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tried to concentrate the bombing by approaching from different directions. In the second wave, the aircraft came in smaller groups from the east. Finnish intelligence had intercepted messages one hour and 40 minutes before the raid and warned the air defence, which had time to prepare. The air defence sounded the warning 49 minutes before the raid. Radar picked up the first aircraft 34 minutes before the beginning of the bombings.
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areas causing little damage. Some 2,000 bombers participated in the three great raids on the city and dropped some 2,600 tons of bombs. Of the 146 who died, six were soldiers; 356 were wounded. 109 buildings were destroyed. 300 were damaged by shrapnel and 111 were set on fire. The Soviet Air Force lost 25 aircraft. The Soviet embassy on the corner of
Bulevarden and Albertsgatan was hit by bombs and burnt down completely.
479:
805:
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two waves: 18:51–21:40 on 6 February and 00:57–04:57 on 7 February. Most of the damage was done in the district of
Katajanokka, and the streets Porthaninkatu, Kasarmikatu, Kaisaniemenkatu and Vuorikatu suffered considerable bomb damage as well, and the Technical University (Tekninen korkeakoulu) at Hietalahdentori was destroyed.
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fires on the islands outside the city and using the searchlights only east of the city, thereby leading the pathfinders to believe that it was the city. Only 530 bombs fell within the city itself. Most of the population of
Helsinki had left the city, and the casualties were lower than in other cities bombed during the war.
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and followed them to their bases. Once most Soviet bombers had landed the
Finnish bombers approached to bomb both the landed and still-landing Soviet bombers and then they escaped in the ensuing confusion. The first major night infiltration bombing took place on 9 March 1944 and they lasted until May
949:
Helsinki and many other
European cities endured bombing raids throughout the Second World War, the Finnish capital fared better than many others because of the efficiency of its anti-aircraft and deception measures. Only 5% of the bombs fell within the city, and some of these fell in uninhabited park
926:
auxiliaries, reported approaching bombers. A silent alarm was sounded in the city in good time before the raid. Streetlights were turned off, trams and trains were stopped and radio transmissions ended. In that manner, the enemy had more difficulty in finding its target. All of the citizens knew that
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were constructed in all high-rise building basements. These were merely basement rooms with reinforced walls in order to withstand nearby bomb impacts. All buildings were required to have an appointed civil protection supervisor who was not in the reserves or the armed forces, and as such was usually
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The first bombers were picked up by
Finnish radar at approximately 18:30, 25 minutes before they arrived. A few minutes later, the night fighters took off and flew to their predesignated positions. The AA-artillery had also been alerted. The air raid warning was sounded at 18:45. AA-batteries opened
895:
This time 383 bombers participated. While 4,317 bombs fell on the city, the sea and in the surrounding area, only 100 bombs fell within the city. The warning was sounded at 20:12 and the bombers approached again in two waves: 20:12–23:10 on 16 February and 23:45–05:49 on 17 February. The first wave
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There were a few larger shelters built into solid rock, but it was not possible to fit all citizens of
Helsinki into them. Some hospitals were also equipped with subterranean shelters in which patients could be relocated during air raids. Others, such as the Children's Hospital, were moved outside
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This last great raid differed from the two previous ones. The battle lasted for some 11 hours and was divided into three different phases. The first one was in the evening and lasted for four hours and concentrated the attacks against the city. The second one was mainly focused on the defending AA
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The first bombs fell at 19:23. Some 350 bombs fell within the city and approximately 2,500 bombs outside
Helsinki. The total number of bombs dropped (included the ones that fell into the sea) amounted to some 6,990. Approximately 730 bomber aircraft participated in the raid. The bombers arrived in
832:
Finnish air defence forces counted 2,121 bombers in the three raids of
February 1944, which dropped more than 16,000 bombs. Of the 34,200 shots fired against the bombers, 21,200 were with heavy AA artillery, and 12,900 were with light AA artillery. The Finns deceived Soviet pathfinders by lighting
918:
On the evening of 26 February, a single Soviet reconnaissance aircraft was spotted over the city. It was a sign of the coming attack. The weather was clear, which helped the attackers. Again, Finnish Radio
Intelligence intercepted messages of the forthcoming raid, this time 1 hour and 28 minutes
654:. The following morning on 1 December, another wave of Soviet bombers were sent to bomb Helsinki. Despite dropping their payload over Helsinki, the unescorted bombers were intercepted by the Finnish air force. The first two air raids resulted in the deaths of approximately 100 Finnish civilians.
