
2855:
2735:Smaller ethnic minorities
2734:
2674:
2654:
2603:
2518:
2495:
2436:Non-recognized minorities
2434:
2293:
2280:
2215:
2161:
2083:
1941:
1752:
1732:
1696:
1616:
1568:
1431:
1355:
1348:
1339:
1296:
1249:(in Romanian and English)
1241:(in Romanian and English)
1230:Danube Swabians Resources
1222:Family Books of the Banat
1131:27 September 2007 at the
778:
232:most Banat Swabians were
169:population in the former
153:
133:
128:
120:
115:
96:
91:
78:
73:
61:
38:
2904:Ethnic groups in Hungary
2675:Larger ethnic minorities
2496:Historical ethnic groups
2458:* (self-declared, 1,536)
2452:* (self-declared, 3,890)
2274:Ethnic groups in Romania
1189:Cincinnati Donauschwaben
1146:"New York Donauschwaben"
863:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
700:Serbian census from 2002
609:of more than a thousand
426:Banat Swabians 1920–1944
238:fall of the Soviet Union
2929:Ethnic groups in Serbia
2648:Ethnic groups in Serbia
1733:Multinational dimension
979:Johann Böhm (historian)
812:Letters to a Young Poet
569:to settle in France as
287:Origins and recruitment
87:(south-western Romania)
2476:* (self-declared, 207)
2470:* (self-declared, 532)
2223:
1927:
1654:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1395:
1327:
1311:
1304:
1039:. Beta. Archived from
891:German-speaking Europe
731:Swabians in emigration
597:
439:
436:Paris Peace Conference
296:
106:, a local type of the
49:
2889:Danube-Swabian people
587:
433:
389:, founded earlier by
294:
129:Related ethnic groups
104:Banat Swabian dialect
2153:United Arab Emirates
1461:Transylvanian Saxons
618:German Reunification
579:Transylvanian Saxons
234:expelled to the West
211:Treaty of Versailles
1740:Central and Eastern
1644:Italy (South Tyrol)
855:, American engineer
755:Magyarized Swabians
702:records only 3,901
35:
27:German ethnic group
1885:Pennsylvania Dutch
1191:. 11 November 2019
945:on 4 February 1997
847:Johnny Weissmuller
807:Rainer Maria Rilke
803:Franz Xaver Kappus
761:Kingdom of Hungary
693:Hans-Ulrich Wehler
598:
525:Kingdom of Romania
440:
344:(barges) down the
297:
276:Kingdom of Hungary
187:Germans of Romania
171:Kingdom of Hungary
33:
2871:
2870:
2614:
2613:
2462:Megleno-Romanians
2240:
2239:
2211:
2210:
1748:
1747:
1548:Russian Mennonite
985:(Ippesheim 1993)
841:Anthony N. Michel
737:Landsmannschaften
704:Germans in Serbia
602:Nicolae Ceaușescu
571:Français du Banat
508:Banat (1941–1944)
458:Wall Street Crash
372:Français du Banat
215:Treaty of Trianon
213:of 1919, and the
191:Banat of Temeswar
159:
158:
148:
123:Roman Catholicism
111:
16:(Redirected from
2941:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2618:
2617:
2520:Immigrant groups
2267:
2260:
2253:
2244:
2243:
2228:
2179:Papua New Guinea
2017:Kapitaï and Koba
1983:Kapitaï and Koba
1932:
1810:Los Lagos Region
1792:British Columbia
1400:
1353:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1332:
1316:
1307:
1283:
1276:
1269:
1260:
1259:
1250:
1242:
1234:
1226:
1218:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1142:
1136:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1072:on 4 March 2009.
1071:
1060:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1025:on 4 March 2009.
1024:
1013:
1004:
993:
975:
969:
963:
954:
953:
951:
950:
941:. Archived from
935:
912:
853:Michael J. Wendl
791:Helmuth Duckadam
785:Geza von Cziffra
467:After 1933, the
462:Great Depression
391:Banat Bulgarians
342:Ulmer Schachteln
179:Southeast Europe
138:
101:
83:
66:
56:
50:Banater Schwaben
44:
36:
32:
21:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2851:
2730:
2670:
2650:
2645:
2615:
2610:
2599:
2514:
2491:
2430:
2289:
2276:
2271:
2241:
2236:
2207:
2157:
2079:
1937:
1804:Los Ríos Region
1744:
1728:
1692:
1617:Southern Europe
1612:
1586:North Schleswig
1569:Northern Europe
1564:
1427:
1368:Sudeten Germans
1335:
1292:
1287:
1248:
1240:
1232:
1224:
1216:
1210:
1205:
1204:
1194:
1192:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1166:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1133:Wayback Machine
1124:
1120:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1081:
1077:
1069:
1058:
1052:
1048:
1043:on 20 May 2009.
