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and sneaks out in the night to inform on him; in others, the local
Communist Party functionary breastfeeds Stepok's young sister; in still others, Stepok's father says after shooting his son, "They took you from me, but I did not give you to them. I did not give my own flesh and blood." After Stepok's death, the same aforementioned Communist official carries him off, joined by other children, in a funeral march that was said to evolve into a victory march.
772:", and faulted Eisenstein for presenting enemies in a possibly favorable light. According to Nikolai Otten, Eisenstein's failure was due to filming an emotional scenario, thinking it freed him from studio control. Boris Babitsky, the chief of Mosfilm Studio (the producers of the film), took responsibility for the production's failure, and for not controlling Eisenstein's work or halting filming earlier; Babitsky was later arrested for this.
599:
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645:, and spanned two years. When casting the production, Eisenstein had preferred to not use professional actors, instead using people who represented "types" to play a given role. Two thousand young boys were auditioned during the search for the ideal young actor to play the part of Stepok, the renamed Morozov character. Filming took place in many locations, primarily in Moscow studios, and remote locations in the
333:: "If the son betrays his father, kill him like a dog!" Samokhin is arrested for arson, and Stepok leaves with a Communist functionary. The other arsonists take refuge in the local church, and are soon arrested. The arsonists are nearly lynched, but are saved from the villagers' wrath by Stepok. The villagers transform the church into a clubhouse, symbolically ridiculing religion or the clergy.
501:
555:, and later executed. However, Pavlik's family did not approve of the young boy's actions. On September 3 of that year, his uncle, grandfather, grandmother and a cousin murdered him, along with his younger brother. All of them except the uncle were rounded up by the GPU, convicted, and sentenced to "the highest measure of social defense", execution by a
245:, it tells the story of a young farm boy whose father attempts to betray the government for political reasons by sabotaging the year's harvest and the son's efforts to stop his own father to protect the Soviet state, culminating in the boy's murder and a social uprising. The film draws its title from a story by
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crops. Samokhin grows progressively more frustrated by his son's actions and success. Eventually, Stepok reports
Samokhin's crimes to the Soviet government authorities, and is in turn slain by his own father for betraying his family. The other Young Pioneers break into the local church, singing songs, and
634:, the then-head of the Soviet GUK (Principal Directorate for the Cinema) ordered a halt in production and directed that the film be re-written. The script was again revised, with Eisenstein acknowledging errors in his production after a further version was rejected by the studio. During the creation of
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history were that Pavlik
Morozov may not have even been a member of the Young Pioneers. Morozov had been called a "disturbed young boy" who was unaware of the consequences of what he was doing and turned his father in to the authorities for having abandoned his mother for a younger woman, rather than
336:
In some versions, the destruction of the church was replaced with a scene of villagers fighting the arsonist's fire. In the film, the fire was started when the arsonists threw dried sunflowers and lit matches into the community's fuel storage area. In some cuts, Stepok overhears his father's planning
590:
Herbert
Marshall argued that by 1931, government interference in Soviet artistic work was already well established, in various forms: from peers of the artists, guided by 'above'; from "the different circles competent to judge it"; and ultimately from the Communist Party and Stalin himself. This all
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where the villagers desecrate the village church in response to Stepok's death, which was removed in later versions of the film, has been called "one of the great set-pieces in cinema", and a further demonstration of the
Biblical imagery featured in the film. Among such visuals from the desecration
315:
village, who is a member of the local Young
Pioneers Communist organization, as are other local children. His father Samokhin, a farmer, plans to sabotage the village harvest for political reasons by burning down the titular meadow, but Stepok organizes the other Young Pioneer children to guard the
776:
felt that
Eisenstein did not want to be a "Soviet person", giving this as a reason for the failure of the film. David Maryan, another director, blamed Eisenstein for looking down on others, taking no pleasure in the achievements of others, and for being a loner. Eisenstein's political status came
768:, which diminished Eisenstein's reputation in the Soviet Union to the lowest point in his career, others soon weighed in. Some criticism of the film was that it was too abstract or formalist, echoing Shumyatsky's views. Ilya Vaisfeld called the film and Eisenstein's methods "profoundly hostile to
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was overtly negative, however. In the years after the film closed its production, studios and film organizations in major
Russian cities including Moscow, Leningrad, and Kiev held seminars to examine the lessons of the film, with some of the sessions lasting days. A former student of Eisenstein,
710:
only because it offered him an opportunity to indulge in formalistic exercises. Instead of creating a strong, clear, direct work, Eisenstein detached his work from reality, from the colors and heroism of reality. He consciously reduced the work's ideological content." Shumyatsky would lose his
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in my outlook and creative method". Eisenstein finally wrote, "What caused catastrophe to overtake the picture I had worked on for two years? What was the mistaken viewpoint which, despite honesty of feelings and devotion to work, brought the production to a perversion of reality, making it
328:
with
Turgenev's name on it. It is next revealed that Stepok's mother has been beaten to death by his father. In a dark hut, Samokhin complains that his son has a greater loyalty to the Soviet than his own family, as Stepok enters from the bright day outside. His father quotes from the
29:
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came to an end. The unfinished and unreleased film reels were destroyed during a World War II bombing raid in 1941. In a later published response to
Shumyatsky titled "The Mistakes of Bezhin Meadow", Eisenstein pledged he would "rid myself of the last anarchistic traits of
320:
it in response to Stepok's death. The visuals of the film shift during the destruction of the church, with the villagers becoming that which they are destroying—the angry villagers, by the end of the set piece, are depicted as Christ-like, angelic, and prophetic figures.