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Helsinki's air defences prioritized stopping bombers from reaching the city over the destruction of air targets. In a special type of barrage, several batteries would fire a wall of flak in front of the approaching bombers in an attempt to scare them into dropping their payloads too early and
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artillery but with little success. The last wave hoped to finally flatten the city, but most of the aircraft turned away when met with fierce anti-aircraft barrages and night fighters. The all-clear signal was finally sounded at about 6:30 in the morning of 27 February.
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The Soviet bombings led to harsh reactions abroad. US President Roosevelt asked the Soviets not to bomb Finnish cities. Molotov replied to Roosevelt, "Soviet aircraft have not been bombing cities, but airfields, you can't see that from 8,000 kilometers away in America".
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In February 1944, the Soviet Union launched three massive bombing raids against Helsinki. The aim was to break the Finnish fighting spirit and to force the Finns to the peace table. The raids were conducted on the nights of 6–7, 16-17 and 26–27 February.
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from the Estonian front. These managed to shoot down six bombers during the following two raids. The anti-aircraft batteries fired 184 barrages and downed two bombers. Heavy AA batteries fired 12,238 shots and light AA batteries fired 5,709 shots.
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came to Helsinki. Zhdanov was perplexed by the limited damage that the city had sustained. The Soviet leadership thought that it had destroyed the city completely and that the bombings had forced the Finns to the peace table.
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The first bombing of Helsinki occurred the very day Finland was invaded on 30 November 1939. On the morning of the first air raid, Soviet bombers flew over Helsinki and dropped leaflets with the inscription:
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The air defence command system was based on the German system and was quite effective – key personnel had trained in Germany. Manpower shortages made the air defence also use 16-year-old boy volunteers from
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Helsinki was bombed a total of eight times during the Winter War. Some 350 bombs fell on the city, resulting in the deaths of 97 people and the wounding of 260. In all, 55 buildings were destroyed.
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You know we have bread - don't starve. Soviet Russia will not harm the Finnish people. Their disaster is due to the wrong leadership. Mannerheim and Cajander must go. After this peace will come!
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Most of the population of Helsinki had voluntarily evacuated to the countryside and the remainder were prepared to take shelter at the first warning, which reduced casualties significantly.
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The defence fired 122 barrages. The light AA artillery fired 2,745 shots and the heavy AA artillery fired 7,719 shots. The Finnish Air Force had no night fighters at this time.
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Although it had been the most massive raid, the damages were again quite limited: 21 people were killed and 35 wounded; 59 buildings were destroyed and 135 damaged.
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on a futile naval attack mission. The bombers dropped their payload of 600 bombs on Helsinki with the intent of offloading them before returning to their airbase at
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408:. By February 1944 Helsinki was protected by 13 light and heavy AA-batteries. Air defences included 77 heavy AA-guns, 41 light AA-guns, 36 searchlights, 13
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There were 100 killed and 300 injured. More than 160 buildings were damaged, including the Soviet embassy, on the corner of Bulevardi and Albertinkatu.
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at the intersection between the streets of Yrjönkatu and Roobertinkatu. There were 51 killed and 120 were injured near a movie theatre, where the film
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had been bombed heavily and intelligence pointed out that a raid might be directed at Helsinki, the Helsinki air defence took some active measures.
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The air defence of Helsinki was significantly strengthened from the spring of 1943 onwards under the lead of Colonel Pekka Jokipaltio. During the
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677:. Helsinki was bombed 39 times during the Continuation War. 245 people were killed and 646 wounded, mostly in the three large raids in 1944.
