792:
902:
170:
1518:
514:. He kept the larger regions and combined the smaller city states. Pontus never became a province of its own. It was simply added to its former competitor, Bithynia, while its name was tacked on at the end of Bithynia. This was not a marriage of different cultures. The coast of the Black Sea had long been Hellenized, despite differences of ancestral populations. The new province began in 63 BC. It was of storied wealth and importance to the Republic. Pompey went on to be in the
36:
507:, a term that would find more use after the Civil War. He had the full support of Caesar, then coming into his own. He was to have a totally free hand in Asia. By 64 BC all of Mithridates' allies had been defeated or forced to change sides. Driven from Pontus, hunted through Anatolia, he was assassinated at last by former friends hoping to win Roman favor.
879:, the Roman client king of Cappadocia, in 8 BC, thereby joining the several eastern client kingdom under a single family. Following Archelaus' death in 14 AD and the subsequent transformation of Cappadocia into a directly governed province in 18 AD, Pythodorida lost her title as queen of Cappadocia.
494:
ensued and dragged on. At the end of their consulships the two commanders stayed on as proconsuls. Mithridates was able to mobilize almost all the rest of
Anatolia against them. The two populares were insufficiently skilled to take on Mithridates. Cotta was removed finally by the Senate on a charge
747:
fled from Italy and assumed command of the
Republic's eastern provinces, including Bithynia and Pontus, in 43 BC. When Crispus refused to serve the assassin of his patron, Cassius had him removed from office and forced into retirement. Following the defeat of Brutus and Cassius by the
716:, Caesar left Egypt in 47 BC and travelled through Syria, Cilicia, and Cappadocia to face Pharnaces II. As Pharnaces II gained word of Caesar's approach with his veteran army, he sent envoys to seek a peace, which Caesar refused. Caesar met Pharnaces II at the
562:, a temperate plateau of grasslands and low forests. The province extended up the slopes to the ridge. On its reverse side were valleys and plateaus in which were situated cities that were on the edge of the coastal province but were not part of it.
933:. Imperial provinces were border lands which required a permanent military presence to protect the Empire from invasion. As such, only the Emperor (as supreme commander of the army) had the right to appoint the governors of those provinces.
495:
of corruption. Lucullus' men mutinied. In the confusion he lost nearly all
Anatolia and was out of it. Their patience at an end, the Senate chose the best commander they had. In 66 BC Rome passed the
763:
The Second
Triumvirate expired in 33 BC, ending Antony's legal right to govern the Eastern half of the Republic. With the Triumvirate lapsed, the struggle for dominance between Antony and
1030:
345:
1580:
475:, an optimate in power. Forever after Caesar had to endure scurrilous optimate slander about his relationship to Nicomedes, but Bithynia became a favored project of the populares.
1022:
791:
317:
720:, decisively defeating the Pontic king and reassessing Roman dominance over Asia Minor. Upon his return to the Bosporan Kingdom, Pharnaces II was assassinated by his son-in-law
1625:
893:
deposed him in 62 AD. Cilicia was then annexed into a directly governed Roman province and Pontus was re-incorporated in
Cappadocia, then a directly governed Roman province.
1615:
542:
is Latin "and") comprised a coastal strip of hilly country containing tracts of intensely fertile, arable land, in a mild and moist climate, on the southern shore of the
1180:
352:
338:
324:
299:
285:
841:
Following
Arsaces' untimely death the next year in 36 BC, Antony appointed Polemon I as client king of Pontus. Years later, in 16 BC, Polemon I, at the request of
901:
775:, Antony, supported by the Eastern provinces (including Bithynia and Pontus) went to Egypt's aid against Octavian. Octavian's victory over Antony at the
1517:
1257:
724:. In return, Caesar named Asander as the kingdom's new Roman client king. Caesar then incorporated Lesser Armenia into the Roman client kingdom of
486:, seeing a prospective addition to his kingdom about to escape, attacked Bithynia even before the consul arrived. Cotta sent for his co-consul,
1096:
456:
1541:
522:. The last popular standing, Octavian Caesar, assumed the title imperator on a permanent basis and was granted another by the Senate,
467:, party of the "best." The guest-friendship had been offered to Caesar, a popular, to save his life by keeping him from Rome during a
590:
directly governed by the
Republic. The Romans were not actually able to put that annexation into practice until 64 BC, when Pompey
100:
1219:
Between Roman culture and local tradition: Roman provincial coinage of
Bithynia and Pontus during the reign of Trajan (98-117 AD)
948:
allowed the Senate to appoint the governors of these provinces as it had done with all provinces under the
Republican system: a
72:
1620:
779:
in 31 BC ensured
Octavian's position as undisputed master of the Roman world. In 27 BC, Octavian became "Augustus": the first
905:
The Roman provinces of Asia Minor under Trajan, including the western Asia Minor Senatorial province of "Bithynia and Pontus".
