821:
834:
49:
1779:
1646:
A positron is ejected from the parent nucleus, but the daughter (Z−1) atom still has Z atomic electrons from the parent, i.e. the daughter is a negative ion (at least immediately after the positron emission). Since tables of masses are for
2111:
Ledingham KW, McKenna P, McCanny T, Shimizu S, Yang JM, Robson L, Zweit J, Gillies JM, Bailey J, Chimon GN, Clarke RJ (2004). "High power laser production of short-lived isotopes for positron emission tomography".
1654:
1067:, the hypothetical decay of protons, not necessarily those bound with neutrons, not necessarily through the emission of a positron, and not as part of nuclear physics, but rather of
1030:
Because positron emission decreases proton number relative to neutron number, positron decay happens typically in large "proton-rich" radionuclides. Positron decay results in
2160:
1231:
is a short-lived nuclide which does not exist in nature. The discovery of artificial radioactivity would be cited when the husband-and-wife team won the Nobel Prize.
1614:, then positron emission cannot occur and electron capture is the sole decay mode. Certain otherwise electron-capturing isotopes (for instance,
1053:. This rare form of potassium makes up only 0.012% of the element on Earth and has a 1 in 100,000 chance of decaying via positron emission.
2193:
1060:
or beta minus decay (β decay), which occurs when a neutron turns into a proton and the nucleus emits an electron and an antineutrino.
865:
779:
1774:{\displaystyle _{Z}^{A}{\textrm {X}}\rightarrow _{Z-1}^{A}{\textrm {Y}}+_{+1}^{0}{\textrm {e}}^{+}+_{-1}^{0}{\textrm {e}}^{-}}
1600:, since the final state has an electron removed rather than a positron added. As the energy of the decay goes up, so does the
1781:, and, since the mass of the positron is identical to that of the electron, the overall result is that the mass-energy of
128:
1799:
Isotopes which increase in mass under the conversion of a proton to a neutron, or which decrease in mass by less than 2
2065:
1893:) used for positron emission tomography are typically produced by proton irradiation of natural or enriched targets.
432:
1818:, a technique used for medical imaging. The energy emitted depends on the isotope that is decaying; the figure of
820:
2186:
2081:
624:
17:
329:
858:
1815:
31:
642:
612:
113:
2179:
1080:
689:
239:
1212: decay (positron emission). The Curies termed the phenomenon "artificial radioactivity", because
1556:
575:
1789:
the mass of the parent atom exceeds the mass of the daughter atom by at least two electron masses (2
1638:, because the electrons are stripped away and the decay energy is too small for positron emission.
851:
838:
570:
274:
2345:
2310:
2290:
2245:
565:
462:
427:
123:
2456:
2340:
2330:
619:
269:
234:
2164:
1031:
744:
629:
521:
2041:
1084:
684:
2335:
2325:
2121:
1428:
934:(β), the other beta particle being the electron (β) emitted from the β decay of a nucleus.
754:
729:
546:
1932:
8:
2466:
2389:
2280:
2260:
2255:
1635:
1191:
649:
528:
422:
365:
358:
348:
289:
284:
118:
2125:
2137:
2009:
1985:
1958:
1601:
1283:
1267:
1251:
592:
587:
402:
2133:
1286:. As an example, the following equation describes the beta plus decay of carbon-11 to
1041:
Positron emission occurs extremely rarely in nature on Earth. Known instances include
2461:
2240:
2210:
2141:
2061:
1990:
1383:
1242:
which undergo this decay and thereby emit positrons include, but are not limited to:
914:
890:
764:
759:
719:
597:
324:
307:
279:
249:
90:
2300:
2265:
2250:
2202:
2129:
2024:
1980:
1970:
1959:"Physics of pure and non-pure positron emitters for PET: a review and a discussion"
1583:
1552:
1068:
784:
774:
704:
457:
375:
343:
163:
95:
2410:
2305:
2275:
769:
749:
724:
654:
541:
469:
415:
380:
40:
1057:
2431:
2415:
2028:
1786:
1088:
825:
679:
674:
553:
486:
294:
229:
206:
193:
180:
80:
58:
1975:
1034:, changing an atom of one chemical element into an atom of an element with an
2450:
2320:
2235:
1910:
1568:
1035:
931:
804:
799:
794:
789:
739:
397:
370:
214:
153:
106:
85:
2082:"Positron Emission Tomography Imaging at the University of British Columbia"
2394:
1994:
1411:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1064:
1050:
938:
902:
734:
709:
694:
439:
387:
244:
2220:
1616:
1263:
1255:
1247:
699:
392:
314:
167:
2371:
2225:
1586:. For low-energy decays, electron capture is energetically favored by 2
1467:
charge. Quarks arrange themselves in sets of three such that they make
1453:
1042:
927:
894:
669:
659:
516:
496:
319:
189:
2089:
1604:
of positron emission. However, if the energy difference is less than 2
2366:
2358:
2350:
2315:
2230:
1823:
1303:
1259:
1243:
942:
714:
664:
491:
479:
474:
353:
2171:
2058:
Radioactivity: Introduction and
History, From the Quantum to Quarks
2008:
Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021).
