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exhibits a certain amount of "edge", with more of a vocal quality than is usual elsewhere, and the Buffet bassoon is no exception. This sound has been utilised effectively in writing for Buffet bassoon, but is less inclined to blend than the tone of the Heckel bassoon. As with all bassoons, the tone varies considerably, depending on individual instrument, reed, and performer. In the hands of a lesser player, the Heckel bassoon can sound flat and woody, but good players succeed in producing a vibrant, singing tone. Conversely, a poorly played Buffet can sound buzzy and nasal, but good players succeed in producing a warm, expressive sound.
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although there is also a machine that can perform this function. Other adjustments with the reed knife may be necessary, depending on the hardness, the profile of the cane, and the requirements of the player. The reed opening may also need to be adjusted by squeezing either the first or second wire with the pliers. Additional material may be removed from the sides (the "channels") or tip to balance the reed. Additionally, if the "e" in the bass clef staff is sagging in pitch, it may be necessary to "clip" the reed by removing 1–2 mm (0.039–0.079 in) from its length using a pair of very sharp scissors or the equivalent.
1152:
2748:
1687:, and much higher with the French instrument. Technological advances also caused the bassoon's tenor register sound to become more resonant, and playing in this register grew in popularity, especially in the Austro-Germanic musical world. Pedagogues such as Josef Frohlich instructed students to practice scales, thirds, and fourths as vocal students would. In 1829, he wrote that the bassoon was capable of expressing "the worthy, the virile, the solemn, the great, the sublime, composure, mildness, intimacy, emotion, longing, heartfulness, reverence, and soulful ardour." In G.F. Brandt's performance of
1264:(which sometimes has been heated in a flame) is quickly inserted in between the blades. Using a special pair of pliers, the reed maker presses down the cane, making it conform to the shape of the mandrel. (The steam generated by the heated mandrel causes the cane to permanently assume the shape of the mandrel.) The upper portion of the cavity thus created is called the "throat", and its shape has an influence on the final playing characteristics of the reed. The lower, mostly cylindrical portion will be reamed out with a special tool called a reamer, allowing the reed to fit on the bocal.
3316:, and harmonics. In the case of the bassoon, flutter-tonguing may be accomplished by "gargling" in the back of the throat as well as by the conventional method of rolling Rs. Multiphonics on the bassoon are plentiful, and can be achieved by using particular alternative fingerings, but are generally heavily influenced by embouchure position. Also, again using certain fingerings, notes may be produced on the instrument that sound lower pitches than the actual range of the instrument. These notes tend to sound very gravelly and out of tune, but technically sound below the low B
2698:, and reed profile. Players can also use alternate fingerings to adjust the pitch of many notes. Similar to other woodwind instruments, the length of the bassoon can be increased to lower pitch or decreased to raise pitch. On the bassoon, this is done preferably by changing the bocal to one of a different length, (lengths are denoted by a number on the bocal, usually starting at 0 for the shortest length, and 3 for the longest, but there are some manufacturers who will use other numbers) but it is possible to push the bocal in or out slightly to grossly adjust the pitch.
2732:
307:, and sometimes in the treble. There are two forms of modern bassoon: the Buffet (or French) and Heckel (or German) systems. It is typically played while sitting using a seat strap, but can be played while standing if the player has a harness to hold the instrument. Sound is produced by rolling both lips over the reed and blowing direct air pressure to cause the reed to vibrate. Its fingering system can be quite complex when compared to those of other instruments. Appearing in its modern form in the 19th century, the bassoon figures prominently in
946:. Notes higher than this are possible, but seldom written, as they are difficult to produce (often requiring specific reed design features to ensure reliability), and at any rate are quite homogeneous in timbre to the same pitches on cor anglais, which can produce them with relative ease. French bassoon has greater facility in the extreme high register, and so repertoire written for it is somewhat likelier to include very high notes, although repertoire for French system can be executed on German system without alterations and vice versa.
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coverage by the fingers of the average adult hand. Playing is facilitated by closing the distance between the widely spaced holes with a complex system of key work, which extends throughout nearly the entire length of the instrument. The overall height of the bassoon stretches to 1.34 m (4 ft 5 in) tall, but the total sounding length is 2.54 m (8 ft 4 in) considering that the tube is doubled back on itself. There are also short-reach bassoons made for the benefit of young or petite players.
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the same Austro-Germanic tradition throughout most
Western countries. It mostly appeared in solo, chamber, and symphonic settings. By the mid-1900s, broadcasting and recording grew in popularity, allowing for new opportunities for bassoonists, and leading to a slow decline of live performances. Much of the new music for bassoon in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, often included extended techniques and was written for solo or chamber settings. One piece that included extended techniques was
2756:
conversely, there is a great variety of superior, but generally more complicated, fingerings for them. Typically, the simpler fingerings for such notes are used as alternate or trill fingerings, and the bassoonist will use as "full fingering" one or several of the more complex executions possible, for optimal sound quality. The fingerings used are at the discretion of the bassoonist, and, for particular passages, he or she may experiment to find new alternate fingerings that are thus idiomatic to the player.
1271:-based cement such as Duco may be used) and then wrapped with thread to ensure both that no air leaks out through the bottom of the reed and that the reed maintains its shape. The wrapping itself is often sealed with Duco or clear nail varnish (polish). Electrical tape can also be used as a wrapping for amateur reed makers. The bulge in the wrapping is sometimes referred to as the "Turk's head"—it serves as a convenient handle when inserting the reed on the bocal. Alternatively, hot glue,
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play three octaves, a variety of different trills, and maintained stable intonation across all registers and dynamic levels. The pedagogy among bassoonists varied among different countries, and so the overall instrument itself played a variety of roles. As was a common theme in previous eras, the bassoon was valued by composers for its unique voice, and its use rose higher in pitch. A famous example of this is the beginning of
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across the chair seat prior to sitting down, or a neck strap or shoulder harness attached to the top of the boot joint. Occasionally a spike similar to those used for the cello or the bass clarinet is attached to the bottom of the boot joint and rests on the floor. It is possible to play while standing up if the player uses a neck strap or similar harness, or if the seat strap is tied to the belt. Sometimes a device called a
199:
1256:, by removing material from the bark side. This can be done by hand with a file; more frequently it is done with a machine or tool designed for the purpose. After the profiled cane has soaked once again it is folded over in the middle. Prior to soaking, the reed maker will have lightly scored the bark with parallel lines with a knife; this ensures that the cane will assume a cylindrical shape during the forming stage.
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1374:. An alternate view maintains Hotteterre was one of several craftsmen responsible for the development of the early bassoon. These may have included additional members of the Hotteterre family, as well as other French makers active around the same time. No original French bassoon from this period survives, but if it did, it would most likely resemble the earliest extant bassoons of
2711:
in single reeds, only being substantially employed in the very high register. However, double reed students often "bite" the reed with these muscles because the control and tone of the labial and other muscles is still developing, but this generally makes the sound sharp and "choked" as it contracts the aperture of the reed and stifles the vibration of its blades.
2707:
grossly controls intonation and harmonic excitement, and thus must be constantly modulated with every change of note. How far along the reed the lips are placed affects both tone (with less reed in the mouth making the sound more edged or "reedy", and more reed making it smooth and less projectile) and the way the reed will respond to pressure.
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require that reeds be customized to best suit their respective bassoonist. Advanced players usually make their own reeds to this end. With regards to commercially made reeds, many companies and individuals offer pre-made reeds for sale, but players often find that such reeds still require adjustments to suit their particular playing style.
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problems as a bassoon with an ordinary A extension, and a bassoon must be constructed specifically to accommodate one, making the extension option far less complicated. Extending the bassoon's range even lower than the A, though possible, would have even stronger effects on pitch and make the instrument effectively unusable.
3179:, in place of the top thumb key on the front of the boot joint; this key comes from the oboe, and some bassoons do not have it because the thumb fingering is practically universal. The smallest finger operates three keys. The backmost one, closest to the bassoonist, is held down throughout most of the bass register. F
3395:
The complex fingering system and the expense and lack of access to quality bassoon reeds can make the bassoon more of a challenge to learn than some of the other woodwind instruments. Cost is another factor in a person's decision to pursue the bassoon. Prices may range from US$ 7,000 to over $ 45,000
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The musculature employed in a bassoon embouchure is primarily around the lips, which pressure the reed into the shapes needed for the desired sound. The jaw is raised or lowered to adjust the oral cavity for better reed control, but the jaw muscles are used much less for upward vertical pressure than
2650:
The bassoon is played with both hands in a stationary position, the left above the right, with five main finger holes on the front of the instrument (nearest the audience) plus a sixth that is activated by an open-standing key. Five additional keys on the front are controlled by the little fingers of
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to be the forerunner of the modern bassoon, as the two instruments share many characteristics: a double reed fitted to a metal crook, obliquely drilled tone holes and a conical bore that doubles back on itself. The origins of the dulcian are obscure, but by the mid-16th century it was available in as
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On the bark portion, the reed maker binds on one, two, or three coils or loops of brass wire to aid in the final forming process. The exact placement of these loops can vary somewhat depending on the reed maker. The bound reed blank is then wrapped with thick cotton or linen thread to protect it, and
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cane, are often made by the players themselves, although beginner bassoonists tend to buy their reeds from professional reed makers or use reeds made by their teachers. Reeds begin with a length of tube cane that is split into three or four pieces using a tool called a cane splitter. The cane is then
1237:
The art of reed-making has been practiced for several hundred years, some of the earliest known reeds having been made for the dulcian, a predecessor of the bassoon. Current methods of reed-making consist of a set of basic methods; however, individual bassoonists' playing styles vary greatly and thus
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Attacking a note on the bassoon with imprecise amounts of muscle or air pressure for the desired pitch will result in poor intonation, cracking or multiphonics, accidentally producing the incorrect partial, or the reed not speaking at all. These problems are compounded by the individual qualities of
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that happens without the use of this technique. Alternatively, a similar method is called "venting", which requires that the register key be used as part of the full fingering as opposed to being open momentarily at the start of the note. This is sometimes called the "European style"; venting raises
2654:
To stabilize the right hand, many bassoonists use an adjustable comma-shaped apparatus called a "crutch", or a hand rest, which mounts to the boot joint. The crutch is secured with a thumb screw, which also allows the distance that it protrudes from the bassoon to be adjusted. Players rest the curve
2641:
The bassoon is held diagonally in front of the player, but unlike the flute, oboe and clarinet, it cannot be easily supported by the player's hands alone. Some means of additional support is usually required; the most common ones are a seat strap attached to the base of the boot joint, which is laid
1838:
At this point in time, the development of the bassoon slowed. Rather than making large leaps in technological improvements, tiny imperfections in the instrument's function were corrected. The instrument became quite versatile throughout the twentieth century; the instrument was at this point able to
3399:
Students in
America often begin to pursue the study of bassoon performance and technique in the middle years of their music education, often in association with their school band program. Students are often provided with a school instrument and encouraged to pursue lessons with private instructors.