739:
as governor of Bithynia and Pontus. Following Caesar's assassination on March 15, 44 BC, by the members of the Roman Senate,
701:
respectively, appealed to Calvinus for protection and soon the Roman forces sought battle with Pharnaces II. They met at the
440:(annexed to Bithynia 63 BC). The amalgamation was part of a wider conquest of Anatolia and its reduction to Roman provinces.
1199:
1590:
1250:
479:
79:
53:
940:
and did not possess any significant military force; the province of Bithynia and Pontus, being located along the southern
910:
447:
willed his kingdom to the Romans, whom he hoped would defend it against its old enemy, Pontus. Due to the influence of
17:
1610:
1226:
1193:
1147:
119:
86:
709:
in 48 BC, where Pharnaces II soundly defeated the Roman army and overran much of Cappadocia, Pontus, and Bithynia.
598:) into the Republic as the directly governed province of "Bithynia et Pontus". As for the eastern half of Pontus ("
1243:
772:
68:
1630:
694:
591:
511:
57:
826:, the Roman client king of Pontus. Antony also granted to Darius the rulership of the Roman client kingdom of
728:
to serve as a buffer between Rome's interests in Asia Minor against future aggression from Eastern kingdoms.
402:
1585:
1462:
619:
1266:
1340:
702:
886:
following her death in 38 AD. Polemon II ruled as a Roman client king over Pontus and Cilicia until the
1605:
1447:
815:
713:
1370:
767:
intensified. As Octavian built up his support in the West, Antony drew ever closer to Egyptian Queen
1140:
Le Demos et la cité : communautés et assemblées populaires en Asie Mineure à l'époque impériale
526:. Bithynia and Pontus went on from that date, 27 BC, as an imperial province, a name which it kept.
1507:
1497:
1380:
1345:
1325:
1305:
1106:
868:
853:
842:
659:
654:
and subsequent death in 48 BC, Deiotarus faced execution by Caesar's forces until the Roman orator
586:
aggression, bequeathed his kingdom to Rome. The Senate immediately voted to annex the kingdom as a
579:
483:
444:
1595:
1452:
1437:
1375:
1290:
1280:
876:
736:
721:
559:
93:
46:
650:), sided with his old patron Pompey against Caesar. However, following Pompey's defeated at the
518:
with his fellow Populares. It was the peak of his career. They had a falling-out and fought the
1425:
1285:
1235:
1050:
823:
744:
393:
1527:
Italy was never constituted as a province, instead retaining a special juridical status until
459:
before the Senate, the gift was accepted. Contemporary Rome was divided into two parties, the
1600:
1320:
1005:, around AD 134 the Senate ceded control of Bithynia and Pontus to the Emperor in return for
872:
860:, becoming ruler of that realm in addition to Pontus and Cilicia. Polemone I would later add
655:
627:
575:
491:
169:
1457:
1350:
930:
883:
740:
8:
1355:
1034:
831:
651:
571:
290:
1442:
1400:
1395:
1006:
926:
875:
became client queen of Pontus, Cilicia, and Colchis. Pythodorida would marry then King
753:
749:
237:
998:) in the Imperial period, to a much greater degree than the rest of Roman Asia Minor.
1487:
1482:
1410:
1405:
1222:
1189:
1143:
1101:
1076:
1042:
983:
978:
937:
835:
811:
583:
515:
437:
304:
223:
1415:
1385:
1071:
1066:
857:
819:
776:
725:
674:
555:
482:, a maternal uncle of Julius Caesar, was sent to secure the province as governor.