789:. Grigori Alexandrov, a filmmaker Eisenstein had worked with previously, was denounced for "raising himself above the community" because he did not speak out against his associate. Esfir Shub suggested that as Eisenstein was not present in the USSR during the
668:
with the struggle between good and evil". By an order from the Chief Directorate of Soviet Cinema, production of the film was stopped permanently on March 17, 1937. Shumyatsky complained that Eisenstein had presented the conflicts of the film in somewhat
527:: opposing the state was selfish and reactionary, and the state was more important than family. The most popular account of the Morozov story is as follows: born to poor peasants in Gerasimovka, a small village 350 kilometres (220 mi) north-east of
257:
following his death in 1932, after he supposedly denounced his father to Soviet government authorities and subsequently died at the hands of his family. Pavlik Morozov was immortalized in school programs, poetry, music, and film.
265:
youth group, the film's production ran from 1935 to 1937, until it was halted by the central Soviet government, which said it contained artistic, social, and political failures. Some, however, blamed the failure of
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under attack as well due to the film. G. Zeldovich, of the Principal Directorate for the Cinema, questioned whether Eisenstein should be free to work with film students due to his political unreliability.
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was well received by Eisenstein, but there were initial concerns about the quality of the plot and characterization involved. The commission for the production was issued by the Communist Youth League, or
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was that Eisenstein was wasting money and resources in producing it; conversely, before his execution, Shumyatsky himself was charged with wasting money and resources by cancelling films such as
360:; the chubby young boy in the shirt, raised high under the cupola towards the slanting sun-ray which turns his locks golden, is the young Jesus Christ ascending to the Heavenly Throne."
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before its release. Multiple versions of the film were banned by the committee, which cited them as "inartistic and politically bankrupt", and claimed that Eisenstein "confused the
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work, and was to focus on "the socialist reconstruction of the countryside". Filming began in the middle of 1935, and in October 1935 the first developed film was presented to the
292:
for its historical nature, the odd circumstances of its production and failure, and its imagery, which is considered some of the greatest in cinema. In spite of the failure of
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government position two years later, when he was charged with being an English spy, arrested, and shot. One of the reasons Shumyatsky gave for shutting down production of
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and the symbolic struggle between good and evil. Additionally, Birgit Beumers writes, "The peasants here are grey-bearded prophets; the young men are broad-shouldered
280:
was long thought lost in the wake of World War II bombings. In the 1960s, however, cuttings and partial prints of the film were found; from these, a reconstruction of
1404:
Beumers, Birgit (ed.). Russia on reels: the Russian idea in post-Soviet cinema. Kino: the Russian cinema series. London and New York: I.B. Tauris Publishers, 1999.
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himself. In the wake of the film's failure, Eisenstein publicly recanted his work as an error. Individuals were arrested during and after the ensuing debacle.
653:. During production, Eisenstein had the foresight to save the edited-out frames from every shot in the film, which allowed for the later reconstruction of
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After the film's final rejection, Shumyatsky took responsibility for the failure in the Soviet media, with an essay detailing the film's history in
408:
402:
497:, a collection of short stories. Eisenstein would later remove any direct references to Turgenev's fiction, aside from the title, from the film.
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was never completed, and a full version was never distributed, the film was later considered a celebration of Soviet political purposes and
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1938:
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was repeatedly edited, re-shot, and changed to satisfy the Soviet government authorities, several versions of the film were created.