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The bombing of Finland was generally conducted by the long-range bombing and reconnaissance group of the Soviet Air Force (VVS), the
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Of the 22–25 Soviet bombers lost in the raids, 18–21 were destroyed by AA fire, and four were shot down by German night fighters.
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consisting of four heavy anti-aircraft batteries of three to four guns each, one light AA battery and one AA machine gun company.
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This time, 896 bombers participated in the raid on Helsinki. They dropped 5,182 bombs of which only 290 fell on the city itself.
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in 1943. In that manner, the Soviets hoped to force Finland to break its ties with Germany and agree to a peace settlement.
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This time, casualty figures were much lower: 25 died and 29 were injured. 27 buildings were destroyed and 53 were damaged.
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unfit for military service. That person was tasked to see that all occupants made it to the shelter in an orderly fashion.
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600:
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The heavy AA artillery fired 14,240 shots and the light AA artillery 4,432 shots. Nine Soviet bombers were downed.
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500:. During the February bombings of 1944, the ADD was reinforced with other units. The ADD commander was Marshal
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1161:"Kolme sotilaskotisisarta ammuttiin korpitielle – partisaanien raaka isku järkytti suomalaisia 1942"
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A Finnish poster urging all citizens to participate in air raid precautions and civil defence work.
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material from the United States. The Lisunov Li-2 was a Soviet bomber version of the American
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531:. There were also some heavy four-engined bombers participating in the bombings, e.g. the
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504:. Bombing raids were also sometimes done by the VVS and the BF (Baltic Fleet air group).
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333:. Between 1939 and 1944, Finland was subjected to a number of bombing campaigns by the
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The Soviet bomber fleet was very diverse. Most of the aircraft were twin-engined
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was playing at the time. Therefore, the victims were mainly children and youth.
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anti-aircraft gun firing at enemy bombers. Taivaskallio, Helsinki. November 1942
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before the bombing commenced, but the Soviets tried to maintain radio silence.
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was on a reconnaissance mission over Helsinki. The plane dropped only a single
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responded to the air raids with a series of night infiltration bombings of
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The Germans had also based a night fighter unit, consisting of 12 modified
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bombers. The B-25s and the A-20s had been supplied to the Soviet Union as
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1944. Soviet casualties from the raids could not be estimated reliably.
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were also placed in Helsinki. The new six-gun batteries were grouped at
337:. The largest were three raids in February 1944, which have been called
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48: in this article. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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fighters with special night fighting equipment was transferred to the
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by drilling the fuze-hole larger and filling the extra space with
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Nenye, Vesa; Munter, Peter; Wirtanen, Toni; Birks, Chris (2015).
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Bombing destruction in Helsinki, the night of February 6–7, 1944.
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since Soviet bombers focused mainly on German forces in the
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the city. One hospital was entirely underground, below the
1104:. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis Group. p. 55.
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Five minutes later, the air surveillance grid, manned by
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After the first raid, a German night fighter group of 12
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night fighters in Helsinki on 12 February 1944 and the
201:
Soviet failure to force the Finns to peace negotiations
1061:. Helsinki: Werner Söderström osakeyhtiö. p. 20.
428:(White Guard) to man the guns and young girls of the
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to Helsinki, further, 18 very effective German heavy
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In the autumn of 1939, Helsinki was protected by the
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and 6 radars in addition to visual spotters and the
902:
416:'s anti-aircraft units. Germany also provided some
646:air arm bombed Helsinki after returning back from
365:Search lights at the Finnish anti-aircraft museum.
2959:World War II strategic bombing by populated place
1149:Helsingin suurpommitukset Helmikuussa 1944, p. 22
1129:. United Kingdom: Osprey Publishing. p. 11.
1079:. United Kingdom: Osprey Publishing. p. 64.
931:up fire at 18:53. At 19:07 the first bombs fell.