1300:
922:
663:
519:
206:
1179:
French, David H (2013). "Fasc. 3.4 Pontus et Bithynia (with northern Galatia)".
1390:
1310:
994:
The cities of Bithynia took on many features of Roman cities (e.g. councils of
914:
803:
732:
717:
686:
678:
658:
pleaded his case and secured his pardon from Caesar. Caesar subsequently named
647:
599:
587:
535:
429:
413:
382:
148:
594:
Bithynia and the western half of Pontus (including the Greek cities along the
554:. Just to the south of the coastal strip was an east-west striking range, the
1574:
1556:
1543:
1335:
1315:
1295:
1188:. Electronic Monograph 4. Vol. 3 Milestones. Ankara: British Institute.
1038:
887:
861:
846:
780:
682:
623:
452:
448:
390:
1360:
918:
670:
631:
468:
417:
152:
830:. His reign lasted until his death in 37 BC, after which Antony appointed
510:
The wealth of Anatolia was now at Rome's command. It was Pompey's task to
1502:
1431:
1365:
1002:
944:
coast, was an exception although it too lacked any significant garrison.
757:
496:
1528:
1018:
995:
807:
643:
991:(ruled 98-117) are a major source on Roman provincial administration.
455:
of Nicomedes, and an impassioned speech by the deceased king's sister
174:
The province of Bithynia et Pontus within the Roman Empire, ca. 125 AD
1420:
1084:
954:
949:
941:
867:
Following Polemon I's death in 8 BC, he was succeeded by his stepson
768:
698:
639:
607:
595:
547:
543:
504:
464:
460:
421:
182:
35:
1080:
1026:
970:
959:
945:
849:
795:
764:
706:
523:
487:
433:
425:
331:
219:
1021:, c.295, Bithynia et Pontus was divided into 3 smaller provinces:
187:
1477:
964:
827:
690:
603:
551:
1265:
662:
as his chief lieutenant in Asia Minor while Caesar traveled to
1492:
1472:
1467:
1075:. The province of Bithynia and Pontus was reorganized into the
988:
798:
in the early 1st century AD with Pontus as a Roman client state
635:
500:
370:
191:
871:
as client king of the Bosporan Kingdom and by his second wife
472:
139:
864:
to his realm of client kingdoms he ruled on behalf of Rome.
890:
407:
936:
Senatorial provinces, conversely, were centered along the
618:
Bithynia and Pontus became an important player during the
1142:. Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes. p. 119.
1581:
States and territories established in the 1st century BC
574:
became a Roman ally around 149 BC. In 74 BC, during the
1626:
7th-century disestablishments in the Byzantine Empire
760:
assumed command of the Republic's eastern provinces.
582:
died and, hoping to secure his kingdom from further
1616:
1st-century BC establishments in the Roman Republic
1065:Following the Muslim invasions of the 640s AD, the
428:(modern-day Turkey). It was formed during the late
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1572:
1128:(Princeton: University Press, 1984), p. 392
981:was governor of the province in AD 110-113. His
626:crossed the Rubicon River in 49 BC and started
1097:List of Roman governors of Bithynia and Pontus
602:"), Pompey added its territory to that of the
432:by the amalgamation of the former kingdoms of
1251:
814:) from the rulership of the Cappadocian king
478:The Populares held both consulships at Rome.
1017:Under the administrative reforms of emperor
712:After defeating the Ptolemaic forces at the
638:fled to the East. The Galatian client king
27:Roman province located in modern-day Turkey
1258:
1244:
1182:Roman Roads & Milestones of Asia Minor
1069:reorganized its provincial structure into
168:
962:over the territory, and be assisted by a
882:Pythodorida was succeeded by her stepson
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
900:
790:
613:
1137:
681:, seized the opportunity and conquered
14:
1573:
1178:
1239:
1216:
802:In 39 BC, Antony stripped control of
610:as a reward for his loyalty to Rome.