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by extending the length of bell. This can be achieved by inserting a specially made "low A extension" into the bell, but may also be achieved with a small paper or rubber tube or a clarinet/cor anglais bell sitting inside the bassoon bell (although the note may tend sharp). The effect of this is to
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These elements have resulted in both "full" and alternate fingerings differing extensively between bassoonists, and are further informed by factors such as cultural difference in what sound is sought, how reeds are made, and regional variation in tuning frequencies (necessitating sharper or flatter
1927:
In the twentieth century, the bassoon was less of a concerto soloist, and when it was, the accompanying ensemble was made softer and quieter. In addition, it was no longer used in marching bands, though still existed in concert bands with one or two of them. Orchestral repertoire remained very much
1784:
It was common for there to be only two bassoons in German orchestras. Austrian and
British military bands also only carried two bassoons, and were mainly used for accompaniment and offbeat playing. In France, Hector Berlioz also made it fashionable to use more than two bassoons; he often scored for
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utilized all aspects of the bassoon's expressiveness with its contrasts in register, staccato playing, and expressive sound, and was especially noted for its singing quality in the second movement. This concerto is often considered one of the most important works in all of the bassoon's repertoire,
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Though the United
Kingdom once favored the French system, Buffet-system instruments are no longer made there and the last prominent British player of the French system retired in the 1980s. However, with continued use in some regions and its distinctive tone, the Buffet continues to have a place in
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To finish the reed, the end of the reed blank, originally at the center of the unfolded piece of cane, is cut off, creating an opening. The blades above the first wire are now roughly 27–30 mm (1.1–1.2 in) long. For the reed to play, a slight bevel must be created at the tip with a knife,
885:
came to be known as fagotto in Italy. However, the usual etymology that equates fagotto with "bundle of sticks" is somewhat misleading, as the latter term did not come into general use until later. However an early
English variation, "faget", was used as early as 1450 to refer to firewood, which is
2714:
Apart from the embouchure proper, students must also develop substantial muscle tone and control in the diaphragm, throat, neck and upper chest, which are all employed to increase and direct air pressure. Air pressure is a very important aspect of the tone, intonation and projection of double reed
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right below middle C and lower, the whisper key is pressed with the left thumb and held for the duration of the note. This prevents cracking, as low notes can sometimes crack into a higher octave. Both flicking and using the whisper key is especially important to ensure notes speak properly during
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compared the use of vibrato on the bassoon to that of singers, and Luigi
Orselli wrote that the bassoon blended well with human voice. He also noted the function of the bassoon in the French orchestra at the time, which served to support the sound of the viola, reinforce staccato sound, and double
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varied between a role as a supportive bass instrument and a role as a virtuosic, expressive, solo instrument. In fact, it was very much considered an instrument that could be used in almost any circumstance. The comparison of the bassoon's sound to the human voice continued on during this time, as
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and key work, the development of the Buffet system consisted primarily of incremental improvements to the key work. This minimalist approach of the Buffet deprived it of improved consistency of intonation, ease of operation, and increased power, which is found in Heckel bassoons, but the Buffet is
1411:
Increasing demands on capabilities of instruments and players in the 19th century—particularly larger concert halls requiring greater volume and the rise of virtuoso composer-performers—spurred further refinement. Increased sophistication, both in manufacturing techniques and acoustical knowledge,
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are precision-machined, and each instrument is finished by hand for proper tuning. The walls of the bassoon are thicker at various points along the bore; here, the tone holes are drilled at an angle to the axis of the bore, which reduces the distance between the holes on the exterior. This ensures
1568:
Compared to the Heckel bassoon, Buffet system bassoons have a narrower bore and simpler mechanism, requiring different, and often more complex fingerings for many notes. Switching between Heckel and Buffet, or vice versa, requires extensive retraining. French woodwind instruments' tone in general
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The fingering technique of the bassoon varies more between players, by a wide margin, than that of any other orchestral woodwind. The complex mechanism and acoustics mean the bassoon lacks simple fingerings of good sound quality or intonation for some notes (especially in the higher range), but,
2706:
The bassoon embouchure is a very important aspect of producing a full, round, and rich sound on the instrument. The lips are both rolled over the teeth, often with the upper lip further along in an "overbite". The lips provide micromuscular pressure on the entire circumference of the reed, which
1474:
Heckel and two generations of descendants continued to refine the bassoon, and their instruments became the standard, with other makers following. Because of their superior singing tone quality (an improvement upon one of the main drawbacks of the Almenräder instruments), the Heckel instruments
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Some bassoons have been specially made to allow bassoonists to realize similar passages. These bassoons are made with a "Wagner bell" which is an extended bell with a key for both the low A and the low B-flat, but they are not widespread; bassoons with Wagner bells suffer similar intonational
3160:
trill, albeit sharp on D). The middle finger remains stationary over the hole with a ring around it, and this ring and other pads are lifted when the smallest finger on the right hand pushes a lever. The ring finger typically remains stationary on the lower ring-finger key. However, the upper
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and others; and, presumably for reasons of interchangeability, repertoire from this time is very unlikely to go beyond the smaller compass of the dulcian. The man most likely responsible for developing the true bassoon was Martin
Hotteterre (d.1712), who may also have invented the three-piece
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where it plays a rather technical part alongside the strings. He also wrote for the bassoon to change its timbre depending on which instrument it was paired with; warmer with clarinets, hollow with flutes, and dark and dignified with violins. In
Germany and Scandinavian countries, orchestras
1895:'s philosophy on musical phrasing. Vibrato began to be used in ensemble playing, depending on the phrasing of the music. The bassoon was, and currently is, expected to be fluent with other woodwinds in terms of virtuosity and technique. Examples of this include the cadenza for bassoons in
1522:
manufacture, the Heckel concern has produced instruments continuously to the present day. Heckel bassoons are considered by many to be the best, although a range of Heckel-style instruments is available from several other manufacturers, all with slightly different playing characteristics.
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fingerings). Regional enclaves of bassoonists tend to have some uniformity in technique, but on a global scale, technique differs such that two given bassoonists may share no fingerings for certain notes. Owing to these factors, ubiquitous bassoon technique can only be partially notated.
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and the atelier
Ducasse (Romainville, France). The Selmer Company stopped fabrication of French system bassoons around the year 2012. Some players, for example the late Gerald Corey in Canada, have learned to play both types and will alternate between them depending on the repertoire.
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family, which plays in the tenor and bass ranges. It is composed of six pieces, and is usually made of wood. It is known for its distinctive tone color, wide range, versatility, and virtuosity. It is a non-transposing instrument and typically its music is written in the bass and tenor
1361:). Some historians believe that sometime in the 1650s, Hotteterre conceived the bassoon in four sections (bell, bass joint, boot and wing joint), an arrangement that allowed greater accuracy in machining the bore compared to the one-piece dulcian. He also extended the compass down to
1530:
began to develop what he called the "logical bassoon", which aimed to improve intonation and evenness of tone through use of an electrically activated mechanism, making possible key combinations too complex for the human hand to manage. Brindley's logical bassoon was never marketed.
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Coming into the 20th century, the Heckel-style German model of bassoon dominated the field. Heckel himself had made over 1,100 instruments by the turn of the 20th century (serial numbers begin at 3,000), and the
British makers' instruments were no longer desirable for the changing
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key (pancake key) to mute the sound (this being written with Buffet system in mind; the G fingering on which involves the Bb key – sometimes called "French" G on Heckel). The next key operated by the right thumb is known as the "spatula key": its primary use is to produce
2131:
In conjunction with the use of electronic pickups and amplification, the instrument began to be used more somewhat in jazz and rock settings. However, the bassoon is still quite rare as a regular member of rock bands. Several 1960s pop music hits feature the bassoon, including
1662:"), in which the bassoon plays in F-sharp minor. Following with these advances, composers also began to exploit the bassoon for its unique color, flexibility, and virtuosic ability, rather than for its perfunctory ability to double the bass line. Those who did this include
1732:, bassoonists were found in wind bands that gave public performances. By 1800, there was at least one bassoon in the United States Marine Band. In South America, the bassoon also appeared in small orchestras, bands, and military musique (similar to Harmonie ensembles).
1539:
The Buffet system bassoon achieved its basic acoustical properties somewhat earlier than the Heckel. Thereafter, it continued to develop in a more conservative manner. While the early history of the Heckel bassoon included a complete overhaul of the instrument in both
1727:
wrote two concertos for solo bassoon, and it also appeared in more supportive roles such as accompanying church choirs after the Puritan revolution destroyed most church organs. In the American colonies, the bassoon was typically seen in a chamber setting. After the
1415:
The modern bassoon exists in two distinct primary forms, the Buffet (or "French") system and the Heckel ("German") system. Most of the world plays the Heckel system, while the Buffet system is primarily played in France, Belgium, and parts of
1033:
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100 years before the earliest recorded use of the dulcian (1550). Further citation is needed to prove the lack of relation between the meaning "bundle of sticks" and "fagotto" (Italian) or variants. Some think that it may resemble the Roman
3348:, who wanted to extend the range of the bassoon. Many passages in his later operas require the low A as well as the B-flat immediately above it; this is possible on a normal bassoon using an extension which also flattens low B to B
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is used when playing in a standing position. This is installed between the instrument and the neck strap, and shifts the point of support closer to the center of gravity, adjusting the distribution of weight between the two hands.
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3354:, but all extensions to the bell have significant effects on intonation and sound quality in the bottom register of the instrument, and passages such as this are more often realised with comparative ease by the contrabassoon.
