9131:
10671:, "Parliamentary sovereignty means that Parliament can, if it chooses, legislate contrary to fundamental principles of human rights. ... The constraints upon its exercise by Parliament are ultimately political, not legal. But the principle of legality means that Parliament must squarely confront what it is doing and accept the political cost. Fundamental rights cannot be overridden by general or ambiguous words. This is because there is too great a risk that the full implications of their unqualified meaning may have passed unnoticed in the democratic process. In the absence of express language or necessary implication to the contrary, the courts, therefore, presume that even the most general words were intended to be subject to the basic rights of the individual. In this way the courts of the United Kingdom, though acknowledging the sovereignty of Parliament, apply principles of constitutionality little different from those which exist in countries where the power of the legislature is expressly limited by a constitutional document."
10688:(1882) 145, "Lawyers are apt to speak as though the legislature were omnipotent, as they do not require to go beyond its decisions. It is, of course, omnipotent in the sense that it can make whatever laws it pleases, inasmuch as a law means any rule which has been made by the legislature. But from the scientific point of view, the power of the legislature is of course strictly limited. It is limited, so to speak, both from within and from without; from within, because the legislature is the product of a certain social condition, and determined by whatever determines the society; and from without, because the power of imposing laws is dependent upon the instinct of subordination, which is itself limited. If a legislature decided that all blue-eyed babies should be murdered, the preservation of blue-eyed babies would be illegal; but legislators must go mad before they could pass such a law, and subjects be idiotic before they could submit to it."
322:
521:
491:
8880:
9529:
7572:
5941:
2843:
15016:(1516) Book I, "wherever it is found that the sheep of any soil yield a softer and richer wool than ordinary, there the nobility and gentry, and even those holy men, the abbots not contented with the old rents which their farms yielded... stop the course of agriculture, destroying houses and towns, reserving only the churches, and enclose grounds that they may lodge their sheep in them... Stop the rich from cornering markets and establishing virtual monopolies. Reduce the number of people who are kept doing nothing. Revive agriculture and the wool industry, so that there is plenty of honest, useful work for the great army of unemployed β by which I mean not only existing thieves, but tramps and idle servants who are bound to become thieves eventually."
395:
3547:
6663:
the executive can create and administer financial benefits schemes. Fourth, through the
Attorney General the executive can stop prosecutions or pardon convicted offenders after taking advice. Fifth, the executive may acquire more territory or alter limits of British territorial waters. Sixth, the executive may expel aliens and theoretically restrain people from leaving the UK. Seventh, the executive can sign treaties, although before it is considered ratified the treaty must be laid before Parliament for 21 days and there must be no resolution against it. Eighth, the executive governs the armed forces and can do "all those things in an emergency which are necessary for the conduct of war".
807:
3437:
4945:
4496:, fundamental human rights and freedoms are themselves "best maintained ... by "an effective political democracy". Similarly, this "characteristic principle of democracy" is enshrined by the First Protocol, article 3, which requires the "right to free elections" to "ensure the free expression of the opinion of the people in the choice of the legislature". While there are many conceptions of democracy, such as "direct", "representative" or "deliberative", the dominant view in modern political theory is that democracy requires an active citizenry, not only in electing representatives, but in taking part in political life.
6582:
6430:
420:
4094:
7282:
6067:. This also means an element of retroactivity, since an application of developing rules may differ from at least one party's understanding of the law in any conflict. Although formally the British judiciary may not declare an Act of Parliament "unconstitutional", in practice the judiciary's power to interpret the law so as to be compatible with human rights can render a statute inoperative, much like in other countries. The courts do so sparingly because they recognise the importance of the democratic process. Judges may also sit from time to time on public inquiries.
7468:
679:
6071:
13243:"I'm quite embarrassed to be the only justice to tick a lot of the diversity boxes, for example the gender one, the subject areas in which I'm interested (which are not ones that most of my colleagues have had much to do with up until now), the fact that I went to a non-fee-paying school and the fact that I wasn't a practitioner for any great length of time. I'm different from most of my colleagues in a number of respects (and they're probably at least as conscious of this as I am). I think we could do with more of that sort of diversity."
7058:
3418:'s ban on fox hunting, arguing it was not a valid Act because it was passed avoiding the House of Lords, using the Parliament Acts. They argued that the 1949 Act itself was passed using the 1911 Act's power to override the Lords in two years. The claimants argued that this meant the 1949 Act should not be considered a valid law, because the 1911 Act was limited in scope and could not be used to amend its own limitation of the Lords' power. The House of Lords, sitting as the UK's highest court, rejected this argument, holding both the
6694:
709:
7208:
33:
4015:
19232:
2736:
7487:, is essential to hold executive power and public bodies accountable under the law. In practice, constitutional principles emerge through cases of judicial review, because every public body, whose decisions affect people's lives, is created and bound by law. A person can apply to the High Court to challenge a public body's decision if they have a "sufficient interest", within three months of the grounds of the cause of action becoming known. By contrast, claims against public bodies in
11074:, first "absolute supremacy or predominance of regular law as opposed to the influence of arbitrary power", second "equality before the law, or the equal subjection of all classes to the ordinary law of the land administered by the ordinary law courts" and third, "principles of private law have with us been by the action of the courts and Parliament so extended as to determine the position of the Crown and of its servants". See also J. Raz, "The Rule of Law and its Virtue" (1977) 93
9766:
4500:
depends upon a constant process of deliberative discussion and public debate, rather than the imposition of decisions. It is also generally agreed that basic standards in political, social and economic rights are necessary to ensure everyone can play a meaningful role in political life. For this reason, the rights to free voting in fair elections and "general welfare in a democratic society" have developed hand-in-hand with all human rights, and form a fundamental cornerstone of
11935:(1772) 98 ER 499, "The state of slavery is of such a nature, that it is incapable of now being introduced by Courts of Justice upon mere reasoning or inferences from any principles, natural or political; it must take its rise from positive law; the origin of it can in no country or age be traced back to any other source: immemorial usage preserves the memory of positive law long after all traces of the occasion; reason, authority, and time of its introduction are lost ..."
647:
19244:
19256:
5554:
5133:
2769:
17496:
5673:
6728:. This includes rules that Ministers are "expected to behave in a way that upholds the highest standards of propriety", "give accurate and truthful information to Parliament", resign if they "knowingly mislead Parliament", to be "as open as possible", have no possible conflicts of interest and give a full list of interests to a permanent secretary, and only "remain in office for so long as they retain the confidence of the Prime Minister".
16601:
16166:
4465:
8957:, because his ancestors and those of his Norman barons all came from Norway. He was, however, persuaded by those summoned, that the laws of the Britons, English and Picts should remain in force 'because it was hard to adopt laws and to judge according to those that they did not know'. It is recorded that 'Finally, by the counsel and at the request of his barons, he acquiesced' and authorised and confirmed the laws as they were under
2782:
2751:
5969:
sole criterion for appointment and the appointments system is modern, open and transparent. In terms of scrutiny, A Judicial
Appointment and Conduct Ombudsman, responsible for investigating and making recommendations concerning complaints about the judicial appointments process, and the handling of judicial conduct complaints within the scope of the Constitutional Reform Act, provides checks and balances to the Supreme Court.
9056:, where leaders demanded an end to feudalism, and for everything to be held in common. Despite the revolt's violent repression, slavery and serfdom broke down, yet most people remained without any substantial liberty, in political or economic rights. As sheep farming became more profitable than agricultural work, enclosures of common land dispossessed more people, who turned into paupers and were punished.
6104:, and one lay person. For other senior judges such as those on the Court of Appeal, or for the Lord Chief Justice, Master of the Rolls, or the heads of the High Court divisions, a similar five member panel with two judges is formed. Gender and ethnic diversity is lacking in the British judiciary compared to other developed countries, and potentially compromises the expertise and administration of justice.
9322:, ratifying the Treaty of Union 1707, between the then-independent states of Scotland and England, resulted in them both merging their states to create a new state, Great Britain, and dissolving their parliaments to create a new Parliament, which gave Scottish electors representation in Westminster. The Treaty also stipulated that Scottish private law would continue under a Scottish court system.
7157:, to carry out compulsory purchasing according to law, to administer school education, libraries, care for children, roads or highway maintenance and local buses, provide care for the elderly and disabled, prevent pollution and ensure clean air, ensure collection, recycling and disposal of waste, regulate building standards, provide social and affordable housing, and shelters for the homeless.
14926:. This allowed, for example, in clause 9, 'Every freeman shall at his own pleasure provide agistment' or grazing rights, and in clause 12, 'Henceforth every freeman, in his wood or on his land that he has in the forest, may with impunity make a mill, fish-preserve, pond, marl-pit, ditch, or arable in cultivated land outside coverts, provided that no injury is thereby given to any neighbour.'
210:, the highest form of law, both Houses must read, amend, or approve proposed legislation three times and the monarch must give consent. The judiciary interprets the law found in Acts of Parliament and develops the law established by previous cases. The highest court is the twelve-person Supreme Court, as it decides appeals from the Courts of Appeal in England, Wales, and
7503:
Parliament, when it passes an Act. Otherwise, a claimant can argue that a public body's decision was unlawful in five main types of case: (1) it exceeded the lawful power of the body, used its power for an improper purpose, or acted unreasonably, (2) it violated a legitimate expectation, (3) failed to exercise relevant and independent judgement, (4) exhibited bias or a
11953:(3rd ed) p. 630 that: "It is a principle of legal policy that the municipal law should conform to public international law. The court, when considering, in relation to the facts of the instant case, which of the opposing constructions of the enactment would give effect to the legislative intention, should presume that the legislator intended to observe this principle."
10956:, : "Parliamentary sovereignty is a fundamental principle of the UK constitution", and at : "it is a fundamental principle of the UK constitution that, unless primary legislation permits it, the Royal prerogative does not enable ministers to change statute law or common law ... This is, of course, just as true in relation to Scottish, Welsh or Northern Irish law."
4206:, attempted to put this into practice (e.g. requiring the executive does not come from the legislature), it is clear that modern political parties may undermine such a separation by capturing all three branches of government, and democracy has been maintained since the 20th century despite the fact that "there is no formal separation of powers in the United Kingdom".
15951:
12922:
3488:, "based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its Members", said that "to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind", the UN would "reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights", and members should "live together in peace with one another as good neighbours". The
5757:. A third proposed option is to elect peers by work and professional groups, so that health care workers elect peers with special health knowledge, people in education elect a fixed number of education experts, legal professionals elect legal representatives, and so on. This is argued to be necessary to improve the quality of legislation.
9282:. As well as reaffirming Magna Carta, it says the 'pretended power of suspending laws or the execution of laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal', that 'election of members of Parliament ought to be free', and that 'Parliament ought to be held frequently'. The justification for government itself, encapsulated by
11821:, ch 41, "All merchants shall have a safe and secure exit from England, and entry to England, with the right to tarry there and to move about as well by land as by water, for buying and selling by the ancient and right customs, quit from all evil tolls, except (in time of war) such merchants as are of the land at war with us ..."
6086:, no judge has been removed, as to do so the King must act on address by both Houses of Parliament. It is very likely that a judge would never be dismissed, not merely because of formal rules but a "shared constitutional understanding" of the importance of the integrity of the legal system. This is reflected, for example, in the
14249:(2016) 320, 'The net result, over time, will be a patchwork of combined authorities with elected mayors, supplying a mezzanine layer of government that sits between individual local authorities and central government.' HC 369 (2015-16) criticised the lack of actual public consultation in creating combined authorities. See also
6724:" is a still smaller group of 22 or 23 people, though only twenty ministers may be paid. Each minister typically heads a Department or Ministry, which can be created or renamed by prerogative. Cabinet committees are usually organised by the Prime Minister. Every minister is expected to follow collective responsibility, and the
14989:(1546) 31, servitude was 'the greatest inconvenience that nowe is suffred by the lawe. That is to have any christen man bounden to an other, and to have the rule of his body, landes, and goodes, that his wyfe, children, and servantes have laboured for, all their life tyme, to be so taken, lyke as it were extorcion or bribery'.
15963:
12897:
present
Parliament, and by the authority of the same, that from henceforth the House of Lords in Parliament shall be and is hereby wholly abolished and taken away; and that the Lords shall not from henceforth meet or sit in the said House called the Lords' House, or in any other house or place whatsoever..." See also
10570:(2015) 65, it "is not possible to predict the outcome of changes made by Parliament to the 'manner and form' of the legislative process since, depending on the nature and reasons for such changes, the courts might still be influenced by a deep-seated belief in the proposition that Parliament cannot bind itself."
5055:, resultingβwith a 72.2% turnoutβin a margin of 51.9% favouring "leave" and 48.1% favouring "remain". Some allegations were made of misconduct taking place in the campaigns in support of both referendum options, whilst authorities found nothing considered serious enough to affect results and little to chastise.