1267:Provinces of the early Roman Empire
436:(made a province by Rome 74 BC) and
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
1037:around 820). These belonged to the
24:
911:Constitutional Reforms of Augustus
838:as client king of Lesser Armenia.
25:
1642:
463:, party of the "people," and the
346:Paphlagonia (late Roman province)
1516:
350:
336:
322:
297:
283:
34:
1172:
689:. The rulers of Cappadocia and
673:, the Roman client king of the
558:, isolating the coast from the
45:needs additional citations for
1156:
1131:
1118:
974:who handled financial issues.
968:or a lieutenant governor, and
834:as client king of Cilicia and
773:Octavian declared war on Egypt
318:Bithynia (late Roman province)
13:
1:
1621:1st-century BC establishments
1138:Fernoux, Henri-Louis (2011).
1054:
1046:
896:
786:
550:to approximately the city of
409:Eparkhía Bithynías kai Póntou
243:
160:
1112:
606:under the Roman client king
529:
408:
387:Provincia Bithynia et Pontus
136:Provincia Bithynia et Pontus
7:
1591:Roman provinces in Anatolia
1126:The Senate of Imperial Rome
1090:
1012:
620:Roman Republican civil wars
398:Επαρχία Βιθυνίας και Πόντου
141:Επαρχία Βιθυνίας και Πόντου
10:
1647:
1049:314), in turn part of the
816:Ariarathes X of Cappadocia
669:With the Caesar in Egypt,
565:
471:(a kind of witch-hunt) by
397:
140:
1525:
1514:
1276:
1060:
845:and with the approval of
630:, many of members of the
451:, then a young man and a
366:
262:
258:
254:
250:
234:
216:
212:
202:
198:
178:
167:
158:
147:
134:
1611:History of the Black Sea
1306:Alpes Graiae et Poeninae
1221:. Oxford: Archaeopress.
1107:Mithridates VI of Pontus
913:, which transformed the
869:Tiberius Julius Aspurgus
843:Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
677:and the youngest son of
660:Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus
634:under the leadership of
580:Nicomedes IV of Bithynia
512:divide it into provinces
488:Lucius Licinius Lucullus
484:Mithridates VI of Pontus
445:Nicomedes IV of Bithynia
1453:Mauretania Caesariensis
1217:Zając, Barbara (2023).
987:("Letters") to emperor
737:Quintus Marcius Crispus
560:Central Anatolia Region
538:of Bithynia et Pontus (
503:, a popular, as Summus
1426:Hispania Tarraconensis
1051:Prefecture of the East
906:
824:Pharnaces II of Pontus
799:
745:Gaius Cassius Longinus
731:In 45 BC, Caesar, now
386:
1631:Roman client kingdoms
952:was used to select a
904:
873:Pythodorida of Pontus
794:
656:Marcus Tullius Cicero
614:Republican civil wars
576:Third Mithridatic War
492:Third Mithridatic War
480:Marcus Aurelius Cotta
69:"Bithynia and Pontus"
1458:Mauretania Tingitana
1351:Corsica and Sardinia
1291:Africa proconsularis
1035:Theme of Paphlagonia
931:senatorial provinces
884:Polemon II of Pontus
741:Marcus Junius Brutus
412:) was the name of a
54:improve this article
1586:Bithynia and Pontus
1557:41.5000°N 33.2600°E
1553: /
1356:Crete and Cyrenaica
1331:Bithynia and Pontus
832:Polemon I of Pontus
756:in 42 BC, Triumvir
703:Battle of Nicopolis
652:Battle of Pharsulus
646:of eastern Pontus (
572:Kingdom of Bithynia
379:Bithynia and Pontus
291:Kingdom of Bithynia
1443:Lycia et Pamphylia
1421:Hispania Lusitania
1401:Gallia Narbonensis
1396:Gallia Lugdunensis
1007:Lycia et Pamphylia
927:imperial provinces
925:were divided into
907:
800:
754:Battle of Philippi
750:Second Triumvirate
714:Battle of the Nile
604:Kingdom of Galatia
592:officially annexed
238:Diocletian Reforms
18:Bithynia et Pontus
1606:Roman Paphlagonia
1536:
1535:
1488:Pannonia Superior
1483:Pannonia Inferior
1411:Germania Superior
1406:Germania Inferior
1270:
1124:Richard Talbert,
1102:Kingdom of Pontus
1033:(replaced by the
979:Pliny the Younger
977:The Roman writer
938:Mediterranean Sea
836:Arsaces of Pontus
812:Kingdom of Pontus
516:First Triumvirate
406:
376:
375:
362:
361:
358:
357:
310:
309:
305:Kingdom of Pontus
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
1638:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1562:41.5000; 33.2600
1558:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1520:
1416:Hispania Baetica
1386:Gallia Aquitania
1268:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1198:. Archived from
1187:
1167:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1135:
1129:
1122:
1067:Byzantine Empire
1056:
1048:
858:Bosporan Kingdom
820:Darius of Pontus
777:Battle of Actium
733:dictator of Rome
695:Ariobarzanes III
675:Bosporan Kingdom