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The bassoon's similarity to the human voice, in addition to its newfound virtuosic ability, was another quality many composers took advantage of during the classical era. After 1730, the German bassoon's range expended up to
1424:. Owing to the ubiquity of the Heckel system in English-speaking countries, references in English to the contemporary bassoon always mean the Heckel system, with the Buffet system being explicitly qualified where it appears.
1707:
The role of the bassoon in the orchestra varied depending on the country. In the Viennese orchestra the instrument offered a three-dimensional sound to the ensemble by doubling other instruments such as violins, as heard in
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it was also likened to the human voice. In France, Pierre Cugnier described the bassoon's role as encompassing not only the bass part, but also to accompany the voice and harp, play in pairs with clarinets and horns in
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The muscle requirements and variability of reeds mean it takes some time for bassoonists (and oboists) to develop an embouchure that exhibits consistent control across all reeds, dynamics and playing environments.
3029:, also serving for trills in the lower register. Its main assignment is the upper tone hole. This hole can be closed fully, or partially by rolling down the finger. This half-holing technique is used to overblow F
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typically featured only two bassoons. But in France, orchestras increased the number to four in the latter half of the nineteenth century. In England, the bassoonist's role varied depending on the ensemble.
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of the right hand where the thumb joins the palm against the crutch. The crutch also keeps the right hand from tiring and enables the player to keep the finger pads flat on the finger holes and keys.
1792:
At this point, composers expected bassoons to be as virtuosic as the other wind instruments, as they often wrote solos challenging the range and technique of the instrument. Examples of this include
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1275:, or heat shrink wrap may be used to seal the tube of the reed. The thread wrapping (commonly known as a "Turban" due to the criss-crossing fabric) is still more common in commercially sold reeds.
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2216:
makes heavy use of the instrument throughout; their principal songwriter, Jack Barnett, claimed repeatedly to be "writing a lot of music for bassoon" in the run-up to its recording. The rock band
3835:. "Its direct ancestor is the dulcian, a hairpin-shaped instrument with a long, folded bore and a single key; developed in the first half of the 16th century, it remained in use until the 17th."
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1340:
bassoon was a newly invented instrument, rather than a simple modification of the old dulcian. The dulcian was not immediately supplanted, but continued to be used well into the 18th century by
2472:
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1604:. However, its use in concert orchestras was sporadic until the late 17th century when double reeds began to make their way into standard instrumentation. Increasing use of the dulcian as a
890:, a standard of bound sticks with an axe. A further discrepancy lies in the fact that the dulcian was carved out of a single block of wood—in other words, a single "stick" and not a bundle.
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2287:. Played by UK bassoonist Louise Watson, the bassoon is heard in the tracks "Cold" and "Mr Skeng" as a complement to the electronic synthesizer bass lines typically found in this genre.
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into a lower note, almost always A natural; this broadly lowers the pitch of the instrument (most noticeably in the lower register) and will often accordingly convert the lowest B to B
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the bass, clarinet, flute, and oboe. Emphasis also began to be placed on the unique sound of the bassoon's staccato, which might be described as quite short and aggressive, such as in
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1938:, which called for microtonal fingerings, glissandos, and timbral trills. Double and triple tonguing, flutter tonguing, multiphonics, quarter-tones, and singing are all utilized in
1650:
While the bassoon was still often used to give clarity to the bassline due to its sonorous low register, the capabilities of wind instruments grew as technology advanced during the
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to suit the need. Otherwise, dulcian technique was rather primitive, with eight finger holes and two keys, indicating that it could play in only a limited number of key signatures.
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1399:, was added during the first half of the 18th century. Notable makers of the 4-key and 5-key baroque bassoon include J.H. Eichentopf (c. 1678–1769), J. Poerschmann (1680–1757),
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2012:, and a few other session appearances. The next few decades saw the instrument used only sporadically, as symphonic jazz fell out of favor, but the 1960s saw artists such as
1820:. Wagner also used the bassoon for its staccato ability in his work, and often wrote his three bassoon parts in thirds to evoke a darker sound with noticeable tone color. In
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is created. The whisper key may also be used at certain points throughout the instrument's high register, along with other fingerings, to alter sound quality as desired.
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While bassoons are usually critically tuned at the factory, the player nonetheless has a great degree of flexibility of pitch control through the use of breath support,
2101:
1451:, he developed the 17-key bassoon with a range spanning four octaves. Almenräder's improvements to the bassoon began with an 1823 treatise describing ways of improving
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key above the tone hole, predominantly for trills, but many do not. The smallest finger operates two side keys on the bass joint. The lower key is typically used for C
1321:
to great bass. A full consort of dulcians was a rarity; its primary function seems to have been to provide the bass in the typical wind band of the time, either loud (
1887:
In orchestral settings, most orchestras from the beginning of the twentieth century to the present have three or four bassoonists, with the fourth typically covering
3292:"); some techniques use one as standard for both octaves and the other for utility, but others use the thumb key for the lower and the fourth finger for the higher.
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for a high-quality instrument. In North America, schoolchildren may take up bassoon only after starting on another reed instrument, such as clarinet or saxophone.
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The extensive high register of the bassoon and its frequent role as a lyric tenor have meant that tenor clef is very commonly employed in its literature after the
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each hand. The back of the instrument (nearest the player) has twelve or more keys to be controlled by the thumbs, the exact number varying depending on model.
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3209:(the latter three employing solely it to flatten and stabilise the pitch). The lowest key for the smallest finger on the right hand is primarily used for A
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himself requested one of the newly made instruments after hearing of the papers. In 1831, Almenräder left Schott to start his own factory with a partner,
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in which the author comments that listening to an annoyingly talkative person is still "better than Ezra learning how to play the bassoon", referring to
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Despite the logistic difficulties of the note, Wagner was not the only composer to write the low A. Another composer who has required the bassoon to be
2305:
features a bassoon in episode 6 entitled "Lullaby in Frogland", where the main character is encouraged to play the bassoon to impress a group of frogs.
1455:, response, and technical ease of playing by augmenting and rearranging the keywork. Subsequent articles further developed his ideas. His employment at
1252:
to the desired thickness, leaving the bark attached. After soaking, the gouged cane is cut to the proper shape and milled to the desired thickness, or
3776:
1267:
After the reed has dried, the wires are tightened around the reed, which has shrunk after drying, or replaced completely. The lower part is sealed (a
1700:, and to play in "nearly all types of music," including concerti, which were much more common than the sonatas of the previous era. Both Cugnier and
3025:
The four fingers of the left hand can each be used in two different positions. The key normally operated by the index finger is primarily used for E
1071:
Although the primary tone hole pitches are a pitched perfect 5th lower than other non-transposing Western woodwinds (effectively an octave beneath
1526:
Because its mechanism is primitive compared to most modern woodwinds, makers have occasionally attempted to "reinvent" the bassoon. In the 1960s,
2149:
3636:
2097:
2069:
1210:, primarily for student and outdoor use. Metal bassoons were made in the past but have not been produced by any major manufacturer since 1889.
1024:
3985:
2065:
1553:. The modern Buffet system has 22 keys with its range being the same as the Heckel; although Buffet instruments have greater facility in the
1177:, and the two adjoining bores of the boot joint are connected at the bottom of the instrument with a U-shaped metal connector. Both bore and
2813:
and certain other notes; it can be omitted, but the pitch will destabilise. Additional notes can be created with the left thumb keys; the D
2026:(1960) which features bassoon as part of a 6-man horn section, including a few solos) while Corea employed the bassoon in combination with
2020:
incorporate bassoon into their recordings. Lateef's diverse and eclectic instrumentation saw the bassoon as a natural addition (see, e.g.,
1972:, which required the bassoonist to be both a musician and an actor. The bassoon quartet became prominent at this time, with pieces such as
2670:
keys at the beginning of certain notes in the middle octave to achieve a clean slur from a lower note. This eliminates cracking, or brief
3492:
3881:
819:
2600:
2483:
2675:
the intonation of the notes slightly, and it can be advantageous when tuning to higher frequencies. Some bassoonists flick A and B
3744:
2393:
4418:
4102:
4954:
3658:
319:
literature, and is occasionally heard in pop, rock, and jazz settings as well. One who plays a bassoon is called a bassoonist.
3142:
The four fingers of the right hand have at least one assignment each. The index finger stays over one hole, except that when E
4455:
4367:
4311:
3915:
3600:
1891:
as well. Greater emphasis on the use of timbre, vibrato, and phrasing began to appear in bassoon pedagogy, and many followed
3690:
2561:
2447:
1777:
812:
1573:
modern bassoon playing, particularly in France, where it originated. Buffet-model bassoons are currently made in Paris by
4025:
3963:
2501:
1491:
system, but it failed to catch on. Other attempts to improve the instrument included a 24-keyed model and a single-reed
4049:
1459:
gave him the freedom to construct and test instruments according to these new designs, and he published the results in
100:
4281:
4273:
3949:
3720:
3614:
3428:
2519:
2212:
119:
72:
2349:
4119:
1912:
5255:
3051:. The middle finger typically stays on the centre hole on the tenor joint. It can also move to a lever used for E
2634:
2579:
1622:. Meanwhile, as the dulcian advanced technologically and was able to achieve more virtuosity, composers such as
1463:, Schott's house journal. Almenräder continued publishing and building instruments until his death in 1846, and
2246:
1803:
1798:
1549:
lamented in 1934 the dominance of the Heckel-style bassoon, considering them too homogeneous in sound with the
1015:
79:
57:
4073:
1756:
3280:; on many bassoons this key operates a different tone hole to the thumb key and produces a slightly flatter F
1326:
699:
2934:. The large circular key, otherwise known as the "pancake key", is held down for all the lowest notes from E
1830:, the bassoons play fortissimo alongside other bass instruments in order to evoke "the voice of the Devil."
5250:
4850:
3765:
2314:
1420:. A number of other types of bassoons have been constructed by various instrument makers, such as the rare
2681:
when tongued, for clarity of articulation, but flicking (or venting) is practically ubiquitous for slurs.
3433:
2180:
2161:
2022:
1623:
86:
3060:, also a trill key. The ring finger operates, on most models, one key. Some bassoons have an alternate E
2947:. It is also used, like the whisper key, in additional fingerings for muting the sound. For example, in
4947:
2739:
1729:
989:
973:
17:
2684:
While flicking is used to slur up to higher notes, the whisper key is used for lower notes. From the A
4448:
1861:
1671:
2112:
have both recorded jazz, exploiting the flexibility of the Buffet system instrument to good effect.