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572:Anti-aircraft searchlight on Pitkänkallionmäki (
2944:Military history of Finland during World War II
1203:Jukka O. Kauppinen; Matti Rönkkö (2006-02-27).
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496:(ADD). This group was directly subordinated to
782:During the daytime on 8 November 1942, a lone
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1032:Aake Pesonen (1982). "Taistelu Helsingistä".
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357:AA-gun at the Finnish anti-aircraft museum.
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1228:Helsingin suurpommitukset helmikuussa 1944
852:The first night saw the most destruction.
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669:Helsinki fared somewhat better during the
543:Before the war, Helsinki had an extensive
2582:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
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217:
108:Learn how and when to remove this message
1190:"Natten när Helsingfors skulle förintas"
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1125:Stenham, Kari; Keskinen, Kalevi (2012).
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1102:The Soviet Invasion of Finland, 1939-40
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1077:Finland at War: The Winter War 1939–40
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441:German night fighter direction vessel
420:support against the Soviet air raids.
1272:Strategic bombing during World War II
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1159:Manninen, Tuomas (10 February 2018).
474:Soviet long-distance bomb group (ADD)
57:"Bombing of Helsinki in World War II"
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46:adding citations to reliable sources
17:
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914:main building after the third raid.
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547:system. By a city decree of 1934,
458:breaking away. AA shells had been
432:organization to man searchlights.
198:Soviet failure to destroy the city
14:
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1226:Martti Helminen, Aslak Lukander:
869:Second great raid: 16–17 February
903:Third great raid: 26–27 February
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339:The Great Raids Against Helsinki
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840:First great raid: 6–7 February
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771:51 deaths on 8 November 1942
767:91 deaths on 30 November 1939
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800:Great raids of February 1944
517:North American B-25 Mitchell
7:
1036:(in Finnish). Kirjayhtymä.
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493:Aviatsiya Dalnego Deystviya
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642:long-range bombers of the
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371:1st Anti Aircraft Regiment
123:Soviet bombing of Helsinki
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2964:Helsinki in World War II
1288:Aerial bombing of cities
1009:14th Searchlight Battery
927:they had to take cover.
769:22 deaths on 9 July 1941
1100:Van Dyke, Carl (2001).
882:Messerschmitt Bf 109G-6
778:8 November 1942 bombing
1293:Area bombing directive
1205:"Night Of The Bombers"
1057:Mäkelä, Jukka (1967).
957:led by Soviet General
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912:University of Helsinki
886:Helsinki-Malmi Airport
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306:Casualties and losses
1689:Ludwigshafen / Oppau
1426:Saint-Leu-d'Esserent
793:The Three Musketeers
625:Molotov bread basket
386:early warning radars
42:improve this article
2837:Mandatory Palestine
982:. Finnish bombers,
953:After the war, the
502:Aleksandr Golovanov
2076:Rotterdam (Allied)
2041:Amsterdam (Allied)
1059:Helsinki liekeissä
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988:Bristol Blenheims
972:Finnish Air Force
827:Tehran Conference
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842:
802:
780:
770:
768:
667:
644:Black Sea Fleet
627:
613:
607:
604:
597:needs expansion
566:
541:
476:
448:Gulf of Finland
446:cruised in the
347:
312:
292:
291:
279:
267:
266:
254:
235:
233:
220:
218:
185:
153:
114:
103:
97:
94:
51:
49:
39:
27:
12:
11:
5:
3017:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2915:
2913:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2840:
2838:
2831:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2736:Axis Singapore
2733:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2706:
2704:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2472:Allied Rangoon
2469:
2462:Burma campaign
2458:
2456:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2236:
2234:Baedeker Blitz
2231:
2225:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2206:Stein am Rhein
2203:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2032:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1654:Kaiserslautern
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1449:
1447:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1329:
1327:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1268:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1230:, 2004, WSOY,
1222:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1195:
1174:
1151:
1142:
1135:
1127:Lentolaivue 24
1117:
1110:
1092:
1085:
1064:
1049:
1042:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1004:
1001:
992:Dornier Do 17s
984:Junkers Ju 88s
967:
964:
959:Andrei Zhdanov
946:
943:
904:
901:
870:
867:
841:
838:
801:
798:
784:Petlyakov Pe-2
779:
776:
773:
772:
764:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
747:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
730:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
713:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
696:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
666:
663:
615:
614:
594:
592:
565:
562:
540:
537:
533:Petlyakov Pe-8
475:
472:
454:and Helsinki.
346:
343:
318:
317:
314:
308:
307:
303:
302:
277:
275:Jarl Lundqvist
251:
250:
246:
245:
230:
214:
213:
209:
208:
205:
204:
203:
202:
199:
191:
187:
186:
177:
175:
171:
170:
167:
159:
158:
145:
144:
125:
124:
116:
115:
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3016:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2824:
2814:(Philippines)
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2766:United States
2764:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2661:10 March 1945
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1809:Wilhelmshaven
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1483:Gelsenkirchen
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1266:
1261:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1236:951-0-28823-3
1233:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1206:
1199:
1191:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1163:. Iltasanomat
1162:
1155:
1146:
1138:
1136:9781782006688
1132:
1128:
1121:
1113:
1111:0-7146-4314-9
1107:
1103:
1096:
1088:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1069:
1060:
1053:
1045:
1043:951-26-2318-8
1039:
1035:
1028:
1024:
1015:
1014:FAB-5000 bomb
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1000:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
963:
960:
956:
951:
942:
939:
936:
932:
928:
925:
920:
913:
909:
900:
897:
893:
890:
887:
883:
878:
876:
866:
863:
860:
857:
853:
846:
837:
834:
830:
828:
824:
820:
816:
815:Joseph Stalin
806:
797:
795:
794:
789:
785:
765:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
748:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
731:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
714:
710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
697:
693:
690:
687:
684:
682:
681:
678:
676:
675:Baltic states
672:
662:
658:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
640:Ilyushin DB-3
635:
631:
626:
622:
611:
602:
598:
595:This section
593:
590:
586:
585:
579:
575:
570:
561:
559:
553:
550:
549:bomb shelters
546:
545:civil defense
539:Civil defence
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
505:
503:
499:
495:
494:
485:
480:
471:
469:
465:
461:
455:
453:
449:
445:
444:
438:
433:
431:
427:
426:Suojeluskunta
421:
419:
418:night fighter
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
394:88 mm AA guns
391:
387:
384:provided two
383:
379:
374:
372:
363:
356:
351:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
315:
310:
309:
304:
301:
296:
290:
289:
288:Joseph Stalin
283:
278:
276:
271:
265:
264:
258:
253:
252:
247:
243:
231:
228:
216:
215:
210:
200:
197:
196:
195:
192:
189:
188:
184:
180:
176:
173:
172:
168:
165:
164:
160:
156:
151:
146:
143:
139:
138:Eastern Front
135:
131:
126:
121:
112:
109:
101:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73:
69:
66:
62:
59: –
58:
54:
53:Find sources:
47:
43:
37:
36:
31:This article
29:
25:
20:
19:
16:
2904:North Africa
2806:Kuala Lumpur
2787:Other cities
2773:Pearl Harbor
2413:
2401:Other cities
2201:Schaffhausen
2163:Soviet Union
1739:Obersalzberg
1539:Braunschweig
1519:Aschersleben
1502:Other cities
1227:
1208:. Retrieved
1198:
1165:. Retrieved
1154:
1145:
1126:
1120:
1101:
1095:
1076:
1058:
1052:
1033:
1027:
969:
952:
948:
940:
937:
933:
929:
921:
917:
898:
894:
891:
879:
872:
864:
861:
858:
854:
851:
835:
831:
811:
791:
781:
668:
659:
656:
637:
633:
628:
605:
601:adding to it
596:
554:
542:
529:Douglas DC-3
521:Douglas A-20
513:Lisunov Li-2
506:
491:
489:
456:
442:
434:
422:
414:Finnish Navy
375:
370:
368:
338:
335:Soviet Union
331:World War II
321:
286:
261:
242:Soviet Union
212:Belligerents
193:
142:World War II
128:Part of the
104:
95:
85:
78:
71:
64:
52:
40:Please help
35:verification
32:
15:
2868:Other areas
2829:Middle East
2802:(Sri Lanka)
2447:Pacific War
2349:Southampton
2264:Bournemouth
2194:Switzerland
2029:Netherlands
1860:Alessandria
1779:Schweinfurt
1774:SaarbrĂĽcken
1614:Halberstadt
1574:Dietzenbach
1524:Baden-Baden
1167:10 February
924:Lotta Svärd
788:aerial bomb
699:Winter War
466:mixed with
460:jury-rigged
430:Lotta Svärd
406:Santahamina
398:Lauttasaari
316:25 aircraft
313:356 wounded
2949:Winter War
2938:Categories
2808:(Malaysia)
2796:(Thailand)
2677:Utsunomiya
2428:(Bulgaria)
2365:Yugoslavia
2334:Nottingham
2324:Manchester
2259:Birmingham
2185:Stalingrad
2097:Hammerfest
2061:Middelburg
1754:PeenemĂĽnde
1729:Nordhausen
1674:Königsberg
1644:Hildesheim
1559:Crailsheim
1473:DĂĽsseldorf
1364:Copenhagen
1210:2010-04-12
1020:References
756:about 110
705:about 350
621:Winter War
619:See also:
574:Haukilahti
564:Winter War
560:building.
525:Lend Lease
509:Ilyushin-4
311:146 killed
130:Winter War
98:March 2009
68:newspapers
2919:Fort Lamy
2885:Gibraltar
2745:Australia
2724:Singapore
2694:Yokkaichi
2687:June 1944
2667:Toyohashi
2577:Hiratsuka
2572:Hamamatsu
2519:Indonesia
2500:Hong Kong
2495:Chongqing
2434:(Croatia)
2416:(Finland)
2410:(Ireland)
2387:Podgorica
2371:Belgrade
2344:Sheffield
2314:Liverpool
2284:Clydebank
2239:The Blitz
2175:Leningrad
2154:Timișoara
2144:Bucharest
2081:The Hague
2056:Enkhuizen
2046:Eindhoven
1875:Benevento
1794:Stuttgart
1789:Stralsund
1759:Pforzheim
1749:Paderborn
1744:OsnabrĂĽck
1734:Nuremberg
1704:Magdeburg
1659:Karlsruhe
1639:Heilbronn
1589:Frankfurt
1564:Darmstadt
1493:Wuppertal
1443:Battle of
1333:Innsbruck
1308:V-weapons
1298:Firestorm
980:Leningrad
817:obtained
739:about 70
722:about 80
652:Kronstadt
482:A Soviet
468:aluminium
464:magnesium
437:Bf 109G-6
388:and four
169:1939–1944
2859:Tel Aviv
2778:Unalaska
2712:(Taiwan)
2703:Colonies
2672:Toyokawa
2652:Shizuoka
2597:Kumagaya
2531:Surabaya
2526:Sukabumi
2510:Shanghai
2467:Mandalay
2414:Helsinki
2392:Sarajevo
2339:Plymouth
2299:Greenock
2289:Coventry
2269:Brighton
2149:Ploiești
2066:Nijmegen
2051:Enschede
1925:Grosseto
1910:Frascati
1885:Cagliari
1839:Budapest
1819:WĂĽrzburg
1709:Mannheim
1694:LĂĽneburg
1634:Hannover
1554:Chemnitz
1514:Augsburg
1468:Duisburg
1463:Dortmund
1445:the Ruhr
1416:Le Havre
1003:See also
823:American
694:Wounded
608:May 2008
450:between
323:Helsinki
179:Helsinki
174:Location
2875:Bahrain
2800:Colombo
2794:Bangkok
2710:Taihoku
2627:Okazaki
2607:Nagaoka
2562:Fukuoka
2505:Nanjing
2354:Swansea
2329:Norwich
2279:Cardiff
2274:Bristol
2254:Belfast
2222:Kingdom
2137:Romania
2118:Frampol
2015:Viterbo
2010:Vicenza
1995:Trieste
1990:Treviso
1960:Pescara
1955:Palermo
1935:Messina
1930:Livorno
1900:Ferrara
1895:Catania
1890:Cassino
1880:Bologna
1832:Hungary
1769:Rostock
1764:Potsdam
1719:MĂĽnster
1679:Leipzig
1624:Hamburg
1609:Giessen
1579:Dresden
1549:Breslau
1534:Bocholt
1488:Krefeld
1458:Cologne
1435:Germany
1395:Tallinn
1383:Estonia
1352:Denmark
1326:Austria
1221:Sources
875:Tallinn
819:British
648:Russarö
452:Tallinn
404:and in
382:Germany
327:Finland
227:Finland
183:Finland
82:scholar
2880:Cyprus
2812:Manila
2757:Darwin
2752:Broome
2682:Yawata
2647:Sendai
2642:Sabang
2637:Rabaul
2622:Numazu
2612:Nagoya
2552:Aomori
2432:Zagreb
2420:Prague
2408:Dublin
2319:London
2294:Exeter
2220:United
2128:Wieluń
2123:Warsaw
2111:Poland
2102:Namsos
2090:Norway
2005:Verona
1975:Rimini
1945:Naples
1905:Foggia
1865:Ancona
1784:Siegen
1724:Munich
1684:LĂĽbeck
1664:Kassel
1569:Dessau
1544:Bremen
1529:Berlin
1509:Aachen
1453:Bochum
1404:France
1359:Aarhus
1338:Vienna
1234:
1133:
1108:
1083:
1040:
990:, and
873:Since
688:Bombs
685:Raids
498:Stavka
402:Käpylä
239:
224:
190:Result
155:Bofors
84:
77:
70:
63:
55:
2890:Malta
2854:Jaffa
2849:Haifa
2657:Tokyo
2632:Osaka
2557:Fukui
2547:Akita
2540:Japan
2490:Chiba
2483:China
2455:Burma
2426:Sofia
2309:Leeds
2180:Minsk
2170:Gorky
2020:Zadar
2000:Turin
1985:Terni
1950:Padua
1940:Milan
1920:Gorla
1915:Genoa
1853:Italy
1844:Kassa
1814:Worms
1804:Wesel
1714:Moers
1699:Mainz
1669:Kleve
1629:Hanau
1619:Halle
1584:Emden
1478:Essen
1421:Royan
1390:Narva
1374:Rønne
750:1943
733:1942
716:1941
691:Dead
578:Espoo
355:88 mm
89:JSTOR
75:books
2912:Chad
2844:Acre
2617:Naha
2602:Kure
2592:KĹŤfu
2587:Kobe
2567:Gifu
2380:1944
2375:1941
2304:Hull
2249:Bath
1980:Rome
1965:Pisa
1870:Bari
1649:Jena
1411:Caen
1369:Nexø
1232:ISBN
1169:2018
1131:ISBN
1106:ISBN
1081:ISBN
1038:ISBN
970:The
821:and
745:167
728:210
711:260
623:and
519:and
484:DB-3
443:Togo
166:Date
61:news
1799:Ulm
976:ADD
762:21
753:13
742:68
736:17
725:33
708:97
603:.
353:An
140:of
44:by
2940::
1177:^
1067:^
986:,
759:3
719:9
702:8
576:,
535:.
515:,
511:,
400:,
380:,
341:.
181:,
136:,
132:,
2663:)
2659:(
1264:e
1257:t
1250:v
1213:.
1192:.
1171:.
1139:.
1114:.
1089:.
1046:.
610:)
606:(
111:)
105:(
100:)
96:(
86:·
79:·
72:·
65:·
38:.
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