281:
677:(formerly Rudolfsgnad), where an estimated 11,000 to 12,500 Swabians died. The situation improved in 1947, when foreign humanitarian aid reached the camps, and their work routines were loosened. The camp system was closed in March 1948, with the surviving inmates being conscripted for forced labor in the army or industry. Their flight also was usually tolerated. By the end of the 1950s, about 300,000 Yugoslav Swabians had managed to emigrate to Western countries, including the United States.
43:
574:
352:, they received financial support and long-term tax relief. Many of the earliest immigrants never married, since few German women traveled among them. Craftsmen were financially encouraged, as were teachers, doctors, and other professionals. Over the decades and more, the German spoken by these colonists became separate from that developing in Germany, particularly after its unification. It became known as Donau-Swabian, an archaic form of the language.
53:
651:
Near the end of the war, all
Swabians who were suspected of having been involved with the Nazi military administration were placed in provisional internment camps. Many were tortured, and at least 5,800 were killed. Others were used as forced labor. After Christmas in 1944, about 30,000 younger people, mostly women, were transferred to labor camps in the Soviet Union by train, escorted by communist partisans.
70:
420:
752:, Germans, Swabians and Saxons (Lutheran Germans) have mixed blood with the Magyars. About one grandparent of a Magyar today is of German origin; centuries ago it seemed to be more the rule than the exception. Borders are blurred, and famous individuals claim these two ethnicities, or even more sometimes. For example, composer
703:, having gained the required 3,000 voter signatures. The president, Andreas Biegermeier, stated the council would focus on property restitution, as well as marking mass graves and camp sites. He estimated the total number of remaining Danube Swabians in Serbia and their descendants as between 5,000 and 8,000.
609:
in 1990, almost all the remaining Banat
Germans in Romania left for Germany. As a consequence, the ethnic German population in Romania is greatly reduced. Some are returning, generally entrepreneurs with economic ambitions supported by the German non-returnable grants for development projects outside
565:
In the 1960s, however, the political atmosphere relaxed. The policy of disfranchising and dispossessing alleged Nazi collaborators within the German-speaking minority ended. Banat
Swabians were extended the full rights of Romanian citizenship. Nevertheless, many Banat Swabians chose to use the looser
288:
Immigrants were encouraged to settle in the Banat by the
Austrian emperors in the 18th century to repopulate a frontier province bordering the Turkish empire, and to add ethnic European Christians to the population of the newly occupied region. The Germans were offered free land and the privilege of
650:
While the
Swabians from other areas of Yugoslavia escaped or were expelled, the destiny of Banat and Bačka Swabians was much less fortunate. Due to the high level of military conscription, mostly women, children and elderly people remained in the villages, and they were unwilling or unable to flee.
711:
In
Hungary fewer than 62,000 Danube Swabians remain, but they do have political representation. Expulsion of the Swabian minority from Hungary by the communist government, dictated by Soviet Union, took place between 1945 and 1948. As a result, many have assimilated and changed their ethnicity to
613:
Of the 750,000 ethnic
Germans who once lived in Romania, less than one-tenth of that number remain today. Only in cities with large populations is there still a functioning German cultural life, usually aided by uninterrupted Romanian State subsidies and help from ethnic Romanians. Still, the
570:, who had lived in the region since the Middle Ages, made a similar decision. Even though the Swabian families of the Danube and Banat Swabians had lived there for ten generations or more, and their cultures had developed quite differently from Germany's, they no longer felt safe.
602:(depending on age and education) for a permanent emigration visa. Still, thousands of Banat Swabians left each year into the 1980s. An economic crisis of the communist state, as well as a rumor concerning a village destruction project, caused some 200,000 to flee Romania.
684:, later supported by German emigrant organizations, at least 7,200 Swabians were executed by the Partisans, about 2,000 deported to the Soviet Union, and roughly 48,000 died in labor camps. About 16.8% of the Swabians in Yugoslavia died during and after the war.
539:, where thousands of them died. Those who remained had their land confiscated and lost ownership of their homes (partially returned during the 1950s), while those who fled also lost their citizenship. In 1951 more than a thousand Banat Swabians were
955:
Smaranda Vultur, De l'Ouest à l'Est et de l'Est à l'Ouest : les avatars identitaires des Français du Banat, Texte presenté a la conférence d'histoire orale "Visibles mais pas nombreuses : les circulations migratoires roumaines", Paris,
593:
came to power in
Romania. At first he opened the country to the West, but by the end of the 1970s, he had become ultra-nationalistic and an opponent of all ethnic minorities. Under his rule, any Banat Swabian who chose to emigrate had to pay a
735:
Banat
Swabians in the United States, whose ancestors emigrated beginning in the 1950s, have also formed community associations, including one in the New York metropolitan area, one in the Detroit area, and one in the Cincinnati area.