68:
4390:
Weaver, Robert L. (1986). "The Consolidation of the Main Elements of the Orchestra: 1470–1768". In
3075:, but can be used for muting or flattening notes in the tenor register. The upper key is used for E
1692:
1651:
53:
4377:
Stauffer, George B. (1986). "The Modern Orchestra: A Creation of the Late Eighteenth Century". In
3992:
3139:
and is the standard fingering for it in many places that tune to lower Hertz levels such as A440.
4306:(Thesis). Studia musicologica Universitatis Helsingiensis. Vol. 26. University of Helsinki.
4164:
An Exploration into the Validity and Treatment of the Bassoon in Duet Repertoire from 1960 - 2016
3742:
Third Octave – Alternate Fingering Chart for Heckel-System Bassoon – The Woodwind Fingering Guide
2747:
2157:
1816:, which required the bassoonist to triple tongue and also play up to the top of its range at an E
1793:
1709:
1675:
1659:
1375:
1170:
998:
485:
46:
1853:. Composers also wrote for the bassoon's middle register, such as in Stravinsky's "Berceuse" in
3908:
An Exploration into the Validity and Treatment of the Bassoon in Duet Repertoire from 1960–2016
3384:
3362:
1826:
1719:
1714:
1631:
1601:
1387:
1076:
3488:
1133:, at the bottom of the instrument and folding over on itself; the wing joint (or tenor joint)
5209:
4940:
4188:
4098:
3478:
2268:
1952:
1766:
1724:
1627:
1492:
1391:
1379:
1362:
1341:
5047:
4428:
2800:, and the whisper key. The whisper key should be held down for notes between and including F
2719:
reeds, which are categorically inconsistent in behaviour for inherent and exherent reasons.
2000:
began incorporating the bassoon in his performances. Specific calls for its use occurred in
1812:
4977:
4711:
4441:
3885:
2301:
2133:
1688:
1663:
1464:
1443:
The design of the modern bassoon owes a great deal to the performer, teacher, and composer
159:
2731:
1606:
8:
5032:
4870:
4761:
4501:
3826:
3413:
2280:
2125:
1619:
1195:
750:
733:
344:
152:
1667:
4551:
3630:
3423:
3375:
3309:
2250:
2207:
2196:
1906:
1901:
1881:
1845:
1634:
and Georg Philipp Telemann wrote demanding solo and ensemble music for the instrument.
1480:
1468:
1452:
1436:
1305:
938:
335:
295:
249:
4751:
4586:
3741:
2841:. The same bottom tenor-joint key is also used, with additional fingering, to create E
1444:
5245:
4982:
4781:
4771:
4721:
4363:
4317:
4307:
3955:
3945:
3911:
3606:
3596:
2169:
2052:
have both doubled on bassoon in addition to their saxophone performances. Bassoonist
1821:
1488:
1222:
1118:
548:
479:
93:
4304:
Bassoon Playing in Perspective: Character and Performance Practice from 1800 to 1850
3650:
1946:
There were also a variety of concerti and bassoon and piano pieces written, such as
1749:
used the instrument's lyrical, singing voice to evoke emotion in pieces such as his
957:, and, beginning in the 20th century, treble clef is also seen for similar reasons.
5176:
5012:
4566:
4197:
3484:
3305:
2667:
2663:
2242:
2238:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2184:
2141:
2037:
1939:
1877:
1869:
1554:
1371:
1330:
1040:
414:
174:
2715:
instruments, affecting these qualities as much, or more than the embouchure does.
2662:. It involves the left hand thumb momentarily pressing, or "flicking" the high A,
1868:. They also continued to highlight the staccato sound of the bassoon, as heard in
4776:
4571:
4536:
4511:
4173:
4053:
3748:
3370:
2296:
2192:
2153:
2081:
1965:
1892:
1849:
in which the bassoon plays in its highest register in order to mimic the Russian
1840:
1751:
1666:
in his three Duos for Clarinet and Bassoon (WoO 27) for clarinet and bassoon and
1635:
1615:
1448:
1400:
1383:
933:
3680:
3344:(and render the neighbouring C very flat). The idea of using low A was begun by
1957:
1350:
5204:
5151:
5136:
5099:
5062:
5007:
4921:
4649:
4639:
4475:
3418:
3345:
3151:
is played a side key at the top of the boot is used (this key also provides a C
2345:
A collection of samples demonstrating the bassoon's range, abilities, and tone.
2188:
2165:
2085:
2049:
1997:
1807:
1761:
1746:
1574:
1527:
1268:
1199:
745:
4746:
3387:, op. 43, which includes an optional low A for the final cadence of the work.
3022:), in a manner that avoids sliding the right fourth finger from another note.
2743:
Holes and keys operated by fingers on left hand (above) and right hand (below)
1701:
1545:
considered by some to have a more vocal and expressive quality. The conductor
1095:
869:, in Spanish, Dutch, Danish, Czech, Polish, Serbo-Croatian and Romanian it is
5239:
5141:
5052:
5027:
5017:
4987:
4890:
4855:
4556:
4346:
4321:
4201:
4011:
International Double Reed Society. The Double Reed, Vol. 12, No. 2 Fall 1989.
3959:
3910:. Ann Arbor: University of Maryland, College Park, 2017. Order No. 10269497.
3610:
3366:
2633:
Close-up of a hand rest attached to a bassoon, viewed from behind. See also:
2176:
2005:
2001:
1947:
1929:
1896:
1888:
1865:
1504:
1500:
1417:
1225:
are usually around 5.5 cm (2.2 in) in length and wrapped in thread.
1203:
765:
709:
421:
361:
316:
264:
190:
2183:" features the bassoon. In the 1970s it was played, in the British medieval/
1704:
emphasized the importance of the bassoon's similarity to the singing voice.
5186:
5146:
5109:
5072:
4963:
4875:
4664:
4576:
4496:
4046:
3380:
2671:
2200:
2137:
2045:
2013:
1973:
1934:
1854:
1741:
1655:
1519:
1476:
1456:
1421:
1403:. (1668–1734), G.H. Scherer (1703–1778), and Prudent Thieriot (1732–1786).
1382:) was added, and it was for this type of instrument that composers such as
1243:
1072:
638:
312:
4433:
3712:
3590:
2882:
The right thumb operates four keys. The uppermost key is used to produce B
2629:
1775:
utilized the staccato to depict the image of two brooms coming to life in
663:
5166:
5114:
5037:
5002:
4997:
4809:
4561:
4526:
4516:
4464:
4391:
4378:
3685:
3400:
Students typically receive instruction in proper posture, hand position,
3301:
2658:
An aspect of bassoon technique not found on any other woodwind is called
2263:
2257:
2253:
2089:
2053:
2030:
2017:
2009:
1916:
1550:
1546:
1484:
1100:
954:
760:
538:
506:
496:
441:
366:
269:
167:
5156:
4900:
4766:
4614:
4423:
3401:
2695:
2621:
2231:
1772:
1229:
1052:
913:
740:
715:
683:
653:
606:
563:
451:
446:
436:
381:
4845:
3262:. The frontmost key is used, in addition to the thumb key, to create G
1292:
5219:
5161:
5126:
5119:
5104:
5042:
4992:
4731:
4619:
4581:
4521:
3939:
2249:
features the bassoon playing of Chloe Herrington, who also plays for
2172:
2120:
2057:
2041:
1993:
1850:
1654:. This allowed the instrument to play in more keys than the dulcian.
1541:
1378:
and Richard Haka from the 1680s. Sometime around 1700, a fourth key (
1178:
1174:
780:
755:
720:
704:
673:
613:
431:
396:
308:
170:
4865:
4171:
Kopp, James B. (1999). "The Emergence of the Late Baroque Bassoon".
3766:"The Importance of Cane Selection in Historical Bassoon Reed-Making"
2952:
1487:. F.W. Kruspe implemented a latecomer attempt in 1893 to reform the
1202:
preferred. Less-expensive models are also made of materials such as
35:
5214:
5181:
5171:
5131:
5057:
4916:
4860:
4814:
4644:
4629:
4624:
4609:
4541:
4531:
4479:
3313:
2027:
1697:
1639:
1358:
924:). However, most writing for bassoon rarely calls for notes above C
688:
648:
623:
568:
558:
456:
371:
351:
299:
259:
4330:
The Bassoon: Its History, Construction, Makers, Players, and Music
3300:
Many extended techniques can be performed on the bassoon, such as
1600:. It was used to reinforce the bass line in wind ensembles called
1412:
made possible great improvements in the instrument's playability.
4880:
4786:
4726:
4685:
4659:
4634:
4186:
Lange, H. J.; Thomson, J. M. (July 1979). "The Baroque Bassoon".
2326:
2284:
2145:
2104:
are also currently using the bassoon in jazz. French bassoonists
1597:
1495:, but both these had adverse effects on tone and were abandoned.
1337:
1318:
1313:
1297:
1261:
1218:
1207:
1087:
950:
882:
693:
658:
633:
628:
583:
578:
543:
461:
391:
274:
3941:
The Bassoon Its History, Construction, Makers, Players and Music
2195:, where it was played by drummer Burleigh Drummond. The Belgian
1785:
three or four, and at time wrote for up to eight such as in his
1060:
Like other woodwind instruments, the lowest note is fixed, but A
198:
5224:
4932:
4885:
4840:
4799:
4756:
4690:
4654:
2986:. The lowermost key is used less often: it is used to produce A
2073:
1503:
requirements of the symphony orchestra, remaining primarily in
1432:
1110:
917:
887:
798:
775:
593:
533:
516:
426:
401:
4741:
1145:, a crooked metal tube that attaches the wing joint to a reed
881:. Fagot is an Old French word meaning a bundle of sticks. The
4895:
4835:
4819:
4804:
4794:
4716:
4695:
4669:
4604:
3325:
The bassoonist may also produce lower notes than the bottom B
2963:, but Ravel directs that the player should also depress the E
2948:
2870:
are used with slightly altered fingering on the boot joint, B
1611:
1510:
1479:-style bassoon, and a completely keyed instrument devised by
1322:
1272:
1191:
1138:
1117:
The bassoon disassembles into six main pieces, including the
770:
678:
668:
573:
528:
511:
501:
491:
376:
141:
3986:"Review of the CD "FAAA." International Double Reed Society"
2266:
featured the bassoon in the opening track of her 2004 album
1064:
is possible with a special extension to the instrument—see "
146:
Renard Artist model 220 bassoon by Fox, front and side views
5067:
4506:
2751:
Keys operated by left thumb (above) and right thumb (below)
2309:
1989:
1475:
competed for prominence with the reformed Wiener system, a
643:
618:
588:
553:
466:
386:
304:
279:
2817:
and bottom key above the whisper key on the tenor joint (C
4736:
3681:"Check out the translation for "bassoon" on SpanishDict!"