1437:
1356:
1329:
1291:
1092:
1046:
910:
48:
1785:
electrons is required, and the β decay is energetically possible
1472:
1239:
906:
176:
149:
141:
73:
63:
2159:
1468:
898:
68:
2110:
1432:
1287:
1190:
emits a positron identical to those found in cosmic rays by
1582:
Nuclei which decay by positron emission may also decay by
2165:
Live Chart of
Nuclides: nuclear structure and decay data
937:
An example of positron emission (β decay) is shown with
2051:
2049:
1657:
1579:
quark, effectively converting a proton to a neutron.
2007:
2046:
1806:, cannot spontaneously decay by positron emission.
1773:
2010:"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"
1913:. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
1475:. In a proton, whose charge is +1, there are two
1074:
2448:
2088:. University of British Columbia. Archived from
2055:
1829:The short-lived positron emitting isotopes C (T
1056:Positron emission should not be confused with
2187:
1956:
1234:
859:
1952:
1950:
1571:emission. Positron emission happens when an
1930:
2194:
2180:
1435:. The two most common types of quarks are
866:
852:
2001:
1984:
1974:
1947:
1513:= 1). Neutrons, with no charge, have one
1171:, and observed that the product isotope
926:). Positron emission is mediated by the
1935:[A new type of radioactivity].
1427:Inside protons and neutrons, there are
1194:in 1932. This was the first example of
14:
2449:
1641:
1045:interactions and the decay of certain
2201:
2175:
2114:Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics
1957:Conti M, Eriksson L (December 2016).
1422:
2086:Positron Emission Tomography Imaging
1063:Positron emission is different from
30:For the medical imaging method, see
24:
1933:"Un nouveau type de radioactivité"
25:
2478:
2152:
2056:L'Annunziata, Michael F. (2016).
1095:) to effect the nuclear reaction
2158:
833:
832:
819:
47:
1290:-11, emitting a positron and a
2104:
2074:
2042:How it works:Positron emission
2035:
1924:
1903:
1809:
1680:
1075:Discovery of positron emission
13:
1:
1896:
1822:applies only to the decay of
1816:positron emission tomography
1266:, yttrium-86, zirconium-89,
930:. The positron is a type of
905:nucleus is converted into a
32:Positron emission tomography
7:
2134:10.1088/0022-3727/37/16/019
1931:Joliot MF, Curie I (1934).
1814:These isotopes are used in
1298:
613:High-energy nuclear physics
10:
2483:
1441:, which have a charge of +
1262:, gallium-68, bromine-78,
1235:Positron-emitting isotopes
1038:that is less by one unit.
29:
2424:
2403:
2380:
2289:
2209:
2168:(main decay modes) - IAEA
2060:. Elsevier. p. 180.
1976:10.1186/s40658-016-0144-5
1087:bombarded aluminium with
27:Type of radioactive decay
2029:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae
2246:Double electron capture
124:Interacting boson model
1775:
1796:c = 1.022 MeV).
1776:
1575:quark changes into a
1429:fundamental particles
1032:nuclear transmutation
511:High-energy processes
209:– equal all the above
107:Models of the nucleus
1655:
1636:galactic cosmic rays
1555:, quarks can change
547:nuclear astrophysics
2390:Photodisintegration
2311:Proton–proton chain
2281:Spontaneous fission
2261:Isomeric transition
2256:Internal conversion
2126:2004JPhD...37.2341L
1911:"Nuclear Chemistry"
1756:
1724:
1699:
1671:
1642:Energy conservation
1192:Carl David Anderson
529:Photodisintegration
452:Capturing processes
366:Spontaneous fission
359:Internal conversion
290:Valley of stability
285:Island of stability
119:Nuclear shell model
2092:on 22 January 2018
1771:
1739:
1707:
1679:
1658:
1602:branching fraction
1423:Emission mechanism
1085:Irène Joliot-Curie
909:while releasing a
826:Physics portal
620:Quark–gluon plasma
403:Radiogenic nuclide
2444:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2271:Positron emission
2241:Double beta decay
2203:Nuclear processes
2120:(16): 2341–2345.
