692:
759:
428:
520:
590:
72:
599:
380:
1218:
1445:
418:
Bessarion's
Neoplatonism stayed with him his whole life, even as a cardinal. He was very familiar with Neoplatonist terminology and used it in his letter to Pletho's two sons, Demitrios and Andronikos, on the death of his still-beloved teacher in 1452. Perhaps the most remarkable thing about his life
492:
But if we had discerned error in the doctrine of the Latins or distortion in their faith, not even I would have counseled you to embrace union and agreement with them in that case, that for fear of bodily ills you should prefer the values of the present world to spiritual values, the freedom of the
407:. Under Pletho, he "went through the liberal arts curriculum…, with a special emphasis on mathematics…including the study of astronomy and geography" that would have related "philosophy to physics…cosmology and astrology" and Pletho's "mathematics would include
483:
Some historians have impugned
Bessarion's sincerity in adhering to the union. However, Gill upholds Bessarion's sincerity in being convinced to the truth of the Roman position in the matters discussed at the Council quoting from Bessarion's own work
471:
as the most eminent representative of unionists, although he originally belonged to the party of anti-unionists. On 6 July 1439, he read the declaration of the Greek
Association of Churches in Florence cathedral, in the presence of
625:, a center for learned Greeks and Greek refugees, whom he supported by commissioning transcripts of Greek manuscripts and translations into Latin that made Greek scholarship available to Western Europeans. He supported
572:
Upon his return to the East, he found himself bitterly resented for his attachment to the minority party that saw no difficulty in a reconciliation of the two churches. Pope Eugene IV invested him with the rank of
419:
was that a
Neoplatonist could have played such a significant role in the Catholic Church for at least a brief time, though he was attacked for his views by more orthodox Catholic academics shortly after his death.
493:
body to the betterment of the soul, but I myself would have undergone all that is worst and I would have exposed you to it before I would have urged you to union with them and have recommended such action.
715:
in 1471. Other missions were to
Germany to encourage Western princes to help their fellow Christians in the East. For these efforts, his fellow humanist Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini, then
613:
From that time, Bessarion resided permanently in Italy, doing much (by his patronage of learned men, by his collection of books and manuscripts, and by his own writings) to spread the
415:. Possibly it also included astrology…" Woodhouse also mentions that Bessarion "had a mystical streak… was proficient in Neoplatonic vocabulary…mathematics…and Platonic theology".
607:
The suburban residence of the bishops of
Tusculum along the Appian way in Rome, believed to have been built and utilized by Cardinal Bessarion during his episcopate (1449–1468).
1612:
676:, Cardinal Bessarion was an early candidate, favored on account of his disinterestness in the struggle between candidates pushed forward by the Roman factions of the
1196:
1233:
858:
Liber
Defensionum contra Obiectiones in Platonem: Cardinal Bessarion's own Latin translation of his Greek defense of Plato against George of Trebizond
1497:
822:, has survived to the present. His library, which contained a very extensive collection of Greek manuscripts, was presented by him in 1468 to the
1657:
1238:
691:
1692:
1617:
292:
and one of the famed Greek scholars who contributed to the so-called great revival of letters in the 15th century. He was educated by
1637:
1687:
1697:
1672:
728:
336:
1313:
Henderson, Duane. "Bessarion, Cardinalis
Nicenus. A cardinalitial vita between ideal conceptions and institutional structures,"
1677:
1682:
1602:
1392:
1357:
1326:
463:
churches. The emperor hoped to use the possibility of re-uniting the churches to obtain help from
Western Europe against the
1647:
301:
1607:
1449:
1013:
976:
1622:
17:
1558:
1253:
Bardi, Alberto. "Islamic
Astronomy in Fifteenth-Century Christian Environments: Cardinal Bessarion and His Library",
881:
865:
720:
564:
88:
62:
805:
to the main questions of religion, contributed greatly to the extension of speculative thought in the department of
411:, Plato's cosmological geometry and the Neoplatonic arithmetic which connected the material world with the world of
1516:
814:
797:("Against the Slanderer of Plato"). Bessarion, though a Platonist, was not so thoroughgoing in his admiration as
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1662:
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758:
1597:
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633:. He is known in history as the original patron of the Greek exiles (scholars and diplomats) including
552:
289:
31:
527:
801:, and he strove instead to reconcile the two philosophies. His work, by opening up the relations of
1642:
1290:
Greek Scholars in Venice: Studies in the Dissemination of Greek Learning from Byzantium to the West
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427:
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323:). He took the name Bessarion upon entering the monastery. He has been mistakenly known also as
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282:
8:
1384:"Inter graecos latinissimus, inter latinos graecissimus": Bessarion zwischen den Kulturen
1350:
Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical Texts: Moral and Political Philosophy
1318:"Inter graecos latinissimus, inter latinos graecissimus": Bessarion zwischen den Kulturen
1090:
832:
786:
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149:
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Bessarion was one of the most learned scholars of his time. Besides his translations of
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223:
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861:
842:
836:. It comprised 482 Greek and 264 Latin manuscripts. Most of Bessarion's works are in
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519:
1508:
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578:
328:
279:
194:
1405:(Aalen : Scientia Verlag; Paderborn : F. Schöningh, 1923–42), 3 volumes.