2959:. This is easy to perform with the normal fingering for G
2484:
Articulations (staccato, legato, legato+vibrato, slurred)
2060:, is one of the few jazz musicians to play only bassoon;
1596:
Prior to 1760, the early ancestor of the bassoon was the
1173:
of the bassoon is conical, like that of the oboe and the
5082:
3838:
3824:
1884:, the part of the grandfather is played by the bassoon.
1638:
brought it to prominence by featuring it in thirty-nine
863:). However, the Italian name for the same instrument is
3833:. San Francisco: Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 1154.
1129:, connecting the bell and the boot; the boot (or butt)
4022:""Charles Sirad" at International Double Reed Society"
1796:'s bassoon solo and cadenza following the clarinet in
1745:
much of the pedagogy surrounded emulating this sound.
1586:
1390:
wrote their demanding music. A fifth key, for the low
1079:, meaning that notes sounded match the written pitch.
4362:(Rev. ed.). Evanston, IL: Summy-Birchard Comp.
4358:
Spencer, William G.; Mueller, Frederick A. (1969) .
2191:, by Brian Gulland, as well as by the American band
1125:, extending upward; the bass joint (or long joint)
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2866:. When the two keys on the tenor joint to create A
2701:
1833:
4247:A Bundle of Joy: A Practical Handbook for Bassoon
4220:The Bassoon Reed Manual: Lou Skinner's Techniques
2955:", the bassoon is asked to play the ostinato on G
1905:and the multi-finger trills used in Stravinsky's
1610:instrument meant that it began to be included in
1190:A modern beginner's bassoon is generally made of
5237:
4301:
3850:
3483:. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press.
2164:". From 1974 to 1978, the bassoon was played by
1693:Concerto for Bassoon in F Major, Op. 75 (J. 127)
4351:The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments
2275:In 2016, the bassoon was featured on the album
1964:. There were also "performance" pieces such as
1658:took advantage of this in his Symphony No. 45 (
1565:with far greater ease and less air resistance.
1518:Except for a brief 1940s wartime conversion to
4357:
4235:
3800:
1996:. It first began appearing in the 1920s, when
4948:
4449:
4229:An Analysis of the Bassoon and Its Literature
4047:Music – Review of These New Puritans – Hidden
2124:The contemporary quintet Edmund Wayne at the
1447:. Assisted by the German acoustic researcher
870:
864:
858:
852:
846:
820:
4185:
3844:
3751:. Wfg.woodwind.org. Retrieved on 2012-05-25.
3161:ring-finger key can be used, typically for B
1670:in his duets for violin and bassoon. In his
1137:, which extends from boot to bocal; and the
920:, roughly to the G above the treble staff (G
876:
840:
4463:
2290:
1336:Circumstantial evidence indicates that the
1329:), indicating a remarkable ability to vary
4955:
4941:
4456:
4442:
4396:The Orchestra: Origins and Transformations
4385:. Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 41–72.
4383:The Orchestra: Origins and Transformations
4253:
3635:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3476:
3188:may be created with this key, as well as G
2203:is also known for its use of the bassoon.
827:
813:
4398:. Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 7–40.
4231:(MS thesis). Eastern Illinois University.
3831:Classical Music: The Listener's Companion
3379:. Some works have optional low As, as in
2691:slurring between high and low registers.
2140:(the bassoonist was Charles R. Sirard), "
1534:
1427:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
4376:
4208:
3868:
3759:
3757:
2746:
2738:
2735:Diagram describing the keys on a bassoon
2730:
2628:
2119:
1911:
1672:Bassoon Concerto in B-flat major, K. 191
1509:
1431:
1312:Music historians generally consider the
1291:
1228:
1217:
1094:
1086:
1065:
4254:Waterhouse, William (2001). "Bassoon".
4240:(3rd ed.). Charles Double Reed Co.
4226:
4109:, vol. XLVIII, no. 7, July 1932, p. 12.
3489:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.02276
3390:
1406:
14:
5238:
4389:
4292:
4236:Popkin, Mark; Glickman, Loren (2007).
4126:from the original on 20 September 2020
4009:Review of the LP "Palisander's Night."
3584:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3373:also calls for the low A in his opera
3295:
2080:plays the bassoon in the ensembles of
1988:The bassoon is infrequently used as a
1862:Symphony No. 5 in E-flat major, Op. 82
1614:orchestras, in works such as those by
1233:Detail of binding around base of reed.
1039:Four-bassoon ensemble performing from
4936:
4478:and sextuple reeds; does not include
4437:
4345:
4332:, Uitgeverij F. Knuf, 1978. 5 volumes
4217:
4166:(DMA thesis). University of Maryland.
3933:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3812:
3754:
3723:from the original on 12 December 2019
3693:from the original on 12 December 2019
3528:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3510:
1194:, with medium-hardness types such as
4335:
4295:Musical Instruments Through the Ages
4244:
4170:
4161:
3937:
3856:
3588:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3454:
2763:The left thumb operates nine keys: B
2156:, and the oompah bassoon underlying
1514:Two views of a Fox model 220 bassoon
1317:many as eight different sizes, from
903:The range of the bassoon begins at B
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
3404:, repertoire, and tone production.
2726:
1740:The role of the bassoon during the
1587:Ensembles prior to the 20th century
1581:
839:The word bassoon comes from French
24:
4263:
3966:from the original on 3 August 2024
3920:
3782:from the original on 29 March 2019
3763:
3507:
2796:), two keys when combined create A
2620:Problems playing these files? See
2335:
2325:
2220:took their name from a passage in
1051:Problems playing these files? See
962:
893:
197:
25:
5267:
4403:
4282:International Double Reed Society
3451:
3429:International Double Reed Society
2308:The character Jan Bellows in the
5081:
4962:
4342:– 297 pages; a scholarly history
4302:Domínguez Moreno, Áurea (2013).
4285:(1972–1999, in 2000 merged with
4120:"Buying a Bassoon for a Student"
4097:Benjamin Kohon (solo bassoon of
3661:from the original on 14 May 2012
3617:from the original on 5 June 2023
3495:from the original on 5 June 2023
2605:
2587:
2566:
2548:
2506:
2488:
2470:
2434:
2380:
2138:Smokey Robinson and the Miracles
2115:
1992:instrument and rarely seen in a
1029:
1003:
978:
916:) and extends upward over three
237:
140:
34:
4419:Internet Contrabassoon Resource
4227:Mettler, Larry Charles (1960).
4138:
4112:
4091:
4059:
4056:. BBC. Retrieved on 2012-05-25.
4040:
4014:
4002:
3978:
3900:
3874:
3818:
2702:Embouchure and sound production
1834:20th and 21st century ensembles
1735:
1645:
1213:
1082:
160:Hornbostel–Sachs classification
45:needs additional citations for
27:Double-reed woodwind instrument
4209:Langwill, Lyndesay G. (1965).
3735:
3705:
3673:
3643:
3245:) but can be used to improve D
2318:is a professional bassoonist.
1241:Modern bassoon reeds, made of
265:Contrabassoon (double bassoon)
13:
1:
4293:Baines, Anthony, ed. (1961).
4218:McKay, James R., ed. (2001).
4211:The Bassoon and Contrabassoon
4122:. Band Director Media Group.
3439:
857:with the augmentative suffix
4249:. FagotAielier Maarten Vonk.
4103:"A few notes on the bassoon"
3477:Waterhouse, William (2001).
3444:
2321:
2315:Only Murders in the Building
1962:Sonata for bassoon and piano
1185:
1164:
953:, partly to avoid excessive
322:
7:
4412:The Production of a Bassoon
4222:. Indiana University Press.
4067:"Bassoon Intonation Issues"
3434:British Double Reed Society
3407:
2823:key) together create both C
2181:The Ballad of Bilbo Baggins
2092:, the Brazilian bassoonist
2023:The Centaur and the Phoenix
1624:Joseph Bodin de Boismortier
1591:
10:
5272:
4517:Cor anglais (English horn)
4474:(also includes those with
4429:A Guide to Bassoon Keywork
4360:The art of Bassoon playing
4258:. Oxford University Press.
4155:
3801:Popkin & Glickman 2007
2072:, an American resident in
1282:
5195:
5090:
5079:
4970:
4909:
4828:
4704:
4678:
4595:
4487:
4472:
4349:, ed. (2001). "Bassoon".
4148:, Houghton Mifflin, p. 70
3882:"Instruments / Clarinets"
2064:, the Spanish bassoonist
1778:The Sorcerer's Apprentice
1287:
1043:'s "Magnus es tu, Domine"
912:(the first one below the
255:
248:
196:
189:
181:
158:
151:
139:
4424:Bassoon Fingering Charts
4340:. Yale University Press.
4289:), I.D.R.S. Publications
3884:. Selmer. Archived from
3845:Lange & Thomson 1979
2291:Appearance in Television
1439:system bassoon from 1870
898:
4336:Kopp, James B. (2012).
4272:(published quarterly),
3589:Kopp, James B. (2012).
2158:The New Vaudeville Band
2150:59th Street Bridge Song
1983:
1794:Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
1771:in the fifth movement.
1376:Johann Christoph Denner
1013:From Rimsky-Korsakov's
5256:Orchestral instruments
4245:Vonk, Maarten (2007).
4202:10.1093/earlyj/7.3.346
4162:Hall, Ronn K. (2017).
4144:Elsa Z. Powell (1950)
2900:, and may be used in B
2752:
2744:
2736:
2638:
2580:Bassoon reed alone or
2394:Tone across octaves (B
2340:
2330:
2277:Gang Signs and Prayers
2128:
2076:, Norway, are others.