2008:
1522:
288:, the film and its history became the focus of academic study. The film was extensively discussed both inside and outside of the
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364:, in its various unreleased versions, was "Dedicated to the bright memory of Pavlik Morozov, a small hero of our time" (cf.
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has had a rich legacy of responses and criticism since its original production. In the wake of Shumyatsky's statements in
888:; Leyda had been apprentice director and still photographer on the set. Of the Soviet films from the 1920s and 1930s,
566:, a full-length opera and six biographies. There is very little original evidence related to the story; much of it is
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Following the order to stop production of the film from the Soviet government and Shumyatsky, Eisenstein contracted
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630:. The studio requested changes, and production continued. In August 1936, with most of the principal filming done,
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were also created from the script, and a new spoken introduction was added. The film now exists as a 35-minute "
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class struggle. Eisenstein himself would later say that the murder of Stepok by his father was "reminiscent of
574:, the child is named Stepok, departing from the original historical lore and information. Among the ironies of
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884:, it focused on Leyda, a professor at the school and the lone American to have studied with Eisenstein at the
296:, Eisenstein rebounded to win Soviet acclaim and awards, and became artistic director of a major film studio.
2032:
519:, has no connection with Turgenev's literary work. Morozov was a 13-year-old boy who denounced his father, a
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propaganda film, famous for having been suppressed and believed destroyed before its completion. Directed by
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as a martyr. Turgenev's original short fiction titled "Bezhin Meadow" or "Bezhin Lea" was a story about
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In the 1960s, it was learned that Eisenstein's wife, Pera Attasheva, had saved splices of film from the
738:, and the film was destined to remain unfinished. He worked further on the story with the Soviet author
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The Cult of Ivan the Terrible in Stalin's Russia (Studies in Russian & Eastern European History)
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signs of death, while they spend the night in the Bezhin Meadow with a lost hunter. It is a part of
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857:. The film was edited to the original script, to preserve the original cutting continuity; new
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523:, to the Soviet government authorities, and was in turn killed by his family. It was a Soviet
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845:. Starting in 1964, a reconstruction of the film was created and set to a musical score by
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The Central Executive Committee of the Communist Party required that it screen and approve
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A later re-editing of the film opens with images of orchards and blue sky, showing a stone
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1976:
551:" (as his sentence read). The elder Morozov, Trofim, was sentenced to 10 years in a
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The Morozov story was developed into compulsory children's readings, songs, plays, a
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forging documents and selling them to the bandits and enemies of the Soviet State
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1247:. International Committee of the Fourth International (ICFI). Archived from
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The most sourced and best-known version focuses on Stepok, a young boy in a
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Eisenstein Rediscovered: Soviet Cinema of the '20s and '30s (Soviet Cinema)
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is the one that may be most cited in academic works related to film study.
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820:. In spite of the heavy criticisms he faced, Eisenstein was allowed by the
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539:. In 1932, at age 13, Morozov reported his father to the political police (
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The film, as mentioned by Shumyatsky and Eisenstein, is rich in religious
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was also said to be part of an ongoing campaign against the artistic
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1357:. Rutgers, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. pp. 193–212.
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The Film Factory: Russian and Soviet Cinema in Documents, 1896-1939
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that needed to be eliminated. Shumyatsky went on to say, " making
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on government interference and policies, extending all the way to
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who led the Young Pioneers at his school, and supported Stalin's
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1171:Žižek, Slavoj (Winter 2002). "A Plea for Leninist Intolerance".
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917:. In 1941, he became the artistic director of Mosfilm Studios.
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in the 1960s, even though the original prints were destroyed.
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to continue his career, and he created and released the film
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sequence were an image of a girl in a mirror, framed as the
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Masters of the Soviet Cinema: Crippled Creative Biographies
543:). Morozov's father, the Chairman of the Village Soviet or
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Lavalley, Albert J.; Scherr, Barry P., eds. (2001-04-04).
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Peotr Pavlenko, defended Eisenstein's work in the wake of
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scholar and novelist, but was adapted to incorporate the
249:, but is based on the (largely fabricated) life story of
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Eisenstein and Stalin: When art and politics clash (EIS)
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1387:. Translated by Stephen Heath. Glasgow: Fontana-Collins.
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politically insubstantial and consequently inartistic?"