2017:Chinese Physics C
1762:
1730:
1704:
1676:
1418:
1417:
1058:electron emission
915:electron neutrino
891:radioactive decay
879:Positron emission
876:
875:
562:
308:Radioactive decay
264:Nuclear stability
91:Nuclear structure
16:(Redirected from
2474:
2401:
2400:
2301:Deuterium fusion
2266:Neutron emission
2251:Electron capture
2196:
2189:
2182:
2173:
2172:
2162:
2146:
2145:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2099:
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2072:
2071:
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2044:
2039:
2033:
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2014:
2005:
1999:
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1988:
1978:
1954:
1945:
1944:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1919:
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1907:
1892:
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1871:
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1718:
1706:
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1698:
1693:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1634:) are stable in
1633:
1631:
1630:
1623:
1622:
1599:
1584:electron capture
1553:weak interaction
1550:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1502:
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1402:
1401:
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1344:
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1321:
1319:
1318:
1311:
1310:
1299:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1221:
1220:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1202:
1201:
1189:
1188:
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1149:
1142:
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1132:
1131:
1130:
1123:
1122:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1104:
1103:
1069:particle physics
1026:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1015:
1014:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1002:
995:
994:
985:
984:
983:
976:
975:
966:
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964:
957:
956:
925:
889:is a subtype of
868:
861:
854:
841:
836:
835:
828:
824:
823:
700:Skłodowska-Curie
560:
376:Neutron emission
144:' classification
96:Nuclear reaction
51:
37:
36:
21:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2436:
2420:
2411:Neutron capture
2399:
2382:
2376:
2293:nucleosynthesis
2292:
2285:
2276:Proton emission
2231:Gamma radiation
2212:
2205:
2200:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2109:
2105:
2095:
2093:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2036:
2012:
2006:
2002:
1955:
1948:
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1914:
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1848:
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1832:
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1819:
1812:
1805:
1795:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1751:
1743:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1719:
1711:
1701:
1700:
1694:
1683:
1673:
1672:
1666:
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1656:
1653:
1652:
1644:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1610:
1597:
1592:
1567:, resulting in
1547:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1479:quarks and one
1463:
1459:
1458:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1425:
1409:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1237:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1205:
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1200:
1198:
1197:
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1195:
1186:
1184:
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1178:
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1174:
1173:
1172:
1167:
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1153:
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1134:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1089:alpha particles
1077:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1001:
999:
998:
997:
993:
991:
990:
989:
988:
987:
982:
980:
979:
978:
974:
971:
970:
969:
968:
963:
961:
960:
959:
955:
952:
951:
950:
949:
924:
918:
883:beta plus decay
872:
831:
818:
817:
810:
809:
645:
635:
634:
615:
605:
604:
549:
545:
542:Nucleosynthesis
534:
533:
512:
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503:
453:
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444:
418:
416:Nuclear fission
408:
407:
381:Proton emission
310:
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256:
158:
145:
134:
133:
109:
41:Nuclear physics
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Beta plus decay
15:
12:
11:
5:
2480:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2432:(n-p) reaction
2428:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2416:Proton capture
2413:
2407:
2405:
2398:
2397:
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2384:
2378:
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2374:
2369:
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2328:
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2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2297:
2295:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2217:
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2207:
2206:
2199:
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2191:
2184:
2176:
2170:
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2154:
2153:External links
2151:
2148:
2147:
2103:
2073:
2066:
2045:
2034:
2000:
1963:EJNMMI Physics
1946:
1923:
1901:
1900:
1898:
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1878:
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1846:
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1808:
1803:
1793:
1787:if and only if
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1640:
1628:
1620:
1608:
1598:1.022 MeV
1590:
1551:= 0). Via the
1517:quark and two
1424:
1421:
1420:
1419:
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953:
941:decaying into
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6:
4:
3:
2:
2479:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2457:Radioactivity
2455:
2454:
2452:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2236:Cluster decay
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2208:
2204:
2197:
2192:
2190:
2185:
2183:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2107:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2069:
2067:9780444634962
2063:
2059:
2052:
2050:
2043:
2038:
2030:
2026:
2023:(3): 030001.