271:
rule, when the Crown recruited German immigrants, particularly farmers. It wanted to repopulate the lands newly recovered from
Turkish occupation and to revive agriculture in an area that had been frequently overrun by war.
634:, there are German-language primary and secondary schools, attended mostly by Romanian students. The remaining ethnic Germans (including Banat Swabians) in Romania are represented in politics by the DFDR or
739:
Others have created online communities like Donauschwaben Villages Helping Hands which is a non-profit to keep the Danube Swabian legacy alive and to connect families and relatives with their ancestry.
382:. Their number eventually exceeded 90 families. In 1929 they built a separate Roman Catholic church after disagreements with Bulgarian Catholics. Some of these German-speaking families later moved to
30:
431:
The collapse of the Austro-Hungarian rule and its replacement by Romanian rule over the Banat after World War I had some benefits. In the late 19th century, Hungary had undergone a period of rapid
442:, and across Banat, German-language newspapers were established. In 1921 a cultural association called the "Verband der Deutschen in Rumaenien" (Union of Germans in Romania) was founded.
438:
Under Romanian rule, Banat Swabians could have German-language schools again for the first time since 1868. Banat Swabian culture flourished. A German-language theatre operated in
610:
Germany. Some former Banat Swabians now have a renewed desire to return to their long-time home, but most had to sell their property when they left and have no home to return to.
2167:
1707:
1521:
1504:
484:, fearing there would be sanctions against their families if they refused. After August 1941 Nazi Germany instituted involuntary conscription of Banat Swabians into the
1728:
724:
The Banat Swabians who emigrated to Germany are generally well integrated into the society in which they live. They keep contact through cultural organisations (
547:
of southeast Romania, where they founded new villages. Almost all were finally allowed to return home in 1956, but some were kept interned by force until 1963.
1944:
2000:
532:
2024:
1988:
1586:
732:
and in southern Germany, where most Banat Swabians now live, some maintain their customs and dialect, and offer support to those who remain in Romania.
2253:
1961:
2627:
2046:
1978:
1966:
1025:
2184:
2220:
1073:
481:
495:
Banat Swabians who served in the Prinz Eugen Division gained notoriety because of the division's war crimes against Jews and Serbs during the
1117:
1780:
488:. Towards the end of the war, some Banat Swabians openly opposed the Nazis, who in retaliation publicly executed a group of them in
2902:
520:
on 23 August 1944. Overnight, all Banat Swabians in Romania became regarded as potential enemies of the state. The approach of the
370:
policies of the nationalistic Hungarian State, some Banat Swabians began to move to Bulgaria, where they settled in the village of
222:
435:, during which it attempted to assimilate all of its minorities. Schools were required to teach only in the Hungarian language.
2897:
2246:
639:
2620:
1898:
293:
immigrants, as were the Italian and the Spanish colonists who had come to the region. Most of the German settlers came from
2596:* = Subgroups of officially recognized ethnicities that are not treated by the Romanian authorities as separate minorities.
2136:
1692:
1234:
670:
in "village camps", later described as "extermination camps" by the survivors, where the death rate ranged as high as 50%.
453:
in the 1930s hit the Banat hard. Many Swabians left to work in Argentina, Brazil, and the United States, never to return.
206:
of 1920. The greater part was annexed by Romania, a smaller part by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (since 1929
2912:
2141:
1742:
1701:
348:
The colonists were generally the younger sons of poor farming families, who saw little chance of success at home. Under
2907:
2882:
927:
183:
2892:
2239:
2111:
1863:
1411:
1269:
979:
895:
2917:
2613:
2283:
822:, poet, novelist and recipient of the 2009 Nobel Prize in Literature; her books deal with the lives of Swabians in
782:, football goalkeeper, winner of European Cup and current record holder for most penalty kicks saved in a shootout
310:
226:
1044:
997:
2877:
2371:
2106:
566:
conditions to emigrate to Germany, since they no longer trusted Romania's communist government's promises. The
1226:
480:, without having to give up their Romanian citizenship. Initially, some were virtually forced to serve in the
2851:
2795:
1931:
1811:
1712:
1351:
688:
554:
Banat managed to flee to Germany in the immediate postwar years. Others were helped by French Prime Minister
473:
424:
1087:
237:
The Banat colonists are often grouped with other German-speaking ethnic groups in the area under the name
1029:
1888:
1569:
967:
1760:
1368:
540:
954:
876:
The information in this article is based on and translated from that found in its German equivalent.