2004:'s group, the unusual
1978:It Takes Four to Tango
1924:
1921:L'Orchestre de L'Opera
1827:Night on Bald Mountain
1715:The Marriage of Figaro
1632:Johann Friedrich Fasch
1535:Buffet (French) system
1515:
1440:
1428:Heckel (German) system
1388:Georg Philipp Telemann
1309:
1234:
1226:
1114:
1092:
967:
877:
871:
865:
859:
853:
847:
841:
202:
5210:Low-frequency effects
4414:by Francois de Rudder
4099:New York Philharmonic
4052:3 August 2024 at the
3938:Will, Jansen (1978).
3825:Morin, Alexander J.;
3713:"Definition of fagot"
2750:
2742:
2734:
2635:viewed from the front
2632:
2339:
2329:
2269:Extraordinary Machine
2123:
1915:
1767:Symphonie fantastique
1725:Johann Christian Bach
1628:Johann Ernst Galliard
1513:
1435:
1295:
1232:
1221:
1098:
1090:
1075:) the bassoon is non-
966:
201:
4978:Acoustic bass guitar
4910:American traditional
4829:European traditional
4146:This Is an Orchestra
3747:10 July 2009 at the
3391:Learning the bassoon
2302:Over the Garden Wall
2162:Winchester Cathedral
2134:The Tears of a Clown
2106:Jean-Jacques Decreux
1689:Carl Maria von Weber
1664:Ludwig van Beethoven
1465:Ludwig van Beethoven
1407:Modern configuration
1091:Parts of the bassoon
1025:Tu pauperum refugium
54:improve this article
5251:Baroque instruments
5033:Contrabass trombone
4679:African traditional
4502:Piccolo heckelphone
4238:Bassoon Reed Making
3998:on 30 October 2008.
3888:on 27 February 2012
3827:Harold C. Schonberg
3414:List of bassoonists
3332:convert the lower B
3296:Extended techniques
2126:Treefort Music Fest
2110:Alexandre Ouzounoff
1620:Jean-Baptiste Lully
1066:Extended techniques
936:'s opening solo in
751:Electronic keyboard
336:Musical instruments
330:Part of a series on
250:Related instruments
153:Woodwind instrument
136:
4596:European classical
4552:Semi-contrabassoon
4488:European classical
4256:Grove Music Online
4028:on 2 February 2014
3424:Bassoon repertoire
3310:circular breathing
2753:
2745:
2737:
2639:
2562:Embouchure bending
2448:Chromatic scale (B
2341:
2331:
2208:These New Puritans
2197:Rock in Opposition
2129:
2094:Alexandre Silvério
2062:Michael Rabinowitz
1970:Sonata Abassoonata
1925:
1902:Rapsodie espagnole
1882:Peter and the Wolf
1660:"Farewell Symphony
1516:
1481:Charles-Joseph Sax
1469:Johann Adam Heckel
1441:
1401:Thomas Stanesby Jr
1310:
1306:Michael Praetorius
1235:
1227:
1115:
1103:of the bassoon's B
1093:
968:
939:The Rite of Spring
480:String instruments
296:musical instrument
203:
185:Early 18th century
134:
5233:
5232:
4983:Bass (voice type)
4930:
4929:
4705:Asian traditional
4369:978-0-87487-073-2
4313:978-952-10-9443-9
4105:. Reprinted from
3916:978-0-355-06208-3
3602:978-1-282-24182-4
3365:down to low A is
2857:together create C
2610:
2592:
2571:
2553:
2511:
2493:
2475:
2439:
2385:
2056:, a performer of
1953:Five Sacred Trees
1822:Modest Mussorgsky
1730:Revolutionary War
1347:flûte traversière
1034:
1008:
988:From Beethoven's
983:
942:only ascends to D
845:and from Italian
837:
836:
415:Brass instruments
288:
287:
242:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
5263:
5085:
5013:Bass synthesizer
4957:
4950:
4943:
4934:
4933:
4567:Contrabassophone
4458:
4451:
4444:
4435:
4434:
4399:
4386:
4373:
4354:
4341:
4325:
4298:
4297:. Penguin Books.
4259:
4250:
4241:
4232:
4223:
4214:
4205:
4182:
4167:
4149:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4116:
4110:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4078:
4072:. Archived from
4071:
4063:
4057:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4024:. Archived from
4018:
4012:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3991:. Archived from
3990:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3935:
3918:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3878:
3872:
3866:
3860:
3854:
3848:
3842:
3836:
3834:
3822:
3816:
3810:
3804:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3781:
3770:
3761:
3752:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3634:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3586:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3474:
3353:
3352:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3321:
3320:
3306:flutter-tonguing
3291:
3290:
3285:
3284:
3276:
3275:
3267:
3266:
3254:
3253:
3241:
3240:
3232:
3231:
3223:
3222:
3214:
3213:
3197:
3196:
3184:
3183:
3175:
3174:
3166:
3165:
3156:
3155:
3147:
3146:
3127:
3126:
3110:
3109:
3097:
3096:
3080:
3079:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3056:
3055:
3047:
3046:
3034:
3033:
3018:
3017:
3009:
3008:
3000:
2999:
2991:
2990:
2982:
2981:
2973:
2972:
2943:
2942:
2930:
2929:
2909:
2908:
2896:
2895:
2887:
2886:
2875:
2874:
2862:
2861:
2837:
2836:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2821:
2809:
2808:
2768:
2767:
2727:Modern fingering
2689:
2688:
2680:
2679:
2612:
2611:
2601:Flutter tonguing
2594:
2593:
2573:
2572:
2555:
2554:
2513:
2512:
2495:
2494:
2477:
2476:
2462:
2461:
2453:
2452:
2441:
2440:
2426:
2425:
2417:
2416:
2408:
2407:
2399:
2398:
2387:
2386:
2372:
2371:
2359:
2358:
2350:Playing Range (A
2338:
2299:animated series
2243:progressive rock
2227:A Moveable Feast
2222:Ernest Hemingway
2218:Better Than Ezra
2185:progressive rock
2170:avant-garde band
2142:Jennifer Juniper
2038:Illinois Jacquet
1940:Bruno Bartolozzi
1878:Sergei Prokofiev
1874:Humorous Scherzo
1870:Sergei Prokofiev
1752:Messa da Requiem
1668:Niccolo Paganini
1582:Use in ensembles
1397:
1396:
1368:
1367:
1351:transverse flute
1302:Syntagma musicum
1260:a conical steel
1160:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1148:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1108:
1107:
1041:Josquin des Prez
1036:
1035:
1010:
1009:
985:
984:
965:
908:
907:
880:
875:, and in German
874:
868:
862:
856:
850:
844:
829:
822:
815:
327:
326:
244:
243:
230:
229:
216:
215:
144:
137:
133:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
5271:
5270:
5266:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5236:
5235:
5234:
5229:
5197:
5191:
5092:
5086:
5077:
4966:
4961:
4931:
4926:
4905:
4824:
4700:
4674:
4597:
4591:
4572:Reed contrabass
4537:Contrabass oboe
4489:
4483:
4468:
4462:
4406:
4370:
4314:
4287:The Double Reed
4280:Journal of the
4270:The Double Reed
4266:
4264:Further reading
4213:. W. W. Norton.
4174:The Double Reed
4158:
4153:
4152:
4143:
4139:
4129:
4127:
4118:
4117:
4113:
4096:
4092:
4082:
4080:
4079:on 30 July 2014
4076:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4054:Wayback Machine
4045:
4041:
4031:
4029:
4020:
4019:
4015:
4007:
4003:
3995:
3988:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3969:
3967:
3952:
3936:
3921:
3905:
3901:
3891:
3889:
3880:
3879:
3875:
3867:
3863:
3855:
3851:
3843:
3839:
3823:
3819:
3811:
3807:
3799:
3795:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3768:
3764:Rachor, David.
3762:
3755:
3749:Wayback Machine
3740:
3736:
3726:
3724:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3696:
3694:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3664:
3662:
3655:Merriam-Webster
3649:
3648:
3644:
3628:
3627:
3620:
3618:
3603:
3587:
3508:
3498:
3496:
3475:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3410:
3393:
3371:Richard Strauss
3350:
3349:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3318:
3317:
3314:double tonguing
3298:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3135:; it flattens G
3134:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2729:
2704:
2686:
2685:
2677:
2676:
2627:
2626:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2606:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2588:
2585:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2567:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2507:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2489:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2324:
2297:Cartoon Network
2293:
2206:More recently,
2168:in the British
2154:Harpers Bizarre
2118:
2082:Anthony Braxton
2078:Katherine Young
2036:More recently,
1986:
1966:Peter Schickele
1893:Marcel Tabuteau
1841:Igor Stravinsky
1836:
1819:
1757:Eugene Jancourt
1738:
1686:
1648:
1636:Antonio Vivaldi
1616:Reinhard Keiser
1594:
1589:
1584:
1564:
1560:
1555:upper registers
1537:
1449:Gottfried Weber
1445:Carl Almenräder
1430:
1409:
1394:
1393:
1384:Antonio Vivaldi
1365:
1364:
1290:
1285:
1216:
1188:
1167:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1105:
1104:
1085:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1037:
1030:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1011:
1004:
1001:
995:
994:
993:
986:
979:
976:
969:
963:
945:
931:
927:
923:
911:
905:
904:
901:
896:
894:Characteristics
833:
804:
803:
794:
786:
785:
736:
726:
725:
696:aka Kettledrums
609:
599:
598:
482:
472:
471:
417:
407:
406:
347:
325:
284:
238:
236:
235:
233:
227:
226:
223:
219:
213:
212:
208:
204:
165:
147:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5269:
5259:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5205:Bass amplifier
5201:
5199:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5152:Unfigured bass
5149:
5144:
5139:
5137:Basso continuo
5134:
5129:
5124:
5123:
5122:
5117:
5107:
5102:
5100:Alternate bass
5096:
5094:
5088:
5087:
5080:
5078:
5076:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5063:Pedal keyboard
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5008:Bass saxophone
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4974:
4972:
4968:
4967:
4960:
4959:
4952:
4945:
4937:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4922:Trompeta china
4919:
4913:
4911:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4832:
4830:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4708:
4706:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4682:
4680:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4650:Oboe da caccia
4647:
4642:
4640:Hirtenschalmei
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4601:
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4460:
4453:
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4421:
4416:
4405:
4404:External links
4402:
4401:
4400:
4387:
4374:
4368:
4355:
4347:Sadie, Stanley
4343:
4333:
4328:Jansen, Will,
4326:
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4290:
4277:
4265:
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4196:(3): 346–350.