1035:
1034:
1030:
1022:
1011:
1005:
996:
976:
972:
964:
957:
948:
946:
937:
936:
927:
922:
909:
884:
787:, film director
781:
757:
733:
720:
659:
521:
516:
514:Life after 1944
428:
407:Pleven Province
399:Shumen Province
387:Vratsa Province
383:Bardarski Geran
330:Further Austria
306:Alsace-Lorraine
289:
251:Danube Swabians
246:
183:Danube Swabians
154:
145:Danube Swabians
108:Swabian dialect
100:
69:
57:
40:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2947:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2884:Banat Swabians
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2762:Ethnic Muslims
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2644:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2621:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2524:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2509:Dobrujan Arabs
2506:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2440:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2343:Crimean Tatars
2341:(divided into
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2299:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2284:
2282:
2281:Dominant group
2278:
2277:
2270:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2247:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2196:German Samoans
2193:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2176:
2171:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2009:
2008:
2007:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1953:
1947:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1919:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1807:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1758:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1724:United Kingdom
1721:
1716:
1706:
1700:
1698:
1697:Western Europe
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1591:Potato Germans
1588:
1578:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1526:North Caucasus
1523:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1468:
1463:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1441:
1435:
1433:
1432:Eastern Europe
1429:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1392:
1387:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1363:Czech Republic
1359:
1357:
1356:Central Europe
1350:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1313:Reichsdeutsche
1308:
1305:Bundesdeutsche
1300:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1243:
1235:
1227:
1219:
1209:
1208:External links
1206:
1203:
1202:
1176:
1164:Carpathia Club
1151:
1137:
1118:
1104:
1090:
1075:
1046:
1028:
994:
970:
955:
924:
923:
921:
918:
917:
916:
913:
907:
893:
888:
883:
880:
879:
878:
866:
856:
850:
844:
838:
828:
825:Nikolaus Lenau
822:
816:
800:
797:Werner Fricker
794:
788:
780:
777:
756:
753:
732:
729:
719:
716:
658:
655:
567:Robert Schuman
556:Bărăgan Steppe
520:
517:
515:
512:
477:Eastern Europe
473:ethnic Germans
427:
424:
419:Heim ins Reich
322:Middle Germany
302:Roman Catholic
288:
285:
264:Swabian Turkey
245:
242:
207:Banat Republic
181:, part of the
163:Banat Swabians
157:
156:
151:
150:
131:
130:
126:
125:
118:
117:
113:
112:
94:
93:
89:
88:
76:
75:
71:
70:
67:
59:
58:
34:Banat Swabians
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2946:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2659:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2637:
2635:
2630:
2628:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2511:(145 in 1850)
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2464:(1,200–2,000)
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2263:
2261:
2256:
2254:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2046:Dar es Salaam
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1931:
1930:
1929:Colonia Tovar
1925:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1880:United States
1878:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1576:Baltic states
1574:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1330:
1329:Volksdeutsche
1325:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1290:German people
1284:
1279:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1244:
1239:
1236:
1231:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1147:
1141:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1122:
1114:
1108:
1100:
1094:
1086:
1079:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1003:
1001:
999:
992:
991:3-928389-02-5
988:
984:
980:
974:
968:
962:
960:
944:
940:
934:
932:
930:
925:
914:
910:
908:954-9536-13-0
904:
900:
894:
892:
889:
886:
885:
876:
875:
870:
867:
864:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
813:
808:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
782:
776:
774:
773:Cécile Tormay
770:
766:
765:Franz Schmidt
762:
752:
748:
744:
742:
738:
728:
726:
715:
713:
709:
705:
701:
696:
694:
689:
687:
682:
680:
676:
672:
668:
663:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
622:
619:
614:
612:
608:
603:
595:
591:
586:
582:
580:
574:
572:
568:
564:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
536:
534:
530:
526:
511:
509:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
485:Eastern Front
482:
478:
474:
470:
465:
463:
459:
454:
452:
447:
445:
444:Magyarization
437:
432:
423:
421:
420:
415:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
379:Magyarisation
375:
373:
369:
364:
362:
361:Maria Theresa
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
293:
284:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
262:, Serbia, in
261:
257:
253:
252:
241:
239:
235:
231:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
167:ethnic German
164:
152:
146:
142:
139:most notably
136:
132:
127:
124:
119:
114:
109:
105:
99:
95:
90:
86:
82:
77:
72:
65:
60:
55:
51:
47:
43:
37:
19:
18:Banat Swabian
2747:Montenegrins
2656:
2594:Bangladeshis
2288:(16,792,868)
2024:South Africa
1474:
1397:Walddeutsche
1193:. Retrieved
1188:
1179:
1167:. Retrieved
1163:
1154:
1140:
1121:
1107:
1093:
1078:
1067:the original
1062:
1049:
1041:the original
1031:
1020:the original
1015:
982:
973:
947:. Retrieved
943:the original
898:
872:
831:Herta Müller
819:Stefan Jäger
810:
758:
749:
745:
736:
734:
721:
697:
690:
683:
664:
660:
646:
634:
626:
623:
615:
599:
588:Memorial in
575:
570:
560:
548:Soviet Union
537:
522:
505:
503:(Hatzfeld).
481:World War II
466:
455:
448:
441:
417:
411:
376:
371:
365:
358:
341:
333:
298:
249:
247:
230:World War II
227:
162:
160:
147:respectively
30:Ethnic group
2802:Belarusians
2752:Macedonians
2503:Circassians
2413:Macedonians
2305:(1,227,623)
2225:Ostsiedlung
2174:New Zealand
2148:Philippines
1990:Ivory Coast
1875:Puerto Rico
1828:El Salvador
1719:Netherlands
1673:Gottscheers
1473:(including
1423:Switzerland
1217:(in German)
869:Zita Johann
859:Stefan Hell
769:János Kádár
563:Yugoslavian
395:Tsarev Brod
308:, Austria,
2878:Categories
2832:Aromanians
2787:Ukrainians
2767:Bulgarians
2682:Hungarians
2570:Pakistanis
2474:Krashovani
2444:Aromanians
2365:Bulgarians
2349:) (20,282)
2315:Ukrainians
2303:Hungarians
2138:Kyrgyzstan
2128:Kazakhstan
2029:Afrikaners
1823:Costa Rica
1787:Hutterites
1649:Yugoslavia
1629:Azerbaijan
1538:Bessarabia
1297:Historical
949:2009-09-20
920:References
837:'s Romania
679:ghettoized
675:Montenegro
657:Yugoslavia
469:Nazi Party
318:Palatinate
316:, and the
228:Following
219:Yugoslavia
121:Primarily
102:(with the
2837:Armenians
2742:Yugoslavs
2719:Romanians
2697:Albanians
2663:Vojvodina
2558:Filipinos
2530:(177,000)
2419:Albanians
2407:Armenians
2311:(621,573)
2286:Romanians
2169:Australia
1922:Venezuela
1905:Palatines
1853:Nicaragua
1833:Guatemala
1762:Argentina
1543:Black Sea
1489:Satu Mare
1449:Black Sea
1320:Palatines
874:The Mummy
835:Ceaușescu
821:, painter
708:Vojvodina
639:Timișoara
631:Timișoara
600:In 1965,
596:, Romania
590:Karlsruhe
552:displaced
489:Wehrmacht
451:Timișoara
314:Franconia
272:Satu Mare
260:Vojvodina
92:Languages
42:‹See Tfd›
2859:See also
2772:Bunjevci
2757:Russians
2687:Bosniaks
2588:Mexicans
2576:Iranians
2564:Africans
2480:Slovenes
2468:Székelys
2446:(26,500)
2389:Italians
2361:(13,654)
2355:(18,076)
2335:(23,487)
2333:Lipovans
2329:(27,698)
2323:(36,042)
2317:(50,920)
2216:See also
2143:Pakistan
2051:Zanzibar
2041:Bagamoyo
2036:Tanzania
1956:Cameroon
1890:Nebraska
1858:Paraguay
1818:Colombia
1754:Americas
1686:Bosporus
1669:Slovenia
1634:Bulgaria
1494:Bukovina
1479:Highland
1466:Landlers
1411:Slovakia
1341:Diaspora
1129:Archived
1087:. Danas.
827:, writer
712:Novi Sad
686:Knićanin
544:deported
533:Red Army
501:Jimbolia
403:Gostilya
368:Lorraine
354:Belgrade
350:Budapest
334:Swabians
280:Austrian
268:Slavonia
141:Swabians
116:Religion
2842:Chinese
2792:Germans
2709:Slovaks
2554:(1,000)
2552:Indians
2548:(2,243)
2546:Chinese
2542:(2,384)
2540:Afghans
2536:(5,000)
2456:Csángós
2450:Hutsuls
2415:(1,264)
2409:(1,361)
2403:(2,477)
2397:(2,543)
2391:(3,203)
2385:(3,271)
2379:(3,668)
2373:(5,408)
2367:(7,336)
2359:Slovaks
2321:Germans
2162:Oceania
2106:Tianjin
2101:Qingdao
2096:Beijing
2063:Baguida
2012:Senegal
2000:Nigeria
1995:Namibia
1966:Yaoundé
1917:Uruguay
1910:by city
1843:Jamaica
1772:Bolivia
1704:Belgium
1659:Croatia
1639:Georgia
1624:Armenia
1603:Finland
1581:Denmark
1558:Galicia
1533:Ukraine
1499:Dobruja
1456:Romania
1444:Moldova
1439:Belarus
1404:Galicia
1390:Olęders
1385:Vistula
1375:Hungary
1195:16 July
1169:16 July
882:Sources
725:Magyars
723:become
718:Hungary
554:to the
519:Romania
438:in 1920
326:Swabian
310:Bavaria
203:Swabian
175:Central
165:are an
135:Germans
2934:Swabia
2817:Greeks
2797:Czechs
2782:Gorani
2777:Rusyns
2724:Vlachs
2714:Croats
2702:Kosovo
2692:Romani
2667:Kosovo
2486:Gagauz
2425:Rusyns
2401:Czechs
2377:Greeks
2371:Croats
2347:Nogais
2339:Tatars
2309:Romani
2189:Rabaul
2184:Kokopo
2118:Israel
1978:Guinea
1961:Douala
1951:Angola
1943:Africa
1868:Pozuzo
1848:Mexico
1782:Canada
1777:Brazil
1767:Belize
1709:France
1681:Turkey
1664:Serbia
1608:Sweden
1598:Norway
1553:Crimea
1516:Russia
1509:Zipser
1483:Walser
1481:, and
1471:Danube
1416:Zipser
1380:Poland
1349:Europe
989:
905:
815:(1929)
779:People
741:Vienna
739:). In
667:Bosnia
607:bounty
540:Stalin
529:Allies
414:Hitler
346:Danube
278:under
223:Szeged
98:German
46:German
2899:Banat
2847:Arabs
2827:Šokci
2822:Turks
2812:Poles
2658:Serbs
2596:(100)
2590:(224)
2584:(500)
2582:Kurds
2578:(610)
2572:(700)
2566:(700)
2560:(800)
2534:Arabs
2482:(175)
2427:(262)
2421:(520)
2395:Poles
2353:Serbs
2327:Turks
2133:Korea
2123:Japan
2113:India
2091:China
2005:Lagos
1973:Ghana
1900:Omaha
1895:Texas
1838:Haiti
1799:Chile
1521:Volga
1504:Regat
1475:Banat
1070:(PDF)
1059:(PDF)
1023:(PDF)
1012:(PDF)
611:marks
594:Biled
256:Bačka
85:Banat
2807:Jews
2383:Jews
2345:and
2201:Apia
2084:Asia
2073:Lomé
2068:Sebe
2058:Togo
1863:Peru
1197:2023
1171:2023
987:ISBN
967:2001
903:ISBN
698:The
673:and
671:Lika
643:Arad
641:and
523:The
185:and
161:The
143:and
2488:(5)
653:).
475:of
416:'s
352:or
348:to
338:Ulm
258:in
173:in
2880::
2665:,
1477:,
1187:.
1162:.
1061:.
1014:.
997:^
981:,
958:^
928:^
669:,
573:.
497:SS
409:.
405:,
397:,
385:,
312:,
149:)
48::
2669:)
2661:(
2640:e
2633:t
2626:v
2266:e
2259:t
2252:v
1715:)
1711:(
1675:)
1671:(
1485:)
1282:e
1275:t
1268:v
1199:.
1173:.
1148:.
977:*
952:.
911:.
877:)
649:(
633:(
177:-
137:(
110:)
20:)
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