Basque language - Knowledge

2021: 4953: 4780: 5201:, "a man has come ") This multiplies the number of possible forms by nearly three. Still, the restriction on contexts in which these forms may be used is strong, since all participants in the conversation must be friends of the same sex, and not too far apart in age. Some dialects dispense with the familiar forms entirely. Note, however, that the formal second person singular conjugates in parallel to the other plural forms, perhaps indicating that it was originally the second person plural, later came to be used as a formal singular, and then later still the modern second person plural was formulated as an innovation. 1059: 1821: 1997: 2082:, 14.1 were fluent Basque speakers, 10.5% passive speakers, and 75.4% did not speak Basque. The percentage was highest in the Basque-speaking zone in the north (62.3% speakers, including 85.9% of youth) and lowest in the non-Basque-speaking zone in the south (1.6%). The overall proportion of 14.1% represented a slight increase from previous years (12.9% in 2016, 11.1% in 2006,10.3% in 2001, 9.6% in 1996 and 9.5% in 1991). Among age groups, the highest percentage of speakers can now be found in the 16–24 age range (28%) vs. 8.3% in the 65+ age range. 1939: 6083: 434: 2075:, in 2021, 20.0% were fluent Basque speakers. Because the French Basque Country is not under the influence of the Basque Autonomous Country government, the region has fewer incentives to learn the language by government authorities. As such, these results represent another decrease from previous years (22.5% in 2006, 24.8% in 2001 and 26.4 in 1996 or 56,146 in 1996 to 51,197 in 2016). However, for those in the 16-24 age range, the proportion of Basque speakers increased to 21.5%, from 12.2% 20 years earlier. 1075: 1805: 579: 2401: 4603: 1988:("Law of Basque"), seen as contentious by many Basques, but considered fitting Navarra's linguistic and cultural diversity by some of the main political parties of Navarre, divides Navarre into three language areas: Basque-speaking, non-Basque-speaking, and mixed. Support for the language and the linguistic rights of citizens vary, depending on the area. Others consider it unfair, since the rights of Basque speakers differ greatly depending on the place they live. 4050: 6274: 2087:

266,000, from 539,110 speakers 30 years previously (430,000 in the BAC, 40,110 in FCN, and 69,000 in the Northern provinces). This number has tended to increase, as in all regions the age group most likely to speak Basque was those between 16 and 24 years old. In the BAC, the proportion in this age group who spoke the language (74.5%) was nearly triple the comparable figure from 1991, when barely a quarter of the population spoke Basque.

5960: 10154: 4507:

the corresponding affricate. When a plosive follows an affricate, the affricate becomes a sibilant, and a voiced plosive is devoiced. When a voiced plosive follows a sibilant, it is devoiced except in very slow and careful speech. In the central dialects of Basque, a sibilant turns into an affricate when it follows a liquid or a nasal. When a plosive follows a nasal, there is a strong tendency for it to become voiced.

2377: 2368: 2359: 2350: 2336: 2327: 2318: 2309: 2295: 2286: 2277: 2268: 2254: 2245: 2236: 2227: 2213: 2204: 2195: 2186: 2169: 2160: 2151: 419: 4031: 2094:. Basque transmission as a sole mother tongue has decreased from 19% in 1991 to 15.1% in 2016, while Basque and another language being used as mother language increased from 3% to 5.4% in the same time period. General public attitude towards efforts to promote the Basque language have also been more positive, with the share of people against these efforts falling from 20.9% in 1991 to 16% in 2016. 6212: 1677: 1067: 1813: 6552: 6532: 6511: 2005: 2098:

and 16% only Spanish. In Navarre, the family language of 94.3% of the youngest respondents with both Basque parents was Basque. In the Northern Basque Country, however, when both parents were Basque speaking, just two-thirds transmitted only Basque to their offspring, and as age decreased, the transmission rate also decreased.

1673:. Historical work on Basque is challenging since written material and documentation only is available for some few hundred years. Almost all hypotheses concerning the origin of Basque are controversial, and the suggested evidence is not generally accepted by mainstream linguists. Some of these hypothetical connections are: 7630: 5084:'you (plural)' has the same form both in the nominative or absolutive case (the subject of an intransitive sentence or direct object of a transitive sentence) and in the ergative case (the subject of a transitive sentence). In spoken Basque, the auxiliary verb is never dropped even if it is redundant, e.g. 6555: 6554: 6559: 6558: 6553: 4506:

There are some rules which govern the behavior of consonants in contact with each other. These apply both within and between words. When two plosives meet, the first one is dropped, and the second must become voiceless. If a sibilant follows a plosive, the plosive is dropped, and the sibilant becomes

4525:

in the western dialects to a marked stress in central and eastern dialects, with varying patterns of stress placement. Stress is in general not distinctive (and for historical comparisons not very useful); there are, however, a few instances where stress is phonemic, serving to distinguish between a

2086:

In 2021, out of a population of 2,634,800 over 16 years of age (1,838,800 in the Autonomous community, 546,000 in Navarre and 250,000 in the Northern Basque Country), 806,000 spoke Basque, which amounted to 30.6% of the population. Compared to the 1991 figures, this represents an overall increase of

1983:

The positions of the various existing governments differ with regard to the promotion of Basque in areas where Basque is commonly spoken. The language has official status in those territories that are within the Basque Autonomous Community, where it is spoken and promoted heavily, but only partially

1215:

regime suppressed Basque from official discourse, education, and publishing, making it illegal to register newborn babies under Basque names, and even requiring tombstone engravings in Basque to be removed. In some provinces the public use of Basque was suppressed, with people fined for speaking it.

4304:

Basque nouns, adjectives, and adverbs can be expressively palatalized. These express 'smallness', rarely literal and often showing affection, in nouns, and mitigation in adjectives and adverbs. This is often used in the formation of pet names and nicknames. In words containing one or more sibilant,

2097:

In 2021, the study found that in the BAC, when both parents were Basque speakers, 98% of children were only communicated to in Basque, while 2% were communicated to in both Basque and Spanish. When only one parent was a Basque speaker and their first language was Basque, 84% used Basque and Spanish

2782:

The same change also occurs in parts of Sardinia, Italy and the Romance languages of the Balkans where no Basque substrate can be reasonably argued for. (On the other hand, the fact that the same change might have occurred elsewhere independently does not disprove substrate influence. Furthermore,

5121:

Modern Basque dialects allow for the conjugation of about fifteen verbs, called synthetic verbs, some only in literary contexts. These can be put in the present and past tenses in the indicative and subjunctive moods, in three tenses in the conditional and potential moods, and in one tense in the

1251:

in France. They take their names from the historic Basque provinces, but the dialect boundaries are not congruent with province boundaries. Euskara Batua was created so that the Basque language could be used—and easily understood by all Basque speakers—in formal situations (education, mass media,

6560: 5894:

construction is more common). The order of the phrases within a sentence can be changed for thematic purposes, whereas the order of the words within a phrase is usually rigid. As a matter of fact, Basque phrase order is topic–focus, meaning that in neutral sentences (such as sentences to inform

1979:

establishes Basque as the co-official language of the autonomous community. The Statute of Navarre establishes Spanish as the official language of Navarre, but grants co-official status to the Basque language in the Basque-speaking areas of northern Navarre. Basque has no official status in the

1470:

except by applying it to differences between Basque dialects. Little is known of its origins, but it is likely that an early form of the Basque language was present in and around the area of modern Basque Country before the arrival of the Indo-European languages in western Europe during the 3rd

6534: 6222:

is mute in most regions, but it is pronounced in many places in the north-east, the main reason for its existence in the Basque alphabet. Its acceptance was a matter of contention during the standardisation process because the speakers of the most extended dialects had to learn where to place

6538: 6537: 6533: 6514: 1747:

and some similarities in societal practices and agriculture between the two populations. Historical comparisons are difficult due to the dearth of historical material for Basque and several of the Kartvelian languages. Typological similarities have been proposed for some of the phonological

6513: 6518: 6517: 6512: 6539: 2068:(30.6%) and lowest in Álava (22.4%). These results represent an increase from previous years (33.9% in 2016, 30.1% in 2006, 29.5% in 2001, 27.7% in 1996 and 24.1% in 1991). The highest percentage of speakers can now be found in the 16–24 age range (74.5%) vs. 22.0% in the 65+ age range. 6519: 1748:

characteristics and most importantly for some of the details of the ergative constructions, but these alone cannot prove historical relatedness between languages since such characteristics are found in other languages across the world, even if not in Indo-European. According to

1828:

The region where Basque is spoken has become smaller over centuries, especially at the northern, southern, and eastern borders. Nothing is known about the limits of this region in ancient times, but on the basis of toponyms and epigraphs, it seems that in the beginning of the

1164:. The Basques are indigenous to and primarily inhabit the Basque Country. The Basque language is spoken by 806,000 Basques in all territories. Of these, 93.7% (756,000) are in the Spanish area of the Basque Country and the remaining 6.3% (50,000) are in the French portion. 2698:) that corresponds almost exactly to areas where heavy Basque bilingualism is assumed, and as a result has been widely postulated (and equally strongly disputed). Substrate theories are often difficult to prove (especially in the case of phonetically plausible changes like 1980:

French Basque Country and French citizens are barred from officially using Basque in a French court of law. However, the use of Basque by Spanish nationals in French courts is permitted (with translation), as Basque is officially recognised on the other side of the border.

7169:

Language technology for language communities: An overview based on our experience. In: FEL XXI : communities in control : learning tools and strategies for multilingual endangered language communities : proceedings of the 21st FEL Conference, 19-21 October

1187:

formed the core of the remaining Basque-speaking area before measures were introduced in the 1980s to strengthen Basque fluency. By contrast, most of Álava, the westernmost part of Biscay, and central and southern Navarre are predominantly populated by native speakers of

6557: 7638: 6841:

Santiago de Pablo, "Lengua e identidad nacional en el País Vasco: Del franquismo a la democracia". In 'Le discours sur les langues d'Espagne : Edition français-espagnol', Christian Lagarde ed, Perpignan: Presses Universitaires de Perpignan, 2009, pp. 53-64, p.

6308:

shape is used when writing a 5 horizontally). Units of ten are usually a horizontal line through the vertical. The twenties are based on a circle with intersecting lines. This system is no longer in general use but is occasionally employed for decorative purposes.

2486:, the Biscayan dialect or "Western" is the most widespread dialect, with around 300,000 speakers out of a total of around 660,000 speakers. This dialect is divided in two minor subdialects: the Western Biscayan and Eastern Biscayan, plus transitional dialects. 2010: 2009: 2006: 6536: 6516: 4045:

has a variety of realisations according to the regional dialect: , as pronounced from west to east in south Bizkaia and coastal Lapurdi, central Bizkaia, east Bizkaia and Gipuzkoa, south Navarre, inland Lapurdi and Low Navarre, and Zuberoa, respectively.

2011: 9102:: "Die Bedeutung der Sprache in Renaissance und Reformation und die Entstehung der baskischen Literatur im religiösen und politischen Konfliktgebiet zwischen Spanien und Frankreich" In: Wolfgang W. Moelleken (Herausgeber), Peter J. Weber (Herausgeber): 2012: 4954: 4781: 2448:

The modern Basque dialects show a high degree of dialectal divergence, sometimes making cross-dialect communication difficult. This is especially true in the case of Biscayan and Souletin, which are regarded as the most divergent Basque dialects.

2504:

on the Basque language (especially the lexicon, but also to some degree Basque phonology and grammar) has been much more extensive, it is usually assumed that there has been some feedback from Basque into these languages as well. In particular

4563:(the Academy of the Basque Language) provides only general recommendations for a standard placement of stress, basically to place a high-pitched weak stress (weaker than that of Spanish, let alone that of English) on the second syllable of a 1794:

and Proto-Indo-European. Such hypotheses are rejected by most reviewers, both including scholars adhering to the mainstream view of Basque as a language isolate (Gorrochategui, Lakarra), as well as proponents of wide-range genetic relations

1625:

Since 1968, Basque has been immersed in a revitalisation process, facing formidable obstacles. However, significant progress has been made in numerous areas. Six main factors have been identified to explain its relative success:

2008: 8718: 6876:

See Communicacion No. 2486, Negociado 4, Excelentisimo Gobierno Civil de Vizcaya, 27 Octubre de 1949". A letter of acknowledgement from the archive of the Alcaldia de Guernica y Lumo, 2 November 2941, is reproduced in

5134:("The hat fell from grandfather"). Each verb that can be taken transitively uses those two paradigms for antipassive-voice contexts in which no agent is mentioned (Basque lacks a passive voice, and displays instead an 6964: 6281:

Basque millers traditionally employed a separate number system of unknown origin. In this system the symbols are arranged either along a vertical line or horizontally. On the vertical line the single digits and

7791:

Corominas, Joan (1960). "La toponymie hispanique prérromane et la survivance du basque jusqu'au bas moyen age" [Pre-Romanesque Hispanic toponymy and the survival of Basque until the late Middle Ages].

1929:

and the Ribera del Ebro in southern Navarre, where it is not known to ever have been widely spoken; and in the French Basque Country, these schools and centres have almost stopped the decline of the language.

9313:

Trask, R.L. (1995): "Origin and Relatives of the Basque Language : Review of the Evidence" in Towards a History of the Basque Language, ed. J. Hualde, J. Lakarra, R.L. Trask, John Benjamins, Amsterdam /

6896:

See for example the letter from the Military Commander of Las Arenas, Biscay, dated 21 October 1938, acknowledging a fine for the public use of a Basque first name on the streets of Las Arenas, reproduced in

2741:). (On the other hand, the occurrence of in these words might be a secondary development from an earlier sound such as or and learned words (or words influenced by written Latin form). Gascon does have 1728:

evidence exists to conclude that Basque is the only survivor of a larger family that once extended throughout most of western Europe, and has also left its mark in modern Indo-European languages spoken in

1780:, have proposed including Basque in the Dené–Caucasian superfamily of languages, but this proposed superfamily includes languages from North America and Eurasia, and its existence is highly controversial. 6556: 6286:

are usually off to one side, usually at the top. When used horizontally, the smallest units are usually on the right and the largest on the left. As with the Basque system of counting in general, it is

2706:). As a result, although many arguments have been made on both sides, the debate largely comes down to the a priori tendency on the part of particular linguists to accept or reject substrate arguments. 4578:("new Basque-speakers", i.e. second-language Basque-speakers) with Spanish as their first language tend to carry the prosodical patterns of Spanish into their pronunciation of Basque, e.g. pronouncing 9288:, edited by William A. Douglass, Carmelo Urza, Linda White, and Joseba Zulaika, 27–43. Basque Studies Program Occasional Papers Series, No. 5. Reno: Basque Studies Program, University of Nevada, Reno. 5230:

A Basque noun-phrase is inflected in 17 different ways for case, multiplied by four ways for its definiteness and number (indefinite, definite singular, definite plural, and definite close plural:

1422:, has acquired negative connotations over the centuries and is not well-liked amongst Basque speakers generally. Its use is documented at least as far back as the 14th century when a law passed in 6515: 9026: 6535: 5185:) even if the verb contains no second person constituent. If the situation calls for the familiar masculine, the form is augmented and modified accordingly. Likewise for the familiar feminine. ( 9255: 1887:

By the 16th century, the Basque-speaking area was reduced basically to the present-day seven provinces of the Basque Country, excluding the southern part of Navarre, the south-western part of

9067: 1925:, it has recently made a modest comeback. In the Spanish part, Basque-language schools for children and Basque-teaching centres for adults have brought the language to areas such as western 1220:. Overall, in the 1960s and later, the trend reversed and education and publishing in Basque began to flourish. As a part of this process, a standardised form of the Basque language, called 4217:

can be palatalized even in the absence of a following vowel. After palatalization, the semivowel is usually absorbed by the palatal consonant. This can be seen in older spellings, such as

4471:

Palatalization of the rhotics is rare and only occurs in the eastern dialects. When palatalized, the rhotics become the palatal lateral . Likewise, palatalization of velars, resulting in

2007: 8693: 1696:

substrate: this hypothesis, proposed in the 19th century by d'Arbois de Jubainville, J. Pokorny, P. Kretschmer and several other linguists, encompasses the Basco-Iberian hypothesis.

13136: 2756:

in these words might be a late development. Many languages have come to accept new phonemes from other languages after a period of significant influence. For example, French lost

2550:'puppy', etc.), most of these have more easily explicable Romance etymologies or not particularly convincing derivations from Basque. Ignoring cultural terms, there is one strong 6863:

See "Articulo 1, Orden Ministerial Sobre el Registro Civil, 18 de mayo de 1938". Reproduced in Jordi Busquets, "Casi Tres Siglos de Imposicion", 'El Pais' online, 29 April 2001.

6326:

Gizon-emakume guztiak aske jaiotzen dira, duintasun eta eskubide berberak dituztela; eta ezaguera eta kontzientzia dutenez gero, elkarren artean senide legez jokatu beharra dute.

5246:). These first 68 forms are further modified based on other parts of the sentence, which in turn are inflected for the noun again. It has been estimated that, with two levels of 6337:[ɡis̻onemakumeɡus̻tiakas̺kejajots̻endiɾa|duintas̺unetaes̺kubideberbeɾakditus̻tela|etaes̻aɡueɾaetakonts̻ients̻iadutenes̻ɡeɾo|elkarenarteans̺enideleges̻jokatube(h)aradute] 1960:) allowed the inhabitants to use Basque in legal processes in the 13th and 14th centuries. Basque was allowed in telegraph messages in Spain thanks to the royal decree of 1904. 4770:(all non-Indo-European). The ergative–absolutive alignment is also rare among European languages—occurring only in some languages of the Caucasus—but not infrequent worldwide. 4492:, use palatal sounds even though in current usage they have lost the diminutive sense, the corresponding non-palatal forms now acquiring an augmentative or pejorative sense: 4065:

is pronounced in the northern dialects, but not pronounced in the southern ones. Unified Basque spells it except when it is predictable, in a position following a consonant.

6344:

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

6036:, among other languages. There are a considerable number of Latin loans (sometimes obscured by being subject to Basque phonology and grammar for centuries), for example: 5934:

must always directly precede the auxiliary, the topic most often comes beforehand, and the rest of the sentence follows. This includes the periphrastic, if there is one:

6901: 6881: 957: 6971: 7604: 6291:(base 20). Although it is in theory capable of indicating numbers above 100, most recorded examples do not go above 100. Fractions are relatively common, especially 1946:

Historically, Latin or Romance languages have been the official languages in this region. However, Basque was explicitly recognised in some areas. For instance, the

6851:

See Jose Carlos Herreras, Actas XVI Congreso AIH. José Carlos HERRERAS. Políticas de normalización lingüística en la España democrática", 2007, p. 2. Reproduced in

5903:. In such sentences, the verb phrase comes at the end. In brief, the focus directly precedes the verb phrase. This rule is also applied in questions, for instance, 4746:, which accompanies most main verbs, agrees not only with the subject, but with any direct object and the indirect object present. Among European languages, this 6677: 7133: 6304:

The exact systems used vary from area to area but generally follow the same principle with 5 usually being a diagonal line or a curve off the vertical line (a

1808:

Geographical traces of the Basque language. Blue dots: place names; red dots: epigraphic traces (gravestones...) in Roman times; blue patch: maximum extension.

1252:

literature), and this is its main use today. In both Spain and France, the use of Basque for education varies from region to region and from school to school.

1458:, it is a language isolate that is unrelated to them or to any other language. Most scholars believe Basque to be the last remaining descendant of one of the 9441: 8730:

Studies in Basque and historical linguistics in memory of R. L. Trask – R. L. Trasken oroitzapenetan ikerketak euskalaritzaz eta hizkuntzalaritza historikoaz

4922:

is used in the present tense when the verb has a subject (ergative), a direct object (absolutive), and an indirect object, and the object is him/her/it/them.

6261:

A typically Basque style of lettering is sometimes used for inscriptions. It derives from the work of stone and wood carvers and is characterised by thick

9633:

Lengua y cultura en Hispania prerromana : actas del V Coloquio sobre lenguas y culturas de la Península Ibérica: (Colonia 25–28 de Noviembre de 1989)

1606:

became extinct. Through the long contact with Romance languages, Basque adopted a sizeable number of Romance words. Initially the source was Latin, later

13366: 9434: 7836:

Corominas, Joan (1972). "De toponimia vasca y vasco-románica en los Bajos Pirineos" [Basque and Basque-Romanesque toponymy in the Low Pyrenees].

7436: 6995:"Basque Pidgin Vocabulary in European-Algonquian Trade Contacts." In Papers of the Nineteenth Algonquian Conference, edited by William Cowan, pp. 7–13. 1669:, the appearance of long-range linguistics gave rise to several attempts to connect Basque with geographically very distant language families. such as 5204:

All the other verbs in Basque are called periphrastic, behaving much like a participle would in English. These have only three forms in total, called

1429:

Item nuyl corridor nonsia usado que faga mercadería ninguna que compre nin venda entre ningunas personas, faulando en algaravia nin en abraych nin en

7590: 5673: 5181:

This is a property rarely found in Indo-European languages. The entire paradigm of the verb is further augmented by inflecting for "listener" (the

2386:

Basque is used as a language of commerce both in the Basque Country and in locations around the world where Basques immigrated throughout history.

9595: 9476: 13351: 12334: 7933: 7631:"Navarrese Parliament rejects to grant Basque Language co-official status in Spanish-speaking areas by suppressing the linguistic delimitation" 8231: 1902:—and a vast area in central Navarre, but in these two provinces, Basque experienced a rapid decline that pushed its border northwards. In the 10142: 12469: 9794: 2816: 2000:

Map showing the historical retreat and expansion of Basque within the context of its linguistic neighbours between the years 1000 and 2000

13186: 10436: 9303: 9292: 10120: 1196:

by Spanish over the centuries (as in most of Álava and central Navarre), or because it may never have been spoken there (as in parts of

7957: 5150:

above. In each paradigm, each constituent noun can take on any of eight persons, five singular and three plural, with the exception of

1342:

has become common in recent times. Spanish has a greater variety of names for the language. Today, it is most commonly referred to as

6130:⟨Aa, Bb, Cc, (and, as a variant, Çç), Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Ññ, Oo, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Vv, Ww, Xx, Yy, Zz⟩ 3778: 1921:

spurred increased interest in the language as a sign of ethnic identity, and with the establishment of autonomous governments in the

1710:

and Basque. However, not enough evidence exists to distinguish geographical connections from linguistic ones. Iberian itself remains

9440:

Bengtson, John D.. (2006): "Materials for a Comparative Grammar of the Dene–Caucasian (Sino-Caucasian) Languages." (there is also a

8551: 13126: 1045: 3537: 9612: 4567:, and a low-pitched even-weaker stress on its last syllable, except in plural forms where stress is moved to the first syllable. 1971:

is the official language of the nation, but allows autonomous communities to provide a co-official language status for the other

9340: 8786: 8782: 8662: 8318: 8310: 5224:

suffix. The synthetic verbs also have periphrastic forms, for use in perfects and in simple tenses in which they are deponent.

4381:

can become palatalized. This palatalization is indicated in writing with a double consonant, except in the case of palatalized

2495: 9580: 6898: 6878: 2752:

continuing to exist long after a Basque substrate might have had any effect on Spanish. (On the other hand, the occurrence of

1665:

Many linguists have tried to link Basque with other languages, but no hypothesis has gained mainstream acceptance. Apart from

9704: 9566: 9379: 9232: 9125: 8804: 8748: 8685: 8631: 8575: 8278: 7820: 7708: 7689: 7556: 7178: 7143: 6592: 2638: 1976: 932: 263: 8896:

Diccionario Retana de autoridades de la lengua vasca: con cientos de miles de nuevas voces y acepciones, Antiguas y modernas

8600:

Uhlenbeck, C. (1947). "La langue basque et la linguistique générale" [The Basque language and general linguistics].

2020: 1714:. Eduardo Orduña Aznar claims to have established correspondences between Basque and Iberian numerals and noun case markers. 13341: 11849: 11430: 5923:. This rule is so important in Basque that, even in grammatical descriptions of Basque in other languages, the Basque word 2517:

are thought to have received this influence in the past. In the case of Aragonese and Gascon, this would have been through

1666: 1208: 11959: 7608: 3832:. There is a small number of words which are exceptions to this rule, with de Rijk listing the following ten common ones: 1860:

temporarily counteracted this contracting tendency when the Christian lords called on northern Iberian peoples — Basques,

631: 9821: 8654: 3702: 497: 3944:, the friction occurs across the blade of the tongue, the tongue tip pointing toward the lower teeth. This is the usual 1756:

which is common in Kartvelian. The theory suggested that Basque and Georgian were remnants of a pre-Indo-European group.

