156:
125:
94:
166:
137:
106:
37:
254:. This brought the Turkish army close to Batumi while the Bolsheviks themselves were approaching the city. Turks wanted to enter Batumi, and the Georgian Menshevik government was in no position to offer resistance. Georgian Mensheviks used the circumstances to prolong their governance. On 7 March, they reached the verbal agreement with the Turkish Colonel
249:
from
Georgia in an ultimatum. The Georgian government did not accept this ultimatum, although the mentioned cities were emptied, because it could not fight on two fronts, the Turkish army occupied the cities on February 23, which the Georgian government did not legally recognize. After capturing
387:
told
Mazniashvili to side with Bolsheviks or face repression as the Menshevik general. Giorgi Mazniashvili agreed by replying: "I am neither Menshevik nor Bolshevik general, I am general of Georgia". He organized a military force from the remnants of disorganized and disoriented Georgian army.
375:
The
Bolsheviks wanted to avoid a confrontation with Turkey but were willing fight rather than to give up Batumi to Turks. The agreement with Mensheviks allowed them erect a political screen from behind which to attack the Turks indirectly. The supposedly autonomous revolutionary committee was
285:
were unwilling to intervene and the agreement with Turks collapsed, Georgia came under the threat of permanently losing Batumi. Understanding this, Mensheviks agreed to negotiate with the
Bolsheviks to preserve Batumi within Georgia. Meanwhile, Turkey and Russia signed the
358:
336:. The Menshevik government and the Revolutionary Committee signed an agreement on joint defense of Batumi. The local communists were freed from jail by the Menshevik government and the Red Army was allowed to enter the district. The
265:. Their goal was to conquer the Batumi region, not to fight together with the Georgians against Bolshevik Russia, although this was a more adventurous step, because negotiations between
309:
declared himself the governor-general of Batumi district, the
Turkish units occupied the barracks, post-telegraph, militia and other buildings. On March 17–18, as a result of the
322:
225:
the
Georgian Democratic Republic. The Georgian government engaged in a fight with the Soviet forces, offering stiff resistance to the Soviets but losing the capital
353:
388:
Mazniashvili was supported by the Red Army division and the local communists. Russian troops were sent into the city, but they did not fight.
676:
266:
547:
313:
negotiations, a ceasefire was agreed between the
Mensheviks and the Bolsheviks. The Bolsheviks demanded from Mensheviks to recognize the
686:
98:
250:
Artvin and
Ardahan, the claims of the Turkish side seemed to have run out and they offered to help Georgia in the fight against the
666:
258:
to allow his army into Batumi, while leaving the
Menshevik government of Georgia in control of civil administration in the area.
277:. Mensheviks were seeking to use Turkish protection while awaiting possible French intervention on their side. Mensheviks asked
630:
530:
314:
295:
671:
611:
318:
194:
110:
218:
28:
681:
337:
383:, the general of Georgian Democratic Republic, to retake Batumi. In a conversation, Bolshevik leader
649:
287:
332:
negotiations, together with the cessation of the war, was the expulsion of
Turkish units from
641:
565:
400:
306:
255:
129:
8:
392:
380:
141:
626:
607:
384:
165:
136:
105:
66:
488:
Dimitri Silakadze, Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918–1921), Tbilisi, 2018, p. 60
246:
281:
to approach Turkey seeking the de jure recognition of Georgia. As France and the
242:
404:
660:
349:
282:
222:
340:
was coming to an end, and a small number of Georgian units was stationed in
36:
364:
341:
291:
604:
Survival and Consolidation: The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1918-1921
201:. The Georgian aim of this battle was to remove the Turkish army from
566:"Turkish National Movement and Soviet Russia in Caucasus (1919-1922)"
345:
41:
Map of Turkish invasion of Georgia in 1921, and the battle of Batumi.
411:. After defeating Turks, Mazniashvili surrendered it to Bolsheviks.
251:
214:
325:
and it did not recognize the occupation of the country as legal.
329:
310:
230:
226:
642:"Heroes of Batumi, Events of March 18-20 March in 1921: Summery"
391:
On March 18–19, the Georgian units under the command of General
408:
396:
333:
302:
278:
274:
270:
262:
238:
234:
202:
198:
62:
301:
Despite this, on March 17, the commander of Turkish units in
317:. According to the decision of the founding assembly of the
445:
443:
441:
261:
On March 11, the leading units of the Turkish army entered
428:
426:
424:
348:
line. One group of the Russian army under the command of
467:
455:
438:
510:
508:
506:
421:
503:
491:
548:"Democratic republic of georgia (1918-21) p.60-61"
658:
290:on March 16, 1921. According to this agreement,
585:Georgia and International Treaties: 1918-1921
403:and managed to defeat them. On March 20, the
639:
473:
461:
449:
625:(Kindle ed.). London: Reaktion Books.
376:organized from local communists in Batumi.
563:
620:
587:(in Georgian). Mtsignobari. p. 521.
582:
432:
570:Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies
294:still remained part of Georgia, but of
659:
623:Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia
601:
557:
514:
497:
484:
482:
542:
540:
525:
523:
363:to the back of the Georgian army in
677:Battles involving Georgia (country)
13:
479:
14:
698:
687:20th century in Georgia (country)
537:
531:"Making of Georgian nation p.174"
520:
229:and having to fall back first to
164:
154:
135:
123:
104:
92:
35:
576:
667:Democratic Republic of Georgia
564:Tsvetkova, Tsvetelina (2018).