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Shumyatsky, Boris (1994-12-13). "O fil'me Bezhin lug,
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The Mistakes of Bezhin Meadow: Sergei M. Eisenstein
609:Before production of the film began, the script by
1849:Beyond the Stars: The Memoirs of Sergei Eisenstein
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1617:Alexander Medvedkin: The Filmmaker's Companion 2
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812:likened Eisenstein's struggles with the film to
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1216:The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin's Russia
2103:Films about the Soviet Union in the Stalin era
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780:Not all of the commentary and examination of
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511:Morozov's life and death in the village of
405:as Political Commissar (as Pavel Ardzhanov)
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1309:. New York: Grove Press. pp. 351–378.
1063:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
440:Original Turgenev story and Pavlik Morozov
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1141:. New York: Routledge. pp. 378–381.
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455:The film was based in part on a story by
143:Gosudarstvennoe Upravlenie Kinematografii
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1591:The Occult in Russian and Soviet Culture
1588:Rosenthal, Bernice Glatzer (June 1997).
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872:was the focus of a retrospective at the
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1985:October: Ten Days That Shook the World
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1033:Caméra politique: cinéma et stalinisme
570:provided by second-hand witnesses. In
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1498:Ivan the Terrible: The Film Companion
1462:Sergei Eisenstein: A Life in Conflict
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1036:(in French). France. pp. 85–91.
1354:Eisenstein at 100: A Reconsideration
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1011:(in French). Iconotheque Russe Ehess
907:faced, Eisenstein would receive the
2083:Films directed by Sergei Eisenstein
1819:Van Gelder, Lawrence (1988-01-29).
1787:Ehrenstein, David (November 2002).
1523:"Bezhin Meadow Movie Review (1937)"
1385:Image-Music-Text: The Third Meaning
911:in 1939 due to the wild success of
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1842:
1274:Marshall, Herbert (January 1984).
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2149:
1868:
2138:Films scored by Sergei Prokofiev
1912:Full length film at arjlover.net
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903:. In spite of the problems that
591:led to the failed production of
1762:Perrie, Maureen (2002-02-09).
1719:Sergei Mikhailovich Eisenstein
1693:Taylor, Richard (1998-10-15).
1495:Neuberger, Joan (2003-09-13).
1425:Taylor, Richard (1993-07-28).
1278:. Routledge Kegan & Paul.
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993:
382:as Stepok (as Vitya Kartashov)
16:1937 film by Sergei Eisenstein
1:
2133:Films scored by Gavriil Popov
1864:, 1999 television documentary
1552:Figes, Orlando (2003-10-07).
1459:Bergan, Ronald (1999-04-01).
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585:
2118:Russian-language drama films
2093:1930s Russian-language films
2073:Soviet black-and-white films
1678:. Crown Publishers. p.
1640:Christie, Ian (1993-06-25).
1594:. Cornell University Press.
1098:. 1937-03-27. Archived from
1030:Feigelson, Kristian (1937).
962:Cinema of the Russian Empire
547:, was alleged to have been "
7:
1615:Widdis, Emma (2005-01-13).
1428:Stalinism and Soviet Cinema
1243:Jonas, Marty (1998-02-11).
1135:". In Christie, Ian (ed.).
1090:"Rebuke and Reorganization"
920:
886:Moscow State Film Institute
876:in New York City. Entitled
868:". In 1988, the filming of
727:in Joseph Stalin's Russia.
694:. According to Shumyatsky,
352:; the peasant wrecking the
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10:
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1646:. Routledge. p. 280.
967:Cinema of the Soviet Union
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483:boys in the 1850s, in the
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849:by Russian film director
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1670:Moussinac, Leon (1970).
1525:. Film 4. Archived from
1383:Barthes, Roland (1977).
874:Tisch School of the Arts
853:with Eisenstein scholar
2108:Soviet propaganda films
582:for political reasons.
373:
299:
2063:1930s unfinished films
1766:. Palgrave Macmillan.
626:, which was producing
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508:
494:A Sportsman's Sketches
452:
895:Though production of
816:'s conflict with the
719:. The suppression of
611:Aleksandr Rzheshevsky
601:
503:
447:
130:(reconstructed music)
53:Aleksandr Rzheshevsky
2001:Romance sentimentale
1465:. Overlook. p.
791:first five-year plan
756:Reactions and legacy
398:Yekaterina Teleshova
87:Yekaterina Teleshova
51:Sergei M. Eisenstein
1977:Battleship Potemkin
1560:. Picador. p.
1102:on January 25, 2012
487:region, discussing
427:Stanislav Rostotsky
286:religious symbolism
2113:Soviet drama films
2098:Soviet short films
2088:1930s Soviet films
1947:Films directed by
1826:The New York Times
1003:Pré de Béjine (Le)
972:List of lost films
841:that was used for
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509:
453:
422:Serafim Kozminskiy
367:A Hero of Our Time
313:collective farming
261:Commissioned by a
2043:
2042:
2033:Ivan the Terrible
2009:¡Que viva México!
1949:Sergei Eisenstein
1857:978-0-85170-460-9
1773:978-0-333-65684-6
1704:978-1-86064-167-1
1674:Sergei Eisenstein
1653:978-0-415-04950-4
1626:978-1-85043-405-4
1601:978-0-8014-8331-8
1571:978-0-312-42195-3
1508:978-1-86064-560-0
1476:978-0-87951-924-7
1438:978-0-415-07285-4
1364:978-0-8135-2971-4
1285:978-0-7100-9287-8
1224:978-0-8050-7461-1
1148:978-0-415-05298-6
459:, a 19th-century
243:Sergei Eisenstein
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40:Sergei Eisenstein
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2123:1937 short films
2068:1937 drama films
2025:Alexander Nevsky
1993:The General Line
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882:: A Life's Work"
851:Sergei Yutkevich
847:Sergei Prokofiev
827:Alexander Nevsky
681:'s sacrifice of
632:Boris Shumyatsky
603:Boris Shumyatsky
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433:Sergey Averkiyev
386:Nikolay Khmelyov
380:Viktor Kartashov
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82:Nikolai Khmelyov
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1821:"At the Movies"
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721:Bezhin Meadow
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1907:(in Russian)
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1799:the original
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1100:the original
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1047:. Retrieved
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1013:. Retrieved
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221:
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195:Soviet Union
183:Running time
160:Release date
107:Eduard Tisse
1745:|work=
935:Film portal
863:silent film
859:intertitles
818:Inquisition
800:Virgin Mary
774:Ivan Pyryev
740:Isaac Babel
725:avant-garde
513:Gerasimovka
418:Vadim Gusev
354:iconostasis
346:Renaissance
342:iconography
90:Erast Garin
68:Produced by
49:Isaak Babel
36:Directed by
2058:1937 films
2052:Categories
1832:2008-04-06
1805:2010-04-25
1728:0787693189
1533:2008-04-07
1255:2010-04-25
1106:2008-01-08
988:References
982:Soviet art
901:informants
866:slide show
586:Production
553:labor camp
529:Sverdlovsk
477:propaganda
388:as Peasant
234:Bezhin lug
187:30 minutes
136:Production
46:Written by
2036:(1944-46)
1902:story by
1747:ignored (
1737:cite book
1193:162381806
1059:cite book
1007:БЕЖИН ЛУГ
880:Jay Leyda
822:politburo
770:socialism
736:influenza
704:Formalism
675:socialist
545:Selsoviet
533:communist
467:story of
318:desecrate
263:communist
228:Бежин луг
214:2 million
112:Edited by
1892:AllMovie
1305:(1960).
1218:, 2007,
921:See also
732:smallpox
651:Caucasus
649:and the
616:Komsomol
350:Madonnas
304:Because
200:Language
120:Music by
76:Starring
58:Story by
814:Galileo
700:slander
679:Abraham
647:Ukraine
568:hearsay
515:in the
481:peasant
461:Russian
326:obelisk
203:Russian
192:Country
169: (
153:Mosfilm
138:company
2028:(1938)
2020:(1937)
2012:(1937)
2004:(1930)
1996:(1929)
1988:(1928)
1980:(1925)
1972:(1925)
1969:Strike
1964:(1923)
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698:was a
691:Pravda
643:rubles
605:, 1924
579:'s
507:, 1932
451:, 1872
429:as Boy
358:Samson
255:martyr
239:Soviet
208:Budget
1189:S2CID
805:pietà
683:Isaac
521:kulak
485:Oryol
331:Bible
1881:IMDb
1853:ISBN
1768:ISBN
1749:help
1723:ISBN
1699:ISBN
1648:ISBN
1621:ISBN
1596:ISBN
1566:ISBN
1503:ISBN
1471:ISBN
1433:ISBN
1406:ISBN
1359:ISBN
1280:ISBN
1220:ISBN
1143:ISBN
1095:Time
1065:link
1051:2010
1038:ISBN
1017:2010
832:1938
465:folk
374:Cast
300:Plot
171:1937
167:1937
1890:at
1879:at
1680:167
1562:479
1467:287
1181:doi
1005:— (
830:in
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541:GPU
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225:(
212:₱
173:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