4488:, legitimises the fact of Parliamentary sovereignty, and it is widely considered that "democracy lies at the heart of the concept of the rule of law". The opposite of arbitrary power exercised by one person is "administration is in the hands of the many and not of the few". According to the preamble to the
15816:
JC Coffee, 'What Went Wrong? An
Initial Inquiry into the Causes of the 2008 Financial Crisis' (2009) 9(1) Journal of Corporate Law Studies 1. For problems starting in US regulation, see E Warren, 'Product Safety Regulation as a Model for Financial Services Regulation' (2008) 43(2) Journal of Consumer
13406:
in London, commercial property in Oxford, Milton Keynes, Nottingham, Newcastle, etc., and a right to receive 23% of the income from the Duchy of
Lancaster's Savoy Estate in London (2) 116,000 hectares of agricultural land and forests, together with minerals and residential and commercial property (3)
10989:
AC 1, 48, per Lord Bridge, "The maintenance of the rule of law is in every way as important in a free society as the democratic franchise. In our society the rule of law rests upon twin foundations: the sovereignty of the Queen in
Parliament in making the law and the sovereignty of the Queen's courts
9952:
It has been commented by Dicey that formally, the
British Parliament was limited by the terms of the international treaties that created it in the first place. His comment that it would be imprudent for the British Parliament to try and abolish Scots Law for example, has been criticised judicially as
9949:
that has evolved since Dicey's era, and the reduction in checks on governmental power, has led to an excessively powerful government that is not legally constrained by the observance of fundamental rights. A Constitution would impose limits on what
Parliament could do. To date, the Parliament of the
4518:
stated that the right of everyone "to give vote at the election of a person to represent in
Parliament, there to concur to the making of laws, which are to bind liberty and property, is a most transcendent thing, and of a high nature". This has meant that the courts actively ensure that votes cast
4085:
On appeal, the
European Court of Human Rights concluded the convention was breached because the statute did not "indicate with reasonable clarity the scope and manner of exercise of the relevant discretion conferred on the public authorities." The judgment, however, was overshadowed by the government
3757:
for devolved assemblies, where the assembly passes a motion that the Westminster Parliament can legislate on a devolved matter before it does so, meant the UK could not negotiate to leave without the Scottish, Welsh or Northern Ireland legislatures' consent. The Supreme Court held that the government
3432:
Lord Hope argued that Parliamentary sovereignty "is no longer, if it ever was, absolute", and that the "rule of law enforced by the courts is the ultimate controlling factor on which our constitution is based", and cannot be used to defend unconstitutional Acts (as determined by the courts). There is
3305:
Parliamentary sovereignty is often seen as a central element in the British constitution, although its extent is contested. It means that an Act of Parliament is the highest form of law, but also that "Parliament cannot bind itself". Historically, Parliament became sovereign through a series of power
11665:
with their judicial oaths, not only in disputes between private persons but also in disputes between private persons and the state. The state, in the shape of the executive, is as much subject to the rule of law as are private persons." cf K. D. Ewing, "The Resilience of the Political Constitution"
11664:
UKPC 23, Lady Hale, "A vital element in any modern democratic constitution is the independence of the judiciary from the other arms of government, the executive and the legislature. This is crucial to maintaining the rule of law: the judges must be free to interpret and apply the law, in accordance
7152:
section 101 says that a local authority can discharge its functions through a committee or any officer, and can transfer functions to another authority, while section 111 gives authorities the power to do anything including spending or borrowing 'which is calculated to facilitate, or is conducive or
5968:
Further aspects of this explores how independent the Judiciary has become. An Appointments Commission, responsible for selecting candidates to recommend for judicial appointment to the Secretary of State for Justice was established. The Judicial Appointments Commission ensures that merit remains the
5595:
recognised the right to "vote at the election of a person to represent him or in Parliament, there to concur to the making of laws, which are to bind his liberty and property" as "a most transcendent thing, and of an high nature". This originally meant that any interference in that right would lead
5079:
Laws that touch on topics such as the structure of government, rights of citizens and the powers of devolved assemblies become constitutionally significant simply by their subject matter and the sovereignty of parliament meaning that the specifics of the law becoming legally binding. This allows for
4557:, Lord Steyn, giving the leading judgement, said it was "necessary" to view the law of negligence in the context of "the contours of our social welfare state". More generally, the common law has been increasingly developed to be harmonious with statutory rights, and also in harmony with rights under
4186:
said the "constitutional right of access to the courts is inherent in the rule of law". Without access to courts, "laws are liable to become a dead letter, the work done by Parliament may be rendered nugatory, and the democratic election of Members of Parliament may become a meaningless charade." In
9962:
of personal liberty, and "the institutions and manners of the nation". Opponents of a codified constitution argue that the country is not based on a founding document that tells its citizens who they are and what they can do. There is also a belief that any unwarranted encroachment on the spirit of
7128:
In real terms since 2010, central government cut local council funding by nearly 50 per cent, and real spending fell by 21 per cent, as councils failed to make up cuts through business rates. Unitary authorities and district councils are responsible for administering council tax and business rates.
6099:
Members of the judiciary can be appointed from among any member of the legal profession who has over 10 years of experience having rights of audience before a court: this usually includes barristers, but can also mean solicitors or academics. Appointments should be made "solely on merit" but regard
5585:
aged 18 and over to elect Members of Parliament to the House of Commons. Sections 3 and 4 exclude people who are convicted of an offence and in a penal institution, or detained under mental health laws. These restrictions fall below European standards, which require that people who are convicted of
5123:
Conventions are harder to pin down as being constitutionally significant due to be unwritten agreements without hard legal force, but they remain an integral element of the constitution. Elements such as the leader of the party with a majority becoming Prime Minister, the House of Lords not vetoing
4499:
Its essence lies in not simply majority decision-making, nor referendums that can easily be used as a tool of manipulation, "but in the making of politically responsible decisions" and in "large-scale social changes maximising the freedom" of humankind. The legitimacy of law in a democratic society
14965:
and camlet furred with grise, and we be vestured with poor cloth: they have their wines, spices and good bread, and we have the drawing out of the chaff and drink water: they dwell in fair houses, and we have the pain and travail, rain and wind in the fields; and by that that cometh of our labours
14293:
12896:
An Act abolishing the House of Lords 1649, reading "The Commons of England assembled in Parliament, finding by too long experience that the House of Lords is useless and dangerous to the people of England to be continued, have thought fit to ordain and enact, and be it ordained and enacted by this
9967:
in the course of delivering his opinion in a case heard in Louisiana in 1873: "England has no written constitution, it is true; but it has an unwritten one, resting in the acknowledged, and frequently declared, privileges of Parliament and the people, to violate which in any material respect would
7160:
Local authorities do not yet have powers common in other countries, such as setting minimum wages, regulating rents, or borrowing and taxing as is necessary in the public interest, which frustrates objectives of pluralism, localism and autonomy. Since 2009, authorities have been empowered to merge
6683:
clauses, which enable a Secretary of State to alter provisions of primary legislation. For this reason it has often been argued that executive authority should be reduced, written into statute, and never used to deprive people of rights without Parliament. All uses of the prerogative, however, are
6671:
create corporations, such as the BBC, and franchises for markets, ferries and fisheries. Twelfth, the executive has the right to mine precious metals, and to take treasure troves. Thirteenth, it may make coins. Fourteenth, it can print or license the authorised version of the Bible, Book of Common
6662:
Though royal prerogative powers can be categorised in different ways, there are around 15. First, the executive may create hereditary titles, confer honours and create peers. Second, the executive can legislate by an Order in Council, though this has been called an 'anachronistic survival'. Third,
5172:
in a democratic vote, although outcomes do not always accurately match people's preferences overall. Elections must be held within five years after the previous election of a Parliament, though historically they have tended to occur each four years. Election spending is tightly controlled, foreign
5011:
which sought to guarantee basic standards of democracy and human rights to preserve peace in post-war Europe. At the same time, following long-held visions for European integration with the UK "at the centre", democratic European countries sought to integrate their economies both to make war vain,
4156:
remarked that the SFO had to consider "the principle that no-one, including powerful British companies who do business for powerful foreign countries, is above the law", but the decision reached was not unreasonable. When enforcement or court proceedings do take place, they should proceed swiftly:
3464:
In recent history, Parliament's sovereignty has evolved in four main ways. First, since 1945 international cooperation meant Parliament augmented its power by working with, not dominating, other sovereign nations. While Parliament had nearly uncontested military power before, and so was thought by
197:
The leading institutions in the United Kingdom's constitution are Parliament, the judiciary, the executive, and regional and local governments, including the devolved legislatures and executives of Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Parliament is the supreme law-making body, and represents the
5972:
The Judiciary hears appeals from the whole UK in civil law matters, and for criminal law in England and Wales, and Northern Ireland. It does not hear criminal appeals from Scotland. The Supreme Court does however consider "devolution issues" where these may affect Scottish criminal law. Since the
5537:
which investigate spending, policies, laws and their impact, and often report to recommend reform. For instance, the Modernisation Committee of the House of Commons in 2002 recommended publishing draft bills before they became law, and was later found to have been highly successful. There are 650
13157:(2014) 329, 'whatever the theoretical position, there are a number of reasons which help to ensure that these latter powers are unlikely ever to be used, with the security of judicial tenure relying not so much on legal rules as on a shared constitutional understanding which these rules reflect.'
12441:
art 4, levying money for the Crown without Parliament's consent is illegal. Each year a Supply and Appropriation (Anticipation and Adjustments) Bill, typically passed in March, provides money on account to fund activities from the start of the new financial year. A Supply and Appropriation (Main
7242:
with 129 elected members each four years: 73 from single member constituencies with simple majority vote, and 56 from additional member systems of proportional representation. Under section 28, the Scottish Parliament can make any laws except for on 'reserved matters' listed in Schedule 5. These
3377:", and supreme. 18 years later however, the English Parliament abolished itself in order to create the new Parliament following on the Treaty of Union between England and Scotland, while the Scottish Parliament did likewise. Power struggles within Parliament continued between the aristocracy and
14281:
listing (1) agriculture, fisheries, forestry and rural development) (2) ancient monuments and historic buildings (3) culture (4) economic development (5) education and training (6) environment (7) fire and rescue services and promotion of fire safety (8) food (9) health and health services (10)
10257:
clauses 1 ("the English church shall be free"), 12 and 14 (no tax "unless by common counsel of our kingdom"), 17 ("Common pleas shall ... be held in some fixed place"), 39β40 ("To no one will we sell, to no one will we refuse or delay, right or justice"), 41 ("merchants shall have safe and
7502:
Almost any public body, or private bodies exercising public functions, can be the target of judicial review, including a government department, a local council, any Minister, the Prime Minister, or any other body that is created by law. The only public body whose decisions cannot be reviewed is
7258:
created a 60-member national assembly with elections every four years, and set out twenty fields of government competence, with some exceptions. The fields include agriculture, fisheries, forestry and rural development, economic development, education, environmental policy, health, highways and
5610:
Election spending is tightly controlled today by statute. A maximum of Β£20 million can be spent by political parties in national campaigns, plus Β£10,000 in each constituency. Political advertisements on television are prohibited except for those in certain free time slots, although the internet
3974:
has been regarded as a fundamental principle of modern legal systems, including the UK. It has been called "as important in a free society as the democratic franchise", and even "the ultimate controlling factor on which our constitution is based". Like parliamentary sovereignty, its meaning and
3666:
rail line from London to Manchester and Leeds claimed that the government had not properly followed an Environmental Impact Assessment Directive by whipping a vote in Parliament to approve the plan. They argued that the Directive required open and free consultation, which was not fulfilled if a
6740:, it has been expected that government should be open about information, and should disclose it upon a request unless disclosure would compromise personal data, security or may run against the public interest. In this way the trend has been to more open, transparent and accountable governance.
249:
in their public capacity, known as the Crown, embodies the state. Laws can only be made by or with the authority of the Crown in Parliament, all judges sit in place of the Crown and all ministers act in the name of the Crown. The monarch is for the most part a ceremonial figurehead and has not
5741:
system. However, the government withdrew support after backlash from Conservative backbenches. It has often been argued that if the Lords were elected by geographic constituencies and a party controlled both sides "there would be little prospect of effective scrutiny or revision of government
6666:
The executive cannot declare war without Parliament by convention, and in any case has no hope in funding war without Parliament. Ninth, the Prime Minister can appoint ministers, judges, public officials or royal commissioners. Tenth, the monarch needs to pay no tax, unless statute states it
5720:
The government carries out appointment of most peers, but since 2000 has taken advice from a seven-person House of Lords Appointments Commission with representatives from the Labour, Conservatives and Liberal-Democrat parties. A peerage can always be disclaimed, and ex-peers may then run for
5617:
to be compatible with the Convention because "each person has equal value" and "we do not want our government or its policies to be decided by the highest spenders." Foreign interference in voting is completely prohibited, including any "broadcasting" (also over the internet) "with intent to
6735:
and network of government bodies, who are employed at the pleasure of the Crown. The Civil Service Code requires civil servants to show "high standards of behaviour", uphold core values of "integrity, honesty, objectivity and impartiality", and never put themselves in a position that "might
10072:
and take the power to dissolve Parliament away from the monarch. The Coalition also promised to introduce law on the reform of the House of Lords. In the referendum, the Alternative Vote system was rejected by 67% to 33%, and therefore all reforms regarding the voting system were dropped.