556:Pontic Mountains
411:
401:
399:
354:
353:
340:
339:
326:
325:
314:
313:
301:
300:
287:
286:
280:
279:
264:
263:
245:
172:
162:
143:
142:
137:
132:
131:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1571:
1570:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1532:
1521:
1512:
1473:Moesia Superior
1468:Moesia Inferior
1301:Alpes Maritimae
1272:
1264:
1229:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1185:
1175:
1170:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1136:
1132:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1093:
1063:
1015:
958:who would have
909:As part of the
899:
789:
664:Ptolemaic Egypt
642:, ruler of the
616:
568:
532:
520:Roman Civil War
351:
337:
323:
298:
284:
240:
227:
185:
173:
138:
135:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1644:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1596:Roman Bithynia
1593:
1588:
1583:
1534:
1533:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1391:Gallia Belgica
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1311:Arabia Petraea
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1263:
1262:
1255:
1248:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1227:
1214:
1194:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1168:
1155:
1148:
1130:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1092:
1089:
1062:
1059:
1014:
1011:
915:Roman Republic
898:
895:
810:of the former
804:Lesser Armenia
788:
785:
718:Battle of Zela
687:Lesser Armenia
679:Mithridates VI
648:Lesser Armenia
615:
612:
600:Lesser Armenia
567:
564:
536:Roman province
531:
528:
430:Roman Republic
374:
373:
368:
364:
363:
360:
359:
356:
355:
348:
342:
341:
334:
328:
327:
320:
311:
308:
307:
302:
294:
293:
288:
276:
275:
270:
260:
259:
256:
255:
252:
251:
248:
247:
241:
235:
232:
231:
228:
217:
214:
213:
210:
209:
204:
203:Historical era
200:
199:
196:
195:
180:
176:
175:
165:
164:
156:
155:
145:
144:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1643:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1569:
1566:
1530:
1524:
1519:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1296:Alpes Cottiae
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1230:
1228:9781803274652
1224:
1220:
1215:
1205:on 2022-01-07
1201:
1197:
1195:9781898249283
1191:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1166:, p. 395
1165:
1159:
1151:
1149:9782753514355
1145:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1121:
1117:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1058:
1053:(established
1052:
1045:(established
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1001:According to
999:
997:
992:
990:
986:
985:
980:
975:
973:
972:
967:
966:
961:
957:
956:
951:
947:
943:
939:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
903:
894:
892:
889:
888:Roman Emperor
885:
880:
878:
874:
870:
865:
863:
859:
855:
854:Queen Dynamis
851:
848:
847:Roman Emperor
844:
839:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
797:
793:
784:
782:
781:Roman Emperor
778:
774:
770:
766:
761:
759:
755:
751:
746:
742:
738:
734:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
628:his civil war
625:
624:Julius Caesar
621:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
493:
489:
485:
481:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
449:Julius Caesar
446:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
410:
404:
395:
394:Ancient Greek
392:
391:Ancient Greek
388:
384:
380:
372:
369:
367:Today part of
365:
349:
347:
344:
343:
335:
333:
330:
329:
321:
319:
316:
315:
312:
306:
303:
296:
295:
292:
289:
282:
281:
278:
277:
274:
271:
269:
266:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
242:
239:
233:
229:
225:
221:
215:
211:
208:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
184:
181:
177:
171:
166:
157:
154:
150:
146:
133:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
1601:Roman Pontus
1538:
1430:
1330:
1218:
1207:. Retrieved
1200:the original
1181:
1173:Bibliography
1163:
1158:
1139:
1133:
1125:
1120:
1070:
1064:
1016:
1000:
993:
982:
976:
969:
963:
953:
935:
919:Roman Empire
908:
881:
866:
840:
801:
762:
735:, appointed
730:
711:
671:Pharnaces II
668:
632:Roman Senate
617:
569:
539:
533:
509:
477:
469:proscription
453:guest-friend
442:
418:Roman Empire
378:
377:
273:Succeeded by
272:
267:
186:(modern-day
159:74 BC/64 BC–
153:Roman Empire
116:
110:October 2018
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1560: /
1531:'s reforms.