914: 10931: 9159:

Dialekte von Labourd, Nieder-Navarra und La Soule. 2 Bde. de Gruyter, Berlin (non-standard etymologies; idiosyncratic).

9111: 8869:

Morris, Mikel (1998): "Morris Student Euskara–Ingelesa Basque–English Dictionary", Klaudio Harluxet Fundazioa, Donostia

8355:

Agirre, E.; Alegria, I.; Arregi, X.; Artola, X.; De Ilarraza, A. Díaz; Maritxalar, M.; Sarasola, K.; Urkia, M. (1992).

7091: 3715: 3607: 2643: 8294: 6674: 6658: 2682:

The first two features are common, widespread developments in many Romance (and non-Romance) languages. The change of

12116: 10135: 9640: 9497: 9430: 9326: 9203: 9171: 9143: 8903: 8863: 8841: 8826: 8540: 8519: 8500: 8456: 8427: 8095: 7941: 7912: 7775: 7211: 7041: 6948: 6007: 3953: 1868:" — to colonise the new conquests. The Basque language became the main everyday language, while other languages like 1511: 1284: 9647: 8734:

Anuario del Seminario de Filología Vasca Julio de Urquijo: International journal of Basque linguistics and philology

7572: 6622: 5989: 13336: 13209: 12462: 12092: 11331: 9787: 5981: 4712: 4439: 3620: 3550: 2665: 1584: 1467: 7391:"Is Basque an Indo-European language? Possibilities and limits of the comparative method when applied to isolates" 2529:

or Basque to a Romance language, affecting all levels of the language, including place names around the Pyrenees.

11250: 11186: 10429: 9447:

Bengtson, John D. (1997): Review of "The History of Basque". London: Routledge, 1997. Pp.xxii,458" by R.L. Trask.

6765: 3581: 2090:

While there is a general increase in the number of Basque-speaking during this period, this is mainly because of

2048:

The 2021 sociolinguistic survey of all Basque-speaking territories showed that, of all people aged 16 and above:

1592: 1216:

Public use of Basque was frowned upon by supporters of the regime, often regarded as a sign of anti-Francoism or

1153: 487: 81: 17: 13051: 13039: 6711: 4945:. A zero suffix in this position indicates that the ergative (the subject) is third person singular (he/she/it). 1816:

Percentage of fluent speakers of Basque (areas where Basque is not spoken are included within the 0–4% interval)

1769: 1295:

languages. Nevertheless, Basque has borrowed up to 40 percent of its vocabulary from Romance languages, and the

11863: 11105: 7421: 5985: 4645:, or it can be lost. Loss is most common in the east, while lowering is most common in the west. For instance, 3084:

There is no distinctive vowel length in Basque, although vowels can be lengthened for emphasis. The mid vowels

1449: 1279:

in particular, as the latter today geographically surround the Basque-speaking region. Typologically, with its

992: 681: 11614: 8409:, Arana eta Goiri'tar Sabin, Bilbao, Bizkaya'ren Edestija ta Izkerea Pizkundia, 1896 (Sebastián de Amorrortu). 4928:

means the absolutive (in this case the newspapers) is plural; if it were singular there would be no infix; and

13266: 13256: 13251: 13116: 12944: 12728: 12723: 12329: 11976: 11111: 10936: 10722: 10716: 10640: 6996: 4152: 1759: 1740: 1466:. Consequently, it may be impossible to reconstruct the prehistory of the Basque language by the traditional 860: 409: 326: 9048:

Basque pidgins in Iceland and Canada. Anejos del Anuario del Seminario de Filología Vasca "Julio de Urquijo"

4526:

few pairs of stress-marked words and between some grammatical forms (mainly plurals from other forms), e.g.

13356: 13346: 13271: 13241: 13096: 12339: 12324: 12023: 11324: 11311: 11082: 11043: 10128: 10109: 6816: 6675:

VI° Enquête Sociolinguistique en Euskal herria (Communauté Autonome d'Euskadi, Navarre et Pays Basque Nord)

6617: 4681:

is generalised from cases of Romance borrowings in Basque that retained Romance stem alternations, such as

3594: 3524: 3006: 2869: 2654: 1964: 1038: 357: 344: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6173: 6165: 4678: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4489: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4298: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4214: 4210: 4188: 4176: 4172: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4020: 4012: 3965:; the tip of the tongue points toward the upper teeth and friction occurs at the tip (apex). For example, 3945: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3633: 3535: 3258: 3254: 3225: 3202: 3185: 3170: 3153: 3138: 3100: 3096: 3089: 3085: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2742: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2703: 2699: 2687: 2683: 2632: 2628: 2616: 2612: 2602: 2598: 2583: 1211:. In the Basque Country, "Francoist repression was not only political, but also linguistic and cultural." 13361: 13219: 13121: 12560: 12455: 12319: 12313: 12098: 11371: 11289: 11262: 10966: 10956: 10150: 9780: 7722:"Basque Studies: Commerce, Heritage, And A Language Less Commonly Taught, But Whole-Heartedly Celebrated" 7057: 5891: 5887: 3639: 2934: 2865: 2053: 1693: 1459: 711: 300: 254: 9256:"Advances in Proto-Basque Reconstruction with Evidence for the Proto-Indo-European-Euskarian Hypothesis" 2799:, just as in Basque and Gascon, which may actually argue for some type of influence between both areas.) 12888: 11885: 11546: 11343: 11141: 11001: 10971: 10961: 10951: 10657: 10422: 3668: 3394: 2057: 1786:: a genetic link between Basque and the Indo-European languages has been proposed by Forni (2013), and 1717: 1563:

mean 'young girl' and 'man', respectively in modern Basque). This language is generally referred to as

106: 9214: 8765:

consists of Acta Palaeohispanica IX, the proceedings of the ninth conference on Paleohispanic studies.

4614: 1324: 13286: 13281: 13276: 13144: 13066: 13061: 12717: 12703: 12478: 12297: 12104: 12080: 12055: 12028: 12011: 11021: 10976: 10946: 10919: 10490: 10445: 10405: 10204: 9710:

Vennemann, Theo (2007): "Basken wie wir: Linguistisches und Genetisches zum europäischen Stammbaum",

9281: 8528: 6864: 6787: 4751: 4437: 4155:, automatic palatalization and expressive palatalization. Automatic palatalization occurs in western 3900: 3776: 3746: 3713: 3700: 3676: 3674: 3666: 3637: 3618: 3605: 3592: 3579: 3548: 3522: 3498: 3485: 3470: 3457: 3433: 3422: 3420: 3405: 3392: 3361: 3348: 3333: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3004: 2982: 2969: 2967: 2947: 2932: 2663: 2652: 2641: 2471: 1292: 1244: 1240: 569: 286: 181: 176: 7928: 7061: 5154:

in which the absolutive can only be third person singular or plural. The most ubiquitous auxiliary,

5096:'you (pl.) are buying the newspapers for me'. However, the pronouns are almost always dropped, e.g. 4516: 2102:

Basque speakers (as a % of each region's population), gains/losses compared to previous survey

1824:

Percentage of people fluent in Basque language in Navarre (2001), including second-language speakers

1653:

While those six factors influenced the revitalisation process, the extensive development and use of

13331: 13111: 13056: 12827: 12657: 12546: 12344: 12151: 11788: 11776: 11608: 10670: 10663: 10479: 9761: 9000: 8986: 8972: 8958: 8944: 8930: 8888: 8877: 8479: 8243: 5970: 5799:

Within a noun phrase, modifying adjectives follow the noun. As an example of a Basque noun phrase,

3407: 2949: 2518: 1141: 403: 6852: 6696: 4229:'degree'. That said, the modern orthography for Standard Basque ignores automatic palatalization. 12925: 12820: 12770: 12749: 12740: 12622: 12539: 12499: 11349: 11274: 10677: 10627: 10342: 10332: 10093: 9957: 9730: 9456: 9398: 8911: 6792: 5974: 4089: 3459: 3435: 2671: 2532:

Although a number of words of alleged Basque origin in the Spanish language are circulated (e.g.

2466: 1922: 1783: 1268: 1145: 1031: 891: 171: 9659: 9215:

Buber's Basque Page: The Larry Trask Archive: Some Important Basque Words (And a Bit of Culture)

8777:

Uhlenbeck, C.C. (1909–1910): "Contribution à une phonétique comparative des dialectes basques",

1167:

Native speakers live in a contiguous area that includes parts of four Spanish provinces and the

13081: 13076: 12841: 12813: 12804: 12763: 12363: 12211: 12006: 11782: 11735: 11365: 11282: 10941: 10925: 10733: 10634: 10497: 10473: 9213:, University of Sussex (unfinished). Also "Some Important Basque Words (And a Bit of Culture)" 6917: 6489: 6283: 4747: 4453: 3487: 3307: 2984: 2881: 1479: 1436:—essentially penalising the use of Arabic, Hebrew, or Basque in marketplaces with a fine of 30 1280: 987: 595: 12001: 9210: 9020:. San Sebastián: Eusko Ikaskunza-Sociedad de Estudios Vascos. Fundación Miguel de Barandiarán. 8673: 8488: 4570:

This scheme provides Basque with a distinct musicality that differentiates its sound from the

3047: 2807:

groups of Castile are also said to use or have used Basque words in their jargon, such as the

2482:

These dialects are divided in 11 subdialects, and 24 minor varieties among them. According to

1312: 13233: 13106: 13086: 12834: 12629: 12567: 12409: 12307: 11996: 11799: 11589: 11578: 11540: 11147: 11121: 11026: 11016: 10699: 10615: 10466: 10088: 10083: 9952: 9927: 9488: 9481:

Boletín de la Real Sociedad Vasca de Amigos del País. Homenaje a D. Julio de Urquijo e Ybarra

7889: 7733: 6800: 6135: 4571: 4564: 4522: 3938:

articulation for the alveolar fricatives and affricates. With the laminal alveolar fricative

3748: 3472: 3350: 3335: 3099:

is elided before any following vowel. This does not prevent the existence of diphthongs with

2838: 2072: 1903: 1791: 1711: 1654: 1536: 1264: 1168: 664: 141: 12110: 11835: 7954: 3043: 3039: 13214: 13204: 13194: 13044: 12898: 12711: 12595: 12384: 12141: 11949: 11922: 11905: 11873: 11771: 11485: 11410: 11337: 11116: 11093: 11065: 10996: 10907: 10688: 10274: 10246: 7907:(in Spanish) (2.ª reimpresión (marzo de 1989) ed.). Madrid: Gredos. pp. 469–472. 6899:

https://radiorecuperandomemoria.com/2017/05/31/la-prohibicion-del-euskera-en-el-franquismo/

6879:

https://radiorecuperandomemoria.com/2017/05/31/la-prohibicion-del-euskera-en-el-franquismo/

5106:'you (pl.) are buying the newspapers for me'. The pronouns are used only to show emphasis: 4755: 3500: 3363: 2885: 1736: 12269: 10286: 9450:

Bengtson, John D., (1996): "A Final (?) Response to the Basque Debate in Mother Tongue 1."

9120:, "Current Issues in Linguistic Theory" 131, John Benjamin Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 8390: 3903:

and are spelled accordingly in Standard Basque. When between vowels, and often when after

2586:

in Gascon could arguably be due to a Basque influence but this issue is under-researched.

1898:

In 1807, Basque was still spoken in the northern half of Álava—including its capital city

701: 8: 13261: 13034: 13019: 12954: 12756: 12678: 12588: 12581: 12532: 12490: 12161: 12065: 11965: 11954: 11916: 11895: 11793: 11752: 11527: 11509: 11503: 11478: 11471: 11464: 11377: 11360: 11099: 10765: 10752: 10646: 10596: 10453: 10256: 10158: 10008: 8270: 7586: heartfelt regards to my friends and compatriots in the wonderful language of Aitor 6612: 6602: 6494: 5900: 5896: 5166: 4759: 3563: 3511: 2526: 1707: 1603: 1564: 922: 855: 669: 146: 10241: 9755: 8639: 8471: 1996: 952: 12995: 12949: 12864: 12859: 12854: 12075: 12070: 12060: 12043: 12038: 12033: 12017: 11986: 11981: 11934: 11928: 11879: 11824: 11747: 11631: 11595: 11556: 11498: 11305: 11300: 11011: 10770: 10739: 10705: 10693: 10652: 10527: 10372: 10023: 9983: 9937: 9891: 9856: 9803: 9758:: Automatic translators for Basque, dictionaries, resources to learn Basque... (~ 2016) 9024:

Bakker, Peter (1987). "A Basque Nautical Pidgin: A Missing Link in the History of Fu".

8995:

Sarasola, Ibon; Pello Salaburu, Josu Landa (2010): "Pentsamenduaren Klasikoak Corpusa"

8372: 7256: 6937: 6607: 6582: 5205: 5070:

indicates that the indirect object is me (to me/for me; -t becomes -da- when not final)

4891:

ending, which marks plural object (plural absolutive, direct object case). The verb is

4763: 4555:

Given its great deal of variation among dialects, stress is not marked in the standard

4266:. This type of palatalization is far from general, and is often viewed as substandard. 3297: 2877: 2812: 2572: 2510: 2028: 1972: 1918: 1837:

in the north (including the south-western part of present-day France); at least to the

1820: 1739:

is now widely discredited. The hypothesis was inspired by the existence of the ancient

1507: 1463: 1160:

in adjacent parts of northern Spain and southwestern France. Basque is classified as a

962: 937: 290: 202: 12172: 12135: 8779:

Revista Internacional de los Estudios Vascos = Revue Internationale des Etudes Basques

8668:

Revista Internacional de los Estudios Vascos = Revue Internationale des Etudes Basques

3802:

Basque's two rhotics only contrast when between vowels, where the trill is written as

2566: 1058: 395: 13199: 13176: 13171: 13149: 13091: 12869: 12792: 12685: 12086: 11991: 11971: 11910: 11890: 11601: 11562: 11533: 11521: 11458: 11404: 11382: 11355: 11295: 11268: 11087: 11048: 11038: 11006: 10879: 10805: 10787: 10781: 10683: 10601: 10515: 10367: 10282: 10229: 10013: 9896: 9861: 9700: 9655: 9636: 9562: 9493: 9375: 9322: 9228: 9199: 9167: 9139: 9121: 9107: 8940: 8899: 8859: 8837: 8822: 8800: 8744: 8681: 8627: 8615: 8581: 8571: 8536: 8515: 8496: 8452: 8423: 8274: 8091: 7908: 7849: 7816: 7771: 7704: 7685: 7634: 7552: 7207: 7174: 7139: 7087: 7037: 6944: 6627: 6597: 5606: 5135: 5051:

The auxiliary verb is composed as di-zki-da-zue and means 'you pl. (do) them for me'

4716: 4270: 3931: 3687: 3650: 3447: 3376: 3317: 3302: 3282: 2660: 2649: 2501: 2461: 1938: 1766:, are seen by some linguists as more likely candidates for a very distant connection. 1732: 1703: 1670: 1615: 1576: 1475: 1455: 1276: 1236: 1217: 881: 659: 523: 166: 12177: 12166: 12146: 10484: 10357: 10352: 9631:

Gorrochategui, Joaquín (1993): La onomástica aquitana y su relación con la ibérica,

8953:

Sarasola, Ibon; Pello Salaburu, Josu Landa (2009–): "Ereduzko Prosa Dinamikoa, EPD"

8307: 7496:. In Gorrochategui Iván Igartua, Joaquín; Igartua, Iván; Lakarra, Joseba A. (eds.). 7422:"Comments on "Evidence for Basque as an Indo-European Language" by Gianfranco Forni" 6082: 5227:

Within a verb phrase, the periphrastic verb comes first, followed by the auxiliary.

2578: 2546: 1267:

and of their language is that early forms of Basque developed before the arrival of

493: 13161: 13154: 13101: 13029: 13024: 12981: 12974: 12904: 12848: 12786: 12692: 12664: 12650: 12636: 12553: 12525: 12513: 12506: 12394: 12254: 12244: 12239: 12193: 12187: 12156: 12049: 11944: 11868: 11806: 11758: 11693: 11686: 11679: 11672: 11665: 11654: 11638: 11573: 11568: 11551: 11492: 11386: 11318: 11229: 11196: 11164: 11060: 11032: 10981: 10902: 10886: 10872: 10854: 10847: 10833: 10793: 10775: 10759: 10745: 10567: 10550: 10377: 10347: 10327: 10278: 10266: 10223: 10219: 10208: 10193: 10188: 10053: 10018: 9993: 9988: 9900: 9866: 9852: 9817: 9549: 9544: 9532: 9522: 9517: 9505: 9411: 9035: 8967:

Sarasola, Ibon; Pello Salaburu, Josu Landa (2013): "Euskal Klasikoen Corpusa, EKC"

8708: 8611: 8602: 8376: 8364: 7841: 6025: 5690: 5572: 4767: 3935: 3728: 3292: 3287: 3277: 2820: 2675: 2514: 2476: 2456: 1968: 1957: 1869: 1787: 1763: 1699: 1619: 1611: 1599: 1526: 1272: 1256: 1248: 1232: 1212: 1189: 1161: 1088: 1012: 967: 805: 785: 737: 189: 161: 127: 12234: 12182: 11174: 10312: 9947: 9454:

Trask, R.L. (1995). "Basque and Dene–Caucasian: A Critique from the Basque Side".

6781: 5216:). Verbs of Latinate origin in Basque, as well as many other verbs, have a suffix 2540: 800: 12988: 12939: 12893: 12776: 12671: 12643: 12602: 12389: 12264: 12249: 12218: 11939: 11900: 11765: 11711: 11583: 11445: 11211: 11206: 11071: 10986: 10867: 10860: 10840: 10727: 10710: 10509: 10322: 10296: 10261: 10214: 10172: 10061: 10003: 9998: 9872: 9681: 9131: 8925:

Sarasola, Ibon; Pello Salaburu, Josu Landa (2011): "ETC: Egungo Testuen Corpusa"

8314: 7961: 7937: 7721: 7241: 6905: 6885: 6681: 6587: 6577: 6336: 6077: 6033: 6029: 5555: 5158:

can be used in any of these paradigms, depending on the nature of the main verb.

4872:

is the agent (transitive subject), so it is marked with the ergative case ending

4728: 4720: 4456:

and the corresponding voiced palatal stop, , is absent except as an allophone of

4184: 3957: 3940: 3733: 3324: 3312: 2849: 2760:

but later regained it as a result of Germanic influence, and has recently gained

2561: 2506: 2395: 1899: 1877: 1873: 1842: 1607: 1300: 1221: 1204: 1136: 845: 810: 721: 674: 654: 649: 644: 225: 194: 119: 56: 4305:

these sibilants are palatalized in order to form the palatalized form. That is,

2534: 1660: 13166: 12934: 12447: 12399: 12259: 12228: 12199: 11830: 11716: 11699: 11649: 11644: 11515: 11452: 11222: 11216: 11136: 11131: 11077: 11054: 10799: 10621: 10578: 10561: 10555: 10533: 10521: 10337: 10317: 10270: 10251: 10235: 9099: 8557: 7737: 6123: 4743: 4706: 4560: 3876: 3870: 3763: 2842: 2522: 1777: 1721: 1631: 1580: 1568: 1437: 1288: 1225: 1193: 747: 305: 230: 216: 110: 8939:

Sarasola, Ibon; Pello Salaburu, Josu Landa (2009): "Ereduzko Prosa Gaur, EPG"

8755: 8713: 8357:"XUXEN: A Spelling Checker/Corrector for Basque Based on Two-Level Morphology" 6020:

Through contact with neighbouring peoples, Basque has adopted many words from

4574:

patterns of Spanish (which tends to stress the second-to-last syllable). Some

2400: 1074: 13325: 12283: 12223: 12205: 11721: 11705: 11659: 11416: 11236: 11201: 11191: 11169: 11126: 10991: 10572: 10504: 10362: 10290: 9932: 8585: 8356: 8184: 7853: 7578:

Aitorreu hizcuntz ederrean nere lagun eta erritarrai bistz barrengo eroipenac

7237: 6757: 5656: 5539: 5522: 5489: 5165:(3) for synthetic (or filamentous) verbs because of the two familiar persons— 4732: 4724: 4180: 4135:

assimilates to the place of articulation of following plosives. As a result,

3864: 3569: 3382: 2911: 2834: 2556: 2024: 1838: 1804: 1773: 1749: 942: 927: 790: 706: 578: 10414: 9648:

La hipótesis del vascoiberismo desde el punto de vista de la epigrafía íbera

9431:

Some features of Dene–Caucasian phonology (with special reference to Basque)

9350:

Mukarovsky, Hans Guenter (1964/66): "Les rapports du basque et du berbère",

8770: 8655:

XUXEN: A spelling checker/corrector for Basque based on two-level morphology

8482:), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Sareko Euskal Gramatika, SEG 6659:"The Basque Language Gains Speakers, but No Surge in Usage – Basque Tribune" 2709:

Examples of arguments against the substrate theory, and possible responses:

13071: 12879: 12613: 11180: 9922: 9581:

De la possibilité d' une parenté entre le basque et les langues caucasiques

9039: 8507: 7703:

Gobierno Vasco, Servicio Central de Publicaciones del Gobierno Vasco 2003,

7684:

Gobierno Vasco, Servicio Central de Publicaciones del Gobierno Vasco 2016,

6231: 6140: 6091: 5803:"in the old house" is morphologically analysed as follows by Agirre et al. 4209:, all of Gipuzkoa and Biscay, and almost all of Navarre. In a few regions, 3852: 3840: 3077: 2091: 1296: 900: 870: 865: 795: 770: 726: 433: 8561: 8368: 8361:

Proceedings of the Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing

8295:"(Basque) INFLECTION §1.4.2.2. Potential paradigms: absolutive and dative" 7575:, at the time a deputy to the Cortes from Gipuzkoa, to Ondarroa; it read: 7302:"Evidence for Basque as an Indo-European Language: A Reply to the Critics" 6997:

https://ojs.library.carleton.ca/index.php/ALGQP/article/download/967/851/0

5173:

is used for both of them, but where the masculine form of the verb uses a

379: 9699:, Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs 138, De Gruyter, Berlin, 9608: 9352:

Comptes rendus du GLECS (Groupe Linguistique d'Etudes Chamito-Sémitiques)

9220: 9191: 8792: 7665:

Gobierno Vasco, Servicio Central de Publicaciones del Gobierno Vasco 2016

7025: 6317: 5589: 4556: 3888: 3858: 3846: 3834: 2923: 2906: 2695: 2594: 2483: 1857: 1646:

collaboration between public institutions and people's organisations, and

1402: 1007: 780: 362: 349: 9506:"Concordances morphologiques entre le basque et les langues caucasiques" 9116:

Hualde, José Ignacio; Lakarra, Joseba A. & R.L. Trask (eds) (1996):

7135:

The basque experience : some keys to language and identity recovery

6183: 4602: 1231:

Besides its standardised version, the five historic Basque dialects are

1070:

Percentage of students registered in Basque language schools (2000–2005)

13246: 12965: 12915: 12781: 10827: 10028: 5473: 5182: 4877: 4521:

Basque features great dialectal variation in accentuation, from a weak

3924: 3882: 2993: 2916: 1926: 1830: 1197: 1002: 947: 8981:

Sarasola, Ibon; Pello Salaburu, Josu Landa (2014): "Goenkale Corpusa"

8174: 8172: 6273: 5930:

In negative sentences, the order changes. Since the negative particle

4049: 2808: 2404:

The modern dialects of Basque according to 21st-century dialectology.

2016:

Testimonies of Basque sociolinguistic dynamics (French Basque Country)

1680:

Inscription with Basque-like lexical forms identified as "UME ZAHAR",

10393: 9772: 8567: 8336: 7845: 7033: 6288: 5721: 5707: 5247: 4731:. The subject of the transitive verb is marked differently, with the 4198: 3250: 2958: 2846: 1953: 1861: 1846: 850: 815: 388: 372: 336: 318: 9572:

Míchelena, Luis (1968): "L'euskaro-caucasien" in Martinet, A. (ed.)

8548:

Current Trends in Linguistics. Vol. 9. Linguistics in Western Europe

7866:

Rohlfs, Gerhard (1980), Le Gascon: études de philologie pyrénéenne.