5964:
officially from 2005, is the Supreme Court. The Lord Chancellor's role changed dramatically on 3 April 2006, as a result of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005. Due to the Constitutional Reform Act of 2005, the make up of the Judiciary is clearly demonstrated for the first time inside the
5586:
very minor crimes (such as petty theft or drug offences) have the right to vote. Since 2013, everyone has to register individually to vote, instead of households being able to register collectively, but an annual household canvass is conducted to increase the number of registered people.
10875:
5197:. Second, the judiciary interprets the law. It can not strike down an Act of Parliament, but the judiciary ensures that any law which may violate fundamental rights has to be clearly expressed, to force politicians to openly confront what they are doing and "accept the political cost".
18450:
11604:
2β11, 4_5, a constitutional democracy means: (1) "a majority or plurality of people" (2) "all citizens have the moral independence necessary to participate in the political decision as free moral agents" (3) "the political process is such as to treat all citizens with equal concern".
9895:
and adoption of British constitutional principles propagated their spread around the world. One of the oldest constitutional systems in the world, dating back over one thousand years, it is characterised by the stability of its governing institutions, its capacity to absorb change, a
13295:
See R Blackburn, 'Monarchy and the personal prerogatives' Public Law 546, explaining that the "personal prerogative" of the monarch is a set of powers that must be exercised according to law, and must follow the advice of the Prime Minister, or in accordance with Parliament and the
5665:, and must be over 18 on the day of nomination to run for a seat, be a qualifying Commonwealth or Irish citizen, not be bankrupt, found guilty of corrupt practices, or be a Lord, judge or employee of the civil service. To limit the government's practical control over Parliament, the
11168:
3610:
has long been held to prevail in any conflict between Acts of Parliament for the limited fields in which it operates, but member states and citizens gain control over the scope of EU law, and so extend their sovereignty in international affairs, through joint representation in the
10930:
1 QB 752), but they cannot give legal rulings on its operation or scope, because those matters are determined within the political world. As Professor Colin Munro has stated, 'the validity of conventions cannot be the subject of proceedings in a court of law' β (1975) 91 LQR 218,
4553:, because each right can usually only be restricted if "in accordance with law" and as "necessary in a democratic society". The place of the social welfare state that is necessary to support democratic life is also manifested through the courts' interpretation. For instance, in
3898:
13116:, "In this way the courts of the United Kingdom, though acknowledging the sovereignty of Parliament, apply principles of constitutionality little different from those which exist in countries where the power of the legislature is expressly limited by a constitutional document."
16114:
Dawn Oliver noted the absence of a 'master plan or coherent programme for reform of the UK constitution' and considered that the reforms were 'pragmatic responses to political pressures and perceived problems, on an ad hoc, incremental basis': as quoted by Mitchell, James,
12685:
4545:"each person has equal value" and "we do not want our government or its policies to be decided by the highest spenders". More broadly, the concept of a "democratic society" and what is "necessary" for its functioning underpins the entire scheme of interpretation for the
10924:, 146. "Judges, therefore, are neither the parents nor the guardians of political conventions; they are merely observers. As such, they can recognise the operation of a political convention in the context of deciding a legal question (as in the Crossman diaries case β
6570:" (written by the government, outlining its political platform) at the opening of Parliament. Public support for the monarchy remains high, with only 21% of the population preferring a republic instead. However, on the other hand, it has been argued that the UK should
5977:, the judiciary has acknowledged that while a system of precedent, that binds lower courts, is necessary to provide "at least some degree of certainty", the courts should update their jurisprudence and "depart from a previous decision when it appears right to do so."
3719:
give more limited powers to local and London governments. Practically, but also constitutionally, it has become increasingly accepted that decisions should not be taken for the UK which would override, and run counter to, the will of regional governments. However, in
11855:(1606) 2 St Tr 371. John Bate claimed he did not need to pay a duty on imported currants imposed by the Crown, contrary to the Confirmation of Charters, Weirs, Taxation Act 1371, 45 Edw 3 c. 4, which prohibited indirect taxation without the onsent of Parliament. The
4507:
In the UK's "modern democratic constitution", the principle of democracy is manifested through statutes and case law which guarantee the right to vote in fair elections, and through its use as a principle of interpretation by courts. In 1703, in the landmark case of
10044:
as lead ministry. The Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 2010 is a piece of constitutional legislation. It enshrines in statute the impartiality and integrity of the British Civil Service and the principle of open and fair recruitment. It enshrines in law the
7313:
bound the King to require Parliament's consent before any tax, respect the right to a trial "by lawful judgment of his Peers, or by the Law of the Land", stated that "We will sell to no man, we will not deny or defer to any man either Justice or Right", guaranteed
13730:
13202:(1932) 168-9, between 1832 and 1906, 'Out of 139 judges appointed, 80 were members of the House of Commons at the time of their nomination; 11 others had been candidates for Parliament', and that of the 80, '63 were appointed by their own party while in office'.
5736:
proposed to have 360 directly elected members, 90 appointed members, 12 bishops and an uncertain number of ministerial members. The elected Lords would have been elected by proportional representation for 15-year terms, through 10 regional constituencies on a
9436:
that slavery was unlawful at common law, this set off a wave of outrage in the southern colonies of America, whose economies were heavily dependent on slavery. Together with northern colonies' grievances over taxation without representation, this led to the
9190:, holding that even that "the common law will control Acts of Parliament". Though supported by some judges, the idea that common law courts could nullify Acts of Parliament was rejected, and the common law was formally placed under the King's control in the
14282:
highways and transport (11) housing (12) local government (13) National Assembly for Wales (14) public administration (15) social welfare (16) sport and recreation (17) tourism (18) town and country planning (19) water and flood defence (20) Welsh language.
3543:, Parliament decided that the British judiciary should be required to apply human rights norms directly in determining British cases, to ensure a more speedy, human rights-based resolution to case law, and effectively influence human rights reasoning more.
14604:(2010) was 'Ministers and public officers at all levels must exercise the powers conferred on them in good faith, fairly, for the purposes for which the powers were conferred, without exceeding the limits of such powers and not unreasonably.' Contrast the
8953:), summoned nobles learned in the law from all parts of the country in order to learn the established laws and customs. After hearing from 12 men from each county on oath, he expressed the wish to establish Norse law as the common law in England under one
7124:
charged on businesses with operations in the locality. These powers are, compared to other countries, extreme in limiting local government autonomy, and taxes can be subjected to a local referendum if the Secretary of State determines they are excessive.
9351:
license, became the object of mass financial speculation, provoked by government ministers interested in its rising share price. When it transpired, contrary to promoters' stories, that no trade was done because the Spanish had revoked their promise the
13497:
true it was, that God had endowed His Majesty with excellent science, and great endowments of nature; but His Majesty was not learned in the laws of his realm of England, and causes which concern the life, or inheritance, or goods, or fortunes of his
13407:
rights to extract minerals covers some 115,500 hectares (4) 55% of the UK's foreshore, and all of the UK's seabed from mean low water to the 12-nautical-mile (22 km) limit, plus sovereign rights of the UK in the seabed and its resources vested by the
10704:(1885) 39β40, Parliament has "under the English constitution, the right to make or unmake any law whatever; and further... no person or body is recognised by the law of England as having a right to override or set aside the legislation of Parliament."
6130:
the government suffered scathing criticism for creating high fees that cut the number of applicants to employment tribunals by 70 per cent. The Attorney General of England and Wales, and in Scottish matters, the Advocate General for Scotland, and the
4052:
held that the "great end, for which men entered into society, was to secure their property", and that without any authority "every invasion of private property, be it ever so minute, is a trespass." Carrington acted unlawfully and had to pay damages.
3671:
compelled party members to vote. The Supreme Court unanimously held the Directive did not require that no party whip occurred, but if a conflict had existed a Directive would not be able to compromise the fundamental constitutional principle from the
7101:, there are 55 unitary authorities in the larger towns (e.g. Bristol, Brighton, Milton Keynes) and 36 metropolitan boroughs (surrounding Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, Birmingham, Sheffield, and Newcastle) which function as unitary local authorities.
12301:
similarly set elections to take place at a maximum of each five years, but elections usually occurred in a fourth year. Before this the maximum was seven years, but in practice governments called votes sooner. From 2011 until its repeal in 2022 the
7165:. This has been done around Manchester, Sheffield, Liverpool, Newcastle, Leeds, Birmingham, the Tees Valley, Bristol and Peterborough. The functions of an elected mayor are not substantial, but can include those of Police and Crime Commissioners.
6528:). The PM's modern functions include leading the dominant political party, setting policy priorities, creating Ministries and appointing ministers, judges, peers, and civil servants. The PM also has considerable control through the convention of
12082:
10596:(1615) 21 ER 485, Lord Ellesmere LC, "when a Judgment is obtained by Oppression, Wrong and a hard Conscience, the Chancellor will frustrate and set it aside, not for any error or Defect in the Judgment, but for the hard Conscience of the Party."
9215:. This demanded the King to abide by Magna Carta, levy no tax without Parliament, not arbitrarily commit people to prison, not have martial law in times of peace, and not billet soldiers in private homes. Charles I responded by shutting down or
4788:
9510:
abolished slavery within the British Empire, compensating slave owners and made ex-slaves in the colonies work for their owners for four to six years as indentured servants without pay; this was abolished in 1838 after public outcry. With the
2888:, Parliament became the dominant branch of the state, above the judiciary, executive, monarchy, and church. Parliament can make or unmake any law, a fact that is usually justified by Parliament being democratically elected, and upholding the
15148:(1653) 5 State Tr 825, 828, Keble J, 'Whatsoever is not consonant to the law of God, or to right reason which is maintained by scripture... be it Acts of Parliament, customs, or any judicial acts of the Court, it is not the law of England.'
14030:
15089:(1604) 5 Coke Rep 91, that nobody can enter another's property without lawful authority and that "the house of every one is to him as his castle and fortress, as well for his defence against injury and violence as for his repose." See also
13867:
s 3, putting management of the civil service into statute. Civil Service Management Code s 11.1.1, civil servants employed at pleasure of the Crown, theoretically lacking a wrongful dismissal remedy according to somewhat outdated case law:
12375:
Secretary of State for the Home Department, Ex Parte Simms Secretary of State for the Home Department, Ex Parte O'Brien, R v. [1999] UKHL 33; [2000] 2 AC 115; [1999] 3 All ER 400; [1999] 3 WLR 328 (8th July,
9957:
Proponents of a codified constitution argue it would strengthen the legal protection of democracy and freedom. As a strong advocate of the "unwritten constitution", Dicey highlighted that English rights were embedded in the general English
5965:
Constitution. This form of enshrined law presents a new branch of government. An independent Supreme Court has been established, separate from the House of Lords and with its own independent appointments system, staff, budget and building.
6096:, once head of the judiciary but now simply a government minister, also has a statutory duty to uphold the independence of the judiciary, for instance, against attacks upon their integrity by media, corporations, or the government itself.
6100:
may be had to the need for diversity when two candidates have equal qualifications. For appointments to the Supreme Court, a five-member Judicial Appointments Committee is formed including one Supreme Court judge, three members from the
13349:
estimated the Queen's personal wealth at Β£340 million, making her the 302nd richest person in the UK: H Nianias, 'The Queen drops off the top end of the Sunday Times Rich List for the first time since its inception' (26 April 2015) The
14578:(3rd edn 2016) ch 16 follows this. It is often, however, unclear how a procedural requirement of the law can be separated from substance, and it was thought that "irrationality" is too restrictive. AW Bradley, KD Ewing and CJS Knight,
9009:
1215. This was a commitment to hold 'common counsel' before any taxation, hold courts at a fixed place, hold trials according to law or before an accused's peers, guarantee free movement of people for trade, and give back common land.
5696:
remains an historical curiosity in the British constitution. Traditionally it represented the landed aristocracy, and political allies of the monarch or the government, and has only gradually and incompletely been reformed. Today, the
10802:
9307:
created an independent system of justice: judges were salaried and could not be removed except by both Houses of Parliament, no member of the House of Commons could be paid by the Crown, and the Crown had to be Anglican. In 1703,
11179:
in the interests of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of
9456:
broke out, and the French King was deposed with demands for "liberty, equality and fraternity". The British aristocracy reacted with repression on free speech and association to forestall any similar movement. While figures like
10660:
3644:
held that, because the EU law conflicted with the sections of the 1988 Act, those sections would not be enforced, and disapplied, because Parliament had not clearly expressed an intention to renounce the 1972 Act. According to
5606:
seat was not valid after it was found that 44 unstamped ballot papers were not counted. These common law principles predate statutory regulation, and therefore appear to apply to any vote, including elections and referendums.
18756:
11802:, "The general rules of international law shall be an integral part of federal law. They shall take precedence over the laws and directly create rights and duties for the inhabitants of the federal territory." In the EU, see
10905:
13819:
6111:
enables a court to hold anyone in contempt, and commit the person to imprisonment, for violating a court order, or behaviour that could compromise a fair judicial process. In practice this is enforced by the executive. The
4907:
stressed that "there is a strong presumption in favour of interpreting English law (whether common law or statute) in a way which does not place the United Kingdom in breach of an international obligation." For example, in
14371:
5180:
Most Lords are appointed by the Prime Minister, through the King, on the advice of a Commission which, by convention, offers some balance between political parties. Ninety-two hereditary peers remain. To become law, each
11732:
12000:
11945:
11613:(2002) 32β33 "it would be perverse to argue that there is anything undemocratic about a restriction on the capacity of decision-makers to interfere with the rights which are fundamental to democracy itself". See also
10850:(1963) Case 26/62, member states "have limited their sovereign rights, albeit within limited fields, and have thus created a body of law which binds both their nationals and themselves" on the "basis of reciprocity".
10215:
265:
applications, to decide whether the decisions or acts of public bodies are lawful. Every public body can only act in accordance with the law, laid down in Acts of Parliament and the decisions of the courts. Under the
10946:
1953 SC 396, Lord Cooper, "The principle of the unlimited sovereignty of Parliament is a distinctively English principle which has no counterpart in Scottish constitutional law." However this view was disapproved in
4844:
are a basic component of the British constitution, both as a primary tool of interpretation of domestic law and through the UK's consistent support and membership of major international organisations. As far back as
4229:
following a judge being subject to criminal proceedings. There is now a duty on all ministers to "uphold the continued independence of the judiciary", including against assault by powerful corporations or the media.
12850:
5459:
4735:
2868:, the Supreme Court recognises constitutional principles, and constitutional statutes, which shape the use of political power. There are at least four main constitutional principles recognised by the courts. First,
11433:
PL 57, "Our Parliamentary democracy is based on the Rule of Law. ... If Parliament did the unthinkable then I would say that the courts would also be required to act in a manner which would be unprecedented."
7104:
In other parts of England, local government is split between two tiers of authority: 32 larger County Councils, and within those 192 District Councils, each sharing different functions. Since 1994, England has had
4151:
paid bribes to Saudi government figures. The House of Lords held the SFO was entitled to take into account the public interest in not pursuing an investigation, including the security threats that might transpire.
15142:(1614) Hob 85, 80 ER 235, Hobart CJ, 'even an Act of Parliament, made against natural equity, as to make a man judge in his own case, is void in itself, for jura nutrae sunt immutabilia, and they are leges legu.'
13597:
13583:
11660:
7337:
in Scotland, enshrined principles of representative democracy, no tax without Parliament, freedom of speech in Parliament, and no "cruel and unusual punishment". By 1789, these ideas evolved and inspired both the
4374:
11171:"(1) Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence. (2) There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is
4865:, is part of the laws of the realm. The constitutional crises of the 17th century centred upon Parliament halting the King's attempt to tax international trade without its consent. Similarly in the 18th century,
16188:
11673:
7243:
powers, reserved for the British Parliament, include foreign affairs, defence, finance, economic planning, home affairs, trade and industry, social security, employment, broadcasting, and equal opportunities.
5529:
that decolonisation, university constituencies and lowering of the voting age took place. Parliament's main functions are to legislate, to allocate money for public spending, and to scrutinise the government.
4044:, claimed that the King's Chief Messenger, Nathan Carrington, had no legal authority to break into and ransack his home, and remove his papers. Carrington claimed he had authority from the Secretary of State,
4933:, and held it was no bar for the claimant to assert her legal rights. It has been further debated whether the UK should adopt a theory of that sees international law as part of UK without any further act (a "
12726:(21 October 1969) The Times, elector in Enfield sought mandamus ('we command') to require Home Secretary to perform statutory duty of laying before Parliament Commission reports with draft orders in Council.
12921:(1917) Fabian Tract No. 183, 7, at 12, preferring a chamber of around 100 people elected by proportional representation. E McGaughey, 'A Twelve Point Plan for Labour, and A Manifesto for Labour Law' (2017)
12482:
HC Modernisation Committee (2001β02) HC 1168, recommended publishing draft bills, and (2005β06) HC 1097, 'one of the most successful Parliamentary innovations of the last ten years' and 'should become more
11446:
UKSC 51, "Without such access , laws are liable to become a dead letter, the work done by Parliament may be rendered nugatory, and the democratic election of Members of Parliament may become a meaningless
7416:
contains the rights to life, rights against torture, against forced labour, to marry, to an effective remedy, and the right to suffer no discrimination in those rights. Most case law concerns the rights to
5596:
to damages. If the denial of voting would have changed the result, or if a vote was "conducted so badly that it was not substantially in accordance with the law" the vote would have to be run again. So, in
11741:
4529:
held that if a vote "was conducted so badly that it was not substantially in accordance with the law, " then it would be declared void, and so would even minor irregularities that would affect the result.
4010:
and recast the judicial appointments system to entrench independence, diversity and merit. As the statute gives no further definition, the practical meaning of the "rule of law" develops through case law.
13753:
11859:
held the Crown could impose the duty as he pleased to regulate trade. The Court could not go behind the King's statement that the duty was indeed imposed for the purpose of regulating trade. Then, the
7153:
incidental to, the discharge of any of their functions'. However, the real duties of local council are found in hundreds of scattered Acts and statutory instruments. These include duties to administer
2926:
Fourth, the British constitution is bound to international law, as Parliament has chosen to increase its practical power in cooperation with other countries in international organisations, such as the
11648:
7250:, members of the British Parliament from Scottish constituencies do not vote on issues that the Scottish Parliament has exercised power over. This is the most powerful regional government so far. The
3255:
11403:(10th ed. 1959) 73, who said "The electors in the long run can always enforce their will", on the basis that executive dominance over Parliament might require revisions of the extent of the concept.
11395:(7th ed. 2011) 35, "A further question is whether the democratic process in the UK works so well as to justify the absence of any limit on the authority of Parliament to legislate." This criticises
9130:
14863:(2004) 161, this included a 25% tax on income and property, all the year's wool, and all churches gold and silver, to pay a ransom after Richard I was captured when returning from the crusades by
16533:
13215:
12508:
9617:
reduced the property qualification further, so that around one third of men in Britain could vote. However, the act did not establish universal suffrage; 40% of men and all women could not vote.
6566:
Minor ceremonial duties include giving an audience to the Prime Minister, as well as visiting ministers or diplomats from the Commonwealth, and acting on state occasions, such as delivering the "
5007:
section 20 stipulates that a treaty is ratified once it is laid before Parliament for 21 days and no adverse resolution is passed against it. Regionally, the UK participated in drafting the 1950
17924:
14152:
8732:
6988:
16207:
4918:
held that a young lady who had been illegally trafficked to the UK had a right to bring a race discrimination claim against her employers, even though she had herself been in violation of the
14446:
12600:
12137:
12021:
11804:
11511:
4338:
10068:
the latter in 2022. The Acts were intended to reduce the number of MPs in the House of Commons from 650 to 600, change the way the UK is divided into parliamentary constituencies, introduce
3753:
through merger control, and the right to vote for EU institutions) only Parliament could consent to notifying the intention to negotiate to leave under Article 50. They also argued that the
18006:
17726:
10300:
9950:
UK has no limit on its power other than the possibility of extra-parliamentary action (by the people) and of other sovereign states (pursuant to treaties made by Parliament and otherwise).
8929:
6679:
In addition to these royal prerogative powers, there are innumerable powers explicitly laid down in statutes enabling the executive to make legal changes. This includes a growing number of
9871:
Aspects of the British constitution were adopted in the constitutions and legal systems of other countries around the world, particularly those that were part of, or formerly part of, the
14254:
11087:
12072:, "Speech to the 69th Annual Conservative Party Conference at Llandudno" (9 October 1948). See J. Danzig, "Winston Churchill: A founder of the European Union" (10 November 2013), EU ROPE
9945:
A. V. Dicey identified that ultimately "the electorate are politically sovereign," and Parliament is legally sovereign. Barendt argues that the greater political party discipline in the
6535:
By contrast in law, as is necessary in a democratic society, the monarch is a figurehead with no political power, but a series of ceremonial duties, and considerable funding. Aside from
11644:
4677:
7109:
for administrative purposes at Whitehall, yet these have no regional government or democratic assembly (like in London, Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland) after a 2004 referendum on
5525:
that Parliament could be said to have finally become "democratic" in any modern sense (as property qualifications to vote were abolished for everyone over 21), and not until after the
2895:
Second, the rule of law has run through the constitution as a fundamental principle from the earliest times as "The king must ... under the law, because the law makes the king" (
13917:
ss 1 and 21-44. Sch 1 lists public bodies that are subject. The BBC can only be required to disclose information held for non-journalistic purposes, to protect freedom of expression:
9048:
struck England, and killed around a third of the population. As peasants lost their lords, and there was a shortage of workers, wages rose. The King and Parliament responded with the
13830:
11640:
10649:
UKHL 56, "Parliamentary sovereignty is an empty principle if legislation is passed which is so absurd or so unacceptable that the populace at large refuses to recognise it as law".
9926:
argues that the uncodified nature of the United Kingdom constitution does not mean it should not be characterised as a "constitution", but also claims that the lack of an effective
8866:
7097:
unified district or borough councils have local government powers, and since 1998 to 2006 new regional assemblies or Parliaments exercise extra powers devolved from Westminster. In
6398:
5359:
14673:
14653:
13925:
13794:
12722:
11255:
11238:
9632:'s programme of reform. This included a legal guarantee of the right of unions to collectively bargain and strike for fair wages, an old age pension, a system of minimum wages, a
6012:
for public or regulatory disputes, ranging from immigration, to social security, to tax. After the High Court, Crown Court, or appeal tribunals, cases generally may appeal to the
5661:, voters have the choice of both constituencies and a party list, which tends to reflect overall preferences best. To be elected as an MP, most people generally become members of
4127:
16626:
15168:(1765) "if the parliament will positively enact a thing to be done which is unreasonable, I know of no power that can control it..." In the US, Coke CJ's argument was applied in
16540:
13603:
6872:
2911:, elections in which all capable adults participate have become a fundamental constitutional principle. Originally only wealthy, property-owning men held rights to vote for the
763:
748:
7234:
have their own devolved governments and national parliament, similar to state or provincial governments in other countries. The extent of devolution differs in each place. The
15726:
14440:
14422:
14177:
12095:
11619:
1 AC 98, Lord Hoffmann, "Their Lordships do not doubt that such a principle is one of the building blocks of democracy and necessarily permeates any democratic constitution."
10949:
10917:
10889:
10349:
10238:
8272:
7008:
6635:
5212:
who must be able to command a majority in the House of Commons. The Cabinet of Ministers is appointed by the Prime Minister to lead the main departments of state, such as the
4996:
3722:
3654:
3243:
3229:
3203:
1513:
14647:
6345:
14010:
13555:
HC Deb (21 April 1993) col 490 and HC 422 (2003β04) Treasury Solicitor, suggesting an exhaustive catalogue of powers is probably not possible, but listing major categories.
18931:
15386:
14381:
10846:
10010:
which alters the structure of the House of Lords to separate its judicial and legislative functions. For example, the legislative, judicial and executive functions of the
7293:, here the people traditionally gather to exchange views, debate, and listen. Debating and free speech societies are found throughout the UK and make a regular part of TV.
2660:
1684:
1670:
4178:
had statutory authority to create fees for court services, but in the case of employment tribunals, his Order led to a 70% drop in claims against employers for breach of
14693:
12531:
ECHR 868 reaffirmed the position. HL Paper 103, HC 924 (2013-14) recommended prisoners serving under 12 months should be entitled to vote. Parliament still did not act.
9866:
8212:
4440:
2322:
828:
9953:"cynical" but was written in the high Victorian era when Parliament was grappling with the concept of Irish Home Rule, strongly opposed by many politicians at the time.
5244:
institutions developed to deliver UK residents economic, social and legal rights. All public bodies, and private bodies that perform public functions, are bound by the
4074:
Schedule 5, stated there should be no interference in telecommunications unless the Secretary of State issued a warrant, but said nothing explicit about phone tapping.
3662:
would not be interpreted by the courts as having been given up by membership of the EU, or probably any international organisation. Here a group protesting against the
294:, to privacy against unlawful surveillance, to freedom of expression, conscience and religion, to respect for private life, to freedom of association including joining
17789:
17764:
11799:
7141:
section 1 states local authorities may do anything an individual person may do, unless prohibited by law, but this provision has little effect because human beings or
16185:
11666:
16605:
15529:
13774:
13615:
11637:
11587:(1996) 135, "the only law that counts as legitimate is one that could be rationally accepted by all citizens in a discursive process of opinion- and will-formation."
11421:
10985:
4350:
4322:
3649:"whatever limitation of its sovereignty Parliament accepted when it enacted the was entirely voluntary". It was, therefore, the duty of the courts to apply EU law.
1636:
14525:. But under s 11, the period is three years for personal injury or death, under s 11A ten years for defective products, and under s 15 twelve years to recover land.
6532:(that ministers must publicly support the government even when they privately disagree, or resign), and control over the government's communications to the public.
4937:" theory), or whether it should still be required for international law principles to be translated into domestic law (a "dualist" theory). The current position in
17746:
14659:
12539:
12527:
12446:
for the balance of the grant of estimates for the financial year, with a detailed schedule of total net resources, capital and cash authorised for each department.
9854:
9471:
as well as men, arguing that unjust gender and class oppression flowed from "the respect paid to property... as from a poisoned fountain". While successful in the
8692:
5048:
2954:
2824:
2700:
1523:
974:
11156:
or private should be bound by and entitled to the benefit of laws publicly made, taking effect (generally) in the future and publicly administered in the courts."
17794:
16294:
15412:
15150:
10473:
10326:
arts 2 (life), 3 (torture), 4 (servitude), 5 (liberty), 6 (fair trial), 8 (privacy), 9 (conscience and religion), 10 (expression), 11 (association and assembly).
10053:
9668:
9211:
succeeded to the throne in 1625, and more fervently asserted a divine right, including the ability to levy tax without Parliament, Coke and others presented the
8562:
7962:
5522:
4034:". This means that the state, government, and any person acting under government authority (including a corporation), may only act according to law. In 1765, in
3762:; Parliament must pass an Act enabling it to do so. However, the Sewel convention could not be enforced by courts, rather than observed. This led Prime Minister
3749:
would obliterate rights that Parliament had conferred through Acts of Parliament (such as the right of free movement of British citizens in the EU, the right to
2908:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
167:
15406:
case following Lord Macclesfield LC, disgraced by his role on the South Sea Company, impeached by the House of Lords and found guilty of taking bribes in 1725.
14961:: whereby can they say or shew that they be greater lords than we be, saving by that they cause us to win and labour for that they dispend? They are clothed in
10717:
10296:
7116:
Three main issues in local government are the authorities' financing, their powers, and the reform of governance structures. First, councils raise revenue from
17822:
14584:
13876:
13447:
The vote was 45.13% in favour of becoming a republic, but on a model of having a directly elected president. 54..87% of voters opposed this. See Public Law 3.
9999:" β however Parliament is not bound to amend the law nor can the judiciary void any statute β and it can refuse to enforce, or "strike down", any incompatible
6618:
in particular. These are powers of day-to-day management, but tightly constrained to ensure that executive power cannot usurp Parliament or the courts. In the
6082:
The independence of the judiciary is one of the cornerstones of the constitution, and means in practice that judges cannot be dismissed from office. Since the
5177:
reviews and votes upon legislative proposals by the Commons. It can delay legislation by one year, and cannot delay at all if the proposed Act concerns money.
2384:
949:
48:
15908:
10353:
UKSC 3, per Lord Neuberger and Lord Mance, "The United Kingdom has no written constitution, but we have a number of constitutional instruments. They include
5096:
The Scottish, Welsh and Northern Ireland devolution Acts of 1998 (as amended) creating an executive and legislature for each of those three nations in the UK.
4948:
In the Brexit referendum 51.9% voted to leave the European Union, and 48.1% to remain. Critics have filed complaints about the substantiality of the question.
12701:
11889:
10781:
10259:
10131:
8859:
8502:
5372:
4538:
3625:
3191:
2340:
1922:
964:
12744:
Act of Settlement 1700 s 3 unless 'qualifying Commonwealth and Irish citizens, British Nationality Act 1981 Sch 7 and Electoral Administration Act 2006 s 18
11788:
11335:(1748) Book XI, ch 6, 'When legislative power is united with executive power in a single person or in a single body of the magistracy, there is no liberty.'
14418:
12100:
11861:
10121:
8722:
6047:
It is generally accepted that the British courts do not merely apply but also create new law through their interpretative function: this is obvious in the
4992:
3767:
814:
218:
in Scotland. UK courts cannot decide that Acts of Parliament are unconstitutional or invalidate them, but can declare that they are incompatible with the
68:
15989:
11486:, Book IV, Part V, 139, translated by D. Lee (arguing that philosopher kings should rule over a rigid hierarchy where there was "no interchange of jobs").
5111:
Via court cases, judges create common law when they decide legal proceedings. This means that in order to understand the common law, individual pieces of
270:, courts may review government action to decide whether the government has followed the statutory obligation on all public authorities to comply with the
18313:
18278:
18268:
15629:(October 1862) 'Power in the Hands of the Masses throws the Scum of the Community to the Surface. ... Truth and Justice are soon banished from the Land.'
15003:
14592:
said 'The administrator must act fairly, reasonably and according to law. That is the essence and the rest is mainly machinery.' M Elliott and R Thomas,
13651:
12845:
7343:
6787:
6591:
6551:
is a public, government corporation, which in 2015 held Β£12 billion in investments, mostly land and property, and therefore generates income by charging
5630:
5067:
nature of the Constitution, there is no entrenched source of constitutional law. However, over time three main bodies of sources have emerged. The main
2422:
2186:
601:
14510:
rule 54.5 claims can be made up to 'three months after the grounds to make the claim first arose', but the period can be shorter if legislation says so.
11046:
should be bound by and entitled to the benefit of laws publicly made, taking effect (generally) in the future and publicly administered in the courts."
18771:
18323:
17844:
13768:
13529:
12867:
12556:
11633:
11476:, Book V, Parts 3 and 4, translated by D. P. Chase (favouring aristocracy, by equating it with appointment according to "excellence", supposedly), and
8662:
6331:
953:
842:
606:
206:
is mostly appointed by cross-political party groups from the House of Commons, and can delay but not block legislation from the Commons. To make a new
14807:, 'Such is the unity of all history that anyone who endeavours to tell a piece of it must feel that his first sentence tears a seamless web.' But see
10525:
18671:
17986:
17779:
16706:
11086:. Previously, discourse among international finance followed a restrictive ideal: M Stephenson, "Rule of Law as a Goal of Development Policy" (2008)
7824:
7547:
7178:
6720:
Although the Prime Minister is the head of Parliament, His Majesty's Government is formed by a larger group of Members of Parliament, or peers. The "
6449:
The executive branch, while subservient to Parliament and judicial oversight, exercises day to day power of the British government. The UK remains a
2397:
2393:
1544:
16589:
12597:
12189:
12134:
12011:, dissenting, at - argued the dualist theory of international law should be abandoned, and international law should be directly effective in UK law.
9418:
was unlawful and that "the spirit of liberty is so deeply ingrained in our constitution" any person enslaved in England must be freed. However, the
6574:, on the ground that hereditary inheritance of political office has no place in a modern democracy. A referendum was held in Australia, in 1999 on
4416:
3433:
not yet a consensus on the meaning of "Parliamentary sovereignty", except that its legitimacy depends on the principle of "the democratic process".
18273:
17834:
16526:
11225:
8852:
8181:
7736:
7134:
6307:
5190:
3884:
1663:
716:
255:
16049:
Abbott, Lewis F. (2006). "Five: "The Legal Protection of Democracy & Freedom: The Case for a New Written Constitution & Bill of Rights"".
7354:. Although some labelled natural rights as "nonsense upon stilts", more legal rights were slowly developed by Parliament and the courts. In 1792,
7259:
transport, housing, planning, and some aspects of social welfare. The Supreme Court has tended to interpret these powers in favour of devolution.
3998:
Other definitions seek to exclude human rights and international law as relevant but largely stem from visions of pre-democratic scholars such as
18263:
17691:
17138:
15500:
15138:
14242:
13780:
12925:
12644:
11718:
11564:
10786:
10550:
10069:
8582:
7746:
7692:
7130:
6894:
5857:
5642:
4426:
4308:
4026:
by requiring people's liberty, privacy or other rights are not infringed by the government unless there is a clear legal basis and justification.
3009:
2966:
2649:
1518:
959:
360:
91:
12525:
ECHR 681 (blanket disqualification of convicted prisoners from voting breached ECHR Prot 1, art 3. After this the UK failed to change its laws.
10052:
The Coalition Government formed in May 2010 proposed a series of further constitutional reforms in their coalition agreement. Consequently, the
18559:
18370:
17886:
15639:
12492:
12294:
10065:
8822:
8782:
5725:
greatly reduced the House of Lords' power, as it can only delay and cannot block legislation by one year, and cannot delay money bills at all.
5534:
3090:
3078:
1884:
969:
14330:
clauses 12 (no tax without consent), 39 (fair trial), 40 (justice), 41 (free movement of merchants), and 47 (disafforesting common land). The
18335:
17981:
17759:
16818:
14633:
13919:
13864:
13686:
13665:
12533:
11867:
11796:
11356:
65, the "efficient secret" of the UK constitution was "the close union, the nearly complete fusion, of the legislative and executive powers".
8812:
8772:
8552:
6377:
5625:. Domestic donations are limited to registered parties, and must be reported, when they are over Β£7,500 nationally or Β£1,500 locally, to the
5004:
4817:
4604:
2625:
2327:
1707:
1223:
1143:
559:
15324:
3519:, it has accepted as a formal duty that its sovereignty would not be used unlawfully. Second, in 1950 the UK helped to write and joined the
2907:. This means the government may only conduct itself according to legal authority, including respect for human rights. Third, at least since
19195:
18666:
18445:
18049:
14985:
14535:
11035:
10431:
10405:
9637:
8762:
7874:
7162:
5565:
are democratically elected by constituencies across the UK, and the parties who have a majority in the Commons form the British government.
2817:
2680:
2375:
2302:
2271:
1228:
1138:
134:
cemented Parliament's position as the supreme law-making body, and said that the "election of members of Parliament ought to be free". The
16156:
13837:
s 17 the Minister for Civil Service (i.e. the PM) maintains a list of govt departments (for the purpose of proceedings against the Crown).
6518:
emerged as a dominant political figure. Leading the House of Commons from 1721 to 1742, Walpole is generally acknowledged to be the first
5649:, voters choose a party from multi-member regional constituencies: this tends to give smaller parties much greater representation. In the
19276:
18611:
18422:
16385:
13408:
12461:
12175:
11963:
11221:
10221:
10077:
said they would refuse to support changes to the boundaries of constituencies, as they believed such changes favoured the Conservatives.
9913:
7081:
The constitution of British regional governments is an uncodified patchwork of authorities, mayors, councils and devolved government. In
5277:
5208:
with cross-party and judicial recommendations, to protect judicial independence. Third, the executive branch of government is led by the
4689:
4086:
swiftly passing a new Act to authorise phone tapping with a warrant. By itself the principle of legality is not enough to alone preserve
3805:
3000:
2645:
2432:
2054:
979:
580:
14548:
Different books and cases categorise the grounds to review administrative discretion differently, as do different fields of law such as
7129:
The duties of British local governments are also extremely limited compared to other countries, but also uncodified so that in 2011 the
5611:
remains largely unregulated. Any spending over Β£500 by third parties must be disclosed. While these rules are strict, they were held in
3640:
states that nationals of any member state can freely incorporate and run a business across the EU without unjustified interference. The
18621:
18564:
18096:
18039:
15249:
15144:
13870:
12991:
12775:
12771:
8879:
8402:
8252:
8092:
7382:
6020:
has an Outer (first instance) and Inner (appeal) House. Appeals then go to the Supreme Court, although at any time a court may make a "
5415:
5404:
5090:
The Representation of the People Acts (1918) (as amended) providing for universal voting and other matters of political representation.
4281:
2597:
1860:
908:
370:
15659:
9528:
6633:
It is also clear that no exercise of the prerogative can compromise any right contained in an Act of Parliament. So, for instance, in
19281:
18960:
17854:
14083:
11808:(2008) C-402/05, holding that international law binds EU law unless it requires an act that would run contrary to basic human rights.
9442:
8969:
8392:
7113:
failed. This means that England has among the most centralised, and disunified systems of governance in the Commonwealth and Europe.
6916:
6194:
5989:
5792:
4879:"is not the law of a particular country but the law of all nations", and "the law of merchants and the law of the land is the same".
4265:
4062:
3834:
2572:
2557:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
729:
11277:
UKHL 56, Lord Nicholls, "indefinite imprisonment without charge or trial is anathema in any country which observes the rule of law".
10814:
9963:
constitutional authority would be stiffly resisted by the British people, a perception expounded by the 19th century American judge
8912:
The history of the British constitution, though officially beginning in 1800, traces back to a time long before the four nations of
18606:
18465:
18417:
12056:
4766:
4045:
3946:
2542:
2537:
2006:
1584:
989:
87:
12902:
12622:
ss 72-131 and Schs 8-13, in referendums, the limit has traditionally been set at Β£600,000 for the official campaigns on each side.
9624:
to suppress British trade unions. In response, the labour movement organised to support representatives in Parliament, and in the
9115:
to monopolise trade routes. Under her successor, James I, further companies were created to colonise North America, including the
9021:
emerged: a returned crusader who robbed from the rich to give to the poor. The commitments on common land were soon recast in the
5156:
While principles may be the basis of the UK constitution, the institutions of the state perform its functions in practice. First,
19291:
18187:
17996:
17827:
16544:
15513:
15034:
14007:
13981:
set up property value bands, but despite proposals in 1995, these have never been altered despite drastic shifts in house prices.
11745:
AC 188, "the Act is a scheme of social welfare, intended to confer benefits at the public expense on grounds of public policy".
11217:
10834:
8802:
7952:
6780:
6611:
6368:
6132:
5666:
4988:
lost substantial legitimacy under international law, and combined with independence movements this led to its rapid dissolution.
4934:
2810:
2368:
2035:
1948:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
451:
305:
16651:
11775:
See, for example, J Lobel, "The Limits of Constitutional Power: Conflicts between Foreign Policy and International Law" (1985),
9521:
a group of agricultural workers who formed a trade union were prosecuted and sentenced to be transported to Australia under the
9391:
emerged as a stable political figure who for 21 years held a majority of the House of Commons, and is now considered the first "
4941:
is that while international law binds the EU, it cannot undermine fundamental principles of constitutional law or human rights.
18948:
18522:
18251:
18219:
18059:
18044:
18034:
17859:
17849:
17839:
17812:
16768:
15803:
13108:
12667:
ss 92. Furthermore, any "trading" with hostile foreign parties with whom the UK is "at war" may lead to seven years in prison.
11680:, 2116, suggesting the current political constitution of the UK is not necessarily the same as a fully democratic constitution.
11145:
10003:. Any actions of government authorities that violate Convention rights are illegal except if mandated by an Act of Parliament.
9946:
8242:
7924:
6560:
6442:
6283:
6025:
5570:
5558:
5506:
5161:
5145:
3390:
2912:
2577:
2562:
2475:
2440:
2417:
2345:
1916:
1898:
998:
901:
753:
700:
199:
118:) to represent the people, to hold courts in a fixed place, to guarantee fair trials, to guarantee free movement of people, to
44:
15817:
Affairs 452, and contrast the Consumer Credit Act 1974 or the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Directive 93/13/EEC arts 3-6.
14047:
14043:
12043:
9620:
From the start of the 20th century, Britain underwent vast social and constitutional change, beginning with an attempt by the
9404:
established that the government could do nothing but that which was empowered by law, while the first teacher of English law,
9387:
who promptly ruled that people in a position of trust must avoid any possibility of a conflict of interest. Out of the chaos,
9033:, was bound by law, and it remains 'the nearest approach to an irrepealable "fundamental statute" that England has ever had.'
2797:
18641:
18214:
17417:
17168:
16980:
16699:
16060:
15865:
15838:
15710:
15673:
15416:(1718) Prec Ch 505 that a fiduciary could take money from a trust and keep profits if they restored the principal afterwards.
14107:
12717:
12713:
12664:
11787:, "The Constitutionalization of International Law and the Legitimation Problems of a Constitution for World Society" (2008),
11629:
11313:
10493:
10489:
10485:
10477:
10469:
10465:
10451:
9797:, significant cuts were made to public services, labour rights, and the powers of local government, including abolishing the
9660:
9614:
8632:
8492:
8352:
8342:
8026:
7914:
7864:
7786:
7662:
7272:
6938:
6319:
5940:
5574:
5384:
5040:
4981:
4808:
4534:
4140:
2842:
2760:
2690:
2602:
2592:
2582:
2527:
2445:
2335:
1843:
758:
691:
4980:, enabling any resolution of the Security Council except the use of force to be implemented by an Order in Council. Due the
18508:
18330:
17991:
17964:
17530:
17368:
15572:
15026:
12547:(13 June 2017) App No 22962/15, denial of prisoner voting in the Scottish independent referendum was not a breach of art 3.
12160:
10926:
10733:
10279:
10041:
9652:
prevented the House of Lords blocking legislation for more than two years, and removed the right to delay any money bills.
9625:
9467:
9392:
8752:
8742:
8222:
7090:
6761:
6615:
6536:
6519:
6476:
5827:
5681:
5209:
5141:
3497:
3179:
2610:
2497:
2487:
2450:
2410:
2380:
2355:
2317:
2079:
1999:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
821:
554:
231:
52:
17:
4187:
principle every person is subject to the law, including government ministers, or corporate executives, who may be held in
18681:
18626:
18569:
18488:
18432:
18400:
18234:
17919:
17684:
16611:
15164:
14483:
14465:
12270:
11516:
11495:
11165:
10323:
10027:
9980:
9830:
9743:
9410:
8412:
8312:
8082:
7571:
7413:
7409:
7386:
7306:
6575:
6037:
5945:
5847:
5613:
5345:
5008:
4915:
4899:
In modern case law it has been consistently accepted that it "is a principle of legal policy that law should conform to
4546:
4489:
4079:
4057:
4048:, who issued a search "warrant", but there was no statute that gave Lord Halifax the authority to issue search warrants.
3520:
2935:
2848:
2587:
2552:
2547:
2507:
2492:
2482:
2465:
2460:
2455:
1732:
798:
520:
490:
461:
321:
271:
219:
83:
15245:
19286:
18656:
18636:
18579:
18544:
18192:
18124:
17385:
16788:
16325:
15892:
15466:
14627:
14071:
13457:
13187:
10378:
10275:
9785:. The Commonwealth is open to any country committed to peace, liberty, equality, and development, as stipulated in the
9759:
9177:
8682:
8192:
7268:
6906:
6773:
6652:
5869:
5837:
5701:
has abolished all but 92 hereditary peers, leaving most peers to be "life peers" appointed by the government under the
5028:
4777:
4078:
held there was no wrong at common law, and refused to interpret the statute in light of the right to privacy under the
3591:
3512:
resolutions, up to the actual use of force, in return for representation in the General Assembly and Security Council.
3274:
2567:
2532:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2502:
2470:
2059:
789:
624:
14574:
said the grounds were "illegality", "irrationality" and "procedural impropriety". A Le Sueur, M Sunkin and J Murkens,
11519:
11499:
4328:
4299:
19296:
18651:
18549:
18204:
18197:
18064:
18029:
18014:
17914:
17581:
17445:
17292:
17249:
17041:
16813:
14164:
14026:
13990:
13978:
13938:
13898:
13703:
11176:
10721:
10391:
10146:
9842:
9810:
9216:
8382:
8232:
7450:
7276:
6998:
6852:
6833:
6690:
the House of Lords held that no person could be deprived of legitimate expectations by use of the royal prerogative.
5766:
5099:
The Human Rights Act (1998) establishing a bill of rights and freedoms actionable by individuals through the courts."
4965:
4597:
4217:
sitting as the head of the judiciary, while also being a Member of Parliament, and sitting in the cabinet. Since the
3779:
3716:
3546:
3489:
3139:
2927:
2427:
1985:
1594:
1589:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
942:
851:
778:
365:
187:
15503:", held that slavery was "so odious" that nobody could take "a slave by force to be sold" for any "reason whatever".
14452:
4202:, there should be a strict separation of the executive, legislature and judiciary. While other systems, notably the
18736:
18288:
18246:
18170:
18165:
18069:
17947:
17115:
16692:
14957:, "What have we deserved, or why should we be kept thus in servage? We be all come from one father and one mother,
14250:
13264:
11462:
11429:, "The maintenance of the rule of law is in every way as important in a free society as the democratic franchise."
10830:
9880:
9330:
8622:
8572:
8422:
8322:
8150:
8120:
8046:
7612:
7462:
7174:
6614:, a series of important powers that were once vested in the king or queen are now exercised by government, and the
6101:
5981:
5484:
5205:
5157:
3680:
2011:
1811:
1806:
1537:
632:
512:
446:
427:
36:
15083:, that the task of a court in construing any statute is to find its mischief and the intention of Parliament, and
8972:. Just 12 per cent of people were free, while the feudal system made others serfs, slaves or bordars and cottars.
7385:
at its centre, enshrining civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights. In 1950, the UK co-authored the
4956:
and physically destroyed large parts of the country, the UK has consistently supported organisations formed under
18799:
18616:
18554:
18480:
18175:
18024:
17971:
17934:
17899:
17873:
17774:
17056:
17008:
16900:
16895:
15060:
14148:
13914:
13436:
13094:
12668:
12117:
10141:
10057:
9996:
9850:
9671:
enabled all women to vote, and that the UK became democratic. The War also triggered uprising in Ireland, and an
9515:, further punishment for poverty was inflicted as people were put into work houses if found to be unemployed. In
9364:
8602:
7776:
7563:
6978:
6737:
6408:
6295:
6136:
5733:
5706:
5322:
5270:
5071:
are Acts of Parliament, court cases, and conventions in the way that government, Parliament and the monarch act.
3798:
3324:
was guaranteed to people to farm, graze, hunt or fish, though aristocrats continued to dominate politics. In the
3167:
2993:
2695:
938:
920:
887:
16206:, 'Natural Law, Justice and DemocracyβSome Reflections on Three Types of Thinking About Law and Justice' (1944)
14966:
they keep and maintain their estates: we be called their bondmen, and without we do readily them service, we be
11893:(1692) 2 Salk 443, "we take notice of the laws of merchants that are general, not of those that are particular."
11871:(1637) 3 St Tr 825 held that the King could raise money from trade without Parliament. This was reversed by the
9857:
that resulted in 51.89 per cent of people favouring to leave, and 48.11 per cent of voters favouring to remain.
18746:
18534:
18460:
18355:
18308:
18224:
18144:
18104:
17894:
17677:
17515:
17322:
17182:
17082:
15999:
15626:
13673:
s 33(5). The power of expulsion is considered 'doubtful' outside statute: AW Bradley, KD Ewing and CJS Knight,
13362:
13310:
13175:
13137:
12834:
12808:
11440:(1998) 161 DLR (4th) 385, 416, "democracy in any real sense of the word cannot exist without the rule of law."
11379:
11365:
11100:
11000:
10582:
ch. 12, "No scutage nor aid shall be imposed on our kingdom, unless by common counsel of our kingdom ..."
10386:
10007:
9979:
instituted constitutional reforms in the late 1990s and early-to-mid 2000s. The effective incorporation of the
9727:
9684:
9092:
9083:
united Wales and England in one administrative system, while the King became ever more despotic, executing the
9044:
was a source of welfare for common people, peasant labourers bound by a feudal system of control. In 1348, the
8642:
8512:
7884:
7834:
7390:
6732:
6461:
6168:
5878:
5448:
5229:
5201:
5115:
must be examined, with earlier and higher court case law having precedent over newer and lower court case law.
4210:
4125:
The rule of law requires the law be truly enforced, though enforcement bodies may have room for discretion. In
4019:
4003:
3923:
3532:
3410:
3217:
2231:
1944:
1912:
1776:
1574:
1554:
655:
482:
401:
388:
313:
279:
246:
226:, who must maintain the confidence of a majority of the members of Parliament. The prime minister appoints the
119:
15073:
Coke had already reported on many significant constitutional judgments, often adding his own style, including
14438:, by the position that international law must be compatible with basic principles of the UK constitution: see
14050:. Having an uncodified constitution means laws can be amended and changed easily, the rules are not entrenched
13305:
n.b. the Monarch continued to withhold royal assent for laws in British colonies leading, for example, to the
4929:, as well as the European Convention on Human Rights, in interpreting the scope of the common law doctrine of
4060:, which enables infringements of rights as a starting point only if "in accordance with the law". In 1979, in
3629:, where a fishing business claimed that it should not be required to have 75% of British shareholders, as the
3405:
ensured the Lords could only delay legislation by one year, and not delay any budgetary measure over a month.
19188:
18955:
18761:
18691:
18661:
18631:
18596:
18498:
18470:
18388:
18296:
18180:
17959:
17709:
17525:
17192:
17177:
17013:
16860:
16666:
16661:
16198:
15985:
15319:
13807:
12975:
12521:
9606:
9288:
9144:
7454:
6721:
6701:
6187:
5785:
4313:
4258:
3616:
2773:
2020:
1781:
528:
227:
16495:
16225:, 'Autobiographical Memories of the Weimar Republic: A Conversation with Wolfgang Luthardt' (February 1978)
14352:
Anarchical Fallacies; Being an Examination of the Declarations of Rights Issued During the French Revolution
12126:
Report of an investigation in respect of Vote Leave Limited, Mr Darren Grimes, BeLeave, Veterans for Britain
9095:
and murdering those who resisted. After Henry VIII died, and power struggles following the death of his boy
6651:
without an Act of Parliament, because it could result in rights being withdrawn that were granted under the
5684:, loosely based on the Lords' expertise, achievement, or political affiliation. Since the abolition of most
19074:
18998:
18970:
18916:
18719:
18709:
18646:
18601:
18574:
18427:
18412:
18109:
18084:
18019:
17909:
17018:
16237:, 'Socialism: true and false. A lecture delivered to the Fabian Society' (21 January 1894) Fabian Tract, 51
15559:
Anarchical Fallacies; Being an examination of the Declaration of Rights issued during the French Revolution
15512:
AW Blumrosen, 'The Profound Influence in America of Lord Mansfield's Decision in Somerset v Stuart' (2007)
14864:
14275:
14224:
cf Widdicombe Committee, Committee of Inquiry into the Conduct of Local Authority Business (1986) Cmnd 9797
13275:
11442:
11287:
10206:
9814:
8940:
8522:
8452:
8332:
8016:
7255:
7086:
6823:
6126:
5754:
5729:
5044:
4590:
4362:
4162:
3692:
3373:
cemented Parliament's power over the monarch, and therefore over the church and courts. Parliament became "
3121:
2943:
2755:
2615:
2199:
2098:
2028:
2015:
1991:
1822:
1817:
16580:
14954:
14742:
11071:
10906:
Opinion polling for the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum Β§ Postβreferendum polling
10522:
a majority of voters favoured leaving the EU, and membership of the EU formally ended on 31 January 2020.
9107:, took the throne in 1558. Half a century of prosperity followed as Elizabeth I avoided wars, and founded
6563:, to give royal assent to Acts of Parliament, and to dissolve Parliament upon the calling of an election.
18965:
18943:
18911:
18906:
18888:
18829:
18751:
18741:
18676:
18539:
18503:
18301:
18079:
17718:
17540:
16631:
16586:
16336:
16311:
16176:
15774:
15665:
15588:
14949:
14903:
13345:
13240:
12593:
12197:
12130:
10200:
10040:" process when he took over as PM in 2007. This was an ongoing process of constitutional reform with the
9747:
9746:
in 1950. Further it was seen that the only way to prevent conflict was through economic integration. The
9512:
9372:
9135:
9053:
8887:
7980:
7942:
7904:
7458:
7437:
and assembly. The UK also enshrines rights to fair labour standards, social security, and a multitude of
7098:
6143:, which reviews cases submitted by the police for prosecution, and conducts them on behalf of the Crown.
4412:
3501:
3465:
writers of the Imperial period to be able to "make or unmake any law whatever", the UK chose to join the
2881:
2665:
2225:
2084:
1891:
925:
856:
533:
394:
103:
16574:
16358:
16283:
12244:
11078:
195. Contrast D. Lino, "The Rule of Law and the Rule of Empire: A. V. Dicey in Imperial Context" (2018)
9694:
at the end of the War demanded German reparations, beggaring the country through the 1920s and upon the
9359:
This was made worse by the decision of conservative politicians to endorse the company to take over the
6483:
was asserted by Parliament to prevent any taxation by the monarch without Parliament's consent, and the
5546:. For a proposed Bill to become an Act, and law, it must be read three times in each chamber, and given
4221:, there has been only one instance of a judge being removed, and a suspension cannot happen without the
19222:
19025:
18926:
18766:
17510:
17173:
16960:
16930:
16890:
16870:
16850:
16753:
14923:
14468:
arts 2 (right to life). Article 3 (right against torture). Article 4, right against forced labour, see
13881:
13834:
13646:
12979:
12303:
10942:
9507:
9263:
9108:
9037:
9022:
8072:
7632:
7438:
7247:
7202:
7142:
7070:
6624:
in 1607, it was held that the royal prerogative could not be used to determine court cases, and in the
6358:
6108:
5263:
3791:
3704:
3659:
3630:
2986:
2786:
2104:
1753:
1697:
1549:
915:
866:
211:
13716:
This convention was established through the Iraq war, where Parliament backed an invasion contrary to
11539:(1863) "that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the Earth".
9299:
as the cornerstone of the new constitution, Parliament proceeded to set up a system of finance in the
9160:, who unified the Scottish and English Crowns, religious and political tensions grew as he asserted a
7471:
Any person in the UK who is significantly affected by a public body's act can challenge a decision by
3436:
19161:
18921:
18726:
18699:
18209:
18089:
17556:
17520:
17485:
17410:
17352:
17187:
17124:
17046:
16865:
16306:
15752:
15607:(1798) supported this, arguing that working class "vice" and overpopulation was the cause of poverty.
14737:
13815:
11416:
11051:
10481:
9931:
9888:
9806:
9672:
9296:
9279:
9124:
9049:
8891:
8532:
8442:
8202:
7397:
even against Acts of Parliament: Parliament has always undertaken to comply with basic principles of
7251:
7149:
7082:
6862:
6842:
6757:
6529:
6140:
6005:
5542:(MPs) in the House of Commons, currently elected for terms of up to five years, and 790 peers in the
5518:
5493:
sits at the apex of power. It emerged through a series of revolutions as the dominant body, over the
4930:
4179:
3872:
3712:
3700:
3386:
3362:'s assertion that judges could declare statutes void if they went "against common right and reason".
3130:
3103:
2869:
2635:
2630:
2089:
2072:
2049:
1969:
1958:
1702:
1658:
835:
15430:(1741) 26 ER 531 established that any body of assembled people can do a corporate act by a majority.
15049:(1554) and ruled until 1558. Mary then died without children, after killing hundreds of Protestants.
14062:
ss 1-5, which add that the Secretary of State can remove restrictions through secondary legislation.
7510:
As a remedy, a claimant can ask for the public body's decisions to be declared void and quashed (or
6475:, and all constitutional duties and power are accepted by binding convention to have shifted to the
6092:
rule that matters awaiting decision in court should not be prejudged in a Parliamentary debate. The
19059:
18589:
18229:
17976:
17611:
17332:
17245:
17066:
17051:
16998:
16945:
16940:
16915:
16773:
16390:
16265:
16258:
14816:
14759:
14597:
13811:
13629:
13609:
13359:
12405:
11756:
11079:
10799:
10762:
10592:
10366:
10126:
9934:
allows Parliament to overrule fundamental rights, makes it to some extent a "facade" constitution.
9723:
9300:
9192:
8170:
7682:
7334:
7094:
6753:
6648:
6581:
6540:
6273:
6180:
6160:
5778:
5738:
5498:
5225:
5087:"The Parliament Acts (1911β49) that regulate the respective powers of the two Houses of Parliament.
5032:
4925:
In doing so, the court unanimously drew upon international treaties signed by the UK, known as the
4900:
4477:
4251:
4102:
4090:
in the face of ever more intrusive statutory powers of surveillance by corporations or government.
4030:
At its core, the rule of law, in English and British law, has traditionally been the principle of "
3976:
3912:
3637:
3342:
2939:
2308:
2040:
1579:
806:
434:
406:
239:
191:
17036:
14979:
EP Cheyney, 'The Disappearance of English Serfdom' (1900) 15(57) English Historical Review 20 and
14902:, "But I kan rymes of Robyn Hood" is the first mention of the tales, notably in the run up to the
14770:
unified England and Wales with Scotland, but did not yet officially use the name 'United Kingdom'.
14582:(2014) ch 24 now suggests substantive grounds, legitimate expectations and procedural grounds. In
10622:
9655:
Despite this, the Liberal government, against the opposition of Labour, armed for and entered the
5313:
3484:
in 1919 recalled that "peace can only be established if it is based upon social justice", and the
3049:
19204:
19117:
18938:
18873:
18584:
18241:
17561:
17297:
17153:
16970:
16920:
16880:
16838:
16833:
16828:
16803:
16798:
16793:
16778:
16763:
16758:
16748:
16743:
16738:
16733:
16621:
16035:
15741:
15525:
15426:
15254:
14936:
14474:(1772) 98 ER 499. Articles 12-14 are the right to marriage, effectiveness and to equal treatment.
13852:
QB 752, suggesting the duty of confidentiality expires after a number of years out of government.
13569:
12796:
12631:
12349:
11132:
10747:
9838:
9782:
9522:
9275:
8592:
8482:
8282:
7796:
7077:
with representation, it has limited powers including over transport, the environment and housing.
6749:
6599:
6450:
6441:, exercises political power of the British government, when they command majority support of the
5698:
5582:
5438:
5394:
5064:
4977:
4757:
3984:
3493:
3284:
3058:
2675:
1932:
1903:
1837:
1712:
738:
235:
131:
76:
14804:
14608:
14006:
N Amin-Smith and D Phillips, 'English council funding: what's happened and what's next?' (2019)
13757:
QB 300 (beneficiary of market franchise not entitled to Crown's exemption from planning control)
12821:
10026:(a member of the judiciary in the House of Lords) was abolished by transferring them to the new
9502:
from 1815 further impoverished people by fixing prices to maintain landowner profits. While the
4944:
4198:
is seen as an essential part of maintaining the rule of law. In theory, originally advocated by
4002:. The rule of law was explicitly recognised as a "constitutional principle" in section 1 of the
3979:, formerly the highest judge in England and Wales, suggested the rule of law ought to mean that
3683:
has meant Parliament gave the power to legislate on specific topics to nations and regions: the
222:. They can determine whether the acts of the executive are lawful. The executive is led by the
79:. This enables the constitution to be easily changed as no provisions are formally entrenched.
19054:
18119:
17465:
17061:
17003:
16965:
16955:
16935:
16925:
16910:
16905:
16885:
16855:
16823:
16808:
16783:
16216:
15220:
14833:
14718:
14495:
14395:
14355:
14331:
13848:
13565:
13141:
12692:, holding that a partial forfeiture of Β£349,216 donations by a non-UK resident was appropriate.
12504:
12400:
12356:
12335:
12042:
standards of free and fair voting; see the Venice Commission, Code of Practice on Referendums (
11606:
11331:
11043:
10519:
10506:
10370:
10358:
10116:
10074:
9901:
9798:
9719:
9602:
9553:
9506:
extended the vote slightly, only those with property had any representation in Parliament. The
9304:
9212:
9180:
courts, which denied that the King could pass judgment in legal proceedings, and held that the
8895:
8672:
8110:
7434:
6567:
6503:
6484:
6243:
6234:
6083:
5897:
5818:
5702:
5603:
5426:
5124:
secondary legislation and judges remaining impartial on government policy are all conventions.
5080:
the constitution to be amended whenever a law is made on a constitutionally significant topic.
4748:
4481:
4218:
4070:
claimed the police unlawfully tapped his phone, to get evidence. The only related statute, the
3453:
2904:
2237:
1616:
894:
474:
230:
of other ministers, who lead the executive departments, staffed by civil servants, such as the
107:
16226:
16076:
15702:
12608:
12145:
11368:
7854:
5240:. Fourth, as the UK matured as a modern democracy, an extensive system of civil servants, and
4286:
3730:
contested the government on whether the Prime Minister could trigger Article 50 to notify the
19236:
19209:
19049:
19005:
18868:
18454:
17276:
17272:
17254:
16950:
16875:
16845:
15882:
15855:
15828:
15763:
15577:
15381:
15274:, Oliver's son, briefly succeeded but lacking support swiftly renounced power after 9 months.
15207:
14706:
14507:
14213:
13513:
13378:
13366:
13283:
12338:
10750:
10447:
10382:
10374:
10312:
10263:
10091:
10037:
10000:
9984:
9917:
9897:
9892:
9826:
9822:
9503:
9487:
9415:
9251:
9161:
9080:
9076:
9002:
8986:
8944:
8462:
8432:
8140:
7844:
7766:
7756:
7476:
7430:
7405:
7404:
Because this appeals process was long, Parliament legislated to "bring rights home" with the
7302:
7047:
7037:
6725:
6626:
6571:
6472:
6419:
6264:
6223:
6033:
6021:
5985:
5930:
5562:
5539:
5473:
5429:
5194:
5036:
4830:
4799:
4550:
4454:
4136:
4067:
3960:
3708:
3540:
3325:
3315:
3314:, granted the right of Parliament to exist for "common counsel" before any tax, against the "
3295:
3068:
2740:
2620:
2208:
2124:
1569:
267:
251:
115:
40:
15690:
10637:
9938:
presents a spirited argument for a written constitution for the UK, but still refers to the
9663:
which enabled every adult male the vote, although it was only after the mass protest of the
9148:(1689). This laid the foundations for a peaceful unification of England and Scotland in the
9005:
to pay for the wars led to intense discontent, and the aristocracy forcing the King to sign
6555:
to businesses or people for homes. The monarch's major ceremonial duties are to appoint the
5306:
5083:
Professor Robert Blackburn lists the following as recent constitutionally significant acts:
3042:
19069:
19010:
18975:
18863:
18836:
18347:
17650:
17470:
17455:
17450:
17403:
17258:
17226:
17108:
16452:
16031:
15112:
15042:
14970:; and we have no sovereign to whom we may complain, nor that will hear us nor do us right."
14879:
clauses 12 (Parliament), 17 (court), 39 (fair trial), 41 (free movement), 47 (common land).
14565:
14549:
14399:
14335:
13670:
13079:
12672:
12466:
12121:
11917:
10971:
10713:
10292:
10106:
9927:
9610:
9419:
9228:
9208:
9026:
9014:
8958:
8160:
7642:
7535:
7504:
7492:
6813:
6709:
6620:
6495:
6491:
6211:
6056:
5997:
5918:
5626:
5622:
5221:
5165:
5137:
5016:
4961:
4919:
4653:
4199:
4195:
4144:
4071:
3555:
3481:
3311:
1964:
1954:
1690:
1495:
1490:
441:
14294:
Agricultural Sector (Wales) Bill - Reference by the Attorney General for England and Wales
10833:). See J. Danzig, "Winston Churchill: A founder of the European Union" (10 November 2013)
10480:
further abolished multiple votes for graduates of London, Cambridge and Oxford, and other
6471:
monarch since 2022. No Queen or King has withheld assent to any bill passed by Parliament
5721:
Parliament. Since 2015, a peer may be suspended or expelled by the House. In practice the
5717:. Since 2005, senior judges can only sit and vote in the House of Lords after retirement.
