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When originally constructed, classical railway lines through mountainous terrain tried to minimize tunneling, due to technical limitations and expense, and therefore required long and steep gradients and many curves, or even spirals. Tunnels were generally short and much higher up the mountain. Such
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The base tunnels take the opposite approach, minimizing or eliminating gradients and curves with the consequence of having longer tunnels but shorter total distances to travel. This allows for higher speeds and lower energy costs.
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Some of the best-known base tunnels are (with length, opening and location):
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Schematic representation of a normal base tunnel construction method in
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Tunnel under a mountain pass at adjoining valley floor level
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Different types of tunnels. Number one shows a base tunnel
228:(19.8 kilometres (12.3 mi), 1906/1921), Switzerland
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240:(15.4 km, 9.6 mi, 2020), Switzerland
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267:Brenner Base Tunnel
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210:Pajares Base Tunnel
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