7493: 5959: 5946:("teaching") is separated from its auxiliary and placed at the end. 4240:

and especially . It may become indistinguishable from the affricate

2827: 1790:, who has identified potential phonological correspondences between 1772:: based on the possible Caucasian link, some linguists, for example 1752:, the hypothesis was also inspired by a Basque place-name ending in 1510:

when those tools were made of stone. Others find this unlikely: see

1148:

that dominate the European continent today. Basque is spoken by the

9508:[Morphological concordances between Basque and languages]. 9184:

Rohlfs, Gerhard. 1980. Le Gascon: études de philologie pyrénéenne.

8169: 7462: 7390: 7359: 7328: 7301: 7270: 7202:

José Ignacio Hualde, Joseba Lakarra, Robert Lawrence Trask (1995),

7167: 6739: 6211: 5639: 5622: 5146:(absolutive–dative–ergative) paradigm. This last is exemplified by 5058:

indicates that the main verb is transitive and in the present tense

5044:

you-ERG(PL) newspaper-PL buy-GER AUX.3.OBJ-PL.OBJ-me.IO-you(PL).SBJ

4164: 3125: 3114: 3051: 2824: 2784: 2551: 2061: 1850: 1744: 1725: 1598:

Roman neglect of this area allowed Aquitanian to survive while the

1588: 1572: 1378: 1373: 1172: 1157: 1062:

Family transmission of Basque language (Basque as initial language)

820: 775: 505: 9404:

Journal of the Association for the Study of Language in Prehistory

8692:

Hualde, José Ignacio; Lujanbio, Oihana; Zubiri, Juan Joxe (2010).

6865:

https://elpais.com/diario/2001/04/29/cultura/988495201_850215.html

6731: 4057:

is only pronounced in the north-east, as the isoglosses here show.

1911: 1892: 1888: 1180: 423:

Dialect areas of Basque. Light-coloured dialects are extinct. See

12482: 9962: 8728:

Lakarra Andrinua, Joseba A.; Hualde, José Ignacio (eds.) (2006):

8472:

Gramática de los cuatro dialectos literarios de la lengua euskara

7360:"Why Basque cannot be, unfortunately, an Indo-European language?" 6753: 6749:(Datos sociolingüísticos de Navarra, 2018, Government of Navarre) 6746: 6149: 4160: 4156: 2873: 2804: 2691: 2079: 2065: 1907: 1834: 1685: 1532: 1184: 1149: 1078:

Location of the Basque-language provinces within Spain and France

1017: 997: 840: 765: 617: 609: 536: 501: 259: 91: 12923: 9747: 8451:, "Connaissance des langues" v. 13, A. & J. Picard (Paris), 4000:

In the westernmost parts of the Basque country, only the apical

1910:

and some villages around, and including some bordering towns in

12574: 12423:

Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.

12404: 12302: 10153: 9978: 9942: 9767: 7243:

In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology and Myth

6853:

https://cvc.cervantes.es/literatura/aih/pdf/16/aih_16_2_021.pdf

6735: 6715: 5505: 5162: 4168: 3948:

in most European languages. It is written with an orthographic

2861: 1865: 1640:

creation of media in Basque (radio, newspapers, and television)

1423: 1396: 1260: 1176: 755: 281: 71: 9358:

Mukarovsky, Hans Guenter (1972). "El vascuense y el bereber".

8982: 2060:

and 45.3% did not speak Basque. The percentage was highest in

1891:, and the western part of Biscay, and including some parts of 8884: 6761: 6262: 6021: 5122:

imperative. Each verb that can be taken intransitively has a

4464:

is sometimes the result of an affectionate palatalization of

4206: 1948: 1881: 1681: 1676: 1661:

Hypotheses concerning Basque's connections to other languages

1454:

Although the Basque language is geographically surrounded by

1390: 1384: 1115: 760: 716: 418: 249: 67: 8968: 7257:

A Final (?) Response to the Basque Debate in Mother Tongue 1

7173:. Hungerford, England: Foundation for Endangered Languages. 4428:, differ by dialect. In the Gipuzkoan and Biscayan dialects 4030: 2745:

in these words, which might reflect the original situation.)

1853:; the southern and western boundaries are not clear at all. 1066: 9752:– Euskaltzaindia (The Royal Academy of the Basque Language) 5169:

masculine and feminine second person singular. The pronoun

4739:). This also triggers main and auxiliary verbal agreement. 3095:

Basque has an a-Elision Rule, according to which the vowel

1506:), and have therefore concluded that the language dates to 9080: 8858:

16 vols. Real academia de la lengua vasca, Bilbao 1987ff.

7955:"The Basques in the Mexican Regions: 16th–20th Centuries." 6253: 6245: 6175: 6167: 6122:

for native words, but the Basque alphabet (established by

6113: 6105: 6097: 5736:

The proper name "Mikel" (Michael) is declined as follows:

4862:

Martin-ERG newspaper-PL.ABS buy-GER AUX.3.OBJ-PL.OBJ-me.IO

1884:

were preferred for the administration and high education.

1812: 1567:

and is assumed to have been spoken in the area before the

1207:, Basque language use was discouraged by the government's 504:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

9596:

L'hypothèse basco-caucasienne dans les travaux de N. Marr

9299:

25, pp. 47–110, (includes review of older theories).

9059:

Anuario del Seminario de Filología Vasca Julio de Urquijo

8996: 8954: 8926: 8873: 8872:

Sarasola, Ibon (2010–), "Egungo Euskararen Hiztegia EEH"

8483: 8354: 8342: 2864:

have existed. In the 16th century, Basque sailors used a

1906:, Basque was still spoken in all the territory except in 1097: 9065:

Hualde, José Ignacio (1984). "Icelandic Basque pidgin".

8201: 8199: 8159: 8157: 8155: 8153: 7227:

Studia Linguistica 45:1-2. Scandinavian University Press

6699:, Euskal Herriko Soziolinguistikazko II. Inkesta (1996). 5453:

The common noun "liburu" (book) is declined as follows:

4534:("the glass", absolutive case; an adoption from Spanish 4232:

In certain regions of Gipuzkoa and Biscay, intervocalic

4205:. This palatalization occurs in a wider area, including 2452:

Modern Basque dialectology distinguishes five dialects:

8068: 8034: 8032: 8030: 7970: 7903:

Corominas, Joan; Pascual, José A. (1980). "izquierdo".

6164:, which in most dialects palatalises their sounds into 5220:

in the perfect, adapted from the Latin perfect passive

5161:

There are more persons in the singular (5) than in the

4723:(which is unmarked), and the same case is used for the 4191:

and before another vowel. An exception is the loanword

9347:= "Revue Internationale des Etudes Basques" 7:289–340. 9293:

Hizkuntzalaritza konparatua eta aitzineuskararen erroa

8056: 8044: 7905:

Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico

6318:

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

2589:

The other most commonly claimed substrate influences:

9004: 8990: 8976: 8962: 8948: 8934: 8546:

Lafon, R. (1972): "Basque" In Thomas A. Sebeok (ed.)

8211: 8196: 8150: 8138: 8015: 5112:'it is you (pl.) who buys the newspapers for me', or 1121: 1118: 1103: 1100: 8856:

Diccionario General Vasco/Orotariko Euskal Hiztegia.

8774:

PhD Dissertation, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, US.

8756:

Sobre algunos posibles numerales en textos ibéricos.

8743:, Gipuzkoako Foru Aldundia, Donostia-San Sebastian, 8739:

Lakarra, J. & Ortiz de Urbina, J.(eds.) (1992):

8691: 8190: 8178: 8126: 8114: 8027: 8003: 7357: 6194:

without changing the sound, whereas the proper name

4677:, "kitten". Michelena suggests that the lowering to 1657:

is also considered a significant additional factor.

1112: 1094: 438:

Basque speakers, including second-language speakers

205: 197: 184: 9756:

An overview of language technology tools for Basque

9689: 8915:. Paris/London: Maisonneuve/Williams & Norgate. 8441: 7528: 7504:] (in Spanish). Vitoria-Gasteiz: Gobierno Vasco 7358:Gorrochategui, Joaquín; Lakarra, Joseba A. (2013). 6742:(VI Mapa Sociolingüístico, 2016, Basque Government) 6545:

A Basque speaker, recorded in Basque Country, Spain

6277:

An example of the number system employed by millers

4637:vary across the regions of the Basque Country. The 4552:("the forests" or "the glasses", absolutive case). 4365:'lambkin, young lamb'. In words without sibilants, 3969:"you" (singular, respectful) is distinguished from 2113: 1109: 1091: 9274: 9242: 9181:. Vitoria-Gasteiz: Eusko Jaurlaritzaren Argitalpe. 7991: 7571:The first telegraph message in Basque was sent by 7271:"Evidence for Basque as an Indo-European Language" 6936: 6780: 6215:The letters of the alphabet in a Basque style font 6086:An example of Basque lettering in a funerary stela 5250:, a Basque noun may have 458,683 inflected forms. 2748:Evidence of Arabic loanwords in Spanish points to 1317:In Basque, the name of the language is officially 9209:Trask, R.L. † (edited by Max W. Wheeler) (2008): 9157:Etymologisches Wörterbuch der baskischen Sprache. 8701:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 8550:, Mouton, The Hague, Mouton, pp. 1744–1792. 8420:Tratado de Molinología – Los Molinos de Guipúzcoa 8232:"Tone and Stress in Basque: A Preliminary Survey" 7794:IV Congrès International de Sciences Onomastiques 6943:. Reno: University of Nevada Press. p. 149. 5938:"Father teaches French", in the negative becomes 5130:(absolutive–dative) paradigm, as in the sentence 4903:is a kind of gerund ("buying") and the auxiliary 4197:'lily'. The same palatalization occurs after the 2560:, long considered the source of the Pyrenean and 1942:Official status of the Basque language in Navarre 1427: 1179:, a few municipalities on the northern border of 13323: 12477: 9489:Einführung in die kaukasische Sprachwissenschaft 9435:Cahiers de l'Institut de Linguistique de Louvain 9018:Tratado de Molinología: Los molinos en Guipúzcoa 8851:, Geuthner, Bilbao/Paris (reprinted many times). 8847:Azkue Aberasturi, Resurrección María de (1905): 8533:Grammaire basque – navarro-labourdin littéraire. 8462:de Azkue Aberasturi, Resurrección María (1969): 7902: 6965:"Navarrese Educational System. Report 2011/2012" 6779: 6566:A Basque speaker, recorded during Wikimania 2019 6268: 1263:. The current mainstream scientific view on the 9764:, The University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU 9635:(Francisco Villar and Jürgen Untermann, eds.), 9093:Rommintxela, the language of the Basque gypsies 9003:, The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU 8989:, The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU 8975:, The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU 8961:, The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU 8947:, The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU 8933:, The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU 8090:, London and New York: Routledge, pp. 155–157, 7882:En torno a la toponimia vasca y circumpirenaica 7815:] (in Catalan). Barcino. pp. 153–217. 7165: 7081: 6924:. A&E Television Networks. 9 November 2009. 6653: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6473:The incandescent iron you take out of the oven 5208:: perfect (various suffixes), habitual (suffix 4131:in syllable final position, and syllable-final 3985:"the day after tomorrow" is distinguished from 3973:"fire". The affricate counterparts are written 3270:Table of consonant phonemes of Standard Basque 2489: 2121: 2027:in an exercise book given as punishment during 1975:. Consequently, the Statute of Autonomy of the 9624:Bähr, Gerhard (1948): "Baskisch und Iberisch" 8891:, The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU 8880:, The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU 7930:O latín dos canteiros en Cabana de Bergantiños 7607:. Spanish Constitutional Court. Archived from 7107:Journal of the Manchester Geographical Society 5142:(absolutive–ergative) paradigm and possibly a 4448:does not exist. Likewise, in Goizueta Basque, 2860:A number of Basque-based or Basque-influenced 2690:occurred historically only in a limited area ( 1702:: another ancient language once spoken in the 1500:) appear to derive from the word for "stone" ( 12463: 10444: 10430: 10136: 9788: 9394:The Comparison of Basque and North Caucasian. 9104:Neue Forschungsarbeiten zur Kontaktlinguistik 8512:The Basque Language: A Practical Introduction 6970:. Navarrese Educative Council. Archived from 4535: 4011:Basque also features postalveolar sibilants ( 3899:In syllable-final position, all plosives are 3810:. When a suffix is added to a word ending in 2042: "I must not speak in Basque at school" 2032: 1720:: this proposal, made by the German linguist 1637:integration of Basque in the education system 1443: 1411: 1361: 1355: 1349: 1343: 1039: 13307:Families with more than 30 languages are in 12433:Families with more than 30 languages are in 9652:Fontes linguae vasconum: Studia et documenta 9585:Revista Internacional de los Estudios Vascos 9386: 8761:5:491–506. This fifth volume of the journal 8484:Aurkezpena [Sareko Euskal Gramatika] 8407:Lecciones de ortografía del euskera bizkaino 7838:Fontes Linguae Vasconum: Studia et Documenta 7677: 7675: 7673: 7671: 7658: 7656: 7576: 7329:"On Forni's Basque–Indo-European Hypothesis" 6640: 6351: 6195: 6189: 6181: 5118:'it is me for whom you buy the newspapers'. 5113: 5107: 5101: 5091: 5085: 4910: 4904: 4898: 4892: 4493: 4483: 4408: 4402: 4396: 4390: 4360: 4354: 4348: 4342: 4336: 4330: 4292: 4286: 4261: 4255: 4249: 4224: 4218: 4192: 3827: 3821: 3815: 3230: 3207: 3190: 3175: 3158: 3143: 1558: 1552: 1546: 1540: 1513: 1501: 1495: 1489: 1483: 1383:, which in turn goes back to the Greek term 1367: 1337: 1331: 1318: 1130: 554: 540: 40: 9726:Basque Parallels to Greenberg's Eurasiatic. 9673: 9611:O родстве баскского языка с кавказскими // 9086: 8997:Pentsamenduaren Klasikoak Corpusa - UPV/EHU 8832:Aulestia, Gorka & White, Linda (1990): 7976: 7138:. Eskoriatza, Gipuzkoa: Garabide Elkartea. 7131: 6989: 5988:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 5890:(unlike Spanish, French or English where a 4171:. As a result of automatic palatalization, 2500:Although the influence of the neighbouring 2056:, 36.2% were fluent Basque speakers, 18.5% 1524: 1417: 1400: 1376: 1330:In French, the language is normally called 1313:Basques § Etymology of the word Basque 1144:, predating the arrival of speakers of the 13367:Languages attested from the 1st century BC 12470: 12456: 10437: 10423: 10143: 10129: 9795: 9781: 9483:vol. III, San Sebastián, pp. 207–232. 9357: 8874:Egungo Euskararen Hiztegia (EEH) - UPV/EHU 8771:Studies in Basque Syntax: Relative clauses 6665: 6148:All letters and digraphs represent unique 5076:indicates that the subject is you (plural) 5064:indicates that the direct object is plural 4941:in this instance there is no suffix after 3796: 3018:The Basque language features five vowels: 1917:In the 20th century, however, the rise of 1799: 1579:, that the language moved westward during 1156:, a region that straddles the westernmost 1140:) is the only surviving descendant of the 1046: 1032: 432: 417: 9548: 9521: 9333: 9150:Le système du verbe basque au XVIe siècle 8712: 8599: 8596:, U. of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. 7982: 7886:About Basque and circum-Pyrenean toponymy 7835: 7806: 7790: 7755: 7744: 7668: 7653: 7551:. Andoain (Gipuzkoa): Elkar. p. 21. 6502: 6008:Learn how and when to remove this message 5047:"You (plural) buy the newspapers for me." 4633:The combining forms of nominals in final 9579:Uhlenbeck, Christian Cornelius (1924): " 9576:, Paris, pp. 1414–1437 (criticism). 9535:[Basque and Caucasian studies]. 9409: 9345:Revista Internacional de Estudios Vascos 9118:Towards a History of the Basque Language 9095:] (in Basque). San Sebastián: Argia. 9001:Euskara Institutuaren ataria (UPV - EHU) 8987:Euskara Institutuaren ataria (UPV - EHU) 8973:Euskara Institutuaren ataria (UPV - EHU) 8969:Euskal Klasikoen Corpusa (EKC) - UPV/EHU 8959:Euskara Institutuaren ataria (UPV - EHU) 8955:Ereduzko Prosa Dinamikoa (EPD) - UPV/EHU 8945:Euskara Institutuaren ataria (UPV - EHU) 8931:Euskara Institutuaren ataria (UPV - EHU) 8889:Euskara Institutuaren ataria (UPV - EHU) 8878:Euskara Institutuaren ataria (UPV - EHU) 8640:Grammaire comparée des dialectes basques 8480:Euskara Institutuaren ataria (UPV - EHU) 8466:La Gran enciclopedia vasca, Bilbao 1969. 7879: 7419: 7204:Towards a history of the Basque language 7020: 7018: 7016: 7014: 7012: 7010: 7008: 7006: 7004: 6939:The Basques: the Franco years and beyond 6623:Wiktionary: Swadesh list of Basque words 6272: 6210: 6180:, even if these are not written. Hence, 6081: 4909:means "he/she (does) them for me". This 4254:'father' may sound like it were spelled 4048: 4029: 2399: 2019: 2003: 1995: 1937: 1849:), including lands on both sides of the 1819: 1811: 1803: 1675: 1306: 1291:remains markedly different from that of 1271:in the area, i.e. before the arrival of 1073: 1065: 1057: 9589:Revue Internationale des Etudes Basques 9469: 9412:"Notes on Basque Comparative Phonology" 9253: 9081:History of the language and etymologies 8556: 8217: 8205: 8163: 8144: 8132: 8120: 8074: 8062: 8050: 8038: 8021: 8009: 7947: 7491: 7388: 7326: 7236: 7166:Alegria, Iñaki; Sarasola, Kepa (2017). 6727:The data is the most recent available: 6479:so your people could break the chains, 6465:Captive in the rainforests of the West 6447:s̻uɾe(h)eritarekkateak(h)auts̺dits̻aten 6398:zure herritarrek kateak hauts ditzaten, 6350: 5093:zuek niri egunkariak erosten dizkidazue 5041:Zu-ek egunkari-ak erosten di-zki-da-zue 5027: 4938:means "to me/for me" (indirect object). 4853: 4812: 4068:Unless they are recent loanwords (e.g. 2837:community in the Basque Country speaks 2034:En la escuela no tengo que hablar vasco 1649:campaigns for Basque language literacy. 1482:have noted that the words for "knife" ( 1433:: et qui lo fara pague por coto XXX sol 498:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 13324: 9802: 9341:Baskisch-Hamitische wortvergleichungen 9247: 9064: 9027:Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 9023: 8927:Egungo Testuen Corpusa (ETC) - UPV/EHU 8898:, Bilbao: La Gran Enciclopedia Vasca. 8563:Standard Basque: a progressive grammar 8324: 8301: 8264: 8236:Anuario del Seminario Julio de Urquijo 8229: 7997: 7463:"Is Basque an Indo-European Language?" 6817:"How the Basque language has survived" 5007: 4859:Martin-ek egunkari-ak erosten di-zki-t 4833: 3923:, are pronounced as the corresponding 3054:dialect, extra phonemes are featured: 2496:List of Spanish words of Basque origin 12451: 10418: 10124: 9776: 9665:Schuchardt, Hugo Ernst Mario (1907): 9618: 9530: 9503: 9453: 9219: 9186:Zeitschrift für Romanische Philologie 9053:Deen, Nicolaas Gerard Hendrik. 1937. 8647: 8400: 7896: 7868:Zeitschrift für Romanische Philologie 7761: 7750: 7546: 7534: 7522: 7299: 7268: 7206:. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 7024: 7001: 6934: 6335: 5915:, but in both cases the question tag 5126:(absolutive) paradigm and possibly a 5031: 5019: 4986: 4974: 4970: 4845: 4808: 4797: 4641:can stay unchanged, be lowered to an 3956: 3939: 2639:voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant 1135: 933:Basque Country national football team 55: 9628:II, pp. 3–20, 167–194, 381–455. 9321:. New York/London: Routledge, 1996. 9198:. New York/London: Routledge, 1996. 9089:Erromintxela, euskal ijitoen hizkera 9068:Journal of Basque Studies in America 8836:, University of Nevada Press, Reno, 8514:. Reno: University of Nevada Press. 8506: 8330: 7460: 6814: 6801:participating institution membership 6386:Labetik ateratzen duzun burdin goria 5986:adding citations to reliable sources 5953: 5011: 4865:"Martin buys the newspapers for me." 4837: 4597: 4530:("the forest", absolutive case) vs. 4273:Basque, there are a few examples of 3092:are raised before nasal consonants. 2868:in their contacts with Iceland. The 2803:Beyond these arguments, a number of 440: 8941:Ereduzko Prosa Gaur (EPG) - UPV/EHU 8670:12, París. (Study of the dialects.) 8495:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2003. 8491:& Ortiz de Urbina, Jon (eds.): 8319:Aditzen aspektua, tempusa eta modua 7719: 7582: 7442:from the original on 9 October 2022 7058:"Diccionario de la lengua española" 6766:L'enquête sociolinguistique de 2016 6406:kateak egiten dituzu, kate gehiago. 6374:Erromara ekarri zinduten, esklabua, 6204:to break the palatalisation of the 6126:) does include them for loanwords: 5023: 5015: 4956:Zuek egunkariak erosten dizkidazue. 4849: 4841: 4783:Martinek egunkariak erosten dizkit. 4517:Pitch-accent language § Basque 4510: 3814:, a trill is generally used, as in 2670:; this sound also influenced other 2038: 1952:or charter of the Basque-colonised 1643:the established new legal framework 1539:, for instance, the personal names 24: 9697:Europa Vasconica – Europa Semitica 9682:Langue basque et langues finnoises 9302:Lakarra Andrinua, Joseba (1999): " 9291:Lakarra Andrinua, Joseba (1998): " 9280:Jacobsen, William H. Jr. (1999): " 9227:. Zarautz (Gipuzkoa): Alberdania. 8821:University of Nevada Press, Reno, 8797:Euskalkiak: euskararen dialektoak. 8741:Syntactic Theory and Basque Syntax 8622:Urquizu Sarasúa, Patricio (2007): 8436: 8348: 8191:Hualde, Lujanbio & Zubiri 2010 8179:Hualde, Lujanbio & Zubiri 2010 7637:. 16 February 2011. Archived from 7300:Forni, Gianfranco (January 2013). 7225:On the Basque-Caucasian Hypothesis 6469:they gave you the blacksmith work 6435:labetikateɾats̻endus̻unburdinɡoɾia 6419:[s̺artaldekooi(h)anetanɡatibatuɾik 6234:'s (1865–1903) alphabet, digraphs 5115:egunkariak niri erosten dizkidazue 5109:egunkariak zuek erosten dizkidazue 4649:, "head", has the combining forms 4593: 4544:("the forest", ergative case) vs. 4080:... ), words may not have initial 3993:"yesterday" is distinguished from 2872:arose from contact between Basque 2764:as a result of English influence.) 1933: 1706:, shows several similarities with 25: 13378: 9768:Ahotsak.eus - Basque Oral Archive 9739: 9718: 9211:Etymological Dictionary of Basque 8919: 8883:Sarasola, Ibon (2010): "Zehazki" 8849:Diccionario vasco–español–francés 8736:Vol. 40, No. 1–2), San Sebastián. 8724:from the original on 28 May 2018. 7965:Basque Studies Program Newsletter 7942:Universidad Complutense de Madrid 6467:they brought you to Rome, slave, 6455:kateakeɡitenditus̻ukateɡe(h)iaɡo] 6145:are treated as pairs of letters. 6071: 5212:), and future/potential (suffix. 4548:("the glass", ergative case) vs. 4281:, and optional palatalization of 4146: 3954:voiceless apicoalveolar fricative 3930:Basque has a distinction between 2855: 2767:Basque regularly developed Latin 1630:implementation and acceptance of 10152: 9690:Vasconic-Old European hypothesis 9679:Bonaparte, Louis Lucien (1862): 9005:University of the Basque Country 8991:University of the Basque Country 8977:University of the Basque Country 8963:University of the Basque Country 8949:University of the Basque Country 8935:University of the Basque Country 8442:General and descriptive grammars 7809:Estudis de toponímia catalana, I 7494:"Prehistoria de la lengua vasca" 7467:Journal of Indo-European Studies 7429:Journal of Indo-European Studies 7395:Journal of Indo-European Studies 7364:Journal of Indo-European Studies 7333:Journal of Indo-European Studies 7306:Journal of Indo-European Studies 7275:Journal of Indo-European Studies 6550: 6530: 6509: 6378:erremintari ofizioa eman zizuten 6370:Sartaldeko oihanetan gatibaturik 5958: 5940:Aitak ez du frantsesa irakasten, 5895:someone of a fact or event) the 5886:Basic syntactic construction is 4669:, "cat", has the combining form 4601: 4432:is often pronounced the same as 3253:in Basque, all falling and with 2376: 2375: 2367: 2366: 2358: 2357: 2349: 2348: 2335: 2334: 2326: 2325: 2317: 2316: 2308: 2307: 2294: 2293: 2285: 2284: 2276: 2275: 2267: 2266: 2253: 2252: 2244: 2243: 2235: 2234: 2226: 2225: 2212: 2211: 2203: 2202: 2194: 2193: 2185: 2184: 2168: 2167: 2159: 2158: 2150: 2149: 1585:fall of the Western Roman Empire 1531:preserve a number of words with 1087: 577: 9646:Rodríguez Ramos, Jesús (2002). 9613:Вопросы языкознания. 1955. № 5. 9533:"Études basques et caucasiques" 9282:Basque Language Origin Theories 9275:General reviews of the theories 9243:Relationship to other languages 9057:. Amsterdam. Reprinted 1991 in 8535:Elkarlanean, Donostia/Bayonne, 8412: 8383: 8287: 8258: 8223: 8101: 8080: 7921: 7873: 7860: 7829: 7800: 7784: 7720:Ray, Nina M. (1 January 2009). 7713: 7694: 7623: 7597: 7565: 7540: 7516: 7485: 7454: 7413: 7382: 7351: 7320: 7293: 7262: 7250: 7230: 7217: 7196: 7187: 7159: 7125: 7112: 7109:, volumes 52–56 (1942), page 90 7100: 7075: 7050: 6957: 6928: 6910: 6890: 6870: 6857: 6427:eremintaɾiofis̻ioaemans̻is̻uten 5035: 2852:vocabulary and Basque grammar. 2648:, a sound transitional between 2427: Lower Navarrese–Lapurdian 2105: 1991: 1372:, are inherited from the Latin 9550:10.1080/00437956.1952.11659423 9523:10.1080/00437956.1951.11659408 9164:La langue basque au Moyen-Age. 9016:Agirre Sorondo, Antxon. 1988. 8894:Sota, M. de la, et al., 1976: 8653:Agirre, Eneko, et al. (1992): 7813:Studies of Catalan toponymy, I 7764:Euskalkiak. Herriaren lekukoak 7573:Teodoro de Arana y Beláustegui 7502:History of the Basque language 7389:Prósper, Blanca María (2013). 6845: 6835: 6808: 6773: 6721: 6702: 6687: 6483:you make chains, more chains. 6423:eromaɾaekaris̻indutenes̺klabua 5919:immediately precedes the verb 4997: 4823: 4750:is found only in Basque, some 2544:'dashing, gallant, spirited', 1575:. Some authors even argue for 1450:History of the Basque language 1440:(the equivalent of 30 sheep). 682:History of the Basque language 13: 1: 13352:Subject–object–verb languages 9559:Le origini della lingua basca 9372:Le origini della lingua basca 9055:Glossaria duo vasco-islandica 8754:Orduña Aznar, Eduardo. 2005. 8663:Eléments de phonetique basque 8552:Part 2 The study of languages 8265:Hualde, Jose Ignacio (1991). 7663:VI. Inkesta Soziolinguistikoa 6633: 6269:Number system used by millers 6152:. The main exception is when 6120:⟨c, q, v, w, y⟩ 5949: 5936:Aitak frantsesa irakasten du, 5447:of the houses (belonging to) 5103:egunkariak erosten dizkidazue 4685:, "song" with combining form 4187:respectively after the vowel 3264: 3069:, graphically represented as 2608:the simple five vowel system. 1967:states in Article 3 that the 1760:Northeast Caucasian languages 1285:ergative–absolutive alignment 1255:Basque is the only surviving 861:Maskarada (carnival of Soule) 424: 27:Language of the Basque people 10110:Andalusian language movement 9437:(CILL) 30.4, pp. 33–54. 9046:Bakker, Peter, et al. 1991. 8999:, Bilbo: Euskara Institutua 8985:, Bilbo: Euskara Institutua 8971:, Bilbo: Euskara Institutua 8957:, Bilbo: Euskara Institutua 8943:, Bilbo: Euskara Institutua 8929:, Bilbo: Euskara Institutua 8912:Dictionnaire basque–français 8887:, Bilbo: Euskara Institutua 8876:, Bilbo: Euskara Institutua 8624:Gramática de la lengua vasca 8616:10.1016/0024-3841(49)90045-5 8242:(3): 867–896. Archived from 7840:(in Spanish) (12): 299–320. 7768:Dialects. People's witnesses 7701:V. Inkesta Soziolinguistikoa 7682:Sixth Sociolinguistic Survey 6618:List of ideophones in Basque 6475:can be adapted as you wish, 6134:The phonetically meaningful 6090:Basque is written using the 5433:of the house (belonging to) 4713:ergative–absolutive language 4482:A few common words, such as 4413:'grey and pretty, greyish'. 3038:(the same that are found in 2891: 2721:, instead, it has preserved 2713:Spanish did not fully shift 2490:Influence on other languages 2100: 1965:Spanish Constitution of 1978 1667:pseudoscientific comparisons 1571:'s conquests in the western 1391: 1200:and south-eastern Navarre). 7: 13342:Language isolates of Europe 9557:Trombetti, Alfredo (1925): 9486:Klimov, Georgij A. (1994): 9429:Bengtson, John D. (2004): " 9370:Trombetti, Alfredo (1925): 8811: 8637:van Eys, Willem J. (1879): 7498:Historia de la lengua vasca 7492:Lakarra, Joseba A. (2017). 7327:Kassian, Alexander (2013). 7084:A History of Medieval Spain 6571: 6493: 6488: 6312: 5132:Aititeri txapela erori zaio 4236:is often palatalized after 4004:and the alveolar affricate 2389: 2054:Basque Autonomous Community 1977:Basque Autonomous Community 1460:pre-Indo-European languages 1152:and other residents of the 712:Pastoral (theatre of Soule) 255:Basque Autonomous Community 10: 13383: 13127:Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric 9602:, N° 20, pp. 363–381. 9392:Bengtson, John D. (1999): 9339:Schuchardt, Hugo (1913): " 9254:Blevins, Juliette (2018). 9225:El euskera y sus dialectos 9177:Pagola, Rosa Miren. 1984. 9155:Löpelmann, Martin (1968): 9087:Agirrezabal, Lore (2003). 8983:Goenkale Corpusa - UPV/EHU 8447:Allières, Jacques (1979): 7880:Irigoyen, Alfonso (1986). 7770:] (in Basque). Elkar. 7420:Bengtson, John D. (2013). 7269:Forni, Gianfranco (2013). 7132:Agirrezabal, Lore (2010). 6402:baina zuk, esklabu horrek, 6075: 5899:is stated first, then the 5138:paradigm), and also has a 4704: 4700: 4514: 4084:. In older loans, initial 2725:before consonants such as 2627:, with Old Basque lacking 2493: 2393: 1833:it stretched to the river 1718:Vasconic substratum theory 1587:into the northern part of 1447: 1444:History and classification 1385: 1310: 13295: 13232: 13185: 13135: 13015: 13008: 12963: 12914: 12878: 12803: 12739: 12702: 12612: 12489: 12418: 12377: 12354: 12293: 12282: 12126: 11859: 11848: 11816: 11743: 11734: 11623: 11440: 11429: 11396: 11258: 11249: 11157: 10915: 10901: 10815: 10610: 10592: 10543: 10461: 10452: 10446:Primary language families 10406:Language policy in France 10402: 10386: 10305: 10205:Navarro-Lapurdian dialect 10181: 10165: 10102: 10076: 10046: 9971: 9923:Gomeran whistled language 9918: 9909: 9884: 9840: 9831: 9810: 9667:Die Iberische Deklination 9594:Zelikov, Mixail (2005): " 9410:Bengtson, John D (2003). 9387:Dené–Caucasian hypothesis 9260:Routledge & CRC Press 8834:English–Basque dictionary 8819:Basque–English dictionary 8714:10.1017/S0025100309990260 8449:Manuel pratique de basque 7944:. Retrieved 11 June 2010. 7726:Global Business Languages 6788:Oxford English Dictionary 6439:na(h)ieɾanmoldas̻enes̻ake 6382:eta kateak egiten dituzu. 4752:languages of the Caucasus 4586:(– – ´ –), instead of as 4501: 4139:is pronounced like , and 4034:Regional realisations of 3727: 3686: 3661: 3562: 3510: 3375: 3323: 3274: 3231: 3208: 3191: 3176: 3159: 3144: 3060:close front rounded vowel 2896: 2564:words for "left (side)" ( 2513:, and to a lesser degree 2439: other Basque areas 2433: Souletin (Zuberoan) 2415: Central (Gipuzkoan) 2120: 2117: 2112: 2109: 2106: 1293:Standard Average European 1183:and the northern area of 1169:three "ancient provinces" 570:Culture of Basque Country 549: 532: 522: 516: 484: 431: 416: 402: 386: 370: 334: 316: 311: 299: 272: 245:Official language in 243: 238: 213: 155: 134: 116: 97: 87: 77: 63: 48: 39: 34: 11263:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan 9735:Gloucester, Mass., 2002. 9695:Vennemann, Theo (2003): 9674:Uralic-Altaic hypothesis 9654:, 90, pp. 197–218, 9162:Orpustan, J. B. (1999): 9136:Fonética histórica vasca 9010: 8817:Aulestia, Gorka (1989): 8680:, Taylor & Francis, 8592:Tovar, Antonio, (1957): 8469:Campion, Arturo (1884): 8193:, p. 113, 119, 121. 7927:Varela Pose, F.J. (2004) 7807:Corominas, Joan (1965). 6697:Egoera soziolinguistikoa 6451:bainas̻ukes̺klabu(h)orek 6390:nahieran molda zenezake, 6143:, ts, tt, tx, tz⟩ 4915:can be split like this: 4689:, borrowed from Romance 4347:'crazy, insane' becomes 4291:'seedbed' becomes , and 4277:being palatalized after 4151:Basque has two types of 2870:Algonquian–Basque pidgin 2409: Western (Biscayan) 1735:: linking Basque to the 1281:agglutinative morphology 1192:, either because Basque 1142:Paleo-European languages 13337:Agglutinative languages 13304:have no living members. 13187:East and Southeast Asia 12430:have no living members. 10094:Valencian Sign Language 9958:Roquetas Pidgin Spanish 9724:Thornton, R.W. (2002): 9286:Basque Cultural Studies 9106:, Bonn: Dümmler, 1997. 8313:2 February 2007 at the 7082:O'Callaghan, J (1983). 6793:Oxford University Press 6443:es̻patakeɡindits̻akes̻u 5177:, the feminine uses an 4424:, and the existence of 4104:"Russia"), more rarely 3820:'more beautiful', from 3261:as the second element. 2866:Basque–Icelandic pidgin 2672:Ibero-Romance languages 2582:). The lack of initial 2521:interference following 1923:Southern Basque Country 1800:Geographic distribution 1428: 1395:), an ethnonym used by 1269:Indo-European languages 1224:, was developed by the 1146:Indo-European languages 12410:Unclassified languages 12364:list of sign languages 11332:Northeastern Tasmanian 9334:Afroasiatic hypothesis 9040:10.1075/jpcl.2.1.02bak 8422:Eusko Ikaskuntza 1988 8308:Aspecto, tiempo y modo 7605:"Spanish Constitution" 7577: 7461:Koch, John T. (2013). 7435:(1 & 2): 246–254. 7223:Natela Sturua (1991), 7062:Real Academia Española 6935:Clark, Robert (1979). 6680:21 August 2018 at the 6503:Language video gallery 6477:you could make swords 6431:etakateakeɡitenditus̻u 6394:ezpatak egin ditzakezu 6352: 6278: 6216: 6196: 6190: 6182: 6118:. Basque does not use 6087: 5864:determinate, singular 5851:epenthetical elements 5114: 5108: 5102: 5092: 5086: 5003: 4992: 4981: 4965: 4911: 4905: 4899: 4893: 4829: 4818: 4803: 4792: 4748:polypersonal agreement 4536: 4494: 4484: 4460:. In Goizueta Basque, 4454:voiceless palatal stop 4409: 4403: 4397: 4391: 4361: 4355: 4353:'silly, foolish', and 4349: 4343: 4337: 4331: 4293: 4287: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4225: 4219: 4193: 4058: 4038: 3911:, the voiced plosives 3887: 3881: 3875: 3869: 3863: 3857: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3833: 3828: 3822: 3816: 2882:Gulf of Saint Lawrence 2577: 2571: 2565: 2555: 2545: 2539: 2533: 2462:Gipuzkoan or "Central" 2445: 2045: 2033: 2017: 2001: 1943: 1825: 1817: 1809: 1689: 1618:in the south-east and 1559: 1553: 1547: 1541: 1525: 1523:Latin inscriptions in 1514: 1502: 1496: 1490: 1484: 1480:Louis Lucien Bonaparte 1418: 1412: 1401: 1377: 1368: 1362: 1356: 1350: 1344: 1338: 1332: 1319: 1131: 1079: 1071: 1063: 596:History of the Basques 555: 541: 486:This article contains 41: 12385:Constructed languages 10089:Catalan Sign Language 10084:Spanish Sign Language 9591:15, pp. 565–588. 9561:, Bologna, (new edit 9475:Bouda, Karl (1950): " 9374:, Bologna, (new edit 8909:Van Eys, W. J. 1873. 8660:Gavel, Henri (1921): 8558:de Rijk, Rudolf P. G. 8369:10.3115/974499.974520 8230:Hualde, J.I. (1986). 8109:The History of Basque 8088:The History of Basque 8086:Trask, R. L. (1997). 7890:Universidad de Deusto 7762:Zuazo, Koldo (2003). 7547:Zuazo, Koldo (2012). 7030:The History of Basque 6904:20 April 2019 at the 6884:20 April 2019 at the 6471:and you make chains. 6333:Basque pronunciation: 6276: 6214: 6085: 5907:can be translated as 5199:gizon bat etorri duzu 5197:, "a man has come ", 5193:, "a man has come ", 4773:Consider the phrase: 4735:(shown by the suffix 4416:The pronunciation of 4127:Basque does not have 4052: 4033: 3076:a set of contrasting 2457:Biscayan or "Western" 2421: Upper Navarrese 2403: 2073:French Basque Country 2064:(51.8% speakers) and 2023: 2015: 1999: 1941: 1904:French Basque Country 1823: 1815: 1807: 1724:, claims that enough 1679: 1655:language technologies 1614:) in the north-east, 1591:into what is now the 1537:proto-Basque language 1535:in the reconstructed 1416:, derived from Latin 1307:Names of the language 1265:origin of the Basques 1077: 1069: 1061: 10932:Binanderean–Goilalan 10247:French Sign Language 9531:Lafon, René (1952). 9504:Lafon, René (1951). 9477:L'Euskaro-Caucasique 9470:Caucasian hypothesis 9148:Lafon, René (1944): 8768:de Rijk, R. (1972): 8674:Hualde, José Ignacio 8489:Hualde, José Ignacio 8478:Euskara Institutua ( 8363:. pp. 119–125. 8271:Taylor & Francis 7953:Olaetxe, J. Mallea. 7936:3 April 2010 at the 7888:] (in Spanish). 7473:(1 & 2): 255–267 7401:(1 & 2): 238–245 7370:(1 & 2): 203–237 7339:(1 & 2): 181–201 7246:. Thames and Hudson. 6462:The blacksmith slave 6365:Esklabu erremintaria 6353:Esklabu erremintaria 6188:can also be written 5982:improve this section 5195:gizon bat etorri dun 5191:gizon bat etorri duk 5189:, "a man has come"; 4756:Kartvelian languages 4715:. The subject of an 4665:, "pillow", whereas 4167:, and nearly all of 4092:vowel, resulting in 2886:Strait of Belle Isle 2787:also have prothetic 1737:Kartvelian languages 1604:Tartessian languages 1471:millennium BC. 1426:in 1349 stated that 287:Pyrénées-Atlantiques 264:Basque-speaking area 262:(co-official in the 13357:Synthetic languages 13347:Languages of France 12945:Chukotko-Kamchatkan 12729:Northwest Caucasian 12724:Northeast Caucasian 12214:(Maku-Auari/Jukude) 12117:Tequiraca–Canichana 11960:Harákmbut–Katukinan 10723:Northwest Caucasian 10717:Northeast Caucasian 10641:Chukotko-Kamchatkan 10257:Lorraine Franconian 10159:Languages of France 10066:Catalan / Valencian 9972:Immigrant languages 9832:Regional / minority 9811:Official / national 9643:, pp. 609–634. 9500:; pp. 208–215. 9406:. Gloucester, Mass. 9329:; pp. 358–414. 9310:31, pp. 15–84. 9248:Proto-Indo-European 9152:, Delmas, Bordeaux. 8785:pp. 465–503 4 8594:The Basque Language 8493:A Grammar of Basque 7960:9 June 2010 at the 7281:(1 & 2): 39–180 7259:(John D. Bengston). 6791:(Online ed.). 6613:Aquitanian language 6603:Languages of France 6495:Joseba Sarrionandia 6490:Joseba Sarrionandia 6481:but you, o, slave, 6242:were replaced with 6227:, silent for them. 5892:subject–verb–object 5888:subject–object–verb 5187:Gizon bat etorri da 4760:Mordvinic languages 3952:. By contrast, the 3271: 3110: 2477:Souletin (Zuberoan) 2103: 1841:in the east (now a 1622:in the south-west. 1407:(23 CE, Book III). 1323:(alongside various 1245:Navarrese–Lapurdian 1228:in the late 1960s. 1209:repressive policies 1137:[eus̺ˈkaɾa] 923:Basque rural sports 894:and performing arts 670:Aquitanian language 274:Recognised minority 190:Souletin (Zuberoan) 103:806,000 (2021) 57:[eus̺ˈkaɾa] 13362:Languages of Spain 13210:Austronesian–Ongan 13009:Proposed groupings 11836:Tarascan/Purépecha 11325:Northern Tasmanian 11083:South Bougainville 11044:North Bougainville 10306:Overseas languages 10182:Regional languages 9804:Languages of Spain 9762:Euskara Institutua 9619:Iberian hypothesis 9492:, Buske, Hamburg, 9179:Euskalkiz Euskalki 8648:Linguistic studies 8343:Agirre et al. 1992 6918:"Francisco Franco" 6821:The World from PRX 6608:Languages of Spain 6583:Vasconic languages 6279: 6240:⟨rr⟩ 6236:⟨ll⟩ 6217: 6200:requires the mute 6088: 5699:liburu-e-ta-raino 5682:liburu-e-ta-rantz 5595:liburu-a-rengatik 4613:. You can help by 4488:'dog', pronounced 4246:⟨tx⟩ 4223:instead of modern 4201:of the diphthongs 4059: 4039: 4025:⟨tx⟩ 4006:⟨tz⟩ 3979:⟨ts⟩ 3975:⟨tz⟩ 3269: 3106: 2878:Algonquian peoples 2841:, which is a rare 2611:change of initial 2446: 2101: 2046: 2018: 2002: 1973:languages of Spain 1944: 1919:Basque nationalism 1845:-speaking part of 1826: 1818: 1810: 1690: 1508:prehistoric Europe 1468:comparative method 1464:prehistoric Europe 1080: 1072: 1064: 963:Biarritz Olympique 958:Basque Rugby union 938:Athletic de Bilbao 291:Nouvelle-Aquitaine 13319: 13318: 13228: 13227: 13220:Sino-Austronesian 13004: 13003: 12479:Language families 12445: 12444: 12395:Language isolates 12373: 12372: 12278: 12277: 11844: 11843: 11730: 11729: 11425: 11424: 11372:Western Tasmanian 11290:Eastern Tasmanian 11245: 11244: 10967:East Geelvink Bay 10897: 10896: 10588: 10587: 10412: 10411: 10166:Official language 10118: 10117: 10042: 10041: 10038: 10037: 9875: 9705:978-3-11-017054-2 9600:Cahiers de l'ILSL 9567:978-88-271-0062-2 9442:preliminary draft 9380:978-88-271-0062-2 9319:History of Basque 9234:978-84-9868-202-1 9196:History of Basque 9126:978-1-55619-585-3 8885:Zehazki - UPV/EHU 8854:Michelena, Luis: 8805:978-84-9783-626-5 8749:978-84-7907-094-6 8694:"Goizueta Basque" 8686:978-0-415-05655-7 8632:978-84-362-3442-8 8577:978-0-262-04242-0 8566:. Cambridge, MA: 8464:Morfología vasca. 8391:"Basque alphabet" 8280:978-0-415-05655-7 7822:978-84-7226-080-1 7709:978-84-457-3303-5 7690:978-84-457-3502-2 7635:Diario de Navarra 7558:978-84-15337-72-0 7180:978-0-9560210-9-0 7145:978-84-613-6835-8 7086:. Cornell Press. 6799:(Subscription or 6628:Basque literature 6598:Late Basquisation 6561: 6540: 6520: 6500: 6499: 6414:IPA pronunciation 6348: 6347: 6225:⟨h⟩ 6220:⟨h⟩ 6206:⟨n⟩ 6202:⟨h⟩ 6162:⟨n⟩ 6158:⟨l⟩ 6154:⟨i⟩ 6018: 6017: 6010: 5927:(focus) is used. 5884: 5883: 5797: 5796: 5734: 5733: 5659:(where to: 'to') 5578:liburu-a-rentzat 5451: 5450: 5391:until the houses 5136:antipassive voice 4717:intransitive verb 4631: 4630: 4576:Euskaldun berriak 4479:, is quite rare. 4387:⟨ñ⟩ 4385:which is written 4341:'little fellow', 4143:is realized as . 4082:⟨r⟩ 4063:⟨h⟩ 4055:⟨h⟩ 4043:⟨j⟩ 4036:⟨j⟩ 4017:⟨x⟩ 4002:⟨s⟩ 3963:⟨s⟩ 3950:⟨z⟩ 3792: 3791: 3653: 3572: 3450: 3385: 3247: 3246: 3108:Basque diphthongs 3071:⟨ü⟩ 3016: 3015: 2502:Romance languages 2472:Navarro-Lapurdian 2384: 2383: 2013: 1986:Ley del Vascuence 1741:Kingdom of Iberia 1704:Iberian Peninsula 1616:Navarro-Aragonese 1577:late Basquisation 1476:Miguel de Unamuno 1456:Romance languages 1410:The Spanish term 1277:Romance languages 1056: 1055: 660:Navarro-Aragonese 563: 562: 512: 511: 494:rendering support 490:phonetic symbols. 478: 477: 301:Regulated by 182:Eastern Navarrese 177:Navarro-Lapurdian 16:(Redirected from 13374: 13287:Proto-Euphratean 13013: 13012: 12921: 12920: 12889:Great Andamanese 12472: 12465: 12458: 12449: 12448: 12291: 12290: 12245:Huaorani/Waorani 12129:(extant in 2000) 12093:Esmeralda–Yaruro 11864:Andoque–Urequena 11857: 11856: 11741: 11740: 11547:Plateau Penutian 11438: 11437: 11413:(Northern Daly?) 11256: 11255: 11142:Northwest Papuan 11106:Trans–New Guinea 10972:East New Britain 10947:Central Solomons 10913: 10912: 10658:Great Andamanese 10608: 10607: 10459: 10458: 10439: 10432: 10425: 10416: 10415: 10242:Franco-Provençal 10224:Northern Catalan 10209:Souletin dialect 10194:Alsatian dialect 10189:Alemannic German 10157: 10156: 10145: 10138: 10131: 10122: 10121: 9916: 9915: 9871: 9838: 9837: 9822:a.k.a. Castilian 9797: 9790: 9783: 9774: 9773: 9751: 9750: 9748:Official website 9607: 9554: 9552: 9527: 9525: 9465: 9426: 9416: 9367: 9270: 9268: 9266: 9238: 9096: 9076: 9061:, 25(2):321–426. 9043: 8789:pp. 65–120. 8725: 8723: 8716: 8698: 8678:Basque phonology 8626:. UNED, Madrid, 8619: 8589: 8525: 8430: 8418:Aguirre Sorondo 8416: 8410: 8404: 8398: 8397: 8395: 8387: 8381: 8380: 8352: 8346: 8340: 8334: 8328: 8322: 8305: 8299: 8298: 8291: 8285: 8284: 8267:Basque Phonology 8262: 8256: 8255: 8253: 8251: 8246:on 18 April 2018 8227: 8221: 8215: 8209: 8203: 8194: 8188: 8182: 8176: 8167: 8161: 8148: 8142: 8136: 8130: 8124: 8118: 8112: 8105: 8099: 8084: 8078: 8077:, pp. 9–10. 8072: 8066: 8060: 8054: 8048: 8042: 8036: 8025: 8019: 8013: 8007: 8001: 7995: 7989: 7986: 7980: 7977:Agirrezabal 2003 7974: 7968: 7951: 7945: 7925: 7919: 7918: 7900: 7894: 7893: 7877: 7871: 7864: 7858: 7857: 7846:10.35462/flv12.2 7833: 7827: 7826: 7804: 7798: 7797: 7788: 7782: 7781: 7759: 7753: 7748: 7742: 7741: 7717: 7711: 7698: 7692: 7679: 7666: 7660: 7651: 7650: 7648: 7646: 7627: 7621: 7620: 7618: 7616: 7601: 7595: 7587: 7584: 7580: 7569: 7563: 7562: 7544: 7538: 7532: 7526: 7520: 7514: 7513: 7511: 7509: 7489: 7483: 7482: 7480: 7478: 7458: 7452: 7451: 7449: 7447: 7441: 7426: 7417: 7411: 7410: 7408: 7406: 7386: 7380: 7379: 7377: 7375: 7355: 7349: 7348: 7346: 7344: 7324: 7318: 7317: 7315: 7313: 7297: 7291: 7290: 7288: 7286: 7266: 7260: 7254: 7248: 7247: 7234: 7228: 7221: 7215: 7200: 7194: 7191: 7185: 7184: 7163: 7157: 7156: 7154: 7152: 7129: 7123: 7122:(2005), page 457 7118:Kelly Lipscomb, 7116: 7110: 7104: 7098: 7097: 7079: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7068: 7054: 7048: 7047: 7022: 6999: 6993: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6982: 6976: 6969: 6961: 6955: 6954: 6942: 6932: 6926: 6925: 6914: 6908: 6894: 6888: 6874: 6868: 6861: 6855: 6849: 6843: 6839: 6833: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6815:Porzucki, Nina. 6812: 6806: 6804: 6796: 6784: 6777: 6771: 6725: 6719: 6712:Berezko hiztunak 6710: 6706: 6700: 6695: 6691: 6685: 6673: 6669: 6663: 6662: 6655: 6563: 6562: 6542: 6541: 6525:A Basque speaker 6522: 6521: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6359: 6358: 6355: 6339: 6334: 6322: 6321: 6300: 6299: 6295: 6258:, respectively. 6257: 6249: 6241: 6237: 6226: 6221: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6193: 6187: 6179: 6171: 6163: 6159: 6155: 6144: 6139:⟨dd, ll, 6121: 6117: 6109: 6101: 6040:("flower", from 6013: 6006: 6002: 5999: 5993: 5962: 5954: 5806: 5805: 5739: 5738: 5648:liburu-e-ta-tik 5601:liburu-rengatik 5598:liburu-e-ngatik 5456: 5455: 5377:until the house 5363:from the houses 5253: 5252: 5117: 5111: 5105: 5095: 5089: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 4999: 4988: 4976: 4972: 4961: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4914: 4908: 4902: 4896: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4825: 4814: 4810: 4799: 4788: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4754:(especially the 4680: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4626: 4623: 4605: 4598: 4539: 4511:Stress and pitch 4497: 4491: 4487: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4443: 4412: 4406: 4400: 4394: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4358: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4334: 4300: 4296: 4290: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4228: 4222: 4216: 4212: 4196: 4190: 4178: 4174: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4083: 4064: 4056: 4044: 4037: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4007: 4003: 3980: 3976: 3964: 3960: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3893: 3831: 3826:'beautiful' and 3825: 3819: 3800: 3782: 3752: 3719: 3706: 3680: 3672: 3648: 3643: 3635: 3624: 3611: 3598: 3585: 3568: 3554: 3541: 3528: 3504: 3491: 3476: 3463: 3446: 3439: 3426: 3411: 3398: 3381: 3367: 3354: 3339: 3272: 3268: 3260: 3256: 3234: 3233: 3227: 3211: 3210: 3204: 3194: 3193: 3187: 3179: 3178: 3172: 3162: 3161: 3155: 3147: 3146: 3140: 3111: 3105: 3102: 3098: 3091: 3087: 3072: 3068: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3010: 2988: 2973: 2953: 2938: 2901: 2900: 2821:fala dos arxinas 2798: 2794: 2790: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2744: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2705: 2701: 2689: 2685: 2669: 2658: 2647: 2634: 2630: 2618: 2614: 2604: 2600: 2585: 2443:1850 (Bonaparte) 2438: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2414: 2408: 2379: 2378: 2370: 2369: 2361: 2360: 2352: 2351: 2338: 2337: 2329: 2328: 2320: 2319: 2311: 2310: 2297: 2296: 2288: 2287: 2279: 2278: 2270: 2269: 2256: 2255: 2247: 2246: 2238: 2237: 2229: 2228: 2215: 2214: 2206: 2205: 2197: 2196: 2188: 2187: 2171: 2170: 2162: 2161: 2153: 2152: 2123: 2115: 2104: 2058:passive speakers 2043: 2040: 2036: 2014: 1984:in Navarre. The 1969:Spanish language 1788:Juliette Blevins 1562: 1556: 1550: 1544: 1530: 1527:Gallia Aquitania 1517: 1505: 1499: 1493: 1487: 1474:Authors such as 1435: 1421: 1415: 1406: 1394: 1388: 1387: 1382: 1371: 1365: 1359: 1353: 1347: 1341: 1335: 1322: 1299:is used for the 1257:language isolate 1162:language isolate 1139: 1134: 1128: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1048: 1041: 1034: 1013:Gernikako Arbola 968:Aviron Bayonnais 953:Deportivo Alavés 856:Saint John's Eve 846:Basque festivals 806:Espelette pepper 801:Irouléguy (wine) 786:Idiazabal cheese 581: 572: 565: 564: 558: 544: 526: 514: 513: 467: 461: 453: 447: 441: 436: 421: 412: 398: 382: 375: 366: 360: 353: 347: 339: 330: 329: 321: 276:language in 219: 207: 199: 186: 128:Language isolate 122: 107:passive speakers 59: 54: 44: 32: 31: 21: 13382: 13381: 13377: 13376: 13375: 13373: 13372: 13371: 13332:Basque language 13322: 13321: 13320: 13315: 13314: 13291: 13282:Paleo-Laplandic 13277:Pre-Finno-Ugric 13224: 13181: 13145:Greater Siangic 13131: 13117:Uralic–Yukaghir 13067:Ibero-Caucasian 13062:Elamo-Dravidian 13000: 12959: 12910: 12874: 12799: 12735: 12718:North Caucasian 12698: 12608: 12547:Paleo-Sardinian 12485: 12476: 12446: 12441: 12440: 12414: 12400:Mixed languages 12369: 12350: 12285: 12274: 12128: 12122: 11977:Katembri–Taruma 11851: 11840: 11812: 11726: 11619: 11432: 11421: 11392: 11241: 11153: 11112:Turama–Kikorian 11022:Lower Mamberamo 10977:East Strickland 10905: 10893: 10811: 10599: 10594: 10584: 10539: 10448: 10443: 10413: 10408: 10398: 10382: 10301: 10177: 10161: 10151: 10149: 10119: 10114: 10098: 10072: 10034: 9967: 9911: 9905: 9880: 9833: 9827: 9806: 9801: 9746: 9745: 9742: 9721: 9692: 9676: 9621: 9605: 9472: 9414: 9389: 9336: 9306:" (in Basque), 9295:" (in Basque), 9277: 9264: 9262: 9250: 9245: 9235: 9132:Michelena, Luis 9100:Azurmendi, Joxe 9083: 9013: 8922: 8814: 8787:Wayback Machine 8783:Wayback Machine 8763:Palaeohispanica 8759:Palaeohispanica 8721: 8696: 8650: 8578: 8529:Lafitte, Pierre 8522: 8444: 8439: 8437:Further reading 8434: 8433: 8417: 8413: 8405: 8401: 8393: 8389: 8388: 8384: 8353: 8349: 8341: 8337: 8329: 8325: 8315:Wayback Machine 8306: 8302: 8293: 8292: 8288: 8281: 8263: 8259: 8249: 8247: 8228: 8224: 8216: 8212: 8204: 8197: 8189: 8185: 8177: 8170: 8162: 8151: 8143: 8139: 8131: 8127: 8119: 8115: 8106: 8102: 8085: 8081: 8073: 8069: 8065:, pp. 8–9. 8061: 8057: 8053:, pp. 7–8. 8049: 8045: 8037: 8028: 8020: 8016: 8008: 8004: 7996: 7992: 7987: 7983: 7975: 7971: 7962:Wayback Machine 7952: 7948: 7938:Wayback Machine 7926: 7922: 7915: 7901: 7897: 7878: 7874: 7865: 7861: 7834: 7830: 7823: 7805: 7801: 7789: 7785: 7778: 7760: 7756: 7749: 7745: 7718: 7714: 7699: 7695: 7680: 7669: 7661: 7654: 7644: 7642: 7629: 7628: 7624: 7614: 7612: 7611:on 20 June 2013 7603: 7602: 7598: 7585: 7570: 7566: 7559: 7549:Arabako euskara 7545: 7541: 7533: 7529: 7521: 7517: 7507: 7505: 7490: 7486: 7476: 7474: 7459: 7455: 7445: 7443: 7439: 7424: 7418: 7414: 7404: 7402: 7387: 7383: 7373: 7371: 7356: 7352: 7342: 7340: 7325: 7321: 7311: 7309: 7298: 7294: 7284: 7282: 7267: 7263: 7255: 7251: 7235: 7231: 7222: 7218: 7201: 7197: 7192: 7188: 7181: 7164: 7160: 7150: 7148: 7146: 7130: 7126: 7117: 7113: 7105: 7101: 7094: 7080: 7076: 7066: 7064: 7056: 7055: 7051: 7044: 7023: 7002: 6994: 6990: 6980: 6978: 6974: 6967: 6963: 6962: 6958: 6951: 6933: 6929: 6916: 6915: 6911: 6906:Wayback Machine 6895: 6891: 6886:Wayback Machine 6875: 6871: 6862: 6858: 6850: 6846: 6840: 6836: 6826: 6824: 6813: 6809: 6798: 6778: 6774: 6726: 6722: 6708: 6707: 6703: 6693: 6692: 6688: 6682:Wayback Machine 6671: 6670: 6666: 6657: 6656: 6641: 6636: 6588:List of Basques 6578:Basque dialects 6574: 6567: 6564: 6551: 6546: 6543: 6531: 6526: 6523: 6510: 6505: 6482: 6480: 6478: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6357: 6332: 6320: 6315: 6297: 6293: 6292: 6271: 6251: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6224: 6219: 6205: 6201: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6138: 6119: 6111: 6103: 6095: 6080: 6078:Basque alphabet 6074: 6064:("thing", from 6014: 6003: 5997: 5994: 5979: 5963: 5952: 5702:liburu-taraino 5685:liburu-tarantz 5665:liburu-e-ta-ra 5584:liburu-rentzat 5581:liburu-e-ntzat 5561:liburu-a-rekin 5530:liburu-e-ta-ko 5349:from the house 5049: 5039: 5001: 4990: 4979: 4963: 4955: 4952: 4951: 4867: 4857: 4827: 4816: 4801: 4790: 4782: 4779: 4778: 4729:transitive verb 4721:absolutive case 4709: 4703: 4627: 4621: 4618: 4611:needs expansion 4596: 4594:Morphophonology 4519: 4513: 4504: 4407:'grey' becomes 4401:'droplet', and 4395:'drop' becomes 4386: 4359:'lamb' becomes 4329:. As a result, 4285:. For example, 4245: 4185:palatal lateral 4149: 4081: 4062: 4054: 4042: 4035: 4024: 4016: 4005: 4001: 3978: 3974: 3962: 3949: 3897: 3896: 3806:and the tap as 3801: 3797: 3775: 3745: 3712: 3699: 3665: 3632: 3617: 3604: 3591: 3578: 3547: 3534: 3521: 3497: 3484: 3469: 3456: 3432: 3419: 3404: 3391: 3360: 3347: 3332: 3306: 3296: 3286: 3267: 3070: 3003: 2981: 2966: 2946: 2931: 2899: 2894: 2858: 2819:, the Galician 2795:before initial 2562:Iberian Romance 2498: 2492: 2467:Upper Navarrese 2444: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2398: 2396:Basque dialects 2392: 2041: 2031:. The line is " 2029:Franco's regime 2004: 1994: 1936: 1934:Official status 1900:Vitoria-Gasteiz 1802: 1663: 1452: 1446: 1315: 1309: 1301:Basque alphabet 1241:Upper Navarrese 1205:Francoist Spain 1108: 1090: 1086: 1052: 1023: 1022: 983: 982: 973: 972: 918: 917: 906: 905: 896: 895: 876: 875: 836: 835: 826: 825: 811:Piquillo pepper 751: 750: 732: 731: 722:Mus (card game) 697: 696: 687: 686: 675:Basque surnames 650:Basque dialects 645:Standard Basque 635: 634: 623: 622: 613: 612: 601: 600: 591: 590: 568: 492:Without proper 480: 479: 469: 465: 463: 459: 455: 451: 449: 445: 427: 425:§ Dialects 408: 394: 378: 371: 356: 355: 354: 343: 342: 335: 325: 324: 317: 295: 277: 275: 246: 239:Official status 226:Basque alphabet 220: 215: 172:Upper Navarrese 151: 137: 130: 123: 120:Language family 118: 104: 100: 99:Native speakers 52: 28: 23: 22: 18:Basque Language 15: 12: 11: 5: 13380: 13370: 13369: 13364: 13359: 13354: 13349: 13344: 13339: 13334: 13317: 13316: 13313: 13312: 13305: 13297: 13296: 13293: 13292: 13290: 13289: 13284: 13279: 13274: 13269: 13264: 13259: 13254: 13249: 13244: 13238: 13236: 13230: 13229: 13226: 13225: 13223: 13222: 13217: 13212: 13207: 13202: 13197: 13191: 13189: 13183: 13182: 13180: 13179: 13174: 13169: 13164: 13159: 13158: 13157: 13152: 13141: 13139: 13133: 13132: 13130: 13129: 13124: 13119: 13114: 13112:Uralo-Siberian 13109: 13104: 13099: 13097:Serbi–Mongolic 13094: 13089: 13084: 13079: 13074: 13069: 13064: 13059: 13057:Dravido-Korean 13054: 13052:Dené–Yeniseian 13049: 13048: 13047: 13042: 13040:Dené–Caucasian 13037: 13027: 13022: 13016: 13010: 13006: 13005: 13002: 13001: 12999: 12998: 12993: 12985: 12978: 12970: 12968: 12961: 12960: 12958: 12957: 12952: 12947: 12942: 12937: 12931: 12929: 12918: 12912: 12911: 12909: 12908: 12901: 12896: 12891: 12885: 12883: 12876: 12875: 12873: 12872: 12867: 12862: 12857: 12852: 12845: 12838: 12831: 12824: 12817: 12809: 12807: 12801: 12800: 12798: 12797: 12789: 12784: 12779: 12774: 12767: 12760: 12753: 12745: 12743: 12737: 12736: 12734: 12733: 12732: 12731: 12726: 12714: 12708: 12706: 12700: 12699: 12697: 12696: 12689: 12682: 12675: 12668: 12661: 12658:Hurro-Urartian 12654: 12647: 12640: 12633: 12626: 12618: 12616: 12610: 12609: 12607: 12606: 12599: 12592: 12585: 12578: 12571: 12564: 12557: 12550: 12543: 12540:Paleo-Corsican 12536: 12529: 12522: 12517: 12510: 12503: 12495: 12493: 12487: 12486: 12475: 12474: 12467: 12460: 12452: 12443: 12442: 12439: 12438: 12431: 12424: 12420: 12419: 12416: 12415: 12413: 12412: 12407: 12402: 12397: 12392: 12387: 12381: 12379: 12375: 12374: 12371: 12370: 12368: 12367: 12358: 12356: 12352: 12351: 12349: 12348: 12342: 12337: 12332: 12327: 12325:Indo-Pakistani 12322: 12317: 12310: 12305: 12300: 12294: 12288: 12280: 12279: 12276: 12275: 12273: 12272: 12267: 12262: 12257: 12252: 12247: 12242: 12237: 12232: 12226: 12221: 12216: 12208: 12203: 12196: 12191: 12185: 12180: 12175: 12170: 12164: 12159: 12154: 12149: 12144: 12139: 12132: 12130: 12124: 12123: 12121: 12120: 12114: 12108: 12102: 12096: 12090: 12084: 12078: 12073: 12068: 12063: 12058: 12053: 12046: 12041: 12036: 12031: 12026: 12024:Piaroa–Saliban 12021: 12014: 12009: 12004: 11999: 11994: 11989: 11984: 11979: 11974: 11969: 11962: 11957: 11952: 11947: 11942: 11937: 11932: 11925: 11920: 11913: 11908: 11903: 11898: 11893: 11888: 11883: 11876: 11871: 11866: 11860: 11854: 11846: 11845: 11842: 11841: 11839: 11838: 11833: 11828: 11820: 11818: 11814: 11813: 11811: 11810: 11803: 11796: 11791: 11789:Tequistlatecan 11786: 11779: 11774: 11769: 11762: 11755: 11750: 11744: 11738: 11732: 11731: 11728: 11727: 11725: 11724: 11719: 11714: 11709: 11702: 11697: 11690: 11683: 11676: 11669: 11662: 11657: 11652: 11647: 11642: 11635: 11627: 11625: 11621: 11620: 11618: 11617: 11612: 11605: 11598: 11593: 11586: 11581: 11576: 11571: 11566: 11559: 11554: 11549: 11544: 11537: 11530: 11525: 11518: 11513: 11506: 11501: 11496: 11489: 11482: 11475: 11468: 11461: 11456: 11449: 11441: 11435: 11427: 11426: 11423: 11422: 11420: 11419: 11414: 11408: 11400: 11398: 11394: 11393: 11391: 11390: 11380: 11375: 11368: 11363: 11358: 11353: 11347: 11340: 11335: 11328: 11321: 11316: 11312:Marrku–Wurrugu 11308: 11303: 11298: 11293: 11286: 11279: 11271: 11266: 11259: 11253: 11247: 11246: 11243: 11242: 11240: 11239: 11234: 11226: 11220: 11214: 11209: 11204: 11199: 11194: 11189: 11184: 11178: 11172: 11167: 11161: 11159: 11155: 11154: 11152: 11151: 11145: 11139: 11134: 11129: 11124: 11119: 11114: 11109: 11102: 11097: 11090: 11085: 11080: 11075: 11068: 11063: 11058: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11036: 11029: 11024: 11019: 11014: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10989: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10922: 10916: 10910: 10899: 10898: 10895: 10894: 10892: 10891: 10883: 10876: 10870: 10865: 10857: 10852: 10844: 10837: 10830: 10825: 10819: 10817: 10813: 10812: 10810: 10809: 10803: 10797: 10791: 10785: 10779: 10773: 10768: 10763: 10756: 10749: 10742: 10737: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10713: 10708: 10703: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10674: 10671:Hurro-Urartian 10667: 10660: 10655: 10650: 10643: 10638: 10631: 10624: 10619: 10611: 10605: 10590: 10589: 10586: 10585: 10583: 10582: 10576: 10570: 10565: 10558: 10553: 10547: 10545: 10541: 10540: 10538: 10537: 10531: 10525: 10519: 10513: 10507: 10502: 10494: 10487: 10482: 10477: 10470: 10462: 10456: 10450: 10449: 10442: 10441: 10434: 10427: 10419: 10410: 10409: 10403: 10400: 10399: 10397: 10396: 10390: 10388: 10384: 10383: 10381: 10380: 10375: 10370: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10340: 10335: 10330: 10325: 10320: 10315: 10309: 10307: 10303: 10302: 10300: 10299: 10294: 10264: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10239: 10236:French Flemish 10232: 10227: 10217: 10212: 10198: 10197: 10196: 10185: 10183: 10179: 10178: 10176: 10175: 10169: 10167: 10163: 10162: 10148: 10147: 10140: 10133: 10125: 10116: 10115: 10113: 10112: 10106: 10104: 10100: 10099: 10097: 10096: 10091: 10086: 10080: 10078: 10077:Sign languages 10074: 10073: 10071: 10070: 10067: 10064: 10059: 10056: 10050: 10048: 10047:Standard forms 10044: 10043: 10040: 10039: 10036: 10035: 10033: 10032: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9975: 9973: 9969: 9968: 9966: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9919: 9913: 9907: 9906: 9904: 9903: 9894: 9888: 9886: 9882: 9881: 9879: 9878: 9877: 9876: 9864: 9859: 9850: 9844: 9842: 9835: 9829: 9828: 9826: 9825: 9814: 9812: 9808: 9807: 9800: 9799: 9792: 9785: 9777: 9771: 9770: 9765: 9759: 9753: 9741: 9740:External links 9738: 9737: 9736: 9720: 9719:Other theories 9717: 9716: 9715: 9708: 9691: 9688: 9687: 9686: 9675: 9672: 9671: 9670: 9663: 9644: 9629: 9626:Eusko Jakintza 9620: 9617: 9616: 9615: 9603: 9592: 9577: 9570: 9555: 9528: 9516:(3): 227–244. 9501: 9484: 9471: 9468: 9467: 9466: 9451: 9448: 9445: 9438: 9427: 9407: 9388: 9385: 9384: 9383: 9368: 9355: 9348: 9335: 9332: 9331: 9330: 9315: 9311: 9300: 9289: 9276: 9273: 9272: 9271: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9240: 9239: 9233: 9217: 9207: 9189: 9182: 9175: 9160: 9153: 9146: 9129: 9114: 9112:978-3537864192 9097: 9082: 9079: 9078: 9077: 9062: 9051: 9044: 9021: 9012: 9009: 9008: 9007: 8993: 8979: 8965: 8951: 8937: 8921: 8920:Basque corpora 8918: 8917: 8916: 8907: 8892: 8881: 8870: 8867: 8852: 8845: 8830: 8813: 8810: 8809: 8808: 8790: 8775: 8766: 8752: 8737: 8726: 8689: 8671: 8658: 8649: 8646: 8645: 8644: 8635: 8620: 8597: 8590: 8576: 8554: 8544: 8543:. (Dialectal.) 8526: 8520: 8504: 8486: 8476: 8467: 8460: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8432: 8431: 8411: 8399: 8382: 8347: 8335: 8323: 8300: 8286: 8279: 8257: 8222: 8210: 8195: 8183: 8181:, p. 119. 8168: 8149: 8137: 8125: 8113: 8111:, pp. 157–163. 8100: 8079: 8067: 8055: 8043: 8026: 8014: 8002: 7990: 7981: 7969: 7967:No. 51 (1995). 7946: 7920: 7913: 7895: 7872: 7859: 7828: 7821: 7799: 7783: 7776: 7754: 7743: 7712: 7693: 7667: 7652: 7641:on 6 July 2014 7622: 7596: 7591:Diario de Reus 7564: 7557: 7539: 7527: 7515: 7484: 7453: 7412: 7381: 7350: 7319: 7292: 7261: 7249: 7238:Mallory, J. P. 7229: 7216: 7195: 7186: 7179: 7158: 7144: 7124: 7111: 7099: 7093:978-0801492648 7092: 7074: 7049: 7042: 7000: 6988: 6977:on 9 June 2013 6956: 6949: 6927: 6909: 6889: 6869: 6856: 6844: 6834: 6823:. theworld.org 6807: 6805:; US; or UK 6772: 6770: 6769: 6752:from 2016 for 6750: 6745:from 2018 for 6743: 6730:from 2016 for 6720: 6701: 6686: 6664: 6638: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6631: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6593:Basque Country 6590: 6585: 6580: 6573: 6570: 6569: 6568: 6565: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6508: 6504: 6501: 6498: 6497: 6492: 6486: 6485: 6458: 6409: 6356: 6349: 6346: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6330: 6328: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6270: 6267: 6132: 6131: 6124:Euskaltzaindia 6102:and sometimes 6076:Main article: 6073: 6072:Writing system 6070: 6056:("room", from 6048:("mill", from 6016: 6015: 5966: 5964: 5957: 5951: 5948: 5882: 5881: 5878: 5877:inessive case 5875: 5869: 5868: 5865: 5862: 5856: 5855: 5852: 5849: 5843: 5842: 5839: 5836: 5830: 5829: 5826: 5823: 5817: 5816: 5813: 5810: 5801:etxe zaharrean 5795: 5794: 5791: 5788: 5785: 5781: 5780: 5777: 5774: 5771: 5767: 5766: 5763: 5760: 5757: 5753: 5752: 5749: 5746: 5743: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5704: 5703: 5700: 5697: 5694: 5687: 5686: 5683: 5680: 5677: 5670: 5669: 5666: 5663: 5660: 5653: 5652: 5649: 5646: 5643: 5636: 5635: 5632: 5631:liburu-e-ta-n 5629: 5626: 5619: 5618: 5615: 5612: 5609: 5603: 5602: 5599: 5596: 5593: 5586: 5585: 5582: 5579: 5576: 5569: 5568: 5565: 5562: 5559: 5552: 5551: 5548: 5545: 5542: 5535: 5534: 5531: 5528: 5525: 5518: 5517: 5514: 5511: 5508: 5502: 5501: 5498: 5495: 5492: 5486: 5485: 5482: 5479: 5476: 5470: 5469: 5466: 5463: 5460: 5449: 5448: 5445: 5442: 5439: 5435: 5434: 5431: 5428: 5425: 5421: 5420: 5419:in the houses 5417: 5414: 5411: 5407: 5406: 5403: 5400: 5397: 5393: 5392: 5389: 5386: 5383: 5379: 5378: 5375: 5372: 5369: 5365: 5364: 5361: 5358: 5355: 5351: 5350: 5347: 5344: 5341: 5337: 5336: 5335:to the houses 5333: 5330: 5327: 5323: 5322: 5319: 5316: 5313: 5309: 5308: 5305: 5302: 5299: 5295: 5294: 5291: 5288: 5285: 5281: 5280: 5277: 5274: 5271: 5267: 5266: 5263: 5260: 5257: 5078: 5077: 5071: 5065: 5059: 5002: 4991: 4980: 4964: 4949: 4948: 4947: 4946: 4939: 4929: 4923: 4894:erosten dizkit 4828: 4817: 4802: 4791: 4776: 4775: 4744:auxiliary verb 4707:Basque grammar 4705:Main article: 4702: 4699: 4629: 4628: 4608: 4606: 4595: 4592: 4582:("my mum") as 4561:Euskaltzaindia 4515:Main article: 4512: 4509: 4503: 4500: 4436:, that is, as 4335:'man' becomes 4297:'lamb' can be 4203:ai, ei, oi, ui 4153:palatalization 4148: 4147:Palatalization 4145: 3989:"to give up"; 3895: 3894: 3794: 3793: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3707: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3681: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3645: 3644: 3627: 3625: 3612: 3599: 3586: 3573: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3542: 3529: 3516: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3505: 3492: 3479: 3477: 3464: 3451: 3443: 3442: 3440: 3427: 3414: 3412: 3399: 3386: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3355: 3342: 3340: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3300: 3290: 3280: 3275: 3266: 3263: 3249:There are six 3245: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3195: 3188: 3183: 3180: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3163: 3156: 3151: 3148: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3082: 3081: 3074: 3014: 3013: 3011: 2998: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2976: 2974: 2961: 2955: 2954: 2941: 2939: 2926: 2920: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2857: 2856:Basque pidgins 2854: 2843:mixed language 2801: 2800: 2780: 2765: 2746: 2680: 2679: 2636: 2609: 2606: 2523:language shift 2491: 2488: 2480: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2405: 2394:Main article: 2391: 2388: 2382: 2381: 2372: 2363: 2354: 2345: 2341: 2340: 2331: 2322: 2313: 2304: 2300: 2299: 2290: 2281: 2272: 2263: 2259: 2258: 2249: 2240: 2231: 2222: 2218: 2217: 2208: 2199: 2190: 2181: 2177: 2176: 2173: 2164: 2155: 2146: 2142: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2125: 2124: 2119: 2116: 2111: 2108: 2084: 2083: 2076: 2069: 1993: 1990: 1935: 1932: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1796: 1781: 1778:Merritt Ruhlen 1770:Dené–Caucasian 1767: 1757: 1730: 1722:Theo Vennemann 1715: 1697: 1662: 1659: 1651: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1632:Unified Basque 1593:Basque Country 1581:Late Antiquity 1569:Roman Republic 1494:), and "hoe" ( 1448:Main article: 1445: 1442: 1360:. Both terms, 1308: 1305: 1289:Basque grammar 1226:Euskaltzaindia 1154:Basque Country 1054: 1053: 1051: 1050: 1043: 1036: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 990: 984: 980: 979: 978: 975: 974: 971: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 919: 913: 912: 911: 908: 907: 904: 903: 897: 890: 889: 888: 885: 884: 878: 877: 874: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 837: 833: 832: 831: 828: 827: 824: 823: 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 752: 746: 745: 744: 741: 740: 734: 733: 730: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 704: 698: 694: 693: 692: 689: 688: 685: 684: 678: 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 636: 630: 629: 628: 625: 624: 621: 620: 614: 608: 607: 606: 603: 602: 599: 598: 592: 588: 587: 586: 583: 582: 574: 573: 561: 560: 551: 547: 546: 534: 530: 529: 518: 510: 509: 496:, you may see 482: 481: 476: 475: 470: 464: 458: 456: 450: 444: 439: 437: 429: 428: 422: 414: 413: 406: 400: 399: 392: 384: 383: 376: 368: 367: 340: 332: 331: 322: 314: 313: 312:Language codes 309: 308: 306:Euskaltzaindia 303: 297: 296: 294: 293: 280: 278: 273: 270: 269: 268: 267: 257: 247: 244: 241: 240: 236: 235: 234: 233: 231:Basque Braille 228: 221: 217:Writing system 214: 211: 210: 209: 208: 200: 192: 187: 179: 174: 169: 164: 157: 153: 152: 150: 149: 140: 138: 135: 132: 131: 126: 124: 117: 114: 113: 101: 98: 95: 94: 89: 85: 84: 82:Basque Country 79: 75: 74: 65: 64:Native to 61: 60: 50: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13379: 13368: 13365: 13363: 13360: 13358: 13355: 13353: 13350: 13348: 13345: 13343: 13340: 13338: 13335: 13333: 13330: 13329: 13327: 13310: 13306: 13303: 13299: 13298: 13294: 13288: 13285: 13283: 13280: 13278: 13275: 13273: 13270: 13268: 13265: 13263: 13260: 13258: 13255: 13253: 13250: 13248: 13245: 13243: 13240: 13239: 13237: 13235: 13231: 13221: 13218: 13216: 13213: 13211: 13208: 13206: 13203: 13201: 13198: 13196: 13193: 13192: 13190: 13188: 13184: 13178: 13175: 13173: 13170: 13168: 13165: 13163: 13160: 13156: 13153: 13151: 13148: 13147: 13146: 13143: 13142: 13140: 13138: 13134: 13128: 13125: 13123: 13122:Eskimo–Uralic 13120: 13118: 13115: 13113: 13110: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13100: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13085: 13083: 13080: 13078: 13075: 13073: 13070: 13068: 13065: 13063: 13060: 13058: 13055: 13053: 13050: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13038: 13036: 13033: 13032: 13031: 13028: 13026: 13023: 13021: 13018: 13017: 13014: 13011: 13007: 12997: 12994: 12991: 12990: 12986: 12984: 12983: 12979: 12977: 12976: 12972: 12971: 12969: 12967: 12962: 12956: 12953: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12943: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12933: 12932: 12930: 12927: 12926:Paleosiberian 12922: 12919: 12917: 12913: 12907: 12906: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12887: 12886: 12884: 12881: 12877: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12851: 12850: 12846: 12844: 12843: 12839: 12837: 12836: 12832: 12830: 12829: 12825: 12823: 12822: 12821:Austroasiatic 12818: 12816: 12815: 12811: 12810: 12808: 12806: 12802: 12795: 12794: 12790: 12788: 12785: 12783: 12780: 12778: 12775: 12773: 12772: 12771:Austroasiatic 12768: 12766: 12765: 12761: 12759: 12758: 12754: 12752: 12751: 12750:Indo-European 12747: 12746: 12744: 12742: 12738: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12721: 12720: 12719: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12709: 12707: 12705: 12701: 12695: 12694: 12690: 12688: 12687: 12683: 12681: 12680: 12676: 12674: 12673: 12669: 12667: 12666: 12662: 12660: 12659: 12655: 12653: 12652: 12648: 12646: 12645: 12641: 12639: 12638: 12634: 12632: 12631: 12627: 12625: 12624: 12623:Indo-European 12620: 12619: 12617: 12615: 12611: 12605: 12604: 12600: 12598: 12597: 12593: 12591: 12590: 12586: 12584: 12583: 12579: 12577: 12576: 12572: 12570: 12569: 12565: 12563: 12562: 12558: 12556: 12555: 12551: 12549: 12548: 12544: 12542: 12541: 12537: 12535: 12534: 12530: 12528: 12527: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12516: 12515: 12511: 12509: 12508: 12504: 12502: 12501: 12500:Indo-European 12497: 12496: 12494: 12492: 12488: 12484: 12480: 12473: 12468: 12466: 12461: 12459: 12454: 12453: 12450: 12436: 12432: 12429: 12425: 12422: 12421: 12417: 12411: 12408: 12406: 12403: 12401: 12398: 12396: 12393: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12382: 12380: 12376: 12366: 12365: 12360: 12359: 12357: 12353: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12335:Original Thai 12333: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12315: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12295: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12281: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12258: 12256: 12253: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12233: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12213: 12209: 12207: 12204: 12202: 12201: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12171: 12168: 12165: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12155: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12145: 12143: 12140: 12137: 12134: 12133: 12131: 12125: 12118: 12115: 12112: 12109: 12106: 12103: 12100: 12099:Hibito–Cholón 12097: 12094: 12091: 12088: 12085: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12064: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12052: 12051: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12019: 12015: 12013: 12010: 12008: 12005: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11995: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11967: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11946: 11943: 11941: 11938: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11930: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11918: 11914: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11881: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11861: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11847: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11826: 11822: 11821: 11819: 11815: 11809: 11808: 11804: 11802: 11801: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11784: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11767: 11763: 11761: 11760: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11745: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11733: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11707: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11695: 11691: 11689: 11688: 11684: 11682: 11681: 11677: 11675: 11674: 11670: 11668: 11667: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11640: 11636: 11634: 11633: 11629: 11628: 11626: 11622: 11616: 11615:Yuman–Cochimí 11613: 11611: 11610: 11606: 11604: 11603: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11591: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11564: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11550: 11548: 11545: 11543: 11542: 11538: 11536: 11535: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11523: 11519: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11511: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11494: 11490: 11488: 11487: 11483: 11481: 11480: 11476: 11474: 11473: 11469: 11467: 11466: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11454: 11450: 11448: 11447: 11443: 11442: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11428: 11418: 11415: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11406: 11402: 11401: 11399: 11395: 11388: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11373: 11369: 11367: 11364: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11351: 11350:Southern Daly 11348: 11346: 11345: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11333: 11329: 11327: 11326: 11322: 11320: 11317: 11314: 11313: 11309: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11291: 11287: 11285: 11284: 11280: 11277: 11276: 11275:Darwin Region 11272: 11270: 11267: 11264: 11261: 11260: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11248: 11238: 11235: 11233: 11231: 11227: 11224: 11221: 11218: 11215: 11213: 11210: 11208: 11205: 11203: 11200: 11198: 11195: 11193: 11190: 11188: 11185: 11182: 11179: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11162: 11160: 11156: 11149: 11146: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11107: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11095: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11073: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11056: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11034: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10957:Demta–Sentani 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10927: 10923: 10921: 10918: 10917: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10904: 10900: 10890: 10888: 10884: 10882: 10881: 10877: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10862: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10851: 10849: 10845: 10843: 10842: 10838: 10836: 10835: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10820: 10818: 10814: 10807: 10804: 10801: 10798: 10795: 10792: 10789: 10786: 10783: 10780: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10761: 10757: 10755: 10754: 10750: 10748: 10747: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10735: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10718: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10701: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10679: 10678:Indo-European 10675: 10673: 10672: 10668: 10666: 10665: 10661: 10659: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10648: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10636: 10632: 10630: 10629: 10628:Austroasiatic 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10617: 10613: 10612: 10609: 10606: 10603: 10598: 10591: 10580: 10577: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10563: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10548: 10546: 10542: 10535: 10532: 10529: 10526: 10523: 10520: 10517: 10514: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10500: 10499: 10495: 10493: 10492: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10475: 10471: 10469: 10468: 10464: 10463: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10451: 10447: 10440: 10435: 10433: 10428: 10426: 10421: 10420: 10417: 10407: 10401: 10395: 10392: 10391: 10389: 10385: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10310: 10308: 10304: 10298: 10295: 10292: 10291:Vivaro-Alpine 10288: 10284: 10280: 10276: 10272: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10237: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10225: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10210: 10206: 10202: 10199: 10195: 10192: 10191: 10190: 10187: 10186: 10184: 10180: 10174: 10171: 10170: 10168: 10164: 10160: 10155: 10146: 10141: 10139: 10134: 10132: 10127: 10126: 10123: 10111: 10108: 10107: 10105: 10101: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10081: 10079: 10075: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10051: 10049: 10045: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9976: 9974: 9970: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9920: 9917: 9914: 9908: 9902: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9889: 9887: 9883: 9874: 9870: 9869: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9845: 9843: 9839: 9836: 9830: 9823: 9819: 9816: 9815: 9813: 9809: 9805: 9798: 9793: 9791: 9786: 9784: 9779: 9778: 9775: 9769: 9766: 9763: 9760: 9757: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9743: 9734: 9732: 9731:Mother Tongue 9727: 9723: 9722: 9713: 9712:BiologenHeute 9709: 9706: 9702: 9698: 9694: 9693: 9684: 9683: 9678: 9677: 9668: 9664: 9661: 9657: 9653: 9649: 9645: 9642: 9641:84-7481-736-6 9638: 9634: 9630: 9627: 9623: 9622: 9614: 9610: 9604: 9601: 9597: 9593: 9590: 9586: 9582: 9578: 9575: 9571: 9568: 9564: 9560: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9542: 9539:(in French). 9538: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9515: 9512:(in French). 9511: 9507: 9502: 9499: 9498:3-87548-060-0 9495: 9491: 9490: 9485: 9482: 9478: 9474: 9473: 9463: 9459: 9458: 9457:Mother Tongue 9452: 9449: 9446: 9443: 9439: 9436: 9432: 9428: 9424: 9420: 9419:Mother Tongue 9413: 9408: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9399:Mother Tongue 9395: 9391: 9390: 9381: 9377: 9373: 9369: 9365: 9361: 9356: 9353: 9349: 9346: 9342: 9338: 9337: 9328: 9327:0-415-13116-2 9324: 9320: 9317:Trask, R.L.: 9316: 9314:Philadelphia. 9312: 9309: 9305: 9301: 9298: 9294: 9290: 9287: 9283: 9279: 9278: 9261: 9257: 9252: 9251: 9236: 9230: 9226: 9222: 9218: 9216: 9212: 9208: 9205: 9204:0-415-13116-2 9201: 9197: 9193: 9190: 9187: 9183: 9180: 9176: 9173: 9172:2-909262-22-7 9169: 9165: 9161: 9158: 9154: 9151: 9147: 9145: 9144:84-7907-016-1 9141: 9137: 9133: 9130: 9127: 9123: 9119: 9115: 9113: 9109: 9105: 9101: 9098: 9094: 9090: 9085: 9084: 9074: 9070: 9069: 9063: 9060: 9056: 9052: 9049: 9045: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9029: 9028: 9022: 9019: 9015: 9014: 9006: 9002: 8998: 8994: 8992: 8988: 8984: 8980: 8978: 8974: 8970: 8966: 8964: 8960: 8956: 8952: 8950: 8946: 8942: 8938: 8936: 8932: 8928: 8924: 8923: 8914: 8913: 8908: 8905: 8904:84-248-0248-9 8901: 8897: 8893: 8890: 8886: 8882: 8879: 8875: 8871: 8868: 8865: 8864:84-271-1493-1 8861: 8857: 8853: 8850: 8846: 8843: 8842:0-87417-156-3 8839: 8835: 8831: 8828: 8827:0-87417-126-1 8824: 8820: 8816: 8815: 8806: 8802: 8798: 8794: 8791: 8788: 8784: 8780: 8776: 8773: 8772: 8767: 8764: 8760: 8757: 8753: 8750: 8746: 8742: 8738: 8735: 8731: 8727: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8706: 8702: 8695: 8690: 8687: 8683: 8679: 8675: 8672: 8669: 8665: 8664: 8659: 8656: 8652: 8651: 8642: 8641: 8636: 8633: 8629: 8625: 8621: 8617: 8613: 8609: 8606:(in French). 8605: 8604: 8598: 8595: 8591: 8587: 8583: 8579: 8573: 8569: 8565: 8564: 8559: 8555: 8553: 8549: 8545: 8542: 8541:2-913156-10-X 8538: 8534: 8530: 8527: 8523: 8521:0-87417-155-5 8517: 8513: 8509: 8508:King, Alan R. 8505: 8502: 8501:3-11-017683-1 8498: 8494: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8481: 8477: 8474: 8473: 8468: 8465: 8461: 8458: 8457:2-7084-0038-X 8454: 8450: 8446: 8445: 8429: 8428:84-86240-66-2 8425: 8421: 8415: 8408: 8403: 8392: 8386: 8378: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8351: 8344: 8339: 8333:, p. 393 8332: 8327: 8320: 8316: 8312: 8309: 8304: 8296: 8290: 8282: 8276: 8272: 8268: 8261: 8245: 8241: 8237: 8233: 8226: 8220:, p. 16. 8219: 8214: 8208:, p. 15. 8207: 8202: 8200: 8192: 8187: 8180: 8175: 8173: 8166:, p. 14. 8165: 8160: 8158: 8156: 8154: 8147:, p. 13. 8146: 8141: 8134: 8129: 8122: 8117: 8110: 8104: 8097: 8096:0-415-13116-2 8093: 8089: 8083: 8076: 8071: 8064: 8059: 8052: 8047: 8040: 8035: 8033: 8031: 8024:, p. 17. 8023: 8018: 8011: 8006: 7999: 7994: 7985: 7978: 7973: 7966: 7963: 7959: 7956: 7950: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7932: 7931: 7924: 7916: 7914:84-249-1365-5 7910: 7906: 7899: 7891: 7887: 7883: 7876: 7869: 7863: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7832: 7824: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7803: 7795: 7787: 7779: 7777:9788497830614 7773: 7769: 7765: 7758: 7752: 7747: 7739: 7735: 7731: 7727: 7723: 7716: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7697: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7678: 7676: 7674: 7672: 7664: 7659: 7657: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7626: 7610: 7606: 7600: 7593: 7592: 7579: 7574: 7568: 7560: 7554: 7550: 7543: 7537:, p. 17. 7536: 7531: 7524: 7519: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7488: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7457: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7423: 7416: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7385: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7354: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7323: 7307: 7303: 7296: 7280: 7276: 7272: 7265: 7258: 7253: 7245: 7244: 7239: 7233: 7226: 7220: 7213: 7212:90-272-3634-8 7209: 7205: 7199: 7190: 7182: 7176: 7172: 7171: 7162: 7147: 7141: 7137: 7136: 7128: 7121: 7115: 7108: 7103: 7095: 7089: 7085: 7078: 7063: 7059: 7053: 7045: 7043:0-415-13116-2 7039: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7021: 7019: 7017: 7015: 7013: 7011: 7009: 7007: 7005: 6998: 6992: 6973: 6966: 6960: 6952: 6950:0-874-17057-5 6946: 6941: 6940: 6931: 6923: 6919: 6913: 6907: 6903: 6900: 6893: 6887: 6883: 6880: 6873: 6866: 6860: 6854: 6848: 6838: 6822: 6818: 6811: 6802: 6794: 6790: 6789: 6783: 6776: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6758:Lower Navarre 6755: 6751: 6748: 6744: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6728: 6724: 6717: 6713: 6705: 6698: 6690: 6683: 6679: 6676: 6668: 6660: 6654: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6639: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6575: 6548: 6528: 6507: 6506: 6496: 6491: 6487: 6484: 6463: 6459: 6457: 6416: 6415: 6410: 6408: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6366: 6361: 6360: 6354: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6331: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6323: 6310: 6307: 6302: 6290: 6285: 6275: 6266: 6264: 6259: 6255: 6247: 6233: 6228: 6213: 6209: 6198: 6192: 6186: 6185: 6177: 6169: 6151: 6146: 6142: 6137: 6129: 6128: 6127: 6125: 6115: 6107: 6099: 6093: 6084: 6079: 6069: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6052:, " wheel"), 6051: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6012: 6009: 6001: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5977: 5976: 5972: 5967:This section 5965: 5961: 5956: 5955: 5947: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5928: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5905:What is this? 5902: 5898: 5893: 5889: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5857: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5844: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5831: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5818: 5814: 5811: 5808: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5792: 5789: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5778: 5775: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5764: 5761: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5750: 5747: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5737: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5705: 5701: 5698: 5696:liburu-raino 5695: 5692: 5689: 5688: 5684: 5681: 5679:liburu-rantz 5678: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5667: 5664: 5661: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5651:liburu-tatik 5650: 5647: 5644: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5633: 5630: 5627: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5616: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5604: 5600: 5597: 5594: 5592:(because of) 5591: 5588: 5587: 5583: 5580: 5577: 5574: 5571: 5570: 5567:liburu-rekin 5566: 5564:liburu-e-kin 5563: 5560: 5557: 5554: 5553: 5549: 5546: 5544:liburu-a-ren 5543: 5541: 5537: 5536: 5532: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5520: 5519: 5515: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5503: 5499: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5487: 5483: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5471: 5468:Undetermined 5467: 5464: 5461: 5458: 5457: 5454: 5446: 5443: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5432: 5429: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5418: 5415: 5412: 5409: 5408: 5405:in the house 5404: 5401: 5398: 5395: 5394: 5390: 5388:etxeetaraino 5387: 5385:ak + (r)aino 5384: 5381: 5380: 5376: 5373: 5370: 5367: 5366: 5362: 5359: 5356: 5353: 5352: 5348: 5345: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5334: 5331: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5321:to the house 5320: 5317: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5306: 5303: 5300: 5297: 5296: 5292: 5289: 5286: 5283: 5282: 5278: 5275: 5272: 5269: 5268: 5264: 5261: 5258: 5255: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5202: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5159: 5157: 5153: 5152:nor-nori-nork 5149: 5145: 5144:nor-nori-nork 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5119: 5116: 5110: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5088: 5083: 5075: 5072: 5069: 5066: 5063: 5060: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5052: 5048: 5045: 5042: 5038: 5005: 5004:di-zki-da-zue 5000: 4994: 4989: 4983: 4978: 4967: 4962: 4958: 4944: 4940: 4937: 4933: 4930: 4927: 4924: 4921: 4918: 4917: 4916: 4913: 4907: 4901: 4895: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4866: 4863: 4860: 4856: 4831: 4826: 4820: 4815: 4805: 4800: 4794: 4789: 4785: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4740: 4738: 4734: 4733:ergative case 4730: 4726: 4725:direct object 4722: 4718: 4714: 4711:Basque is an 4708: 4698: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4661:, "cap", and 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4625: 4622:November 2016 4616: 4612: 4609:This section 4607: 4604: 4600: 4599: 4591: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4568: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4553: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4529: 4524: 4518: 4508: 4499: 4496: 4486: 4480: 4478: 4474: 4469: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4441: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4414: 4411: 4405: 4399: 4393: 4363: 4357: 4351: 4345: 4339: 4333: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4302: 4295: 4289: 4272: 4267: 4264: 4258: 4252: 4230: 4227: 4221: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4195: 4186: 4182: 4181:palatal nasal 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4144: 4125: 4124:"rational"). 4123: 4120:(for example 4119: 4115: 4111: 4108:(for example 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4066: 4051: 4047: 4032: 4028: 4009: 3998: 3997:"old woman". 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3972: 3968: 3959: 3955: 3942: 3937: 3933: 3928: 3926: 3902: 3891: 3890: 3885: 3884: 3879: 3878: 3873: 3872: 3867: 3866: 3861: 3860: 3855: 3854: 3849: 3848: 3843: 3842: 3837: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3799: 3795: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3780: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3750: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3711: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3685: 3682: 3678: 3670: 3664: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3647: 3646: 3641: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3622: 3616: 3613: 3609: 3603: 3600: 3596: 3590: 3587: 3583: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3567: 3565: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3546: 3543: 3539: 3533: 3530: 3526: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3509: 3506: 3502: 3496: 3493: 3489: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3474: 3468: 3465: 3461: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3445: 3444: 3441: 3437: 3431: 3428: 3424: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3409: 3403: 3400: 3396: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3380: 3378: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3359: 3356: 3352: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3262: 3252: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3229: 3224: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3206: 3201: 3200: 3196: 3189: 3184: 3181: 3174: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3157: 3152: 3149: 3142: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3112: 3109: 3104: 3093: 3079: 3075: 3066: 3061: 3057: 3056: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3012: 3008: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2991: 2986: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2956: 2951: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2902: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2786: 2781: 2766: 2747: 2740: 2736: 2712: 2711: 2710: 2707: 2697: 2693: 2677: 2673: 2667: 2662: 2656: 2651: 2645: 2640: 2637: 2626: 2622: 2610: 2607: 2596: 2592: 2591: 2590: 2587: 2581: 2580: 2575: 2574: 2569: 2568: 2563: 2559: 2558: 2553: 2549: 2548: 2543: 2542: 2538:'anchovies', 2537: 2536: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2497: 2487: 2485: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2454: 2453: 2450: 2442: 2402: 2397: 2387: 2373: 2364: 2355: 2346: 2343: 2342: 2332: 2323: 2314: 2305: 2302: 2301: 2291: 2282: 2273: 2264: 2261: 2260: 2250: 2241: 2232: 2223: 2220: 2219: 2209: 2200: 2191: 2182: 2179: 2178: 2174: 2165: 2156: 2147: 2144: 2143: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2126: 2099: 2095: 2093: 2088: 2081: 2077: 2074: 2070: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2050: 2049: 2035: 2030: 2026: 2022: 1998: 1989: 1987: 1981: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1950: 1940: 1931: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1822: 1814: 1806: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1784:Indo-European 1782: 1779: 1775: 1774:John Bengtson 1771: 1768: 1765: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1751: 1750:J. P. Mallory 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1678: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1658: 1656: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1629: 1628: 1627: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1610:(a branch of 1609: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1555: 1549: 1543: 1538: 1534: 1529: 1528: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1509: 1504: 1498: 1492: 1486: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1451: 1441: 1439: 1434: 1432: 1425: 1420: 1414: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1398: 1393: 1381: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1364: 1358: 1352: 1346: 1340: 1334: 1328: 1326: 1321: 1314: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1253: 1250: 1246: 1243:in Spain and 1242: 1238: 1234: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1222:Euskara Batua 1219: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1126: 1084: 1076: 1068: 1060: 1049: 1044: 1042: 1037: 1035: 1030: 1029: 1027: 1026: 1019: 1018:Basque stella 1016: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 985: 977: 976: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 943:Real Sociedad 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 928:Basque pelota 926: 924: 921: 920: 916: 910: 909: 902: 899: 898: 893: 887: 886: 883: 880: 879: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 838: 830: 829: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 791:Gateau Basque 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 753: 749: 743: 742: 739: 736: 735: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 707:Bertsolaritza 705: 703: 700: 699: 691: 690: 683: 680: 679: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 637: 633: 627: 626: 619: 616: 615: 611: 605: 604: 597: 594: 593: 585: 584: 580: 576: 575: 571: 567: 566: 557: 552: 548: 543: 538: 535: 531: 527: 525: 519: 515: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 489: 483: 474: 471: 457: 448: 80–100% 443: 442: 435: 430: 426: 420: 415: 411: 407: 405: 401: 397: 393: 391: 390: 385: 381: 377: 374: 369: 364: 359: 351: 346: 341: 338: 333: 328: 323: 320: 315: 310: 307: 304: 302: 298: 292: 288: 285: 284: 283: 279: 271: 265: 261: 258: 256: 253: 252: 251: 248: 242: 237: 232: 229: 227: 224: 223: 222: 218: 212: 204: 201: 196: 193: 191: 188: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 159: 158: 154: 148: 145: 144: 143: 139: 133: 129: 125: 121: 115: 112: 108: 102: 96: 93: 90: 86: 83: 80: 76: 73: 69: 66: 62: 58: 51: 49:Pronunciation 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 13308: 13301: 13300:Families in 13257:Pre-Goidelic 13252:Pre-Germanic 13082:Indo-Semitic 13077:Indo-Pacific 13072:Indo-Hittite 12987: 12980: 12973: 12903: 12880:Indian Ocean 12847: 12842:Austronesian 12840: 12833: 12826: 12819: 12814:Sino-Tibetan 12812: 12791: 12769: 12764:Sino-Tibetan 12762: 12755: 12748: 12716: 12691: 12684: 12677: 12670: 12663: 12656: 12649: 12642: 12635: 12628: 12621: 12601: 12594: 12587: 12580: 12573: 12568:North Picene 12566: 12559: 12552: 12545: 12538: 12531: 12524: 12519: 12512: 12505: 12498: 12434: 12427: 12426:Families in 12361: 12312: 12210: 12198: 12048: 12016: 12007:Pano-Tacanan 11964: 11927: 11915: 11886:Arutani–Sape 11878: 11823: 11805: 11798: 11783:Oto-Manguean 11781: 11764: 11757: 11704: 11692: 11685: 11678: 11671: 11664: 11637: 11630: 11607: 11600: 11588: 11561: 11539: 11532: 11520: 11508: 11491: 11484: 11477: 11470: 11463: 11451: 11444: 11403: 11370: 11366:Western Daly 11344:Pama–Nyungan 11342: 11330: 11323: 11310: 11288: 11283:Eastern Daly 11281: 11273: 11228: 11104: 11092: 11070: 11053: 11031: 11002:Kaure–Kosare 10962:Doso–Turumsa 10952:Chimbu–Wahgi 10942:Bulaka River 10926:Austronesian 10924: 10885: 10878: 10859: 10846: 10839: 10832: 10822: 10758: 10751: 10744: 10734:Sino-Tibetan 10732: 10715: 10698: 10676: 10669: 10662: 10645: 10635:Austronesian 10633: 10626: 10614: 10560: 10498:Nilo-Saharan 10496: 10489: 10474:Austronesian 10472: 10465: 10333:Guadeloupean 10275:Languedocian 10200: 9953:Erromintxela 9910:Unrecognised 9847: 9729: 9725: 9711: 9696: 9680: 9666: 9651: 9632: 9625: 9609:Зыцарь Ю. В. 9606:(in Russian) 9599: 9588: 9584: 9573: 9558: 9540: 9536: 9513: 9509: 9487: 9480: 9461: 9455: 9422: 9418: 9403: 9397: 9393: 9371: 9363: 9359: 9351: 9344: 9318: 9307: 9296: 9285: 9263:. Retrieved 9259: 9224: 9221:Zuazo, Koldo 9195: 9185: 9178: 9163: 9156: 9149: 9135: 9117: 9103: 9092: 9088: 9072: 9066: 9058: 9054: 9047: 9031: 9025: 9017: 8910: 8895: 8855: 8848: 8833: 8818: 8796: 8793:Zuazo, Koldo 8778: 8769: 8762: 8758: 8740: 8733: 8729: 8704: 8700: 8677: 8667: 8661: 8638: 8623: 8607: 8601: 8593: 8562: 8547: 8532: 8511: 8492: 8470: 8463: 8448: 8419: 8414: 8406: 8402: 8385: 8360: 8350: 8338: 8326: 8317:in Spanish, 8303: 8289: 8266: 8260: 8248:. Retrieved 8244:the original 8239: 8235: 8225: 8218:de Rijk 2008 8213: 8206:de Rijk 2008 8186: 8164:de Rijk 2008 8145:de Rijk 2008 8140: 8135:, p. 6. 8133:de Rijk 2008 8128: 8123:, p. 8. 8121:de Rijk 2008 8116: 8108: 8103: 8087: 8082: 8075:de Rijk 2008 8070: 8063:de Rijk 2008 8058: 8051:de Rijk 2008 8046: 8041:, p. 5. 8039:de Rijk 2008 8022:de Rijk 2008 8017: 8012:, p. 4. 8010:de Rijk 2008 8005: 7993: 7984: 7972: 7964: 7949: 7929: 7923: 7904: 7898: 7885: 7881: 7875: 7867: 7862: 7837: 7831: 7812: 7808: 7802: 7796:(in French). 7793: 7786: 7767: 7763: 7757: 7746: 7729: 7725: 7715: 7700: 7696: 7681: 7662: 7643:. Retrieved 7639:the original 7625: 7613:. Retrieved 7609:the original 7599: 7589: 7567: 7548: 7542: 7530: 7525:, p. 16 7518: 7506:. Retrieved 7501: 7497: 7487: 7475:. Retrieved 7470: 7466: 7456: 7444:. Retrieved 7432: 7428: 7415: 7403:. Retrieved 7398: 7394: 7384: 7372:. Retrieved 7367: 7363: 7353: 7341:. Retrieved 7336: 7332: 7322: 7310:. Retrieved 7305: 7295: 7283:. Retrieved 7278: 7274: 7264: 7252: 7242: 7232: 7224: 7219: 7203: 7198: 7193:Orduña 2005. 7189: 7168: 7161: 7149:. Retrieved 7134: 7127: 7119: 7114: 7106: 7102: 7083: 7077: 7065:. Retrieved 7052: 7029: 6991: 6979:. Retrieved 6972:the original 6959: 6938: 6930: 6921: 6912: 6892: 6872: 6859: 6847: 6837: 6825:. Retrieved 6820: 6810: 6786: 6775: 6768:, Mintzaira) 6723: 6704: 6689: 6667: 6461: 6460: 6413: 6412: 6411: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6364: 6363: 6362: 6325: 6305: 6303: 6280: 6260: 6232:Sabino Arana 6229: 6218: 6147: 6133: 6092:Latin script 6089: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6019: 6004: 5995: 5980:Please help 5968: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5929: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5885: 5872: 5859: 5846: 5833: 5820: 5800: 5798: 5776:Mikelengana 5735: 5712:liburu-tzat 5676:('towards') 5668:liburu-tara 5614:liburu-etaz 5607:Instrumental 5533:liburu-tako 5510:liburu-a-ri 5459:Case/Number 5452: 5371:a + (r)aino 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5203: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5160: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5120: 5097: 5081: 5080:The pronoun 5079: 5073: 5067: 5061: 5055: 5050: 5046: 5043: 5040: 5006: 4995: 4984: 4968: 4950: 4942: 4935: 4931: 4925: 4919: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4873: 4869: 4868: 4864: 4861: 4858: 4832: 4821: 4806: 4795: 4777: 4772: 4741: 4736: 4710: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4632: 4619: 4615:adding to it 4610: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4569: 4554: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4531: 4527: 4523:pitch accent 4520: 4505: 4481: 4476: 4472: 4470: 4449: 4445: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4415: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4303: 4268: 4231: 4202: 4150: 4126: 4121: 4117: 4116:"rice") and 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4085: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4067: 4060: 4040: 4010: 3999: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3970: 3966: 3958:[s̺] 3941:[s̻] 3929: 3898: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3798: 3772: 3743:r-, -rr-, -r 3742: 3709: 3696: 3662: 3629: 3614: 3601: 3588: 3575: 3544: 3531: 3518: 3494: 3481: 3466: 3453: 3429: 3416: 3401: 3388: 3357: 3344: 3329: 3308:postalveolar 3248: 3107: 3094: 3083: 3078:nasal vowels 3017: 3000: 2978: 2963: 2943: 2928: 2859: 2839:Erromintxela 2833:Part of the 2832: 2802: 2738: 2734: 2708: 2681: 2650:laminodental 2624: 2620: 2588: 2531: 2499: 2481: 2451: 2447: 2440: 2385: 2096: 2092:bilingualism 2089: 2085: 2047: 1992:Demographics 1985: 1982: 1962: 1947: 1945: 1916: 1897: 1886: 1855: 1827: 1792:Proto-Basque 1753: 1712:unclassified 1664: 1652: 1624: 1597: 1522: 1473: 1453: 1430: 1409: 1351:lengua vasca 1329: 1316: 1297:Latin script 1254: 1230: 1202: 1194:was replaced 1166: 1082: 1081: 993:Coat of arms 901:Basque music 871:Aberri Eguna 866:Herri Urrats 796:Rioja (wine) 771:Basque cider 727:Basque dance 665:Erromintxela 639: 521: 485: 472: 462: 20–50% 454: 50–80% 404:Linguasphere 387: 142:Proto-Basque 29: 13107:Ural-Altaic 13087:Indo-Uralic 12899:Sentinelese 12630:Afroasiatic 12596:Eteocypriot 12320:Germanosign 12224:Mura-Pirahã 12105:Lule–Vilela 12081:Bora-Witoto 12056:Uru–Chipaya 12029:Ticuna–Yuri 12012:Peba–Yaguan 11997:Nambikwaran 11800:Uto-Aztecan 11736:Mesoamerica 11590:Uto-Aztecan 11579:Tsimshianic 11541:Palaihnihan 11411:Malak-Malak 11148:Papuan Gulf 11122:West Papuan 11027:Lower Sepik 11017:Lakes Plain 10920:Arai–Samaia 10908:the Pacific 10616:Afroasiatic 10491:Niger–Congo 10467:Afroasiatic 10343:Martiniquan 9841:Co-official 9354:10:177–184. 9192:Trask, R.L. 9034:(1): 1–30. 8707:: 113–127. 7998:Bakker 1987 7067:22 November 7026:Trask, R.L. 6709:(in Basque) 6694:(in Basque) 6672:(in French) 5913:Hau zer da? 5909:Zer da hau? 5793:with Mikel 5726:liburu-rik 5691:Terminative 5645:liburu-tik 5634:liburu-tan 5628:liburu-a-n 5617:liburu-taz 5611:liburu-a-z 5573:Benefactive 5550:liburu-ren 5547:liburu-e-n 5538:Possessive 5513:liburu-e-i 5497:liburu-e-k 5494:liburu-a-k 5478:liburu-a-Ø 5360:etxeetatik 5307:the houses 5244:euskaldunok 5240:euskaldunak 4982:egunkari-ak 4897:, in which 4804:egunkari-ak 4590:(– ´ – `). 4557:orthography 4498:'big dog'. 4179:become the 4061:The letter 4041:The letter 3961:is written 2696:Old Castile 2631:but having 2595:Old Spanish 2554:candidate, 2484:Koldo Zuazo 2110:Across all 1858:Reconquista 1795:(Bengtson). 1726:toponymical 1518:controversy 1403:Geographica 1171:in France. 1008:Zazpiak Bat 781:Cider house 542:Euskaldunak 500:instead of 468: 0–20% 266:of Navarre) 136:Early forms 13326:Categories 13247:Pre-Celtic 13215:East Asian 13205:Austro-Tai 13195:Andamanese 13045:Eurasiatic 12966:North Asia 12916:North Asia 12828:Hmong–Mien 12782:Burushaski 12741:South Asia 12712:Kartvelian 12679:Philistine 12589:Eteocretan 12533:Tartessian 12314:Francosign 12162:Chiquitano 12142:Alacalufan 11950:Guaicuruan 11923:Chapacuran 11906:Cahuapanan 11874:Araucanian 11777:Mixe–Zoque 11772:Misumalpan 11486:Comecrudan 11338:Nyulnyulan 11117:Upper Yuat 11094:Torricelli 11066:Senu River 10997:Foja Range 10903:New Guinea 10828:Burushaski 10689:Kartvelian 10664:Hmong–Mien 10480:Khoe–Kwadi 10404:See also: 10009:Portuguese 9938:Cantabrian 9885:Recognised 9714:5/6, 6–11. 9574:Le langage 9166:Baïgorri, 9138:. Bilbao. 8321:in Basque. 7988:Deen 1937. 7751:Zuazo 2010 7535:Zuazo 2010 7523:Zuazo 2010 7508:4 November 7477:4 November 7446:4 November 7405:4 November 7374:4 November 7343:4 November 7312:4 November 7285:4 November 6827:16 October 6803:required.) 6716:Berria.eus 6634:References 6094:including 5998:March 2022 5950:Vocabulary 5838:adjective 5790:Mikelekin 5773:(r)engana 5662:liburu-ra 5556:Comitative 5527:liburu-ko 5516:liburu-ri 5481:liburu-ak 5474:Absolutive 5444:etxeetako 5374:etxeraino 5332:etxeetara 5293:the house 5236:euskalduna 5183:allocutive 5148:dizkidazue 5087:dizkidazue 4985:newspaper- 4885:Egunkariak 4878:epenthetic 4807:newspaper- 4719:is in the 4572:prosodical 4244:, spelled 4159:, much of 4122:arrazional 4090:prosthetic 4072:"Rwanda", 4023:, written 4015:, written 4008:are used. 3927:, , and . 3925:fricatives 3265:Consonants 3251:diphthongs 3050:). In the 2597:merger of 2527:Aquitanian 2494:See also: 1927:Enkarterri 1839:Val d'Aran 1831:Common Era 1762:, such as 1708:Aquitanian 1583:after the 1565:Aquitanian 1488:), "axe" ( 1311:See also: 1218:separatism 1198:Enkarterri 1175:, most of 1003:Laurak Bat 948:CA Osasuna 882:Literature 695:Traditions 203:Salazarese 147:Aquitanian 109:and 6,000 13272:Pre-Vedic 13262:Pre-Greek 13234:Substrata 13137:Arunachal 13035:Nostratic 13020:Alarodian 12955:Yeniseian 12805:East Asia 12757:Dravidian 12614:West Asia 12582:Tyrsenian 12345:Tanzanian 12286:languages 12183:Hodï/Joti 12127:Isolates 12066:Yanomaman 12002:Otomákoan 11966:Jirajaran 11955:Guajiboan 11917:Catacaoan 11896:Barbacoan 11825:Cuitlatec 11794:Totonacan 11753:Jicaquean 11632:Chimariko 11528:Muskogean 11510:Kalapuyan 11504:Iroquoian 11479:Chumashan 11472:Chinookan 11465:Chimakuan 11383:Yangmanic 11378:Worrorran 11361:Wagaydyic 11251:Australia 11100:Trans-Fly 10766:Yeniseian 10753:Tyrsenian 10647:Dravidian 10394:Guillemet 10373:Wallisian 10287:Provençal 10283:Auvergnat 10024:Ukrainian 9984:Bulgarian 9928:Estremeñu 9912:languages 9892:Aragonese 9857:Valencian 9834:languages 9685:, London. 9660:0046-435X 9543:: 80–94. 8610:: 59–76. 8586:636283146 8568:MIT Press 8475:, Tolosa. 8331:King 1994 7854:0046-435X 7308:: 268–310 7034:Routledge 6289:vigesimal 6284:fractions 6156:precedes 5969:does not 5944:irakasten 5942:in which 5779:to Mikel 5765:of Mikel 5722:Partitive 5708:Prolative 5674:Directive 5625:(in, on) 5500:liburu-k 5484:liburu-Ø 5462:Singular 5416:etxeetan 5357:ak + tik 5248:recursion 5232:euskaldun 4876:(with an 4870:Martin-ek 4793:Martin-ek 4764:Hungarian 4299:/biʎots̺/ 4199:semivowel 4163:, all of 4112:"radio", 3649:(mostly) 3570:voiceless 3564:Fricative 3512:Affricate 3383:voiceless 3103:present. 3048:Aragonese 2892:Phonology 2847:Kalderash 2845:, with a 2783:parts of 2567:izquierdo 2519:substrate 2511:Aragonese 1954:Ojacastro 1862:Asturians 1847:Catalonia 1419:vasconĭce 1413:Vascuence 1392:ouaskōnes 1386:Οὐάσκωνες 1336:, though 1237:Gipuzkoan 851:Olentzero 834:Festivals 816:Marmitako 738:Mythology 632:Languages 524:Euskaldun 389:Glottolog 373:ISO 639-3 337:ISO 639-2 319:ISO 639-1 167:Gipuzkoan 111:monoglots 88:Ethnicity 13267:Vasconic 13242:Atlantic 12996:Eskaleut 12950:Yukaghir 12865:Koreanic 12860:Tungusic 12855:Mongolic 12793:Harappan 12704:Caucasus 12686:Sumerian 12561:Ligurian 12378:See also 12355:Isolates 12330:Japanese 12270:Yuracaré 12152:Candoshi 12111:Macro-Jê 12076:Zaparoan 12071:Zamucoan 12061:Witotoan 12044:Tucanoan 12039:Tiniguan 12034:Timotean 12018:Quechuan 11987:Matacoan 11982:Mascoian 11972:Jivaroan 11935:Chibchan 11929:Charruan 11880:Arawakan 11817:Isolates 11748:Chibchan 11624:Isolates 11596:Wakashan 11557:Salishan 11499:Eskaleut 11405:Giimbiyu 11397:Isolates 11306:Jarrakan 11301:Iwaidjan 11158:Isolates 11012:Kutubuan 10880:Sumerian 10816:Isolates 10771:Yukaghir 10740:Tungusic 10706:Mongolic 10694:Koreanic 10653:Eskaleut 10544:Isolates 10528:Ubangian 10387:See also 10368:Tahitian 10363:Shimaore 10323:Guianese 10279:Limousin 10238:dialect) 10230:Corsican 10226:dialect) 10103:See also 10069:Galician 10058:Asturian 10014:Romanian 9897:Asturian 9862:Galician 9425:: 23–39. 9304:Ná-De-Ná 9265:27 March 9223:(2010). 9134:, 1990. 9075:: 41–59. 9050:, XXIII. 8812:Lexicons 8795:(2008): 8719:Archived 8676:(1991): 8643:, Paris. 8560:(2008). 8531:(1962): 8510:(1994). 8311:Archived 8250:22 April 7958:Archived 7934:Archived 7738:85685222 7734:ProQuest 7594:26.06.04 7437:Archived 7240:(1991). 7214:, p. 81. 7028:(1997). 6902:Archived 6882:Archived 6782:"Basque" 6740:Gipuzkoa 6684:(2016).) 6678:Archived 6572:See also 6313:Examples 6256:⟩ 6252:⟨ 6248:⟩ 6244:⟨ 6191:Ikurrina 6184:Ikurriña 6150:phonemes 6136:digraphs 6116:⟩ 6112:⟨ 6108:⟩ 6104:⟨ 6100:⟩ 6096:⟨ 5925:galdegai 5815:Meaning 5787:(r)ekin 5762:Mikelen 5751:meaning 5693:(up to) 5657:Allative 5640:Ablative 5623:Inessive 5540:genitive 5523:genitive 5490:Ergative 5441:ak + ko 5346:etxetik 5343:a + tik 5329:ak + ra 5265:meaning 5167:informal 5140:nor-nork 5128:nor-nori 4830:di-zki-t 4675:katakume 4673:, as in 4657:, as in 4588:niré amà 4584:nire áma 4580:nire ama 4565:syntagma 4490:/tʃakur/ 4389:. Thus, 4271:Goizueta 4183:and the 4165:Gipuzkoa 4100:"Rome", 3901:devoiced 3817:ederrago 3710:ll, -il- 3482:dd, -id- 3417:tt, -it- 3298:alveolar 3133:Meaning 3130:Example 3122:Meaning 3119:Example 3052:Zuberoan 3044:Asturian 2876:and the 2825:Asturian 2823:and the 2785:Sardinia 2579:esquerre 2573:esquerdo 2552:loanword 2547:cachorro 2390:Dialects 2118:Navarre 2062:Gipuzkoa 1958:La Rioja 1956:(now in 1851:Pyrenees 1745:Caucasus 1733:Georgian 1694:Ligurian 1671:Georgian 1634:(Batua), 1589:Hispania 1573:Pyrenees 1533:cognates 1431:basquenç 1379:Vascones 1374:ethnonym 1327:forms). 1249:Souletin 1233:Biscayan 1213:Franco's 1173:Gipuzkoa 1158:Pyrenees 821:Piperade 776:Patxaran 553:Basque ( 550:Language 520:Basque ( 506:Help:IPA 410:40-AAA-a 396:basq1248 162:Biscayan 156:Dialects 105:434,000 13302:italics 13200:Austric 13177:Kho-Bwa 13172:Hrusish 13150:Siangic 13092:Karasuk 12992: ? 12905:Kenaboi 12870:Japonic 12835:Kra–Dai 12796: ? 12787:Kusunda 12693:Elamite 12665:Kassite 12651:Kaskian 12554:Camunic 12526:Iberian 12483:Eurasia 12428:italics 12405:Pidgins 12390:Creoles 12340:Swedish 12308:Chinese 12255:Urarina 12240:Puinave 12194:Itonama 12188:Irantxe 12157:Chimane 12087:Chimuan 11992:Nadahup 11911:Cariban 11891:Aymaran 11852:America 11694:Waikuri 11687:Tonkawa 11680:Timucua 11673:Takelma 11666:Siuslaw 11655:Kutenai 11639:Esselen 11602:Wintuan 11563:Shastan 11534:Na-Dene 11522:Maiduan 11459:Caddoan 11433:America 11387:Wagiman 11385:(incl. 11356:Tangkic 11296:Garawan 11269:Bunuban 11230:Tambora 11197:Maybrat 11165:Abinomn 11088:Teberan 11049:Pauwasi 11039:Mairasi 11007:Kiwaian 10887:Tambora 10873:Shompen 10855:Kusunda 10848:Kenaboi 10834:Elamite 10806:Siangic 10788:Kho-Bwa 10782:Hrusish 10700:Kra–Dai 10684:Japonic 10593:Eurasia 10568:Sandawe 10551:Bangime 10516:Songhay 10378:Xaracuu 10358:Réunion 10348:Nengone 10338:Kibushi 10328:Futunan 10267:Occitan 10234:Dutch ( 10220:Catalan 10054:Spanish 10019:Russian 9994:Italian 9989:English 9963:Tarifit 9901:Leonese 9873:Aranese 9867:Occitan 9853:Catalan 9818:Spanish 9669:, Wien. 9464:: 3–82. 9366:: 5–48. 9360:Euskera 8799:Elkar. 8377:1844637 8107:Trask, 7940:. (pdf) 7645:11 June 7583:transl. 7151:15 July 6922:HISTORY 6754:Labourd 6747:Navarre 6296:⁄ 6026:Spanish 5990:removed 5975:sources 5748:Result 5642:(from) 5558:(with) 5465:Plural 5430:etxeko 5427:a + ko 5413:ak + n 5402:etxean 5318:etxera 5315:a + ra 5304:etxeak 5262:Result 5214:-ko/-go 5206:aspects 4993:erosten 4900:erosten 4887:has an 4819:erosten 4796:Martin- 4768:Maltese 4701:Grammar 4398:ttantta 4362:bildotx 4356:bildots 4325:become 4313:become 4294:bildots 4288:mintegi 4161:Navarre 4157:Labourd 4110:irratia 4102:Errusia 4088:took a 3932:laminal 3773:-r-, -r 3688:Lateral 3377:Plosive 3358:ñ, -in- 3318:Glottal 3303:Palatal 3040:Spanish 2912:Central 2880:in the 2874:whalers 2862:pidgins 2817:mingaña 2813:Segovia 2809:gacería 2805:nomadic 2692:Gascony 2676:Catalan 2661:palatal 2541:bizarro 2515:Spanish 2374:20.0% ( 2365:14.1% ( 2356:36.2% ( 2347:30.6% ( 2333:20.5% ( 2324:12.9% ( 2315:33.9% ( 2306:28.4% ( 2292:21.4% ( 2283:11.7% ( 2274:32.0% ( 2265:27.0% ( 2251:22.5% ( 2242:11.1% ( 2233:30.1% ( 2224:25.7% ( 2210:24.8% ( 2201:10.3% ( 2192:29.4% ( 2183:25.4% ( 2157:27.7% ( 2148:24.4% ( 2107: 2080:Navarre 2071:In the 2066:Bizkaia 2052:In the 2039:transl. 1908:Bayonne 1870:Spanish 1864:, and " 1835:Garonne 1764:Chechen 1743:in the 1729:Europe. 1700:Iberian 1686:Navarre 1620:Spanish 1612:Occitan 1600:Iberian 1554:neskato 1542:Nescato 1515:aizkora 1491:aizkora 1399:in his 1357:euskera 1339:euskara 1325:dialect 1320:euskara 1190:Spanish 1185:Navarre 1150:Basques 1132:euskara 998:Lauburu 981:Symbols 841:Korrika 766:Txakoli 748:Cuisine 618:Basques 589:History 556:Euskara 537:Basques 502:Unicode 361: ( 348: ( 260:Navarre 195:Alavese 42:euskara 13162:Mijiic 13155:Digaro 13102:Pontic 13030:Borean 13025:Altaic 12989:Rouran 12982:Turkic 12975:Uralic 12964:Other 12849:Turkic 12777:Nihali 12672:Gutian 12644:Hattic 12637:Turkic 12603:Minoan 12575:Sicani 12520:Basque 12514:Turkic 12507:Uralic 12491:Europe 12303:BANZSL 12265:Yamana 12250:Trumai 12219:Movima 12173:Fulniô 12136:Aikanã 12050:Tupian 11945:Chonan 11869:Arauan 11807:Xincan 11759:Lencan 11712:Yokuts 11609:Yukian 11574:Tanoan 11569:Siouan 11552:Pomoan 11493:Coosan 11319:Mirndi 11212:Porome 11207:Pawaia 11061:Senagi 11033:Madang 10982:Eleman 10937:Border 10868:Nihali 10861:Minoan 10841:Hattic 10823:Basque 10794:Mijiic 10776:Digaro 10760:Uralic 10746:Turkic 10597:Europe 10454:Africa 10297:Picard 10271:Gascon 10262:Norman 10215:Breton 10201:Basque 10173:French 10062:Basque 10031:, etc. 10004:German 9999:French 9979:Arabic 9943:Darija 9848:Basque 9703: 9658: 9639: 9565: 9496: 9378: 9325: 9308:Uztaro 9297:Uztaro 9231: 9202: 9170: 9142: 9124: 9110: 8902: 8862: 8840: 8825: 8803: 8747: 8684: 8630: 8603:Lingua 8584: 8574: 8539: 8518: 8499: 8455: 8426: 8375: 8277: 8094: 7911: 7852: 7819: 7774: 7736: 7732:: 10. 7707: 7688: 7615:8 June 7555: 7210: 7177: 7142: 7090: 7040: 6981:8 June 6947: 6736:Biscay 6263:serifs 6197:Ainhoa 6058:cellam 6046:errota 6042:florem 6034:Gascon 6030:French 5834:zahar- 5828:house 5784:Mikel 5770:Mikel 5759:(r)en 5756:Mikel 5590:Causal 5575:(for) 5521:Local 5506:Dative 5399:a + n 5290:etxea 5279:house 5242:, and 5163:plural 4912:dizkit 4906:dizkit 4766:, and 4695:canta- 4687:kanta- 4659:buruko 4550:básoak 4546:básoàk 4542:basóàk 4502:Sandhi 4485:txakur 4444:, and 4377:, and 4317:, and 4169:Biscay 4114:irrisa 4098:Erroma 4070:Ruanda 4019:, and 3981:. So, 3936:apical 3919:, and 3886:, and 3877:plazer 3871:plater 3729:Rhotic 3651:voiced 3448:voiced 3288:dental 3283:Lamino 3278:Labial 3237:fruit 3232:fruitu 3165:night 2897:Vowels 2850:Romani 2835:Romani 2828:Xíriga 2815:, the 2739:frente 2735:fuerte 2625:hablar 2621:fablar 2619:(e.g. 2535:anchoa 2507:Gascon 2437: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2380:0.5%) 2371:1.2%) 2362:2.3%) 2353:2.2%) 2339:0.9%) 2330:1.2%) 2321:1.9%) 2312:1.4%) 2298:1.1%) 2289:0.6%) 2280:1.9%) 2271:1.3%) 2257:2.3%) 2248:0.8%) 2239:0.7%) 2230:0.3%) 2216:1.6%) 2207:0.7%) 2198:1.7%) 2175:26.4% 2172:0.1%) 2166:9.6% ( 2163:3.6%) 2154:2.1%) 2134:24.1% 2131:22.3% 1878:French 1874:Gascon 1866:Franks 1843:Gascon 1608:Gascon 1497:aitzur 1424:Huesca 1397:Strabo 1369:basque 1333:basque 1273:Celtic 1261:Europe 1239:, and 1177:Biscay 1083:Basque 756:Pincho 702:Fueros 655:Gascon 640:Basque 610:People 533:People 517:Person 473: 466: 460: 452: 446: 282:France 92:Basque 78:Region 72:France 35:Basque 12940:Nivkh 12894:Ongan 12260:Warao 12229:Nukak 12200:Kunza 12178:Guató 12167:Cofán 12147:Camsá 11940:Choco 11901:Boran 11850:South 11831:Huave 11766:Mayan 11717:Yuchi 11700:Washo 11650:Karuk 11645:Haida 11584:Utian 11516:Keres 11453:Alsea 11446:Algic 11431:North 11223:Taiap 11217:Sulka 11072:Sepik 10987:Engan 10728:Ongan 10711:Nivkh 10579:Shabo 10562:Jalaa 10556:Hadza 10510:Mande 10353:Paicî 10318:Drehu 10252:Gallo 9415:(PDF) 9284:" In 9091:[ 9011:Other 8732:, (= 8722:(PDF) 8697:(PDF) 8394:(PDF) 8373:S2CID 7884:[ 7811:[ 7766:[ 7500:[ 7440:(PDF) 7425:(PDF) 7120:Spain 6975:(PDF) 6968:(PDF) 6797: 6762:Soule 6732:Álava 6066:causa 6062:gauza 6050:rotam 6022:Latin 5901:focus 5897:topic 5847:-r-e- 5825:noun 5812:Form 5809:Word 5745:Case 5742:Word 5438:etxe 5424:etxe 5410:etxe 5396:etxe 5382:etxe 5368:etxe 5354:etxe 5340:etxe 5326:etxe 5312:etxe 5298:etxe 5284:etxe 5276:etxe 5270:etxe 5259:Case 5256:Word 5156:izan, 5062:-zki- 5030:-you( 4966:Zu-ek 4926:-zki- 4727:of a 4691:canto 4683:kantu 4671:kata- 4663:burko 4651:buru- 4532:básoà 4528:basóà 4495:zakur 4452:is a 4442:] 4438:[ 4410:ñabar 4404:nabar 4392:tanta 4338:gixon 4332:gizon 4248:, so 4226:maila 4220:malla 4207:Soule 4078:robot 4074:radar 3865:paper 3734:Trill 3325:Nasal 3313:Velar 3293:Apico 3226:/ui̯/ 3214:foot 3203:/oi̯/ 3197:rain 3186:/eu̯/ 3171:/ei̯/ 3154:/au̯/ 3139:/ai̯/ 2924:Close 2907:Front 2771:into 2668:] 2664:[ 2657:] 2653:[ 2646:] 2642:[ 2615:into 2557:ezker 2525:from 2344:2021 2303:2016 2262:2011 2221:2006 2180:2001 2145:1996 2137:9.5% 2128:1991 2025:Lines 1949:fuero 1912:Béarn 1893:Béarn 1889:Álava 1882:Latin 1880:, or 1682:Lerga 1560:gizon 1548:Cison 1503:haitz 1485:aizto 1363:vasco 1354:, or 1345:vasco 1181:Álava 915:Sport 892:Music 761:Txoko 717:Beret 250:Spain 68:Spain 13309:bold 13167:Miju 12935:Ainu 12435:bold 12362:See 12298:Arab 12284:Sign 12235:Páez 12212:Maku 12206:Leco 11722:Zuni 11706:Yana 11660:Seri 11417:Tiwi 11237:Wiru 11202:Mpur 11192:Kuot 11175:Anêm 11170:Abun 11137:Yuat 11132:Yawa 11078:Skou 11055:Ramu 10906:and 10800:Miju 10622:Ainu 10602:Asia 10600:and 10573:Laal 10534:Kadu 10522:Ijaw 10485:Kx'a 10313:Ajië 9948:Caló 9933:Fala 9728:in: 9701:ISBN 9656:ISSN 9637:ISBN 9563:ISBN 9537:Word 9510:Word 9494:ISBN 9423:VIII 9396:in: 9376:ISBN 9323:ISBN 9267:2024 9229:ISBN 9200:ISBN 9168:ISBN 9140:ISBN 9122:ISBN 9108:ISBN 8900:ISBN 8860:ISBN 8838:ISBN 8823:ISBN 8801:ISBN 8745:ISBN 8682:ISBN 8628:ISBN 8582:OCLC 8572:ISBN 8537:ISBN 8516:ISBN 8497:ISBN 8453:ISBN 8424:ISBN 8275:ISBN 8252:2018 8092:ISBN 7909:ISBN 7850:ISSN 7817:ISBN 7772:ISBN 7705:ISBN 7686:ISBN 7647:2013 7617:2013 7553:ISBN 7510:2019 7479:2019 7448:2019 7407:2019 7376:2019 7345:2019 7314:2019 7287:2019 7208:ISBN 7175:ISBN 7170:2017 7153:2021 7140:ISBN 7088:ISBN 7069:2008 7038:ISBN 6983:2013 6945:ISBN 6829:2022 6760:and 6738:and 6250:and 6238:and 6172:and 6160:and 6110:and 6054:gela 6038:lore 6032:and 5973:any 5971:cite 5867:the 5854:n/a 5841:old 5821:etxe 5222:-tus 5210:-ten 5098:zuek 5082:zuek 5074:-zue 5068:-da- 5026:-me. 4996:buy- 4969:you- 4936:-da- 4852:-me. 4822:buy- 4742:The 4667:katu 4655:bur- 4653:and 4647:buru 4635:/-u/ 4559:and 4537:vaso 4420:and 4350:xoro 4344:zoro 4321:and 4309:and 4283:/ld/ 4275:/nt/ 4263:atta 4257:atxa 4251:aita 4242:/tʃ/ 4213:and 4194:lili 4175:and 4141:/nɡ/ 4137:/nb/ 4118:arr- 4106:irr- 4094:err- 4053:The 4021:/tʃ/ 3995:atso 3991:atzo 3987:etsi 3983:etzi 3977:and 3934:and 3853:inor 3841:ezer 3829:-ago 3823:eder 3804:-rr- 3538:t̺s̺ 3525:t̻s̻ 3259:/u̯/ 3255:/i̯/ 3192:euri 3182:six 3150:yes 3088:and 3058:the 3046:and 3034:and 2994:Open 2917:Back 2884:and 2733:(cf 2729:and 2694:and 2674:and 2659:and 2601:and 2593:the 2509:and 2189:1%) 1963:The 1856:The 1776:and 1754:-dze 1602:and 1557:and 1545:and 1512:the 1478:and 1438:sols 1366:and 1283:and 1275:and 1247:and 988:Flag 53:IPA: 12882:rim 12481:of 11187:Kol 11181:Ata 11127:Yam 10992:Fas 10505:Tuu 9583:", 9545:doi 9518:doi 9433:." 9188:85. 9036:doi 8709:doi 8666:(= 8612:doi 8365:doi 7842:doi 7588:), 6230:In 6068:). 6060:), 6044:), 5984:by 5917:zer 5911:or 5880:in 5860:-a- 5301:ak 5218:-tu 5179:-n. 5124:nor 5100:in 5090:in 5056:di- 5036:SBJ 5024:OBJ 5016:OBJ 5008:AUX 4998:GER 4971:ERG 4934:or 4920:di- 4889:-ak 4883:). 4881:-e- 4850:OBJ 4842:OBJ 4834:AUX 4824:GER 4813:ABS 4798:ERG 4758:), 4679:/a/ 4643:/a/ 4639:/u/ 4617:. 4540:); 4475:or 4466:/d/ 4462:/j/ 4458:/j/ 4383:/n/ 4379:/l/ 4375:/n/ 4371:/d/ 4367:/t/ 4279:/i/ 4269:In 4260:or 4238:/i/ 4234:/t/ 4215:/l/ 4211:/n/ 4189:/i/ 4177:/l/ 4173:/n/ 4133:/n/ 4129:/m/ 4027:). 4013:/ʃ/ 3946:/s/ 3921:/ɡ/ 3917:/d/ 3913:/b/ 3909:/l/ 3907:or 3905:/r/ 3889:zur 3859:hor 3847:nor 3835:zer 3808:-r- 3764:Tap 3634:/∅/ 3257:or 3209:oin 3177:sei 3160:gau 3145:bai 3126:IPA 3115:IPA 3101:/a/ 3097:/a/ 3090:/o/ 3086:/e/ 3036:/u/ 3032:/o/ 3028:/i/ 3024:/e/ 3020:/a/ 2959:Mid 2811:in 2797:/r/ 2793:/e/ 2791:or 2789:/a/ 2777:/p/ 2775:or 2773:/b/ 2769:/f/ 2762:/ŋ/ 2758:/h/ 2754:/f/ 2750:/f/ 2743:/h/ 2731:/ɾ/ 2727:/w/ 2723:/f/ 2719:/h/ 2717:to 2715:/f/ 2704:/h/ 2702:to 2700:/f/ 2688:/h/ 2686:to 2684:/f/ 2633:/h/ 2629:/f/ 2617:/h/ 2613:/f/ 2603:/b/ 2599:/v/ 2584:/r/ 2122:FBC 2114:BAC 2078:In 2037:" ( 1462:of 1259:in 1203:In 488:IPA 380:eus 358:eus 345:baq 13328:: 11389:)? 10289:, 10285:, 10281:, 10277:, 10273:, 10207:, 10029:Wu 9899:/ 9855:/ 9650:, 9598:" 9587:= 9569:). 9479:" 9460:. 9421:. 9417:. 9382:). 9364:17 9362:. 9343:" 9258:. 9194:: 9071:. 9030:. 8781:3 8717:. 8705:40 8703:. 8699:. 8580:. 8570:. 8371:. 8359:. 8273:. 8269:. 8240:XX 8238:. 8234:. 8198:^ 8171:^ 8152:^ 8029:^ 7870:85 7848:. 7730:12 7728:. 7724:. 7670:^ 7655:^ 7633:. 7471:41 7469:. 7465:. 7433:41 7431:. 7427:. 7399:41 7397:. 7393:. 7368:41 7366:. 7362:. 7337:41 7335:. 7331:. 7304:. 7279:41 7277:. 7273:. 7060:. 7036:. 7032:. 7003:^ 6920:. 6842:53 6819:. 6785:. 6756:, 6734:, 6714:, 6642:^ 6301:. 6265:. 6208:. 6141:rr 6028:, 6024:, 5932:ez 5921:da 5873:-n 5287:a 5273:Ø 5238:, 5234:, 5175:-k 5171:hi 5034:). 5032:PL 5028:IO 5020:PL 4987:PL 4975:PL 4943:-t 4932:-t 4874:-k 4854:IO 4846:PL 4809:PL 4762:, 4737:-k 4697:. 4693:, 4477:tx 4473:tt 4468:. 4450:tt 4446:dd 4440:tʃ 4434:tx 4430:tt 4426:dd 4422:dd 4418:tt 4373:, 4369:, 4327:tx 4323:tz 4319:ts 4301:. 4086:r- 4076:, 3971:su 3967:zu 3915:, 3883:ur 3880:, 3874:, 3868:, 3862:, 3856:, 3850:, 3844:, 3838:, 3812:-r 3636:, 3608:s̺ 3595:s̻ 3551:tʃ 3545:tx 3532:ts 3519:tz 3305:or 3042:, 3030:, 3026:, 3022:, 2888:. 2830:. 2737:, 2644:s̺ 2635:). 2623:→ 2576:, 2570:, 2441:ca 2140:- 2044:). 1914:. 1895:. 1876:, 1872:, 1595:. 1520:. 1348:, 1303:. 1287:, 1235:, 1129:; 1116:ɑː 327:eu 289:, 70:, 13311:. 12928:" 12924:" 12471:e 12464:t 12457:v 12437:. 12347:? 12231:? 12190:? 12169:? 12138:? 12119:? 12113:? 12107:? 12101:? 12095:? 12089:? 12083:? 11352:? 11315:? 11278:? 11265:? 11232:? 11225:? 11219:? 11183:? 11177:? 11150:? 11144:? 10889:? 10875:? 10863:? 10850:? 10808:? 10802:? 10796:? 10790:? 10784:? 10778:? 10604:) 10595:( 10581:? 10575:? 10536:? 10530:? 10524:? 10518:? 10512:? 10501:? 10438:e 10431:t 10424:v 10293:) 10269:( 10222:( 10211:) 10203:( 10144:e 10137:t 10130:v 9824:) 9820:( 9796:e 9789:t 9782:v 9733:. 9707:. 9662:. 9553:. 9547:: 9541:8 9526:. 9520:: 9514:7 9462:1 9444:) 9401:. 9269:. 9237:. 9206:. 9174:. 9128:. 9073:5 9042:. 9038:: 9032:2 8906:. 8866:. 8844:. 8829:. 8807:. 8751:. 8711:: 8688:. 8657:. 8634:. 8618:. 8614:: 8608:I 8588:. 8524:. 8503:. 8459:. 8396:. 8379:. 8367:: 8345:. 8297:. 8283:. 8254:. 8098:. 8000:. 7979:. 7917:. 7892:. 7856:. 7844:: 7825:. 7780:. 7740:. 7649:. 7619:. 7581:( 7561:. 7512:. 7481:. 7450:. 7409:. 7378:. 7347:. 7316:. 7289:. 7183:. 7155:. 7096:. 7071:. 7046:. 6985:. 6953:. 6867:. 6831:. 6795:. 6764:( 6718:. 6661:. 6306:V 6298:2 6294:1 6254:ŕ 6246:ĺ 6178:/ 6176:ɲ 6174:/ 6170:/ 6168:ʎ 6166:/ 6114:ü 6106:ç 6098:ñ 6011:) 6005:( 6000:) 5996:( 5992:. 5978:. 5022:. 5018:- 5014:. 5012:3 5010:. 4977:) 4973:( 4848:. 4844:- 4840:. 4838:3 4836:. 4811:. 4624:) 4620:( 4315:x 4311:z 4307:s 4096:( 3892:. 3781:/ 3779:ɾ 3777:/ 3751:/ 3749:r 3747:/ 3718:/ 3716:ʎ 3714:/ 3705:/ 3703:l 3701:/ 3697:l 3679:/ 3677:x 3675:/ 3673:~ 3671:/ 3669:j 3667:/ 3663:j 3642:/ 3640:h 3638:/ 3630:h 3623:/ 3621:ʃ 3619:/ 3615:x 3610:/ 3606:/ 3602:s 3597:/ 3593:/ 3589:z 3584:/ 3582:f 3580:/ 3576:f 3553:/ 3549:/ 3540:/ 3536:/ 3527:/ 3523:/ 3503:/ 3501:ɡ 3499:/ 3495:g 3490:/ 3488:ɟ 3486:/ 3475:/ 3473:d 3471:/ 3467:d 3462:/ 3460:b 3458:/ 3454:b 3438:/ 3436:k 3434:/ 3430:k 3425:/ 3423:c 3421:/ 3410:/ 3408:t 3406:/ 3402:t 3397:/ 3395:p 3393:/ 3389:p 3366:/ 3364:ɲ 3362:/ 3353:/ 3351:n 3349:/ 3345:n 3338:/ 3336:m 3334:/ 3330:m 3295:- 3285:- 3080:. 3073:; 3067:/ 3065:y 3063:/ 3009:/ 3007:a 3005:/ 3001:a 2987:/ 2985:o 2983:/ 2979:o 2972:/ 2970:e 2968:/ 2964:e 2952:/ 2950:u 2948:/ 2944:u 2937:/ 2935:i 2933:/ 2929:i 2779:. 2678:. 2666:ʃ 2655:s 2605:. 1688:) 1684:( 1551:( 1389:( 1125:/ 1122:k 1119:s 1113:b 1110:ˈ 1107:, 1104:k 1101:s 1098:æ 1095:b 1092:ˈ 1089:/ 1085:( 1047:e 1040:t 1033:v 559:) 545:) 539:( 528:) 508:. 365:) 363:T 352:) 350:B 206:† 198:† 185:† 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index