2830:
2297:
2262:
904:
Tiberiu Schatteles, Evreii din Timișoara în perspectiva istorică, Editura "Hasefer" București, 2013
851:
753:
401:
Between 1941 and 1943, 2,150 ethnic German Bulgarian citizens were relocated to Germany as part of
349:
1114:
2872:
2770:
2680:
2636:
2582:
2012:
1574:
800:
666:— took over the confiscated Swabian farms and houses. In March 1945, the surviving Swabians were
1052:
The Expulsion of the 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War
1005:
The Expulsion of the 'German' Communities from Eastern Europe at the End of the Second World War
888:
Banatskite bǎlgari: istorijata na edna malcinstvena obštnost vǎv vremeto na nacionalnite dǎržavi
2750:
2735:
2508:
2491:
2401:
1632:
1467:
1454:
879:
517:
187:
390:
along with a handful of Banat Bulgarian families who went to another Banat Bulgarian village,
2790:
2740:
2432:
2424:
2353:
2303:
2291:
2162:
1642:
1637:
1617:
1262:
862:
496:
92:
2820:
2775:
2755:
2670:
2516:
2407:
2395:
1755:
1449:
654:
In the framework of agricultural reform, partisan families - mainly migrants from war-torn
606:
567:
325:, but it is probably because the majority registered and embarked from the Swabian city of
199:
1134:
590:
8:
2825:
2730:
2707:
2690:
2685:
2564:
2377:
2131:
1846:
1657:
1622:
356:
2005:
1971:
757:
499:
period. They became alienated and were distrusted by their non-Banat Swabian neighbors.
2745:
2675:
2651:
2534:
2347:
2309:
2157:
2126:
2116:
1910:
1873:
1831:
1647:
1591:
1526:
1477:
1444:
1432:
1427:
1399:
1363:
835:
795:
791:
749:
681:
544:
513:
264:
175:
159:
1792:
2780:
2697:
2450:
2413:
2389:
2365:
2359:
2327:
1905:
1841:
1821:
1816:
1765:
1750:
1697:
1669:
1652:
1596:
1536:
1531:
1437:
1101:
975:
891:
829:
692:
446:
411:
policy. These included 164 Banat Swabians from Bardarski Geran and 33 from Gostilya.
306:
203:
179:
2805:
2785:
2765:
2712:
2702:
2570:
2522:
2383:
2341:
2315:
2121:
2101:
2079:
1983:
1893:
1878:
1868:
1851:
1806:
1798:
1770:
1674:
1627:
1612:
1546:
1514:
1487:
1482:
1392:
1255:
841:
779:
773:
527:
By January 1945, Romania was completely under Soviet control. Early in 1945, under
450:
379:
229:
and its republics many of those remaining left for economic and emotional reasons.
167:
761:
2922:
2835:
2810:
2800:
2655:
2528:
1939:
1836:
1826:
1787:
1459:
1373:
1356:
1329:
1121:
595:
395:
387:
375:
371:
318:
294:
268:
239:
171:
133:
111:
86:
34:
819:
807:
764:, author had a father, originally named Spiegel, with mostly Swabian ancestors.
472:, many ethnic Germans were conscripted into the Romanian Army and served on the
2887:
2331:
1579:
1564:
1541:
1497:
1404:
1301:
813:
785:
699:. In December 2007 the remaining Swabians formed their own minority council in
626:), subsidized by the Romanian government, produces permanent theatre shows. In
555:
465:
407:
290:
252:
195:
163:
96:
2866:
2552:
2540:
2474:
2034:
1917:
1509:
1492:
1471:
1317:
631:
528:
461:
432:
367:
284:
Traditionally German (Saxon or Swabian) territories in Banat and Transylvania
476:. After 1943, a German-Romanian treaty allowed them to serve instead in the
280:
178:. They emigrated in the 18th century to what was then the Austrian Empire's
2444:
2231:
1883:
1385:
573:
536:
469:
402:
218:
2605:
2497:
1202:
823:
627:
619:
439:
42:
2213:
1661:
1124:
The category "Germans" includes mostly, but not only, the Danube Swabians
857:
847:
599:
383:
2456:
931:
838:(born Johann Weißmüller), American actor; Olympic swimming gold medalist
674:
355:
Those who came from French-speaking or linguistically mixed communes in
2558:
2462:
2017:
663:
551:
457:
207:
57:
The coat of arms of the Banat Swabians (as part of the Danube Swabians)
1954:
1378:
524:
caused a flood of refugees to flee to the safety of Hitler's Germany.
2546:
2274:
1775:
1308:
1055:
1008:
928:""History of German Settlements in Southern Hungary" by Sue Clarkson"
696:
578:
477:
302:
260:
248:
2760:
2576:
2468:
2321:
2039:
2029:
700:
521:
489:
391:
342:
338:
256:
191:
129:
2815:
363:), as well as a separate ethnic identity for several generations.
244:
2438:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2051:
1278:
1042:
995:
713:
298:
225:
by the Soviet Union and its subsidiaries, and after 1990 and the
155:
123:
2061:
1247:
1148:
52:
2335:
2177:
2172:
1949:
1856:
1045:"The Expulsion of the German-Speaking Minority from Yugoslavia"
998:"The Expulsion of the German-Speaking Minority from Yugoslavia"
854:"for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy"
729:
680:
According to a study conducted in 1961 by the German historian
667:
655:
334:
314:
211:
1218:
1173:
972:
Die Deutschen in Rumänien und die Weimarer Republik 1919-1933,
886:
Nyagulov, Blagovest (1999). "Banatskite bǎlgari v Bǎlgarija".
2646:
1993:
1210:
1054:. European University Institute, Florence: 56. Archived from
1007:. European University Institute, Florence: 55. Archived from
582:
73:
618:
is a thriving weekly paper, and the German State Theater in
69:
2189:
2056:
760:
had a father (Kreisinger) who had mostly German ancestors.
659:
289:
keeping their language and religion. The Crown was seeking
186:, a province which had been left sparsely populated by the
1026:"Vojvodina Germans Seek Moral and Cultural Rehabilitation"
423:
Republic of Banatia, proposed by Banatian Swabians at the
419:
321:. It is unclear how the group came to be called the Banat
243:. Besides the Banat, these groups lived in nearby western
359:
maintained the French language (labelled Banat French or
326:
194:
minority worked to establish an independent multi-ethnic
485:
1242:
788:, President, United States Soccer Federation 1986–1990
1227:
Cultural minorities in Romania: the Danube Swabians
445:Economically, however, things did not go well. The
345:, whence they set off on foot for their new homes.
756:appears to be Austro-German, but was 3/4-Magyar.
716:in Hungary as well as in Yugoslavia and Romania.
2864:
1102:"Nemci traže da im država vrati oduzetu imovinu"
531:'s orders, many Banat Swabians were expelled or
232:
1235:Cultural minorities in Romania: the 'Austrians'
2494:(approximately 10,000 in the mid-19th century)
1043:Sretenovic, Stanislav & Prauser, Steffen.
996:Sretenovic, Stanislav & Prauser, Steffen.
636:Demokratisches Forum der Deutschen in Rumänien
482:7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen
2621:
2247:
1915:
1263:
1071:
794:(1883–1966), writer, poet, newspaper editor;
550:Some Swabian families from both Romanian and
2261:
2211:
1383:
1315:
1299:
1292:
1074:"Zajednica brojnija nego što pokazuje popis"
950:
948:
922:
920:
918:
2635:
2221:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)
516:, formerly Nazi Germany's ally, joined the
449:and the subsequent financial crises of the
414:
313:. However, comparatively few came from the
198:; however, the province was divided by the
144:Native to south-western present-day Romania
2628:
2614:
2254:
2240:
1270:
1256:
1214:(in English, Romanian, French, and German)
275:
263:, Romania. All of these areas were in the
51:
41:
945:
915:
719:
190:. At the end of World War I in 1918, the
1203:Landmannschaft der Banater Schwaben e.V.
885:
695:, 3,154 of whom were in the province of
572:
418:
279:
1801:(including German, Swiss and Austrians)
1795:(including German, Swiss and Austrians)
1149:"Cultural Club Soccer Sterling Heights"
1115:Hungarian census by ethnic groups, 2001
991:
989:
987:
468:, including the Banat Swabians. During
2865:
743:
640:Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania
2609:
2235:
1251:
798:answered his request for advice with
1243:Donauschwaben Villages Helping Hands
984:
366:Beginning with 1893, because of the
63:Regions with significant populations
2517:Citizens of the Republic of Moldova
1104:. Građanski List. 16 December 2007.
605:After Ceaușescu's fall in 1989 and
255:(present-day southern Hungary), in
13:
1222:(in English, Romanian, and German)
1072:Laloš, Vesela (5 September 2007).
890:(in Bulgarian). Sofia: Paradigma.
581:, Germany, for re-immigrants from
502:
317:regions of what was then known as
14:
2934:
1277:
1196:
1088:"Nemci osnivaju nacionalni savet"
309:. A small group can be traced to
2284:Officially recognised minorities
624:Deutsches Staatstheater Temeswar
460:gained some influence among the
259:, (present-day Croatia), and in
182:province, later included in the
68:
2903:Ethnic German groups in Romania
1166:
1141:
1127:
1108:
1090:. Glas Javnosti. 27 March 2007.
832:, American engineering educator
748:Today and centuries ago in the
673:The most notorious camp was at
329:. They were transported on the
1094:
1080:
1065:
1036:
1018:
960:
1:
2898:Ethnic groups in Transylvania
2852:Demographic history of Serbia
908:
860:, Austrian-American actress (
645:
535:to forced labor camps in the
233:Banat and the Danube Swabians
188:wars with the Ottoman Empire
884:Banat Swabians in Bulgaria:
210:) and a small region around
28:
7:
1702:Alsatians and Lotharingians
850:, co-recipient of the 2014
616:Allgemeine Deutsche Zeitung
184:Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary
10:
2939:
2913:Ethnic groups in Vojvodina
1174:"Cincinnati Donauschwaben"
870:
706:
507:
214:remained part of Hungary.
2908:Ethnic groups in Bulgaria
2883:German diaspora in Europe
2844:
2724:Smaller ethnic minorities
2723:
2663:
2643:
2592:
2507:
2484:
2425:Non-recognized minorities
2423:
2282:
2269:
2204:
2150:
2072:
1930:
1741:
1721:
1685:
1605:
1557:
1420:
1344:
1337:
1328:
1285:
1238:(in Romanian and English)
1230:(in Romanian and English)
1219:Danube Swabians Resources
1211:Family Books of the Banat
1120:27 September 2007 at the
767:
221:most Banat Swabians were
158:population in the former
142:
122:
117:
109:
104:
85:
80:
67:
62:
50:
27:
2893:Ethnic groups in Hungary
2664:Larger ethnic minorities
2485:Historical ethnic groups
2447:* (self-declared, 1,536)
2441:* (self-declared, 3,890)
2263:Ethnic groups in Romania
1178:Cincinnati Donauschwaben
1135:"New York Donauschwaben"
852:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
689:Serbian census from 2002
598:of more than a thousand
415:Banat Swabians 1920–1944
227:fall of the Soviet Union
2918:Ethnic groups in Serbia
2637:Ethnic groups in Serbia
1722:Multinational dimension
968:Johann Böhm (historian)
801:Letters to a Young Poet
558:to settle in France as
276:Origins and recruitment
76:(south-western Romania)
2465:* (self-declared, 207)
2459:* (self-declared, 532)
2212:
1916:
1643:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1384:
1316:
1300:
1293:
1028:. Beta. Archived from
880:German-speaking Europe
720:Swabians in emigration
586:
428:
425:Paris Peace Conference
285:
95:, a local type of the
38:
2878:Danube-Swabian people
576:
422:
378:, founded earlier by
283:
118:Related ethnic groups
93:Banat Swabian dialect
2142:United Arab Emirates
1450:Transylvanian Saxons
607:German Reunification
568:Transylvanian Saxons
223:expelled to the West
200:Treaty of Versailles
1729:Central and Eastern
1633:Italy (South Tyrol)
844:, American engineer
744:Magyarized Swabians
691:records only 3,901
24:
16:German ethnic group
1874:Pennsylvania Dutch
1180:. 11 November 2019
934:on 4 February 1997
836:Johnny Weissmuller
796:Rainer Maria Rilke
792:Franz Xaver Kappus
750:Kingdom of Hungary
682:Hans-Ulrich Wehler
587:
514:Kingdom of Romania
429:
333:(barges) down the
286:
265:Kingdom of Hungary
176:Germans of Romania
160:Kingdom of Hungary
22:
2860:
2859:
2603:
2602:
2451:Megleno-Romanians
2229:
2228:
2200:
2199:
1737:
1736:
1537:Russian Mennonite
974:(Ippesheim 1993)
830:Anthony N. Michel
726:Landsmannschaften
693:Germans in Serbia
591:Nicolae Ceaușescu
560:Français du Banat
497:Banat (1941–1944)
447:Wall Street Crash
361:Français du Banat
204:Treaty of Trianon
202:of 1919, and the
180:Banat of Temeswar
148:
147:
137:
112:Roman Catholicism
100:
2930:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2607:
2606:
2509:Immigrant groups
2256:
2249:
2242:
2233:
2232:
2217:
2168:Papua New Guinea
2006:Kapitaï and Koba
1972:Kapitaï and Koba
1921:
1799:Los Lagos Region
1781:British Columbia
1389:
1342:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1321:
1305:
1296:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1249:
1248:
1239:
1231:
1223:
1215:
1207:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1131:
1125:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1061:on 4 March 2009.
1060:
1049:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1014:on 4 March 2009.
1013:
1002:
993:
982:
964:
958:
952:
943:
942:
940:
939:
930:. Archived from
924:
901:
842:Michael J. Wendl
780:Helmuth Duckadam
774:Geza von Cziffra
456:After 1933, the
451:Great Depression
380:Banat Bulgarians
331:Ulmer Schachteln
168:Southeast Europe
127:
90:
72:
55:
45:
39:Banater Schwaben
33:
25:
21:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2840:
2719:
2659:
2639:
2634:
2604:
2599:
2588:
2503:
2480:
2419:
2278:
2265:
2260:
2230:
2225:
2196:
2146:
2068:
1926:
1793:Los Ríos Region
1733:
1717:
1681:
1606:Southern Europe
1601:
1575:North Schleswig
1558:Northern Europe
1553:
1416:
1357:Sudeten Germans
1324:
1281:
1276:
1237:
1229:
1221:
1213:
1205:
1199:
1194:
1193:
1183:
1181:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1155:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1122:Wayback Machine
1113:
1109:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1070:
1066:
1058:
1047:
1041:
1037:
1032:on 20 May 2009.
1024:
1023:
1019:
1011:
1000:
994:
985:
965:
961:
953:
946:
937:
935:
926:
925:
916:
911:
898:
873:
776:, film director
770:
746:
722:
709:
648:
510:
505:
503:Life after 1944
417:
396:Pleven Province
388:Shumen Province
376:Vratsa Province
372:Bardarski Geran
319:Further Austria
295:Alsace-Lorraine
278:
240:Danube Swabians
235:
172:Danube Swabians
143:
134:Danube Swabians
97:Swabian dialect
89:
58:
46:
29:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2936:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2873:Banat Swabians
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2751:Ethnic Muslims
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2633:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2610:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2513:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2498:Dobrujan Arabs
2495:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2429:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2332:Crimean Tatars
2330:(divided into
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2288:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2273:
2271:
2270:Dominant group
2267:
2266:
2259:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2236:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2185:German Samoans
2182:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2010:
2009:
2008:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1964:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1908:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1866:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1796:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1747:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1713:United Kingdom
1710:
1705:
1695:
1689:
1687:
1686:Western Europe
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1580:Potato Germans
1577:
1567:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1515:North Caucasus
1512:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1457:
1452:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1430:
1424:
1422:
1421:Eastern Europe
1418:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1381:
1376:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1352:Czech Republic
1348:
1346:
1345:Central Europe
1339:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1302:Reichsdeutsche
1297:
1294:Bundesdeutsche
1289:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1232:
1224:
1216:
1208:
1198:
1197:External links
1195:
1192:
1191:
1165:
1153:Carpathia Club
1140:
1126:
1107:
1093:
1079:
1064:
1035:
1017:
983:
959:
944:
913:
912:
910:
907:
906:
905:
902:
896:
882:
877:
872:
869:
868:
867:
855:
845:
839:
833:
827:
817:
814:Nikolaus Lenau
811:
805:
789:
786:Werner Fricker
783:
777:
769:
766:
745:
742:
721:
718:
708:
705:
647:
644:
556:Robert Schuman
545:Bărăgan Steppe
509:
506:
504:
501:
466:Eastern Europe
462:ethnic Germans
416:
413:
408:Heim ins Reich
311:Middle Germany
291:Roman Catholic
277:
274:
253:Swabian Turkey
234:
231:
196:Banat Republic
170:, part of the
152:Banat Swabians
146:
145:
140:
139:
120:
119:
115:
114:
107:
106:
102:
101:
83:
82:
78:
77:
65:
64:
60:
59:
56:
48:
47:
23:Banat Swabians
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2935:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
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2824:
2822:
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2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
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2653:
2649:
2648:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2626:
2624:
2619:
2617:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2595:
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2591:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
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2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2500:(145 in 1850)
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2453:(1,200–2,000)
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2412:
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2397:
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2385:
2382:
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2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2252:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2035:Dar es Salaam
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1920:
1919:
1918:Colonia Tovar
1914:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1869:United States
1867:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1772:
1769:
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1764:
1762:
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1744:
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1730:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
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1644:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1565:Baltic states
1563:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1319:
1318:Volksdeutsche
1314:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1279:German people
1273:
1268:
1266:
1261:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1236:
1233:
1228:
1225:
1220:
1217:
1212:
1209:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1136:
1130:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1111:
1103:
1097:
1089:
1083:
1075:
1068:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1010:
1006:
999:
992:
990:
988:
981:
980:3-928389-02-5
977:
973:
969:
963:
957:
951:
949:
933:
929:
923:
921:
919:
914:
903:
899:
897:954-9536-13-0
893:
889:
883:
881:
878:
875:
874:
865:
864:
859:
856:
853:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
802:
797:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
771:
765:
763:
762:Cécile Tormay
759:
755:
754:Franz Schmidt
751:
741:
737:
733:
731:
727:
717:
715:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
685:
683:
678:
676:
671:
669:
665:
661:
657:
652:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
611:
608:
603:
601:
597:
592:
584:
580:
575:
571:
569:
563:
561:
557:
553:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
525:
523:
519:
515:
500:
498:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
474:Eastern Front
471:
467:
463:
459:
454:
452:
448:
443:
441:
436:
434:
433:Magyarization
426:
421:
412:
410:
409:
404:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
368:Magyarisation
364:
362:
358:
353:
351:
350:Maria Theresa
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
282:
273:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
251:, Serbia, in
250:
246:
242:
241:
230:
228:
224:
220:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
156:ethnic German
153:
141:
135:
131:
128:most notably
125:
121:
116:
113:
108:
103:
98:
94:
88:
84:
79:
75:
71:
66:
61:
54:
49:
44:
40:
36:
32:
26:
2736:Montenegrins
2645:
2583:Bangladeshis
2277:(16,792,868)
2013:South Africa
1463:
1386:Walddeutsche
1182:. Retrieved
1177:
1168:
1156:. Retrieved
1152:
1143:
1129:
1110:
1096:
1082:
1067:
1056:the original
1051:
1038:
1030:the original
1020:
1009:the original
1004:
971:
962:
936:. Retrieved
932:the original
887:
861:
820:Herta Müller
808:Stefan Jäger
799:
747:
738:
734:
725:
723:
710:
686:
679:
672:
653:
649:
635:
623:
615:
612:
604:
588:
577:Memorial in
564:
559:
549:
537:Soviet Union
526:
511:
494:
492:(Hatzfeld).
470:World War II
455:
444:
437:
430:
406:
400:
365:
360:
354:
347:
330:
322:
287:
238:
236:
219:World War II
216:
151:
149:
136:respectively
19:Ethnic group
2791:Belarusians
2741:Macedonians
2492:Circassians
2402:Macedonians
2294:(1,227,623)
2214:Ostsiedlung
2163:New Zealand
2137:Philippines
1979:Ivory Coast
1864:Puerto Rico
1817:El Salvador
1708:Netherlands
1662:Gottscheers
1462:(including
1412:Switzerland
1206:(in German)
858:Zita Johann
848:Stefan Hell
758:János Kádár
552:Yugoslavian
384:Tsarev Brod
297:, Austria,
2867:Categories
2821:Aromanians
2776:Ukrainians
2756:Bulgarians
2671:Hungarians
2559:Pakistanis
2463:Krashovani
2433:Aromanians
2354:Bulgarians
2338:) (20,282)
2304:Ukrainians
2292:Hungarians
2127:Kyrgyzstan
2117:Kazakhstan
2018:Afrikaners
1812:Costa Rica
1776:Hutterites
1638:Yugoslavia
1618:Azerbaijan
1527:Bessarabia
1286:Historical
938:2009-09-20
909:References
826:'s Romania
668:ghettoized
664:Montenegro
646:Yugoslavia
458:Nazi Party
307:Palatinate
305:, and the
217:Following
208:Yugoslavia
110:Primarily
91:(with the
2826:Armenians
2731:Yugoslavs
2708:Romanians
2686:Albanians
2652:Vojvodina
2547:Filipinos
2519:(177,000)
2408:Albanians
2396:Armenians
2300:(621,573)
2275:Romanians
2158:Australia
1911:Venezuela
1894:Palatines
1842:Nicaragua
1822:Guatemala
1751:Argentina
1532:Black Sea
1478:Satu Mare
1438:Black Sea
1309:Palatines
863:The Mummy
824:Ceaușescu
810:, painter
697:Vojvodina
628:Timișoara
620:Timișoara
589:In 1965,
585:, Romania
579:Karlsruhe
541:displaced
478:Wehrmacht
440:Timișoara
303:Franconia
261:Satu Mare
249:Vojvodina
81:Languages
31:‹See Tfd›
2848:See also
2761:Bunjevci
2746:Russians
2676:Bosniaks
2577:Mexicans
2565:Iranians
2553:Africans
2469:Slovenes
2457:Székelys
2435:(26,500)
2378:Italians
2350:(13,654)
2344:(18,076)
2324:(23,487)
2322:Lipovans
2318:(27,698)
2312:(36,042)
2306:(50,920)
2205:See also
2132:Pakistan
2040:Zanzibar
2030:Bagamoyo
2025:Tanzania
1945:Cameroon
1879:Nebraska
1847:Paraguay
1807:Colombia
1743:Americas
1675:Bosporus
1658:Slovenia
1623:Bulgaria
1483:Bukovina
1468:Highland
1455:Landlers
1400:Slovakia
1330:Diaspora
1118:Archived
1076:. Danas.
816:, writer
701:Novi Sad
675:Knićanin
533:deported
522:Red Army
490:Jimbolia
392:Gostilya
357:Lorraine
343:Belgrade
339:Budapest
323:Swabians
269:Austrian
257:Slavonia
130:Swabians
105:Religion
2831:Chinese
2781:Germans
2698:Slovaks
2543:(1,000)
2541:Indians
2537:(2,243)
2535:Chinese
2531:(2,384)
2529:Afghans
2525:(5,000)
2445:Csángós
2439:Hutsuls
2404:(1,264)
2398:(1,361)
2392:(2,477)
2386:(2,543)
2380:(3,203)
2374:(3,271)
2368:(3,668)
2362:(5,408)
2356:(7,336)
2348:Slovaks
2310:Germans
2151:Oceania
2095:Tianjin
2090:Qingdao
2085:Beijing
2052:Baguida
2001:Senegal
1989:Nigeria
1984:Namibia
1955:Yaoundé
1906:Uruguay
1899:by city
1832:Jamaica
1761:Bolivia
1693:Belgium
1648:Croatia
1628:Georgia
1613:Armenia
1592:Finland
1570:Denmark
1547:Galicia
1522:Ukraine
1488:Dobruja
1445:Romania
1433:Moldova
1428:Belarus
1393:Galicia
1379:Olęders
1374:Vistula
1364:Hungary
1184:16 July
1158:16 July
871:Sources
714:Magyars
712:become
707:Hungary
543:to the
508:Romania
427:in 1920
315:Swabian
299:Bavaria
192:Swabian
164:Central
154:are an
124:Germans
2923:Swabia
2806:Greeks
2786:Czechs
2771:Gorani
2766:Rusyns
2713:Vlachs
2703:Croats
2691:Kosovo
2681:Romani
2656:Kosovo
2475:Gagauz
2414:Rusyns
2390:Czechs
2366:Greeks
2360:Croats
2336:Nogais
2328:Tatars
2298:Romani
2178:Rabaul
2173:Kokopo
2107:Israel
1967:Guinea
1950:Douala
1940:Angola
1932:Africa
1857:Pozuzo
1837:Mexico
1771:Canada
1766:Brazil
1756:Belize
1698:France
1670:Turkey
1653:Serbia
1597:Sweden
1587:Norway
1542:Crimea
1505:Russia
1498:Zipser
1472:Walser
1470:, and
1460:Danube
1405:Zipser
1369:Poland
1338:Europe
978:
894:
804:(1929)
768:People
730:Vienna
728:). In
656:Bosnia
596:bounty
529:Stalin
518:Allies
403:Hitler
335:Danube
267:under
212:Szeged
87:German
35:German
2888:Banat
2836:Arabs
2816:Šokci
2811:Turks
2801:Poles
2647:Serbs
2585:(100)
2579:(224)
2573:(500)
2571:Kurds
2567:(610)
2561:(700)
2555:(700)
2549:(800)
2523:Arabs
2471:(175)
2416:(262)
2410:(520)
2384:Poles
2342:Serbs
2316:Turks
2122:Korea
2112:Japan
2102:India
2080:China
1994:Lagos
1962:Ghana
1889:Omaha
1884:Texas
1827:Haiti
1788:Chile
1510:Volga
1493:Regat
1464:Banat
1059:(PDF)
1048:(PDF)
1012:(PDF)
1001:(PDF)
600:marks
583:Biled
245:Bačka
74:Banat
2796:Jews
2372:Jews
2334:and
2190:Apia
2073:Asia
2062:Lomé
2057:Sebe
2047:Togo
1852:Peru
1186:2023
1160:2023
976:ISBN
956:2001
892:ISBN
687:The
662:and
660:Lika
632:Arad
630:and
512:The
174:and
150:The
132:and
2477:(5)
642:).
464:of
405:'s
341:or
337:to
327:Ulm
247:in
162:in
2869::
2654:,
1466:,
1176:.
1151:.
1050:.
1003:.
986:^
970:,
947:^
917:^
658:,
562:.
486:SS
398:.
394:,
386:,
374:,
301:,
138:)
37::
2658:)
2650:(
2629:e
2622:t
2615:v
2255:e
2248:t
2241:v
1704:)
1700:(
1664:)
1660:(
1474:)
1271:e
1264:t
1257:v
1188:.
1162:.
1137:.
966:*
941:.
900:.
866:)
638:(
622:(
166:-
126:(
99:)
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