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95:, they extended their services to gentry and aristocracy as the Royal Mint was no longer considered a safe place to keep gold. Goldsmiths came to be known as ‘keepers of running cash’ and they accepted gold in exchange for a receipt as well as accepting written instructions to pay back, even to third parties. This instruction was the forerunner to the modern
276:
to regulate the issuing of bank notes. Two banking collapses, one in 1866 and another in 1878 caused significant reputation damage but in consequence record keeping and accounting improved. The resulting new organisations became huge bureaucracies with a board of directors, general manager, secretary
419:
strategies. This manifests itself in the form of "ring-fencing" retail banking to protect consumers and creating requirements for certain amounts of capital to be retained to act as a buffer against market instability. This reform is set to support the strengthening economy and is a response to the
378:
This ruling by the OFT had been taken by many customers to extend to their personal bank accounts and subsequently the UK small claims court system was flooded with cases of customers reclaiming these ‘illegal’ penalties. It was reported that nearly 1.8 million template letters to take the banks to
427:
Over the past 40 years (to 2014) the banking system in the UK experienced a 'dramatic shift' with total assets increasing from 100% of GDP to 450%, and it is 'plausible that the UK banking system will continue to grow rapidly', owing to its probable 'comparative advantage' in international banking
442:
In 2017, Business
Insider came out with a list of the 18 most profitable banks in the United Kingdom while stating that the banks were now becoming profitable after facing challenges for the past few years. The top spot was grabbed by HSBC with an income of £5.49 billion followed by Lloyds with a
264:
On 23 October 1826 a new joint stock bank, Lancaster
Banking Company, was formed. However earlier that year the Bristol Old bank had converted from a private to a joint stock bank, making it the first joint stock bank. This was quickly followed by other institutions such as the Manchester &
387:
overturned previous rulings that allowed the OFT to investigate overdraft charges, bringing to an end such claims. Although initially the OFT said it would look at other ways to pursue the matter, in
November that year it decided not to continue with further action.
343:
Introduction of computing, credit cards and many new services continued to drive the expansion of banks and as deregulation was introduced competitiveness increased. Banks improved services, refurbished antiquated premises and brought in further technology such as
671:
205:
and growing international trade increased the number of banks, especially in London. These new "merchant banks" facilitated trade growth, profiting from
England's emerging dominance in seaborne shipping. Two immigrant families,
284:, were already connected by a web of family, business and religious relationships. The company became known as the Quaker Bank, because this was the family tradition of the founding families. This bank eventually became
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299:
It would take until 1950 for real recovery where there was a huge increase in provincial branch offices and the emergence of the high street bank. Relaxation of some controls over mergers and acquisitions led to
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878:
296:
Between the wars, there was a decline to match the general depression of the time. But the banks fought back by taking action to recruit less wealthy customers and by introducing small saving schemes.
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1578:
1508:
446:
Under a scheme launched in
September 2021, 159 can be dialled by phone to contact a selection of banks directly. This has been implemented as a method of preventing financial scams.
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said after the 20 March 2008-meeting that participants had "agreed to continue their close dialogue with the objective of restoring more orderly market conditions."
240:
A great impetus to country banking came in 1790 when, with
England threatened by war, the Bank of England suspended cash payments. A handful of Frenchmen landed in
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in 1708 restricted banks with more than six partners from issuing bank notes. This had the effect of keeping private banks as small partnerships.
166:, and in the final clause (repealed only in 1920) made all foreign-born Proprietors naturalised Scotsmen "to all Intents and Purposes whatsoever".
134:, the Bank of Scotland was a very different institution. Where the Bank of England was established specifically to finance defence spending by the
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696:
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are illegal in UK contract law unless they represent the real cost of a breach of contract incurred through an unauthorised overdraft level or
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investment companies were already well established, but joint stock banks did not become well established until the following century.
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130:
on 17 July 1695, the Act for erecting a Bank in
Scotland, opening for business in February 1696. Although established soon after the
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269:. The National Provincial was the first bank to be considered a truly national bank with twenty branches across England and Wales.
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1969:
486:
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214:, established merchant banking firms in London in the late 18th century and came to dominate world banking in the next century.
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In 1896 twenty smaller private banks formed a new joint-stock bank. The leading partners of the new bank, which was named
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31:
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Currently most banks in the United
Kingdom offer very similar services, distinguished only by differing interest rates.
146:, and was prohibited from lending to the government without parliamentary approval. The founding Act granted the bank a
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Many merchant banks were also established outside London, especially in growing industrial and port cities such as
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could assist his own industry since he not only provided a local means of payment, but also accepted deposits.
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on credit cards and has suggested that banks restrict such penalty to a maximum of £12. Penalty charges or
30:
This article is about development of the banking industry. For banks operating in the United
Kingdom, see
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1944:
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During this period, services offered by banks increased. Clearing facilities, security investments and
175:
1401:
408:
or 368% of the
British national debt, while the average leverage ratio (assets/net worth) is 24 to 1.
260:
Bristol Bank 50 pound note, proof. Bristol, England, 1830s. On display at the British Museum in London
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in Scotland for 21 years, permitted the bank's directors to raise a nominal capital of £1,200,000
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2003:
1954:
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234:
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1700:
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233:. By 1784, there were more than 100 provincial banks. The industrialist turned banker such as
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41:
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As of 11 October 2008, the British banks have short-term liabilities equal to 156% of
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244:, causing a panic. Shortly after this incident, Parliament authorised the
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in the 17th century. The first activity in what later came to be known as
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calls for a paradigmatic shift toward the principle adopted by the US of
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53:
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As of Dec 2015, a number of new banking licences were secured, e.g. by
332:). At the same time the government launched a new banking service, the
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84:
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672:"The World's Banks Could Prove Too Big to Fail — or to Rescue"
1177:
914:
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699:. 20 November 2015. Archived from the original on 20 November 2015.
333:
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services, with the pre-eminence of London as a financial centre.
174:, was one of the bank's founders. Its first chief accountant was
171:
151:
135:
45:
336:. In 1976 the Banking Act increased the supervisory role of the
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1065:
822:
British Banking: Continuity and Change from 1694 to the Present
100:
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932:
825:
395:
following days of market pressure on lenders' stocks. The
391:
Heads of major British banks met with the Governor of the
405:
651:
Wearden, Graeme; Collinson, Patrick (22 December 2009).
248:
and country bankers to issue notes of low denomination.
138:
government, the Bank of Scotland was established by the
697:"The UK Banking Reform - Global Young Executive (GYE)"
312:, along with the takeover of several regional banks (
832:
Bowler Hat: A Last Glance at the Old Country Banking
803:
International Banking in the 19th and 20th Centuries
453:
60:, began to accumulate significant stocks of gold.
2820:Glasgow International Financial Services District
1842:
888:Commercial and retail banks in the United Kingdom
813:Lane, Nicholas. "The Fathers of English Banking"
544:Nicholas Lane, "The Fathers of English Banking."
3152:
709:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
650:
776:
1828:
1446:
872:
725:"Bank of England Quarterly Bulletins 2014 Q4"
363:found that the banks were exploiting penalty
73:Sealing of the Bank of England Charter (1694)
413:Financial Services (Banking Reform) Act 2013
379:court had been downloaded from the website
265:Liverpool District Banking Company and the
83:but, following seizure of gold held at the
1835:
1821:
1453:
1439:
879:
865:
571:"History of Scottish Banks and Bank Notes"
40:can be considered to have started in the
27:Overview of banking in the United Kingdom
764:"The 18 most profitable banks in the UK"
653:"OFT gives up unfair bank charges fight"
255:
67:
2129:2020 Withdrawal from the European Union
2069:Second Industrial Revolution 1860s–1914
487:2009 United Kingdom bank rescue package
482:2008 United Kingdom bank rescue package
162:), gave the Proprietors (shareholders)
14:
3153:
669:
272:In 1844 the government introduced the
52:who, after the dissolution of English
1816:
1460:
1434:
860:
79:Many goldsmiths were associated with
3135:
2852:London Platinum and Palladium Market
107:opened the first provincial bank in
845:A history of English clearing banks
472:Credit unions in the United Kingdom
32:List of banks in the United Kingdom
24:
795:
634:"Banks win on overdraft fees case"
609:"Bank Charges: Reclaim your money"
277:and an army of accounting clerks.
25:
3172:
3082:Confederation of British Industry
2277:Expansion plans for Milton Keynes
1940:Department for Business and Trade
1935:Competition and Markets Authority
838:
670:Norris, Floyd (11 October 2008).