2022:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1951:
1942:
1939:(in French).
1938:
1934:
1927:
1912:
1906:
1902:
1894:
1843:20.4 min
1827:
1825:
1820:0.96 MeV
1817:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1766:
1752:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1720:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1695:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1667:
1662:
1659:
1650:
1639:
1637:
1632:
1613:
1607:
1603:
1595:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1520:
1516:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1456:
1455:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1413:
1408:
1405:
1400:
1380:
1377:
1372:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1232:
1193:
1152: +
1114: +
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1036:atomic number
1033:
948:
947:
946:
944:
940:
935:
933:
932:beta particle
929:
921:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
897:, in which a
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
869:
864:
862:
857:
855:
850:
849:
847:
846:
840:
830:
827:
822:
816:
815:
814:
813:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
647:
644:
639:
638:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
617:
614:
609:
608:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
585:
583:
582:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
563:
559:
558:
555:
552:
551:
548:
543:
538:
537:
530:
527:
523:
522:by cosmic ray
520:
519:
518:
515:
514:
508:
507:
498:
495:
493:
490:
489:
488:
485:
481:
478:
476:
473:
472:
471:
468:
464:
461:
460:
459:
456:
455:
449:
448:
441:
438:
434:
433:pair breaking
431:
430:
429:
426:
424:
421:
420:
417:
412:
411:
404:
401:
399:
398:Decay product
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
385:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
371:Cluster decay
369:
367:
364:
360:
357:
355:
352:
351:
350:
347:
345:
342:
338:
335:
331:
328:
327:
326:
323:
322:
321:
318:
316:
313:
312:
309:
304:
303:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
267:
261:
260:
251:
248:
247:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
227:
224:
220:
216:
215:Mirror nuclei
213:
212:
208:
205:
204:
201:
200:
197: −
196:
191:
188:
187:
184:
183:
178:
175:
174:
171:
170:
165:
162:
161:
157:
156:
151:
148:
147:
143:
138:
137:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
111:
108:
103:
102:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
86:Nuclear force
84:
82:
79:
75:
72:
70:
67:
66:
65:
62:
60:
57:
56:
55:
54:
50:
46:
45:
42:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2395:Photofission
2359:
2351:
2270:
2163:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2094:. Retrieved
2090:the original
2085:
2076:
2057:
2037:
2020:
2016:
2003:
1966:
1962:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1915:. Retrieved
1905:
1891:110 min
1828:
1813:
1800:
1798:
1790:
1782:
1648:
1645:
1611:
1605:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1518:
1514:
1480:
1476:
1452:
1436:
1426:
1280:strontium-83
1276:potassium-40
1272:aluminium-26
1238:
1091:(emitted by
1078:
1065:proton decay
1062:
1055:
1051:potassium-40
1040:
1029:
939:magnesium-23
936:
919:
903:radionuclide
886:
882:
878:
877:
440:Photofission
388:Decay energy
336:
315:Alpha α
222:
218:
198:
194:
181:
168:
154:
2221:Alpha decay
2211:Radioactive
1943:(153): 254.
1877:), and F (T
1859:10 min
1810:Application
1454:down quarks
1264:rubidium-82
1256:fluorine-18
1248:nitrogen-13
745:Oppenheimer
423:Spontaneous
393:Decay chain
344:K/L capture
320:Beta β
190:Isodiaphers
114:Liquid drop
2467:Antimatter
2451:Categories
2372:rp-process
2346:Si burning
2336:Ne burning
2306:Li burning
2226:Beta decay
1917:2012-06-14
1897:References
1875:2 min
1457:, with a −
1410:0.96
1284:iodine-124
1049:, such as
1043:cosmic ray
928:weak force
895:beta decay
775:Strassmann
765:Rutherford
643:Scientists
598:Artificial
593:Cosmogenic
588:Primordial
584:Nuclides:
561:Processes:
517:Spallation
2383:processes
2367:p-process
2341:O burning
2331:C burning
2321:α process
2316:CNO cycle
2142:250744282
1824:carbon-11
1767:−
1745:−
1688:−
1681:→
1651:masses,
1438:up quarks
1268:sodium-22
1260:copper-64
1252:oxygen-15
1244:carbon-11
943:sodium-23
901:inside a
780:Świątecki
695:Pi. Curie
690:Fr. Curie
685:Ir. Curie
680:Cockcroft
655:Becquerel
576:Supernova
280:Drip line
275:p–n ratio
250:Borromean
129:Ab initio
2462:Electron
2425:Exchange
2362:-process
2354:-process
2326:Triple-α
1995:27271304
1969:(1): 8.
1937:J. Phys.
1569:electron
1521:quarks (
1473:neutrons
1292:neutrino
1240:Isotopes
1133: →
1093:polonium
1081:Frédéric
1079:In 1934
1047:isotopes
911:positron
839:Category
740:Oliphant
725:Lawrence
705:Davisson
675:Chadwick
571:Big Bang
458:electron
428:Products
349:Isomeric
240:Even/odd
217: –
192:– equal
179:– equal
177:Isotones
166:– equal
152:– equal
150:Isotopes
142:Nuclides
64:Nucleons
2404:Capture
2291:Stellar
2122:Bibcode
1986:4894854
1883:⁄
1867:⁄
1861:), O (T
1851:⁄
1845:), N (T
1835:⁄
1546:⁄
1536:⁄
1526:⁄
1508:⁄
1498:⁄
1488:⁄
1483:quark (
1469:protons
1462:⁄
1446:⁄
1431:called
1406:+
1378:+
1351:+
1325:→
913:and an
907:neutron
893:called
887:β decay
795:Thomson
785:Szilárd
755:Purcell
735:Meitner
670:N. Bohr
665:A. Bohr
650:Alvarez
566:Stellar
470:neutron
354:Gamma γ
207:Isomers
164:Isobars
59:Nucleus
2140:
2096:11 May
2064:
1993:
1983:
1649:atomic
1557:flavor
1451:, and
1433:quarks
1403:
1391:ν
1375:
1348:
1322:
1282:, and
1203:β
1016:ν
899:proton
837:
805:Wigner
800:Walton
790:Teller
720:Jensen
487:proton
230:Stable
2381:Other
2213:decay
2138:S2CID
2013:(PDF)
1559:from
1288:boron
885:, or
770:Soddy
750:Proca
730:Mayer
710:Fermi
660:Bethe
235:Magic
2098:2012
2062:ISBN
1991:PMID
1577:down
1561:down
1519:down
1481:down
1471:and
1083:and
760:Rabi
715:Hahn
625:RHIC
245:Halo
2130:doi
2025:doi
1981:PMC
1971:doi
1783:two
1563:to
1412:MeV
630:LHC
544:and
2453::
2136:.
2128:.
2118:37
2116:.
2084:.
2048:^
2021:45
2019:.
2015:.
1989:.
1979:.
1965:.
1961:.
1949:^
1889:=
1873:=
1857:=
1841:=
1826:.
1624:Be
1596:=
1573:up
1565:up
1541:−
1531:−
1515:up
1503:−
1493:+
1477:up
1294::
1278:,
1274:,
1270:,
1258:,
1254:,
1250:,
1246:,
1218:15
1177:15
1139:15
1124:Al
1120:13
1105:He
1071:.
1006:+
986:+
977:Na
973:11
967:→
958:Mg
954:12
945::
881:,
497:rp
463:2×
330:0v
325:2β
221:↔
2360:s
2352:r
2195:e
2188:t
2181:v
2144:.
2132::
2124::
2100:.
2070:.
2031:.
2027::
1997:.
1973::
1967:3
1941:5
1920:.
1885:2
1881:1
1869:2
1865:1
1853:2
1849:1
1837:2
1833:1
1804:e
1801:m
1794:e
1791:m
1761:e
1753:0
1748:1
1741:+
1735:+
1729:e
1721:0
1716:1
1713:+
1709:+
1703:Y
1696:A
1691:1
1685:Z
1675:X
1668:A
1663:Z
1612:c
1609:e
1606:m
1594:c
1591:e
1588:m
1548:3
1544:1
1538:3
1534:1
1528:3
1524:2
1510:3
1506:1
1500:3
1496:2
1490:3
1486:2
1464:3
1460:1
1448:3
1444:2
1396:e
1364:e
1338:B
1334:5
1312:C
1308:6
1222:P
1181:P
1162:n
1158:0
1143:P
1101:2
1021:e
996:e
923:e
920:ν
917:(
867:e
860:t
853:v
492:p
480:r
475:s
337:β
223:N
219:Z
199:Z
195:N
182:N
169:A
155:Z
74:n
69:p
34:.
20:)
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