1463:Mesopotamia
1077:Bucellarian
1031:Paphlagonia
1003:Cassius Dio
923:territories
758:Mark Antony
705:in eastern
499:appointing
497:Lex Manilia
268:Preceded by
230:74 BC/64 BC
1575:Categories
1548:33°15′36″E
1545:41°30′00″N
1529:Diocletian
1341:Cappadocia
1209:2017-11-05
1019:Diocletian
996:decuriones
921:, Rome's
897:Principate
852:, married
787:Rump State
726:Cappadocia
644:rump state
443:In 74 BC,
80:newspapers
1448:Macedonia
1336:Britannia
1162:Talbert,
1113:Footnotes
1085:Optimatoi
984:Epistulae
955:proconsul
950:sortition
942:Black Sea
917:into the
877:Archelaus
822:, son of
818:and made
769:Cleopatra
699:Deiotarus
640:Deiotarus
608:Deiotarus
596:Black Sea
548:Bosphorus
546:from the
544:Black Sea
530:Geography
505:Imperator
465:Optimates
461:Populares
424:coast of
422:Black Sea
403:romanized
207:Antiquity
183:Nicomedia
1371:Dalmatia
1286:Aegyptus
1269:(117 AD)
1091:See also
1087:themes.
1081:Opsikion
1027:Honorias
1023:Bithynia
1013:Dominate
971:quaestor
960:imperium
946:Augustus
850:Augustus
808:remnants
796:Anatolia
771:. When
765:Octavian
707:Anatolia
588:province
524:Augustus
434:Bithynia
426:Anatolia
414:province
332:Honorias
226:annexed
220:Bithynia
149:Province
1508:Thracia
1498:Sicilia
1478:Noricum
1381:Galatia
1346:Cilicia
1326:Assyria
1316:Armenia
1043:Pontica
1039:diocese
965:legatus
862:Colchis
856:of the
828:Cilicia
752:at the
722:Asander
691:Galatia
683:Colchis
622:. When
578:, King
566:History
552:Trabzon
420:on the
416:of the
405::
236:•
218:•
179:Capital
151:of the
94:scholar
1493:Raetia
1438:Iudaea
1432:Italia
1376:Epirus
1361:Cyprus
1281:Achaia
1225:
1192:
1164:Senate
1146:
1083:, and
1072:themes
1061:Legacy
1057:337).
989:Trajan
636:Pompey
584:Pontic
501:Pompey
490:. The
438:Pontus
371:Turkey
246:300 AD
224:Pontus
192:Turkey
163:300 AD
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1503:Syria
1366:Dacia
1203:(PDF)
1186:(PDF)
806:(the
473:Sulla
383:Latin
188:İzmit
101:JSTOR
87:books
1321:Asia
1223:ISBN
1190:ISBN
1144:ISBN
1029:and
929:and
891:Nero
743:and
697:and
685:and
570:The
534:The
457:Nysa
222:and
73:news
1041:of
56:by
1577::
1079:,
1055:c.
1047:c.
1025:,
1009:.
783:.
693:,
666:.
540:et
400:,
396::
389:,
385::
244:c.
190:,
161:c.
1259:e
1252:t
1245:v
1231:.
1212:.
1152:.
381:(
194:)
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg)