104:
117:
92:
43:
230:
In 1945, the prolonged battle of Königsberg inflicted further damage. When the
Soviets occupied the city in April 1945, more than 90% of the city was already destroyed. Under Soviet occupation, the surviving, much reduced German population was forcibly expelled from the city. It was then rebuilt as
191:
in northern
Scotland after 10 hours and 35 minutes' flying time (cf. 11 hours and 20 minutes' return to base three days later.) Despite losing only four aircraft, the first attack was not particularly successful because most bombs fell on the eastern side of Königsberg, missing the city centre.
168:
bombers attacked the city on 1 September 1941. The
Soviets did not lose a single bomber in the raid. The Soviet Air Force bombed the city again on 26 July 1942, 27 August 1942 and 15 July 1943. On the night of 28 April 1943, a bomber dropped an
2585:
963:
315:
2644:
195:
The next RAF raid occurred three days later on the 29/30 August. This time No. 5 Group dropped 480 tons of high explosive and incendiaries on the centre of the city.
2664:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
403:
252:
2527:
276:
446:
956:
904:
1389:
513:
183:. The target, which was at the extreme range for the planes, demanded a round trip of 1,900 miles (3,100 km) from bases in England. Planes from
1911:
1906:
949:
1901:
1289:
387:
2580:
1776:
1670:
1304:
1043:
508:
988:
2377:
2282:
1509:
439:
1454:
1173:
639:
518:
1854:
199:
estimated that 20% of industry and 41% of all the housing in Königsberg was destroyed. Out of a force of 189 Lancasters, German
1274:
1239:
1224:
2649:
1519:
2347:
1429:
1344:
1339:
972:
579:
2436:
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1844:
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1434:
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589:
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2114:
2092:
1625:
1585:
1409:
1214:
1168:
432:
160:
With the aim of retaliation for German airstrikes on the capital of the USSR, Moscow in 1941, Joseph Stalin ordered the
2575:
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2327:
2172:
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407:
256:
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2252:
2132:
2108:
1823:
1645:
1565:
1424:
1364:
1244:
1229:
1038:
584:
153:
destroyed most of the city's historic quarters in the summer of 1944. Königsberg was also heavily bombed during the
2361:
2257:
2247:
2190:
2126:
1880:
1870:
1720:
1700:
1650:
1640:
1615:
1504:
1399:
1329:
1178:
1090:
1018:
472:
2287:
2267:
1797:
1680:
1665:
564:
523:
357:
Germany and the Second World War: The strategic air war in Europe and the war in the West and East Asia 1943–1944
2506:
1499:
364:
304:
2590:
2387:
1111:
899:
812:
2075:
1761:
539:
549:
2431:
1781:
1771:
1116:
708:
599:
224:
2654:
2167:
2080:
922:
631:
1319:
1234:
559:
391:
424:
2659:
1875:
894:
1705:
1514:
204:
2512:
1675:
1590:
1439:
1126:
817:
18:
This article is about the World War II bombing campaign. For the battle during World War II, see
216:
154:
19:
2604:
2478:
2473:
2200:
993:
724:
544:
477:
203:
shot down 15 RAF bombers. The historic city centre suffered severe damage and the districts of
1394:
1219:
2619:
1885:
1802:
1444:
688:
179:
carried out the first RAF attack on Königsberg on the night of 26/27 August 1944, using 174
1560:
1354:
1314:
2195:
1849:
1756:
1736:
1610:
1474:
909:
673:
668:
487:
1828:
1259:
1183:
220:
8:
2337:
2297:
2226:
1766:
1419:
1299:
615:
1575:
1449:
1404:
1359:
941:
2500:
2367:
2307:
2262:
2210:
1818:
1279:
1143:
1064:
929:
744:
703:
663:
623:
554:
196:
184:
150:
1539:
1479:
1163:
2457:
2382:
2342:
2317:
2312:
2231:
2205:
2120:
2049:
1964:
1929:
1605:
1074:
1003:
873:
769:
739:
360:
300:
1715:
1695:
1635:
1595:
1464:
1188:
2452:
2357:
2332:
2034:
2024:
1959:
1746:
1620:
1570:
1544:
1469:
1309:
1249:
1069:
983:
878:
863:
822:
797:
781:
754:
734:
698:
658:
319:
280:
161:
146:
1484:
1269:
1153:
2302:
2044:
2014:
1984:
1059:
868:
858:
853:
848:
843:
827:
759:
683:
384:
176:
1751:
1685:
1369:
1284:
1254:
149:
had made several raids on the city since 1941. Extensive attacks carried out by
2410:
2162:
2039:
1999:
1989:
1969:
1934:
1414:
764:
749:
693:
678:
569:
180:
97:
1349:
332:
2638:
2054:
2029:
1979:
1974:
1954:
802:
776:
503:
200:
1209:
134:
68:
1994:
1944:
142:
138:
121:
116:
109:
72:
34:
208:
2147:
2009:
1121:
807:
729:
467:
232:
2004:
1949:
352:
292:
2019:
1939:
1008:
998:
482:
454:
375:
Flying Log Book of Lloyd
Phillips, Wireless Operator, VN-Nan, 50 SQDN
212:
188:
170:
42:
219:
was reduced to a shell. Extensive damage was also done to the
173:
on the city's area, the largest bomb in the Soviet inventory.
165:
971:
297:
Enemy Coast Ahead – Uncensored: The Real Guy Gibson
2645:World War II strategic bombing by populated place
455:RAF strategic bombing during the Second World War
187:(Lincs) could not return to base and diverted to
2636:
385:RAF Bomber Command: Campaign Diary. August 1944
215:were nearly destroyed. The city's 14th-century
957:
440:
133:was a series of attacks made on the city of
964:
950:
905:Air operations during the Battle of Europe
447:
433:
355:, Krebs, Gerhart and Vogel, Detlef (2006).
41:
2665:Germany–United Kingdom military relations
2283:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
2403:
2637:
973:Strategic bombing during World War II
945:
900:United States Army Air Forces (USAAF)
428:
2155:
895:Aerial defence of the United Kingdom
223:, all churches in the old city, the
2612:
560:Combined Bomber Offensive (1943–44)
359:. Oxford University Press, p. 157.
13:
916:Death by Moonlight: Bomber Command
299:. MBI Publishing Company, p. 186.
14:
2676:
157:, in the final weeks of the war.
545:Area bombing of cities (1942–43)
227:, and the old shipping quarter.
115:
102:
90:
473:RAF strategic bombing 1942–1945
59:1 September 1941 – 9 April 1945
396:
378:
369:
346:
325:
309:
286:
270:
245:
1:
478:Area Bombing Directive (1942)
238:
7:
488:Casablanca directive (1943)
316:Russians bomb Nazi Airdrome
295:and Martin, Harold (2006).
164:to bomb Königsberg. Eleven
10:
2681:
2650:Königsberg in World War II
565:Battle of Berlin (1943–44)
509:Frederick "Prof" Lindemann
17:
2603:
2568:
2537:
2526:
2487:
2466:
2445:
2424:
2240:
2219:
2183:
2146:
2101:
2065:
1920:
1894:
1863:
1837:
1811:
1790:
1729:
1553:
1532:
1202:
1142:
1135:
1104:
1083:
1052:
1026:
1017:
979:
887:
836:
790:
717:
651:
608:
555:Battle of the Ruhr (1943)
532:
496:
460:
392:UK Government Web Archive
83:
51:
40:
32:
27:
989:Aerial bombing of cities
879:Light Night Strike Force
994:Area bombing directive
519:Sir Archibald Sinclair
504:Arthur "Bomber" Harris
483:Dehousing paper (1942)
404:"Soviet bombing raids"
253:"Soviet bombing raids"
664:Boston (Douglas DB-7)
550:U-boat pens (1943–44)
540:Oil targets (1940-45)
131:bombing of Königsberg
28:Bombing of Königsberg
1390:Ludwigshafen / Oppau
1127:Saint-Leu-d'Esserent
910:Defence of the Reich
277:Soviets bomb Prussia
231:the Russian city of
155:Battle of Königsberg
20:Battle of Königsberg
2538:Mandatory Palestine
813:Intruder operations
627:("Dambusters" raid)
47:Ruins of Königsberg
1777:Rotterdam (Allied)
1742:Amsterdam (Allied)
930:Target for Tonight
514:Sir Charles Portal
468:Butt Report (1941)
390:2007-07-06 at the
318:by Eddie Gilmore,
279:by Eddie Gilmore,
197:RAF Bomber Command
185:RAF Skellingthorpe
151:RAF Bomber Command
2655:Conflicts in 1944
2632:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2599:
2598:
2528:Mediterranean and
2522:
2521:
2420:
2419:
2142:
2141:
1945:Barrow-in-Furness
1930:Battle of Britain
1528:
1527:
1300:Freiburg (Allies)
1004:Strategic bombing
939:
938:
874:No. 100 Group RAF
619:(Friedrichshafen)
127:
126:
79:
78:
2672:
2610:
2609:
2535:
2534:
2432:Allied Singapore
2401:
2400:
2153:
2152:
2123:(Czechoslovakia)
1912:Zürich and Basel
1772:Rotterdam (Axis)
1737:Amsterdam (Axis)
1140:
1139:
1024:
1023:
1019:European theatre
984:Area bombardment
966:
959:
952:
943:
942:
864:No. 6 Group RCAF
798:Area bombardment
782:Target indicator
755:Blockbuster bomb
570:Transport (1944)
449:
442:
435:
426:
425:
419:
418:
416:
415:
406:. Archived from
400:
394:
382:
376:
373:
367:
350:
344:
343:
341:
339:
329:
323:
320:Associated Press
313:
307:
290:
284:
281:Associated Press
274:
268:
267:
265:
264:
255:. Archived from
249:
162:Soviet Air Force
147:Soviet Air Force
120:
119:
108:
106:
105:
96:
94:
93:
53:
52:
45:
25:
24:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2660:1944 in Germany
2635:
2634:
2633:
2624:
2595:
2564:
2529:
2518:
2483:
2462:
2441:
2416:
2399:
2236:
2215:
2179:
2138:
2097:
2061:
1922:
1916:
1890:
1859:
1833:
1807:
1786:
1725:
1671:Reggio Calabria
1549:
1524:
1305:Friedrichshafen
1295:Freiburg (Axis)
1198:
1145:
1131:
1100:
1079:
1048:
1044:Wiener Neustadt
1013:
975:
970:
940:
935:
883:
869:No. 8 Group RAF
859:No. 5 Group RAF
854:No. 4 Group RAF
849:No. 3 Group RAF
844:No. 1 Group RAF
832:
828:Shuttle bombing
786:
760:Earthquake bomb
713:
647:
604:
528:
492:
456:
453:
423:
422:
413:
411:
402:
401:
397:
383:
379:
374:
370:
351:
347:
337:
335:
331:
330:
326:
322:, 16 July 1943,
314:
310:
291:
287:
275:
271:
262:
260:
251:
250:
246:
241:
181:Avro Lancasters
114:
103:
101:
100:
91:
89:
75:
46:
23:
12:
11:
5:
2678:
2668:
2667:
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2630:
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2601:
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2572:
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2532:
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2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2437:Axis Singapore
2434:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2407:
2405:
2398:
2397:
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2380:
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2370:
2365:
2355:
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2305:
2300:
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2290:
2285:
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2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2173:Allied Rangoon
2170:
2163:Burma campaign
2159:
2157:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1937:
1935:Baedeker Blitz
1932:
1926:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1907:Stein am Rhein
1904:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1355:Kaiserslautern
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1148:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1030:
1028:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
980:
977:
976:
969:
968:
961:
954:
946:
937:
936:
934:
933:
926:
923:Into the Storm
919:
912:
907:
902:
897:
891:
889:
885:
884:
882:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
840:
838:
834:
833:
831:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
794:
792:
788:
787:
785:
784:
779:
774:
773:
772:
767:
757:
752:
750:"Monica" radar
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
721:
719:
715:
714:
712:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
655:
653:
649:
648:
646:
645:
637:
629:
621:
612:
610:
606:
605:
603:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
536:
534:
530:
529:
527:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
500:
498:
494:
493:
491:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
464:
462:
458:
457:
452:
451:
444:
437:
429:
421:
420:
395:
377:
368:
345:
324:
308:
285:
283:, 27 July 1942
269:
243:
242:
240:
237:
201:night fighters
171:11,000-pounder
125:
124:
112:
98:United Kingdom
86:
85:
81:
80:
77:
76:
67:
65:
61:
60:
57:
49:
48:
38:
37:
30:
29:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2677:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2525:
2515:(Philippines)
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:United States
2465:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2362:10 March 1945
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
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1510:Wilhelmshaven
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818:Master Bomber
816:
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803:Bomber stream
801:
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777:Bouncing bomb
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524:Arthur Tedder
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410:on 2009-02-16
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259:on 2009-02-16
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39:
36:
31:
26:
21:
16:
2605:North Africa
2507:Kuala Lumpur
2488:Other cities
2474:Pearl Harbor
2102:Other cities
1902:Schaffhausen
1864:Soviet Union
1440:Obersalzberg
1374:
1240:Braunschweig
1220:Aschersleben
1203:Other cities
928:
921:
914:
643:(Peenemünde)
640:
632:
624:
616:
412:. Retrieved
408:the original
398:
380:
371:
356:
348:
336:. Retrieved
327:
311:
296:
288:
272:
261:. Retrieved
257:the original
247:
229:
194:
175:
159:
143:World War II
139:East Prussia
130:
128:
110:Soviet Union
84:Belligerents
73:Nazi Germany
35:World War II
15:
2569:Other areas
2530:Middle East
2503:(Sri Lanka)
2148:Pacific War
2050:Southampton
1965:Bournemouth
1895:Switzerland
1730:Netherlands
1561:Alessandria
1480:Schweinfurt
1475:Saarbrücken
1315:Halberstadt
1275:Dietzenbach
1225:Baden-Baden
823:Pathfinders
808:Firebombing
353:Boog, Horst
293:Gibson, Guy
233:Kaliningrad
177:No. 5 Group
2639:Categories
2509:(Malaysia)
2497:(Thailand)
2378:Utsunomiya
2129:(Bulgaria)
2066:Yugoslavia
2035:Nottingham
2025:Manchester
1960:Birmingham
1886:Stalingrad
1798:Hammerfest
1762:Middelburg
1455:Peenemünde
1430:Nordhausen
1375:Königsberg
1345:Hildesheim
1260:Crailsheim
1174:Düsseldorf
1065:Copenhagen
770:Grand Slam
718:Technology
704:Wellington
684:Manchester
609:Operations
414:2009-05-17
365:0198228899
333:"ФАБ-5000"
305:0859791181
263:2009-05-17
239:References
225:university
135:Königsberg
69:Königsberg
2620:Fort Lamy
2586:Gibraltar
2446:Australia
2425:Singapore
2395:Yokkaichi
2388:June 1944
2368:Toyohashi
2278:Hiratsuka
2273:Hamamatsu
2220:Indonesia
2201:Hong Kong
2196:Chongqing
2135:(Croatia)
2117:(Finland)
2111:(Ireland)
2088:Podgorica
2072:Belgrade
2045:Sheffield
2015:Liverpool
1985:Clydebank
1940:The Blitz
1876:Leningrad
1855:Timișoara
1845:Bucharest
1782:The Hague
1757:Enkhuizen
1747:Eindhoven
1576:Benevento
1495:Stuttgart
1490:Stralsund
1460:Pforzheim
1450:Paderborn
1445:Osnabrück
1435:Nuremberg
1405:Magdeburg
1360:Karlsruhe
1340:Heilbronn
1290:Frankfurt
1265:Darmstadt
1194:Wuppertal
1144:Battle of
1034:Innsbruck
1009:V-weapons
999:Firestorm
730:H2S radar
679:Lancaster
633:Hurricane
617:Bellicose
600:The Hague
590:Pforzheim
580:Heilbronn
533:Campaigns
461:Overviews
217:cathedral
209:Löbenicht
2560:Tel Aviv
2479:Unalaska
2413:(Taiwan)
2404:Colonies
2373:Toyokawa
2353:Shizuoka
2298:Kumagaya
2232:Surabaya
2227:Sukabumi
2211:Shanghai
2168:Mandalay
2115:Helsinki
2093:Sarajevo
2040:Plymouth
2000:Greenock
1990:Coventry
1970:Brighton
1850:Ploiești
1767:Nijmegen
1752:Enschede
1626:Grosseto
1611:Frascati
1586:Cagliari
1540:Budapest
1520:Würzburg
1410:Mannheim
1395:Lüneburg
1335:Hannover
1255:Chemnitz
1215:Augsburg
1169:Duisburg
1164:Dortmund
1146:the Ruhr
1117:Le Havre
888:See also
694:Stirling
689:Mosquito
659:Blenheim
652:Aircraft
625:Chastise
388:Archived
213:Kneiphof
205:Altstadt
189:RAF Tain
64:Location
33:Part of
2576:Bahrain
2501:Colombo
2495:Bangkok
2411:Taihoku
2328:Okazaki
2308:Nagaoka
2263:Fukuoka
2206:Nanjing
2055:Swansea
2030:Norwich
1980:Cardiff
1975:Bristol
1955:Belfast
1923:Kingdom
1838:Romania
1819:Frampol
1716:Viterbo
1711:Vicenza
1696:Trieste
1691:Treviso
1661:Pescara
1656:Palermo
1636:Messina
1631:Livorno
1601:Ferrara
1596:Catania
1591:Cassino
1581:Bologna
1533:Hungary
1470:Rostock
1465:Potsdam
1420:Münster
1380:Leipzig
1325:Hamburg
1310:Giessen
1280:Dresden
1250:Breslau
1235:Bocholt
1189:Krefeld
1159:Cologne
1136:Germany
1096:Tallinn
1084:Estonia
1053:Denmark
1027:Austria
791:Tactics
765:Tallboy
709:Whitley
699:Ventura
674:Hampden
669:Halifax
595:Dresden
575:Hamburg
497:Leaders
338:19 July
141:during
122:Germany
2581:Cyprus
2513:Manila
2458:Darwin
2453:Broome
2383:Yawata
2348:Sendai
2343:Sabang
2338:Rabaul
2323:Numazu
2313:Nagoya
2253:Aomori
2133:Zagreb
2121:Prague
2109:Dublin
2020:London
1995:Exeter
1921:United
1829:Wieluń
1824:Warsaw
1812:Poland
1803:Namsos
1791:Norway
1706:Verona
1676:Rimini
1646:Naples
1606:Foggia
1566:Ancona
1485:Siegen
1425:Munich
1385:Lübeck
1365:Kassel
1270:Dessau
1245:Bremen
1230:Berlin
1210:Aachen
1154:Bochum
1105:France
1060:Aarhus
1039:Vienna
740:"Oboe"
635:(1944)
585:Kassel
363:
303:
221:castle
211:, and
145:. The
107:
95:
2591:Malta
2555:Jaffa
2550:Haifa
2358:Tokyo
2333:Osaka
2258:Fukui
2248:Akita
2241:Japan
2191:Chiba
2184:China
2156:Burma
2127:Sofia
2010:Leeds
1881:Minsk
1871:Gorky
1721:Zadar
1701:Turin
1686:Terni
1651:Padua
1641:Milan
1621:Gorla
1616:Genoa
1554:Italy
1545:Kassa
1515:Worms
1505:Wesel
1415:Moers
1400:Mainz
1370:Kleve
1330:Hanau
1320:Halle
1285:Emden
1179:Essen
1122:Royan
1091:Narva
1075:Rønne
837:Units
745:Gee-H
725:Chaff
641:Hydra
2613:Chad
2545:Acre
2318:Naha
2303:Kure
2293:Kōfu
2288:Kobe
2268:Gifu
2081:1944
2076:1941
2005:Hull
1950:Bath
1681:Rome
1666:Pisa
1571:Bari
1350:Jena
1112:Caen
1070:Nexø
361:ISBN
340:2015
301:ISBN
166:Pe-8
129:The
56:Date
1500:Ulm
735:Gee
137:in
2641::
235:.
207:,
71:,
2364:)
2360:(
965:e
958:t
951:v
448:e
441:t
434:v
417:.
342:.
266:.
22:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