4183:
4168:
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4151:
4150:
4137:
4111:
4090:
4058:
4039:
4013:
4001:
3977:
3950:
3944:. Frits Knuf.
3919:
3906:HALL, Ronn K.
3899:
3873:
3861:
3849:
3837:
3817:
3805:
3793:
3753:
3734:
3717:Dictionary.com
3704:
3672:
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3506:
3449:
3448:
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3438:
3437:
3436:
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3426:
3421:
3419:Bassoon makers
3416:
3409:
3406:
3392:
3389:
3346:Richard Wagner
3297:
3294:
3286:("duplicated F
3277:
3268:
3259:
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3215:
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2797:
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2728:
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2703:
2700:
2644:balance hanger
2617:
2604:
2599:
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2559:
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2348:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2323:
2320:
2292:
2289:
2210:'s 2010 album
2166:Lindsay Cooper
2117:
2114:
2086:Lindsay Cooper
2050:Marshall Allen
1998:Garvin Bushell
1985:
1982:
1944:Concertazioni.
1846:Rite of Spring
1835:
1832:
1817:
1808:Richard Wagner
1762:Hector Berlioz
1747:Giuseppe Verdi
1737:
1734:
1684:
1647:
1644:
1607:basso continuo
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1575:Buffet Crampon
1562:
1558:
1536:
1533:
1528:Giles Brindley
1429:
1426:
1408:
1405:
1370:by adding two
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1269:nitrocellulose
1215:
1212:
1196:sycamore maple
1187:
1184:
1166:
1163:
1084:
1081:
1061:
1048:
1038:
1028:
1023:
1022:
1012:
1002:
997:
996:
992:, 1st movement
990:Symphony No. 4
987:
977:
972:
971:
970:
961:
960:
959:
943:
929:
925:
921:
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835:
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795:
792:
791:
788:
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783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
746:Clavicytherium
743:
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731:
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286:
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206:
194:
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162:
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128:
127:
42:
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33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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5054:
5053:Keyboard bass
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5028:Contrabassoon
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5018:Bass trombone
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4988:Bass clarinet
4986:
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4979:
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4856:Catalan shawm
4854:
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4557:Contrabassoon
4555:
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4410:Documentary:
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4169:
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4159:
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4125:
4121:
4115:
4108:
4107:The Metronome
4104:
4100:
4094:
4075:
4068:
4062:
4055:
4051:
4048:
4043:
4027:
4023:
4017:
4010:
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3994:
3987:
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3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3951:90-6027-446-6
3947:
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3928:
3926:
3924:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3903:
3887:
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3877:
3870:
3869:Langwill 1965
3865:
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3595:. New Haven.
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3405:
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3372:
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3367:Gustav Mahler
3364:
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2240:
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2215:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2177:Leonard Nimoy
2174:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2127:
2122:
2116:Popular music
2113:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
2002:Paul Whiteman
1999:
1995:
1994:jazz ensemble
1991:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1948:John Williams
1945:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1930:Luciano Berio
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1897:Maurice Ravel
1894:
1890:
1889:contrabassoon
1885:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1866:Jean Sibelius
1863:
1859:
1858:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1815:
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1699:
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1690:
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1677:
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1669:
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1661:
1657:
1653:
1652:Classical era
1643:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1599:
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1566:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1532:
1529:
1524:
1521:
1512:
1508:
1506:
1505:military band
1502:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1434:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1418:Latin America
1413:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1296:Dulcians and
1294:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1245:
1239:
1231:
1224:
1223:Bassoon reeds
1220:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1204:polypropylene
1201:
1197:
1193:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1162:
1157:
1140:
1120:
1112:
1102:
1097:
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1080:
1078:
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1069:
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1042:
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991:
975:
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947:
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935:
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749:
747:
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742:
739:
738:
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730:
729:
722:
719:
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714:
711:
710:Tubular bells
708:
706:
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701:
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695:
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690:
687:
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675:
672:
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428:
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423:
422:Baritone horn
420:
419:
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411:
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403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
362:Contrabassoon
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
349:
346:
341:
340:
337:
334:
333:
329:
328:
320:
318:
317:chamber music
314:
310:
306:
301:
297:
293:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
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200:
195:
192:
191:Playing range
188:
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180:
176:
172:
169:
168:Double-reeded
163:
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157:
154:
150:
143:
138:
132:
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113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
5198:reproduction
5187:Walking bass
5147:Figured bass
5110:Bass effects
5091:Performance/
5073:Washtub bass
5022:
4964:Bass (sound)
4820:Zurna/Surnai
4665:Rauschpfeife
4610:Baroque oboe
4598:(historical)
4577:Sarrusophone
4546:
4512:Oboe d'amore
4497:Piccolo oboe
4411:
4395:
4392:Peyser, Joan
4382:
4379:Peyser, Joan
4359:
4350:
4337:
4329:
4303:
4294:
4286:
4279:
4276:Publications
4269:
4255:
4246:
4237:
4228:
4219:
4210:
4193:
4187:
4178:
4172:
4163:
4145:
4140:
4128:. Retrieved
4114:
4106:
4093:
4081:. Retrieved
4074:the original
4061:
4042:
4030:. Retrieved
4026:the original
4016:
4004:
3993:the original
3980:
3968:. Retrieved
3940:
3907:
3902:
3890:. Retrieved
3886:the original
3876:
3864:
3852:
3840:
3830:
3820:
3808:
3796:
3784:. Retrieved
3772:
3737:
3725:. Retrieved
3716:
3707:
3695:. Retrieved
3684:
3675:
3663:. Retrieved
3654:
3645:
3619:. Retrieved
3591:
3497:. Retrieved
3479:
3398:
3394:
3385:Wind Quintet
3381:Carl Nielsen
3374:
3360:
3356:
3324:
3302:multiphonics
3299:
3141:
3024:
2881:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2693:
2683:
2672:multiphonics
2659:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2619:
2581:
2313:
2307:
2300:
2294:
2276:
2274:
2267:
2262:
2254:chamber rock
2251:experimental
2236:
2225:
2211:
2205:
2201:Univers Zero
2130:
2102:Daniel Smith
2098:Trent Jacobs
2070:James Lassen
2046:Frank Tiberi
2035:
2021:
2014:Yusef Lateef
1987:
1977:
1974:Daniel Dorff
1969:
1961:
1958:André Previn
1951:
1943:
1935:Sequenza XII
1933:
1926:
1920:
1900:
1886:
1873:
1856:
1844:
1837:
1825:
1811:
1797:
1791:
1786:
1783:
1776:
1765:
1750:
1742:Romantic era
1739:
1736:c. 1830–1900
1713:
1712:overture to
1706:
1681:
1679:even today.
1676:W. A. Mozart
1656:Joseph Haydn
1649:
1646:c. 1760–1830
1605:
1595:
1571:
1567:
1557:, reaching E
1538:
1525:
1520:ball bearing
1517:
1497:
1483:, father of
1473:
1460:
1442:
1422:Galandronome
1414:
1410:
1386:, Bach, and
1359:baroque oboe
1354:
1346:
1335:
1311:
1301:
1277:
1266:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1248:trimmed and
1244:Arundo donax
1242:
1240:
1236:
1214:Double Reeds
1189:
1168:
1116:
1083:Construction
1073:English horn
1070:
1059:
1050:
1016:Scheherazade
1014:
999:Bassoon solo
974:Bassoon part
955:ledger lines
948:
937:
902:
838:
639:Glockenspiel
522:
521:
484:
356:
313:concert band
291:
289:
210:
131:
116:
110:October 2017
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
5167:Lament bass
5115:Bass chorus
5038:Double bass
5003:Bass pedals
4998:Bass guitar
4971:Instruments
4810:Taepyeongso
4562:Contraforte
4527:Heckelphone
4467:instruments
4465:Double reed
4338:The Bassoon
4189:Early Music
4032:30 November
3871:, p. .
3815:, p. .
3803:, p. .
3727:12 December
3697:12 December
3686:SpanishDict
3592:The bassoon
2264:Fiona Apple
2258:Chrome Hoof
2239:psychedelic
2090:Paul Hanson
2066:Javier Abad
2054:Karen Borca
2031:Hubert Laws
2018:Chick Corea
2010:Alec Wilder
1917:Edgar Degas
1799:Sheherazade
1787:l'Impériale
1702:Étienne Ozi
1547:John Foulds
1485:Adolphe Sax
1325:) or soft (
1300:, from the
1200:sugar maple
1141:(or crook)
1121:. The bell
1101:spectrogram
1077:transposing
761:Harpsichord
539:Bass guitar
507:Hurdy-gurdy
497:Double bass
442:French horn
367:Cor anglais
270:Contraforte
5240:Categories
5157:Partimento
4901:Surma-horn
4767:Nadaswaram
4752:Kèn đám ma
4615:Bassanello
4130:24 January
4083:5 November
3813:McKay 2001
3773:weebly.com
3440:References
3402:embouchure
3376:Intermezzo
2696:embouchure
2622:media help
2256:orchestra
2247:Knifeworld
2232:Ezra Pound
1813:Tannhäuser
1773:Paul Dukas
1493:mouthpiece
1453:intonation
1353:) and the
1179:tone holes
1053:media help
934:Stravinsky
914:bass staff
741:Clavichord
716:Vibraphone
712:aka Chimes
684:Snare drum
654:Lithophone
607:Percussion
452:Tenor horn
447:Mellophone
437:Flugelhorn
382:Nadaswaram
309:orchestral
164:422.112–71
80:newspapers
18:Bassoonist
5220:Subwoofer
5177:Slap bass
5162:Jazz bass
5127:Bass note
5120:Fuzz bass
5105:Bass clef
5048:Guitarrón
5043:Euphonium
4993:Bass drum
4732:Hichiriki
4620:Cornamuse
4582:Rothphone
4522:Bass oboe
4476:quadruple
4322:0787-4294
3960:470056072
3857:Kopp 1999
3651:"Bassoon"
3631:cite book
3611:817797348
3445:Citations
3363:chromatic
2938:down to B
2520:Trills (B
2322:Technique
2173:Henry Cow
2058:free jazz
2042:Ray Pizzi
1851:Dentsivka
1542:acoustics
1489:fingering
1327:recorders
1186:Materials
1175:saxophone
1165:Structure
1068:" below.
781:Virginals
756:Harmonium
734:Keyboards
721:Xylophone
705:Tubaphone
674:Mridangam
664:Marímbula
614:Bass drum
432:Euphonium
397:Saxophone
345:Woodwinds
323:Etymology
182:Developed
171:aerophone
69:"Bassoon"
5246:Bassoons
5215:Sub-bass
5182:Walkdown
5172:Ostinato
5132:Bassline
5093:notation
5058:Octobass
4917:Chirimía
4891:Tárogató
4861:Dulzaina
4815:Tangmuri
4645:Kortholt
4630:Crumhorn
4625:Cromorne
4587:Tromboon
4542:Tenoroon
4532:Lupophon
4490:(modern)
4480:bagpipes
4274:I.D.R.S.
4124:Archived
4050:Archived
3970:30 April
3964:Archived
3829:(2002).
3786:28 March
3777:Archived
3745:Archived
3721:Archived
3691:Archived
3659:Archived
3621:30 April
3615:Archived
3499:30 April
3493:Archived
3408:See also
3351:♭
3341:♭
3335:♭
3328:♭
3319:♭
3289:♯
3283:♯
3274:♭
3265:♭
3252:♭
3239:♯
3230:♭
3221:♯
3212:♭
3195:♭
3182:♯
3173:♭
3164:♭
3154:♯
3145:♭
3125:♯
3108:♭
3095:♯
3078:♭
3069:♯
3063:♭
3054:♭
3045:♯
3032:♯
3016:♯
3007:♭
2998:♯
2989:♭
2980:♯
2971:♯
2941:♭
2928:♭
2907:♯
2894:♭
2885:♭
2873:♭
2860:♯
2835:♯
2826:♯
2820:♯
2807:♯
2766:♭
2687:♭
2678:♭
2660:flicking
2502:Dynamics
2460:♭
2451:♭
2424:♭
2415:♭
2406:♭
2397:♭
2370:♭
2357:♭
2237:British
2193:Ambrosia
2028:flautist
1923:, (1868)
1857:Firebird
1769:, Op. 14
1710:Mozart's
1698:Harmonie
1640:concerti
1602:consorts
1592:Pre-1760
1461:Caecilia
1395:♭
1366:♭
1355:hautbois
1331:dynamics
1298:racketts
1254:profiled
1109:in four
1106:♭
906:♭
700:Triangle
689:Steelpan
649:Handbell
624:Carillon
569:Shamisen
559:Mandolin
457:Trombone
372:Clarinet
352:Bagpipes
300:woodwind
260:Tenoroon
228:♭
214:♭
5023:Bassoon
4881:Piffero
4876:Musette
4851:Bombard
4846:Birbynė
4791:Sundari
4787:Shehnai
4747:Kèn bầu
4727:Gyaling
4712:Balaban
4686:Algaita
4660:Rackett
4635:Dulcian
4547:Bassoon
4394:(ed.).
4381:(ed.).
4156:Sources
3480:Bassoon
3258:, and F
3227:) and A
3205:, and C
3131:, and D
3004:) and A
2925:, and E
2792:(also B
2582:crowing
2312:series
2285:Stormzy
2283:artist
2281:"grime"
2189:Gryphon
2146:Donovan
1806:and in
1598:dulcian
1338:baroque
1319:soprano
1314:dulcian
1283:History
1262:mandrel
1208:ebonite
1111:octaves
951:Baroque
932:; even
918:octaves
883:dulcian
866:fagotto
848:bassone
694:Timpani
659:Marimba
634:Cymbals
629:Celesta
584:Ukulele
579:Tambura
544:Guzheng
523:Plucked
462:Trumpet
392:Piccolo
357:Bassoon
298:in the
292:bassoon
275:Dulcian
135:Bassoon
94:scholar
5225:Woofer
5142:Burden
4886:Sopila
4871:Gralla
4866:Graïle
4841:Bifora
4800:Sralai
4762:Mizmar
4757:Kuzhal
4691:Rhaita
4655:Pommer
4366:
4320:
4310:
3958:
3948:
3914:
3892:7 June
3665:26 May
3609:
3599:
2953:Boléro
2279:by UK
2213:Hidden
2199:-band
2179:song "
2175:. The
2074:Bergen
2068:, and
2048:, and
2006:octets
1804:Op. 35
1720:K 492.
1457:Schott
1437:Heckel
1323:shawms
1288:Origin
1250:gouged
1155:listen
888:fasces
878:Fagott
842:basson
799:Ghatam
793:Others
776:Spinet
594:Zither
534:Guitar
517:Violin
427:Cornet
402:Tharai
315:, and
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
5196:Sound
4896:Zurna
4836:Aulos
4805:Suona
4795:Sorna
4717:Duduk
4696:Zukra
4670:Shawm
4605:Aulos
4077:(PDF)
4070:(PDF)
3996:(PDF)
3989:(PDF)
3780:(PDF)
3769:(PDF)
3271:and G
3170:and B
3042:and G
2977:and F
2949:Ravel
2891:and B
2853:and C
2845:and F
2832:and C
2804:and G
2245:band
2187:band
2152:" by
2144:" by
2136:" by
1907:Octet
1876:. In
1612:opera
1561:and F
1507:use.
1501:pitch
1477:Boehm
1273:epoxy
1192:maple
1139:bocal
899:Range
872:fagot
854:basso
771:Piano
766:Organ
679:Parai
669:Melam
574:Sitar
529:Banjo
512:Viola
502:Huqin
492:Cello
486:Bowed
377:Flute
305:clefs
294:is a
173:with
101:JSTOR
87:books
5068:Tuba
4782:Piri
4772:Ottu
4722:Guan
4507:Oboe
4364:ISBN
4318:ISSN
4308:ISBN
4181:(4).
4132:2018
4085:2012
4034:2012
3972:2021
3956:OCLC
3946:ISBN
3912:ISBN
3894:2018
3788:2019
3729:2019
3699:2019
3667:2012
3637:link
3623:2021
3607:OCLC
3597:ISBN
3501:2021
2951:'s "
2666:and
2540:to C
2532:to C
2524:to C
2457:to B
2310:Hulu
2295:The
2160:'s "
2108:and
2100:and
2016:and
1990:jazz
1984:Jazz
1956:and
1860:and
1855:The
1618:and
1551:horn
1372:keys
1342:Bach
1206:and
1198:and
1171:bore
1169:The
1119:reed
928:or D
860:-one
644:Gong
619:Bell
589:Yazh
564:Harp
554:Lyre
549:Koto
467:Tuba
387:Oboe
290:The
280:Oboe
175:keys
73:news
4742:Kèn
4737:Hne
4198:doi
3485:doi
3383:'s
3249:, E
3201:, B
3192:, B
3122:, C
3118:, C
3114:, B
3105:, B
3101:, A
3092:, F
3088:, F
3084:, E
3038:, G
2921:, F
2917:, D
2913:, C
2849:. D
2788:, C
2784:, D
2780:, D
2776:, C
2772:, B
2536:, B
2528:, B
2224:'s
2148:, "
2008:of
1976:'s
1968:'s
1960:'s
1950:'s
1942:'s
1932:'s
1899:'s
1880:'s
1872:'s
1864:by
1843:'s
1824:'s
1810:'s
1764:'s
1691:'s
1304:by
1161:).
1147:(1)
1143:(2)
1135:(3)
1131:(4)
1127:(5)
1123:(6)
56:by
5242::
4777:Pi
4316:.
4192:.
4179:22
4177:.
4101:)
3962:.
3954:.
3922:^
3775:.
3771:.
3756:^
3719:.
3715:.
3689:.
3683:.
3657:.
3653:.
3633:}}
3629:{{
3613:.
3605:.
3509:^
3491:.
3453:^
3369:.
3322:.
3312:,
3308:,
3304:,
3236:(G
3218:(G
3013:(G
2995:(G
2904:,F
2272:.
2260:.
2234:.
2096:,
2088:,
2084:.
2044:,
2040:,
2033:.
1980:.
1919:,
1789:.
1755:.
1718:,
1683:B♭
1674:,
1642:.
1630:,
1626:,
1471:.
1380:G♯
1099:A
311:,
225:(A
220:–E
209:)
205:(A
4956:e
4949:t
4942:v
4482:)
4457:e
4450:t
4443:v
4372:.
4353:.
4324:.
4204:.
4200::
4194:7
4134:.
4087:.
4036:.
3974:.
3896:.
3859:.
3847:.
3790:.
3731:.
3701:.
3669:.
3639:)
3625:.
3503:.
3487::
3278:3
3269:2
3260:5
3256:5
3247:5
3243:3
3234:3
3225:2
3216:2
3207:5
3203:4
3199:4
3190:4
3186:4
3177:3
3168:2
3158:3
3149:5
3137:3
3133:5
3129:5
3120:5
3116:4
3112:4
3103:4
3099:4
3090:4
3086:4
3082:2
3073:2
3058:5
3049:3
3040:3
3036:3
3027:5
3020:3
3011:3
3002:2
2993:2
2984:3
2975:2
2968:F
2965:2
2961:4
2957:4
2945:1
2936:2
2932:5
2923:5
2919:5
2915:5
2911:4
2902:4
2898:3
2889:2
2877:4
2868:4
2864:5
2855:5
2851:5
2847:5
2843:5
2839:4
2830:3
2815:2
2811:3
2802:2
2798:4
2794:4
2790:5
2786:5
2782:2
2778:2
2774:1
2770:1
2668:D
2664:C
2637:.
2624:.
2544:)
2542:3
2538:2
2534:4
2530:3
2526:5
2522:4
2466:)
2464:4
2455:1
2430:)
2428:4
2421:B
2419:3
2412:B
2410:2
2403:B
2401:1
2376:)
2374:5
2367:A
2365:5
2363:E
2361:1
2354:B
2352:1
2241:/
2132:"
1909:.
1818:5
1801:,
1780:.
1685:4
1563:5
1559:5
1392:E
1363:B
1357:(
1349:(
1308:.
1149:(
1113:.
1062:1
1055:.
944:5
930:5
926:5
922:5
910:1
851:(
828:e
821:t
814:v
234:)
232:5
222:5
218:1
211:B
207:1
177:)
166:(
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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