319:Democratic Republic of Georgia
195:Democratic Republic of Georgia
193:was a military battle between
111:Democratic Republic of Georgia
1:
414:
328:One of the main goals of the
208:
321:, the government decided to
315:Soviet government of Georgia
29:Red Army invasion of Georgia
7:
640:Gogolishvili, Otar (2019).
10:
703:
595:
379:The Bolsheviks approached
338:Soviet invasion of Georgia
621:Rayfield, Donald (2012).
583:Andersen, Andrew (2020).
370:
241:demanded the handover of
213:On 15 February 1921, the
174:
147:
116:
85:
45:
34:
26:
21:
672:Battles involving Turkey
650:Tbilisi State University
648:(in Georgian). Tbilisi:
606:. McGill-Queen's Press.
602:Debro, Richard (1992).
117:Commanders and leaders
273:were taking place in
175:Casualties and losses
180:More than 200 killed
395:fought against the
393:Giorgi Mazniashvili
381:Giorgi Mazniashvili
352:passed through the
237:. During this war,
142:Giorgi Mazniashvili
219:military operation
682:Conflicts in 1921
632:978-1-78023-030-6
474:Gogolishvili 2019
462:Gogolishvili 2019
450:Gogolishvili 2019
385:Sergo Orjonikidze
247:Ardahan Provinces
187:
186:
99:Ankara Government
81:
80:
694:
653:
636:
617:
589:
588:
580:
574:
573:
561:
555:
554:
552:
544:
535:
534:
527:
518:
512:
501:
495:
489:
486:
477:
471:
465:
459:
453:
447:
436:
430:
397:Turkish soldiers
362:
288:Treaty of Moscow
191:Battle of Batumi
169:
168:
159:
158:
157:
140:
139:
128:
127:
126:
109:
108:
97:
96:
95:
77:Georgian victory
53:18–19 March 1921
47:
46:
39:
22:Battle of Batumi
19:
18:
702:
701:
697:
696:
695:
693:
692:
691:
657:
656:
633:
614:
598:
593:
592:
581:
577:
562:
558:
550:
546:
545:
538:
529:
528:
521:
513:
504:
496:
492:
487:
480:
472:
468:
460:
456:
448:
439:
431:
422:
417:
401:Kazim Karabekir
373:
365:Batumi district
356:
342:Batumi district
307:Kâzım Karabekir
292:Batumi District
211:
163:
155:
153:
134:
130:Kâzım Karabekir
124:
122:
103:
93:
91:
69:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
700:
690:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
655:
654:
637:
631:
618:
612:
597:
594:
591:
590:
575:
556:
536:
519:
517:, p. 364.
502:
500:, p. 363.
490:
478:
466:
454:
437:
435:, p. 338.
419:
418:
416:
413:
372:
369:
350:Dimitri Zhloba
296:Soviet Georgia
233:, and then to
210:
207:
185:
184:
181:
177:
176:
172:
171:
161:
150:
149:
145:
144:
132:
119:
118:
114:
113:
101:
88:
87:
83:
82:
79:
78:
75:
71:
70:
61:
59:
55:
54:
51:
43:
42:
32:
31:
24:
23:
16:Battle in 1921
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
699:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
664:
662:
651:
647:
643:
638:
634:
628:
624:
619:
615:
613:9780773508286
609:
605:
600:
599:
586:
579:
572:(1): 101–102.
571:
567:
560:
549:
543:
541:
532:
526:
524:
516:
511:
509:
507:
499:
494:
485:
483:
475:
470:
463:
458:
451:
446:
444:
442:
434:
433:Rayfield 2012
429:
427:
425:
420:
412:
410:
406:
402:
399:commanded by
398:
394:
389:
386:
382:
377:
368:
366:
360:
355:
354:Goderdzi pass
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
326:
324:
323:go into exile
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
299:
297:
293:
289:
284:
283:Great Britain
280:
276:
272:
268:
267:Soviet Russia
264:
259:
257:
253:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
182:
179:
178:
173:
167:
162:
152:
151:
146:
143:
138:
133:
131:
121:
120:
115:
112:
107:
102:
100:
90:
89:
84:
76:
73:
72:
68:
64:
60:
57:
56:
52:
49:
48:
44:
38:
33:
30:
25:
20:
645:
622:
603:
584:
578:
569:
559:
493:
476:, p. 4.
469:
464:, p. 3.
457:
452:, p. 2.
390:
378:
374:
327:
300:
260:
212:
190:
188:
86:Belligerents
357: [
344:and on the
217:launched a
170:3,000–3,500
160:4,000–4,500
661:Categories
515:Debro 1992
498:Debro 1992
415:References
256:Kiazim Bey
209:Background
346:Javakheti
223:sovietize
183:84 killed
646:Politics
252:Red Army
215:Red Army
148:Strength
58:Location
27:Part of
596:Sources
330:Kutaisi
311:Kutaisi
231:Kutaisi
227:Tbilisi
67:Georgia
629:
610:
409:Batumi
371:Battle
334:Batumi
303:Batumi
279:France
275:Moscow
271:Turkey
263:Batumi
243:Artvin
239:Turkey
235:Batumi
203:Batumi
199:Turkey
74:Result
63:Batumi
551:(PDF)
407:left
405:Turks
361:]
627:ISBN
608:ISBN
269:and
245:and
197:and
189:The
50:Date
298:.
221:to
663::
644:.
568:.
539:^
522:^
505:^
481:^
440:^
423:^
367:.
359:ka
305:,
205:.
65:,
652:.
635:.
616:.
553:.
533:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