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Keller, A. "A Byzantine admirer of 'western' progress: Cardinal Bessarion", in,
1008:
992:
Subverting Aristotle: Religion, History, and Philosophy in Early Modern Science
646:
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1410:
Byzantine Scholars in Renaissance Italy: Cardinal Bessarion and other Émigrés
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1242:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 821–822.
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716:
711:, and he was engaged on embassies to many foreign princes, among others to
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235:
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43:
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400:
247:
1415:
Setton, K.M. "The Byzantine background to the Italian Renaissance", in,
1426:(Paris : Hachette, 1878), see also (Geneva : Slatkine, 1977).
304:. He eventually was named a cardinal and was twice considered for the
1258:
802:
770:
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periods. The year of his birth has been given as 1389, 1395 or 1403.
364:
352:
1472:
1283:
Francis A. Burkle-Young, "The election of Pope Calixtus III (1455)"
806:
778:
665:
356:
251:
1352:. Vol. 1. Cambridge UK/New York: Cambridge University Press.
1223:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1431:
From Byzantium to Italy. Greek Studies in the Italian Renaissance
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684:. He was opposed for his Greek background by the French Cardinal
681:
618:
396:
348:
166:
145:
830:, and forms the nucleus of the famous library of St Mark's, the
1444:
1381:
Märtl, Claudia; Christian Kaiser; Thomas Ricklin, eds. (2013).
933:, by C. M. Woodhouse, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986, pp. 32–33.
180:
1315:
Claudia Märtl; Christian Kaiser; Thomas Ricklin, eds. (2013).
790:
452:
440:
1377:(Paris : E. Leroux (E. Guilmoto), 1885–1906). volume 1.
789:, a vehement Aristotelian who had written a polemic against
467:. Bessarion participated in the Byzantine delegation to the
672:
which elected the Aragonese candidate, Alfons de Borja, as
305:
1177:
1175:
731:
was not yet in use – Cardinal Bessarion presided over the
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of a monastery in Constantinople and in 1437, he was made
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1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
785:, his most important work is a treatise directed against
1403:
Kardinal Bessarion als Theologe, Humanist und Staatsmann
1104:
Joseph Gill, "The Sincerity of Bessarion the Unionist,"
1172:
1052:, Volume 1, Ed. di Storia e Letteratura, 2003, p. 207.
1021:
1370:(Rome : Edizioni di storia e letteratura, 1979).
621:
in Rome was a virtual academy for the studies of new
1613:
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Eastern Orthodoxy
1285:
Bessarion an early candidate, opposed by the French.
1169:. Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh, 1927 (repr. 1967).
435:
On becoming a tonsured monk, he adopted the name of
1257:, Volume 30, Issue 3, September 2019, pp. 338–366 (
1500:, Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor
1417:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
1066:George Gemistos Plethon, the Last of the Hellenes
1050:Humanism and Platonism in the Italian Renaissance
931:George Gemistos Plethon, the Last of the Hellenes
422:
1579:
1292:(Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard, 1962).
278:; 2 January 1403 – 18 November 1472) was a
1368:Bessarion's Library and the Biblioteca Marciana
1167:Bessarionis in calumniatorem Platonis libri IV
1060:
1058:
994:, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014, p. 41.
455:in order to bring about a reunion between the
965:
439:, whose story he has related. In 1436 became
1343:
1055:
374:
1264:
719:, gave him the purely ceremonial title of
497:
70:
1310:(Camberley : Porphyrogenitus, 1995).
1092:Miscellanea marciana di studi bessarionei
855:
1228:
1181:
1036:
757:
690:
426:
378:
335:) due to an erroneous interpretation of
27:Greek theologian and scholar (1403–1472)
729:Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals
14:
1580:
1513:The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church
1412:(Aldershot, UK : Variorum, 1995).
1068:(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), p. 33
966:Ierodiakonou, Katerina; Bydén, Börje.
746:. He is buried in the basilica of the
956:to Bessarion," pp. 723–728, esp. 725.
1277:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1009:"Basil [Cardinal] Bessarion"
363:culture and civilization during the
1503:
1344:Kraye, Jill, ed. (28 August 1997).
1014:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
977:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
703:For five years (1450–1455), he was
431:Portrait of Bessarion, 16th century
24:
1658:Latin Patriarchs of Constantinople
907:"Bessarion | Byzantine theologian"
25:
1709:
1693:15th-century Greek mathematicians
1618:Deans of the College of Cardinals
1559:Latin Patriarch of Constantinople
1437:
1265:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
1003:
882:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
721:Latin Patriarch of Constantinople
302:Latin Patriarch of Constantinople
63:Latin Patriarch of Constantinople
1638:Former Greek Orthodox Christians
1517:Florida International University
1443:
1433:(London : Duckworth, 1992).
1216:
597:
588:
518:
300:and later served as the titular
1688:15th-century Greek philosophers
1187:
1159:
1143:
1127:
1111:
1098:
1084:
1071:
952:, Vol. 161, 1866, "Letter from
742:He died on 18 November 1472 at
1698:15th-century Greek astronomers
1673:15th-century Byzantine writers
1464:New International Encyclopedia
1106:Journal of Theological Studies
1042:
997:
984:
959:
936:
924:
899:
860:. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter.
812:It was thanks to him that the
727:(from April 1463) – the title
423:Role in the Council of Ferrara
13:
1:
1678:15th-century Greek scientists
1492:Mathematics Genealogy Project
892:
856:Monfasani, John, ed. (2023).
818:, an important compendium of
629:in this fashion and defended
1683:15th-century Greek educators
1603:Cardinal-bishops of Frascati
1338:Cambridge Historical Journal
1194:Emblem of Cardinal Bessarion
409:Pythagorean number-mysticism
403:to study Neoplatonism under
342:
7:
1648:Greek Renaissance humanists
1458:"Bessarion, Johannes"
875:
849:
469:Council of Ferrara-Florence
10:
1714:
1608:Cardinal-bishops of Sabina
1308:Greek Emigres in the West
1301:Cambridge University Press
1268:"Johannes Bessarion"
1255:Journal of Islamic Studies
1247:
652:He held in succession the
391:Bessarion was educated in
385:Bibliotheca chalcographica
32:Bessarion (disambiguation)
29:
1623:Diplomats of the Holy See
1566:
1549:
1541:
1534:
1095:, Antenore, 1976, p. 121.
795:In Calumniatorem Platonis
695:Tomb of Bessarion in the
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451:, whom he accompanied to
447:by the Byzantine Emperor
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41:
1480:The Nuttall Encyclopædia
1375:Bibliographie Hellenique
1288:Geanakoplos, Deno John.
1156:Retrieved: 6 April 2016.
1140:Retrieved: 6 April 2016.
753:
654:archbishopric of Siponto
375:Bessarion's Neoplatonism
1509:"BESSARION (1403–1472)"
1496:Makripoulias Christos,
1474:"Bessarion, John"
1297:The Council of Florence
1239:Encyclopædia Britannica
1108:n.s. 26 (1975), p. 387.
1079:George Gemistos Plethon
911:Encyclopedia Britannica
498:Cardinal and later life
395:, then went in 1423 to
311:His baptismal name was
1536:Catholic Church titles
1387:. Berlin: De Gruyter.
1321:. Berlin: De Gruyter.
1299:(Cambridge, UK :
968:"Byzantine Philosophy"
766:
763:Epistolae et orationes
700:
670:papal conclave of 1455
495:
445:metropolitan of Nicaea
432:
388:
359:that was the heart of
347:Bessarion was born in
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298:Neoplatonic philosophy
214:Renaissance philosophy
1552:— TITULAR —
1424:Le Cardinal Bessarion
1279:(not fully exploited)
1274:Catholic Encyclopedia
1122:Catholic Encyclopedia
793:, which was entitled
761:
694:
581:of 18 December 1439.
490:
478:John VIII Palaeologus
449:John VIII Palaeologus
430:
382:
355:port in northeastern
78:Jean-Jacques Boissard
1663:People from Trapezus
1498:"Bessarion Cardinal"
1452:at Wikimedia Commons
1340:, 11 (19535), 343–8.
1199:4 March 2016 at the
1136:Sede Vacante of 1464
1118:"Johannes Bessarion"
748:Santi Apostoli, Rome
737:Papal conclave, 1471
733:Papal conclave, 1464
697:Santi Apostoli, Rome
383:Wood engraving from
283:Renaissance humanist
150:Kingdom of Trebizond
30:For other uses, see
1633:Empire of Trebizond
1429:Wilson, Nigel Guy.
1419:, 100 (1956), 1–76.
1366:Labowsky, Carlota.
1234:Bessarion, Johannes
833:Biblioteca Marciana
787:George of Trebizond
639:George of Trebizond
623:humanistic learning
333:Giovanni Bessarione
315:(Greek: Βασίλειος,
1598:Byzantine Pontians
1450:Basilius Bessarion
1306:Harris, Jonathan.
944:Jacques Paul Migne
828:Republic of Venice
767:
725:primus Cardinalium
713:Louis XI of France
701:
658:suburbicarian sees
461:Western (Catholic)
457:Eastern (Orthodox)
437:Bessarion of Egypt
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337:Gregory III Mammas
325:Johannes Bessarion
224:Western philosophy
18:Basilios Bessarion
1668:Bishops of Nicaea
1653:Greek theologians
1576:
1575:
1567:Succeeded by
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1505:Miranda, Salvador
1448:Media related to
1408:Monfasani, John.
1394:978-3-11-031621-6
1359:978-0-521-42604-6
1328:978-3-11-031621-6
1152:Sede Vacante 1471
954:George Amiroutzes
949:Patrologia Graeca
887:John Chortasmenos
843:Patrologia Graeca
643:John Argyropoulos
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187:Denomination
171:Papal States
162:(1472-11-18)
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44:His Eminence
36:
1593:1472 deaths
1588:1403 births
1210:Attribution
1077:Woodhouse,
815:Bibliotheca
783:Memorabilia
775:Metaphysics
401:Peloponnese
248:Metaphysics
177:Nationality
95:Predecessor
1582:Categories
1564:1463–1472
893:References
579:consistory
193:(formerly
1488:Bessarion
1333:, 79-122.
803:Platonism
771:Aristotle
668:. At the
511:Bessarion
506:Styles of
365:Byzantine
353:Black Sea
349:Trebizond
343:Biography
317:Basileios
276:Βησσαρίων
268:Bessarion
146:Trebizond
139:Basileios
105:Successor
49:Bessarion
1525:53276621
1303:, 1959).
1197:Archived
876:See also
850:Editions
807:theology
779:Xenophon
666:Frascati
656:and the
575:cardinal
553:Cardinal
357:Anatolia
321:Basilios
290:cardinal
287:Catholic
252:theology
191:Catholic
57:Cardinal
1490:at the
1483:. 1907.
1467:. 1905.
1248:Sources
1227::
1124:(1907).
1081:, p. 13
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974:(ed.).
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826:of the
744:Ravenna
717:Pius II
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682:Colonna
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397:Mystras
369:Ottoman
329:Italian
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85:Diocese
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1259:online
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351:, the
306:papacy
231:School
220:Region
115:Orders
970:. In
838:Migne
791:Plato
754:Works
453:Italy
441:abbot
313:Basil
272:Greek
181:Greek
1521:OCLC
1389:ISBN
1354:ISBN
1323:ISBN
918:2021
862:ISBN
777:and
735:and
680:and
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387:, B1
367:and
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135:Born
120:Rank
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