103:. Around 1650, a cloth merchant,
3134:
3125:
3124:
1977:Office for Budget Responsibility
1094:National Savings and Investments
456:
190:protections were introduced. An
118:The Governor and Company of the
1913:Governor of the Bank of England
770:
756:
734:
717:
589:"--"The Scotsman, Bank Charges"
497:Banknotes of the pound sterling
351:
291:
251:
181:
63:
3092:Federation of Small Businesses
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663:
644:
626:
601:
581:
563:
551:
538:
13:
1:
3161:Banking in the United Kingdom
2862:Alternative Investment Market
2842:London Interbank Offered Rate
2798:List of UK building societies
1844:Economy of the United Kingdom
1353:Cambridge & Counties Bank
897:Banking in the United Kingdom
532:
38:Banking in the United Kingdom
3077:British Chambers of Commerce
3072:British Bankers' Association
517:British Bankers' Association
512:Banking in the United States
75:, by Lady Jane Lindsay, 1905
7:
1965:Chancellor of the Exchequer
1945:Financial Conduct Authority
492:Banks of the United Kingdom
449:
422:Financial crisis of 2007–08
10:
3177:
3112:UK Payments Administration
2064:New Imperialism 1830s–1945
1888:Government-owned companies
824:(Oxford UP, 2016) 334 pp.
548:(Mar 1953) 3#3 pp 190-199
304:in the 1960s in which the
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2187:National champions policy
2182:Recessions and recoveries
2159:
2099:1979 Winter of Discontent
2034:1659–1849 Navigation Acts
2026:
2017:
2009:UK Trade & Investment
1918:Monetary Policy Committee
1896:
1850:
1762:
1724:
1466:
1420:UK Government Investments
1397:
1327:Arbuthnot Latham & Co
1317:
1150:
1112:
1099:UK Government Investments
1086:
1056:
1002:
967:
930:
903:
894:
817:(Mar 1953) 3#3 pp 190-199
779:"Stop, Hang Up, Call 159"
443:profit of £4.04 billion.
2124:2009 bank rescue package
2119:2008 bank rescue package
2084:1929–39 Great Depression
1955:HM Revenue & Customs
1863:Employee-owned companies
267:National Provincial Bank
2292:List of counties by GVA
2074:1873–79 Long Depression
2039:Agricultural Revolution
2004:UK Statistics Authority
1038:Holt's Military Banking
575:www.rampantscotland.com
507:Banking Standards Board
383:. In October 2009, the
235:Fox, Fowler and Company
3102:Institute of Directors
3067:Business organisations
2992:Science and technology
2885:International students
2597:Working Time Directive
1970:Debt Management Office
1509:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1173:Allied Irish Bank (GB)
1026:Royal Bank of Scotland
361:Office of Fair Trading
261:
128:Parliament of Scotland
122:was established by an
76:
3097:Industry trade groups
2857:London Stock Exchange
2847:London Metal Exchange
2614:Trades Union Congress
2307:East London Tech City
2151:Cost-of-living crisis
2089:1948–52 Marshall Plan
2044:Industrial Revolution
1195:The Co-operative Bank
522:Financial institution
381:MoneySavingExpert.com
259:
203:Industrial Revolution
71:
2891:Entertainment &
2114:Late-2000s recession
2109:1992 Black Wednesday
2049:Financial Revolution
1878:FTSE Fledgling Index
1358:Close Brothers Group
984:Birmingham Midshires
970:Lloyds Banking Group
805:(St Martin's, 1983)
2587:Equal opportunities
2192:Economic liberalism
2094:1974 Three-Day Week
2079:1926 general strike
1883:FTSE SmallCap Index
1725:States with limited
1418:Partially owned by
1383:Rothschild & Co
1104:UK Asset Resolution
777:Stop Scams UK Ltd.
640:. 25 November 2009.
282:Barclay and Company
140:Scottish government
3002:Telecommunications
2167:Economic geography
1267:Standard Chartered
1087:Wholly state-owned
850:2016-11-09 at the
834:(Hutchinson, 1940)
820:Michie, Ranald C.
801:Born, Karl Erich.
744:. Business Insider
742:"Business Insider"
676:The New York Times
527:History of banking
369:Liquidated damages
262:
111:. During 1694 the
77:
42:Kingdom of England
3148:
3147:
3051:
3050:
2830:Lloyd's of London
2541:
2540:
2513:Industrialisation
2427:Industrialisation
2210:
2209:
2139:COVID-19 pandemic
2059:1815–46 Corn Laws
1810:
1809:
1461:Banking in Europe
1428:
1427:
1376:Kleinwort Hambros
1347:C. Hoare & Co
1318:Other commercial
1252:Secure Trust Bank
953:HSBC Private Bank
334:National Girobank
192:Act of Parliament
164:limited liability
144:Scottish business
18:Banking in the UK
16:(Redirected from
3168:
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3137:
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3087:Co-operatives UK
2677:Hydroelectricity
2652:Renewable energy
2634:
2633:
2518:Renewable energy
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2447:Renewable energy
2235:Atlantic Gateway
2223:
2222:
2054:Panic of 1796–97
2024:
2023:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1814:
1813:
1763:Dependencies and
1467:Sovereign states
1455:
1448:
1441:
1432:
1431:
1340:Butterfield Bank
1333:Bank and Clients
1287:Unity Trust Bank
1257:Sainsbury's Bank
1114:Challenger banks
1048:Isle of Man Bank
1032:Messrs. Drummond
1020:Coutts & Co.
979:Bank of Scotland
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611:. Archived from
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120:Bank of Scotland
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2202:Nationalisation
2155:
2013:
1908:Bank of England
1900:
1898:
1892:
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1811:
1806:
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1744:Northern Cyprus
1726:
1720:
1641:North Macedonia
1462:
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1429:
1424:
1393:
1319:
1313:
1297:Clydesdale Bank
1185:Bank of Ireland
1146:
1108:
1082:
1058:Santander Group
1052:
998:
963:
926:
921:Barclays Wealth
899:
890:
885:
852:Wayback Machine
841:
830:Mottram, R. H.
798:
796:Further reading
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559:Bank of England
557:History of the
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502:Bank regulation
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457:
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397:Bank of England
393:Bank of England
354:
338:Bank of England
330:William Deacons
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246:Bank of England
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132:Bank of England
113:Bank of England
89:Tower of London
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2104:1986 Big Bang
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2027:Chronological
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1412:are shown in
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1410:private banks
1407:
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1396:
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1387:
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1364:Duncan Lawrie
1361:
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1309:Wesleyan Bank
1307:
1303:
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1247:Reliance Bank
1245:
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1227:Kent Reliance
1225:
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1158:Al Rayan Bank
1156:
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1143:
1140:
1138:
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1133:
1132:Starling Bank
1130:
1128:
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1123:
1120:
1119:
1117:
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1111:
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1022:
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1005:NatWest Group
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935:
934:
933:HSBC Holdings
929:
923:
922:
918:
916:
915:Barclays Bank
913:
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829:
827:
826:online review
823:
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816:
815:History Today
812:
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804:
800:
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784:September 12,
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629:
615:on 2006-08-25
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546:History Today
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385:Supreme Court
382:
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359:In 2006, the
357:
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322:National Bank
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302:consolidation
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242:Pembrokeshire
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3009:Supermarkets
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2970:Architecture
2805:Canary Wharf
2787:
2638:Resource and
2621:Unemployment
2592:Minimum wage
2555:Billionaires
2452:Silicon Glen
2324:M11 Corridor
1754:Transnistria
1715:
1413:
1405:
1381:
1374:
1362:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1292:Virgin Money
1277:Triodos Bank
1232:Kingdom Bank
1151:Other retail
1078:Santander UK
1070:
1030:
1018:
1003:
968:
959:M&S Bank
951:
947:HSBC UK Bank
942:First Direct
931:
919:
904:
896:
831:
821:
814:
802:
782:. Retrieved
772:
758:
746:. Retrieved
736:
719:
691:
679:. Retrieved
675:
665:
657:The Guardian
656:
646:
637:
628:
617:. Retrieved
613:the original
603:
592:. Retrieved
583:
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540:
464:Banks portal
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292:20th century
286:Barclays PLC
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279:
271:
263:
252:19th century
239:
216:
200:
185:
182:18th century
168:John Holland
117:
105:Thomas Smith
78:
72:
64:17th century
37:
36:
2985:Real estate
2709:Agriculture
2496:Cardiff Bay
2485:Agriculture
2442:Oil and gas
2417:Agriculture
2344:Silicon Fen
2319:M4 corridor
2312:London Plan
2133:Growth deal
1960:HM Treasury
1930:Company law
1899:governance,
1792:Isle of Man
1727:recognition
1701:Switzerland
1636:Netherlands
1370:J.P. Morgan
1320:and private
1207:Danske Bank
1137:Tandem Bank
1072:Cater Allen
1043:Ulster Bank
994:Lloyds Bank
437:Tandem Bank
417:risk averse
308:became the
196:Joint stock
156:Pound Scots
142:to support
54:monasteries
3039:High-speed
3034:Inter-city
2950:Automotive
2930:Healthcare
2918:Television
2908:Newspapers
2752:Materials
2667:Geothermal
2640:production
2582:Labour law
2565:Demography
2548:and labour
2329:Manchester
2240:Birmingham
2172:Free trade
1901:regulation
1671:San Marino
1631:Montenegro
1611:Luxembourg
1591:Kazakhstan
1494:Azerbaijan
1406:underlined
1389:Weatherbys
1272:Tesco Bank
1237:Metro Bank
1222:Hodge Bank
619:2006-08-27
594:2006-08-27
533:References
326:Glyn Mills
223:Birmingham
219:Manchester
208:Rothschild
172:Englishman
158:(£100,000
150:on public
109:Nottingham
85:Royal Mint
58:Henry VIII
50:goldsmiths
3056:Trade and
3019:Transport
2966:Property
2945:Aerospace
2880:Education
2825:Insurance
2773:Financial
2657:Biodiesel
2533:Transport
2462:Transport
2422:Edinburgh
2394:Transport
2369:Wiltshire
2364:Transport
2339:Sheffield
2297:Liverpool
2160:Recurrent
1987:Banknotes
1897:Currency,
1851:Companies
1782:Gibraltar
1606:Lithuania
1212:easyMoney
1163:Aldermore
1122:Atom Bank
659:. London.
433:Atom Bank
231:Liverpool
227:Newcastle
188:overdraft
93:Charles I
81:The Crown
3155:Category
3130:Category
3058:business
3024:Aviation
2997:Internet
2903:Gambling
2810:The City
2775:services
2756:Forestry
2739:Scottish
2730:Fishing
2672:Fracking
2604:Pensions
2412:Aberdeen
2404:Scotland
2379:Northern
2349:Somerset
2257:Cornwall
2217:regions,
2215:Nations,
1999:Taxation
1802:Svalbard
1787:Guernsey
1734:Abkhazia
1686:Slovenia
1681:Slovakia
1656:Portugal
1514:Bulgaria
1282:TSB Bank
1178:AIB (NI)
906:Barclays
848:Archived
748:June 12,
705:cite web
681:26 April
638:BBC News
450:See also
310:Big Four
306:Big Five
148:monopoly
97:banknote
3140:Commons
3107:Make UK
3014:Tourism
2980:Housing
2960:Exports
2923:Theatre
2788:Banking
2734:English
2630:Sectors
2575:Poverty
2528:Tourism
2523:Swansea
2508:History
2503:Fishing
2490:Cardiff
2457:Tourism
2437:History
2432:Fishing
2389:Belfast
2381:Ireland
2359:Tourism
2334:Reading
2282:Fishing
2262:Croydon
2252:Bristol
2227:England
2019:History
1992:Coinage
1711:Ukraine
1661:Romania
1621:Moldova
1579:Ireland
1574:Iceland
1569:Hungary
1559:Germany
1554:Georgia
1544:Finland
1539:Estonia
1534:Denmark
1519:Croatia
1504:Belgium
1499:Belarus
1489:Austria
1484:Armenia
1479:Andorra
1474:Albania
1414:italics
1242:Paragon
1014:NatWest
989:Halifax
314:Martins
152:banking
136:English
126:of the
87:in the
48:was by
46:banking
2898:Cinema
2761:Mining
2682:Marine
2648:Energy
2570:Income
2546:People
2492:
2467:Whisky
2302:London
2272:Dorset
2219:cities
2144:Impact
1925:Budget
1797:Jersey
1739:Kosovo
1706:Turkey
1696:Sweden
1676:Serbia
1666:Russia
1651:Poland
1646:Norway
1626:Monaco
1596:Latvia
1564:Greece
1549:France
1524:Cyprus
1066:Cahoot
807:online
212:Baring
101:cheque
2913:Radio
2893:Media
2873:Other
2744:Welsh
2714:Cider
2692:Solar
2477:Wales
2287:Leeds
2267:Devon
1950:Gilts
1772:Åland
1691:Spain
1616:Malta
1586:Italy
1200:Smile
1190:Chase
1127:Monzo
728:(PDF)
170:, an
3029:Rail
2724:Beer
2719:Wine
2704:Food
2697:Wind
2662:Coal
1408:and
1404:are
1142:Zopa
786:2022
750:2016
711:link
683:2010
435:and
411:The
328:and
229:and
210:and
201:The
2837:LCH
406:GDP
346:ATM
124:Act
99:or
91:by
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