8:
19146:
19064:
19042:
19037:
19020:
19015:
18993:
18883:
18841:
17373:
15785:
15449:
15300:
15296:
15284:
15080:
14967:
14721:
14519:
14366:
14311:
14278:
13306:
12882:
12878:
12438:
12422:
12410:
12323:
12319:
12298:
11876:
11872:
11851:
11762:
11436:
11415:, "The Rule of Law and the Sovereignty of Parliament" (31 October 2007), speech given at
11116:
10776:
10634:
10619:
10606:
10423:
10362:
10172:
10168:
10086:
9992:
9939:
9711:
9676:
9649:
9587:
9570:
9565:
9541:
9491:
9462:
9438:
9400:
9271:
9267:
9186:
9064:
8975:
8362:
8262:
7806:
7622:
7523:
7496:
7355:
7347:
7330:
7315:
7286:
7281:
7239:
7216:
7212:
7194:
7184:
7110:
6656:
6640:
6429:
6252:
6117:
6009:
6001:
5949:
5722:
5650:
5646:
5634:
5578:
5502:
5310:
5303:
5293:
5173:
interference is prohibited, and donations and lobbying are limited in whatever form. The
5169:
4850:
4642:
4631:
4167:
4036:
3822:
3739:
3731:
3688:
3673:
3620:
3612:
3603:
3523:. While that convention reflected norms and cases decided under British statutes and the
3449:
3419:
3402:
3394:
3370:
3366:
3155:
3046:
3039:
3029:
2873:
2350:
2157:
1927:
1866:
1771:
1766:
1727:
1676:
456:
343:
147:
127:
123:
16556:
16025:
15830:
Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order
15303:
12675:) ss 1-2, seven years prison for trading with an enemy who is "at war with His majesty".
12352:
10975:(330 BCE) 3.16, "It is more proper that law should govern than any one of the citizens".
9991:
and given the judiciary some power to enforce them. The courts can advise Parliament of
6255:
5093:
The European Communities Act (1972) making the UK a legal partner in the European Union.
5043:
to enable prosecution of war criminals, and subjected itself to the jurisdiction of the
4093:
3508:, and other bodies, into law. For example, the UK bound itself to implement by order UN
19141:
19097:
18878:
18856:
18851:
18819:
18731:
17904:
17601:
17535:
17327:
17307:
17267:
17231:
17222:
17213:
16401:
15116:
15012:
14767:
14763:
14755:
14605:
14470:
14119:
14095:
13941:
13517:
13482:
13125:
13060:
12426:
11931:
11856:
11535:
11472:
11273:
11120:
11027:
10736:
10496:, but millions of UK residents, who pay taxes but do not have citizenship, cannot vote.
10427:
10015:
9786:
9645:
9633:
9591:
9432:
9405:
9380:
9319:
9112:
8883:
8832:
7894:
7652:
7602:
7426:
7358:
began the British movement for women's rights and equality, while movements behind the
7106:
6948:
6928:
6673:
6524:
6040:. This follows a longer tradition of courts interpreting the law to be compatible with
5974:
5888:
5637:
system of voting the UK uses, as it tends to exclude minority parties. By contrast, in
5629:. The system for electing the Commons is based on constituencies, whose boundaries are
4968:, which sets universal standards for people's rights at work. After the failure of the
4938:
4884:
4869:
viewed international law as a general tool for interpretation of the common law, while
4665:
4574:
4222:
3860:
2974:
2920:
2885:
2865:
2181:
2117:
2064:
1907:
1631:
861:
640:
353:
183:
159:
151:
143:
139:
72:
16581:
What is the UK Constitution? | The Constitution Unit - UCL β University College London
16089:
15463:
13381:
s 1, up to eight Crown Estate Commissioners are appointed by the monarch on PM advice.
12944:
12219:
9479:, liberty, freedom and democracy were scarcely protected in the new "United Kingdom".
19156:
19102:
18704:
17475:
17240:
16056:
15888:
15861:
15834:
15706:
15691:
15669:
15403:
15170:
15099:
15085:
14522:
14372:
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: with Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects
14188:
14131:
14059:
13997:. Also under ss 52A-Y in Wales the Secretary can cap council tax if deemed excessive.
13994:
13897:
This is elaborated upon in a much larger Civil Service Management Code. See also the
13717:
13052:
12443:
12069:
12035:
11615:
10111:
10049:
which requires that treaties are laid before Parliament before they can be ratified.
9972:
9964:
9802:
9794:
9755:
9739:
9691:
9595:
9561:
9537:
9476:
9453:
9423:
9344:
9335:
9326:
9224:
9181:
9149:
9072:
8902:, and that there be no villains nor gentlemen, but that we may be all unied [
8702:
8612:
8472:
8372:
8292:
7398:
7378:
7359:
7351:
7339:
7326:
7290:
7235:
7138:
7074:
7017:
6958:
6884:
6803:
6713:
6511:
6507:
6499:
6480:
6438:
6164:
6075:
6064:
6041:
5750:
5714:
5662:
5641:
voters may select preferences for candidates, although this system was rejected in a
5494:
5233:
5182:
4999:
in 1966, saw the UK ratify most rights from the Universal Declaration. Codifying the
4969:
4957:
4926:
4841:
4570:
4558:
4501:
4188:
4118:
3999:
3992:
3987:
to all people, with speedy and fair procedures for enforcement, protects fundamental
3759:
3735:
3684:
3599:
3595:
3516:
3474:
3466:
3441:
3355:
3337:
3112:
2970:
2919:, dominated politics. From 1832 onwards, adult citizens slowly obtained the right to
2877:
2094:
1746:
1742:
1737:
592:
571:
545:
419:
207:
171:
166:, the UK guaranteed every adult citizen over 21 years the equal right to vote in the
16616:
15259:
13334:) 111, suggesting the monarch has a right to be consulted, to encourage and to warn.
13239:
cf 'Baroness Brenda Hale: "I often ask myself 'why am I here?'" (17 September 2010)
11320:
teacher to the UK on refugee status, despite a High Court judge ordering it be done.
10876:
R (on the application of HS2 Action Alliance Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport
10225:
5349:
3598:
in 1992. The idea of a Union had long been envisaged by European leaders, including
2978:
71:
as a political body. Unlike in most countries, no official attempt has been made to
19151:
19134:
19129:
19112:
19092:
18898:
17751:
17606:
17591:
17576:
17460:
17312:
17263:
17235:
17217:
15542:
15398:
15271:
15091:
15075:
14889:
14557:
14376:
14201:
13902:
13885:
13252:
13044:
13008:
12689:
12648:
12578:
12396:
12373:
12004:
11987:
11967:
11736:
11704:
11482:
11291:
11259:
11242:
11204:
11004:
10953:
10664:
10488:
lowered the voting age to 18. Restrictions on prisoner voting were inserted by the
10254:
10242:
10216:
R (Animal Defenders International) v Secretary of State for Culture Media and Sport
10210:
10101:
9834:
9774:
9703:
9695:
9680:
9579:
9353:
9255:
9120:
8925:
8899:
8542:
8130:
8036:
7531:
7488:
7467:
7231:
7198:
7188:
7154:
7057:
7027:
6552:
6389:
6121:
6060:
6017:
5654:
5598:
5526:
5363:
4739:
4725:
4693:
4521:
4444:
4400:
3754:
3750:
3509:
3423:
3415:
3207:
2896:
2405:
2293:
2285:
2264:
2248:
1850:
1801:
1651:
1641:
611:
541:
215:
155:
16165:, T Khaitan and S Vogenauer, 'Should Britain have a written constitution?' (2007)
16129:
15730:
11309:
10921:
10893:
9029:. These documents established that the monarch, even with apparent authority from
8898:, preached that "matters goeth not well to pass in England, nor shall not do till
6736:
reasonably be seen to compromise their personal judgment or integrity". Since the
6630:
in 1610 it was held new prerogative powers could not be created by the executive.
6349:
19260:
18824:
18714:
18405:
18365:
17616:
17480:
17337:
17197:
17101:
16593:
16346:
Book II, An Essay Concerning the True Origin, Extent, and End of Civil Government
16345:
16192:
16050:
14687:
14621:
14589:
14233:
Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009 s 107A and Sch 5A
14014:
13584:
R v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, ex p Bancoult (No 2)
12929:
12604:
12141:
11677:
11530:
11305:
11054:, also remarked, "democracy lies at the heart of the concept of the rule of law".
10011:
9988:
9656:
9552:
grew demanding the right to vote for everyone in free and fair elections. As the
9472:
9445:
in 1776. The British military failed to hold control. Instead, it began settling
9376:
9368:
9340:
9240:
9201:
9088:
9084:
8933:
7726:
7672:
7592:
7484:
7472:
7066:
7062:
6113:
6093:
6055:, where there is no codified statutory basis for large parts of the law, such as
6036:, courts have been expressly required to interpret law to be compatible with the
6013:
5956:
The judiciary in the United Kingdom has the essential functions of upholding the
5907:
5710:
5688:, there has been ongoing debate about whether or how to elect the House of Lords.
5685:
5658:
5255:
5237:
5035:. To ensure that the European Convention was directly applied by the courts, the
4526:
4226:
4214:
4175:
4148:
4014:
4007:
3934:
3571:
3528:
3347:
3333:
3329:
2176:
1974:
1621:
1603:
879:
502:
348:
262:
135:
16534:
From Unwritten to Written: Transformation in the British Common-Law Constitution
16431:
The Democratic and the Authoritarian State: Essays in Political and Legal Theory
12966:
This has three divisions: the Administrative, Family and King's Bench divisions.
6693:
6586:
U.S. President Barack Obama (R) meeting with Opposition leader Jeremy Corbyn (L)
6172:
6070:
5770:
5152:, but the judiciary may not declare an Act of Parliament to be unconstitutional.
4166:
the Supreme Court held the government's imposition of Β£1200 in fees to bring an
3975:
extent is disputed. The most widely accepted meanings speak of several factors:
3900:
R (Central Electricity Generating Board) v Chief Constable of Devon and Cornwall
18437:
18318:
18256:
17817:
17700:
16551:
16406:
15496:
15478:
15237:
15046:
15038:
15030:
14999:
14899:
14553:
14411:
Though a UN General Assembly Declaration, not a treaty, the rights are binding
13166:
Codified in 1963, updated in 1972 and 2001, HC Deb (15 December 2001) col 1012.
12995:
12310:
has elections each 3 years, and the US has presidential elections each 4 years.
11983:
11845:
11391:
cf A. Bradley, "The Sovereignty of Parliament β Form or Substance?" in Jowell,
10681:
9872:
9818:
9778:
9770:
9751:
9715:
9707:
9641:
9621:
9458:
9427:
9388:
9236:
9157:
9116:
8712:
8652:
8302:
7559:
7207:
7121:
6556:
6515:
6434:
5961:
5693:
5677:
5543:
5510:
5241:
5217:
5174:
5068:
5052:
5020:
4985:
4973:
4953:
4910:
4904:
4889:
4870:
4860:
4721:
4578:
4049:
3727:
3696:
3641:
3587:
3551:
3470:
3457:
3445:
3398:
2947:
2931:
2916:
2722:
2242:
1937:
1830:
1826:
670:
223:
203:
179:
175:
56:
32:
15349:
13048:
12442:
Estimates) Bill, typically passed in July, authorises issue of money from the
11419:. It is also considered that the rule of law is necessary for democracy, e.g.
9801:. However some powers were restored with extensive devolution of power in the
7408:, so that people can raise human rights claims in British courts based on the
6765:
5521:
is usually thought to be its democratic nature, although it was only upon the
4468:
Parliament was recognised as a forum for the King for "common counsel" before
19270:
18493:
18054:
17952:
17942:
17741:
17736:
17586:
17302:
16222:
16212:
15931:
15644:
15491:
15486:
15474:
14980:
14894:
14561:
13690:
13403:
13331:
13113:
13056:
12652:
12103:
s 1, giving power to the PM to notify intention to negotiate to leave the EU.
11971:
11690:
10829:
e.g. "Speech to the 69th Annual Conservative Party Conference at Llandudno" (
10668:
10136:
10096:
10061:
10046:
9876:
9853:. After 2015, however, early elections were held anyway in 2017, following a
9731:
9629:
9557:
9360:
9315:
9310:
9169:
8994:
8990:
8965:
7374:
6668:
6454:
6152:
5960:, democracy, and human rights. The highest court of appeal, renamed from the
5591:
5333:
5000:
4542:
4519:
are counted and that democratic elections are conducted according to law. In
4510:
4388:
4203:
4153:
4132:
3559:
3378:
721:
678:
588:
17093:
16641:
10073:
Conservatives forced the government to drop House of Lords reforms, and the
9867:
History of the constitution of the United Kingdom Β§ Worldwide influence
9765:
9184:
was subject to the law and cannot be expanded. Coke CJ went even further in
6602:, is to hold the government and the Prime Minister to account in and out of
5103:
and claims that recent developments have seen some acts ad hoc codification
18360:
17731:
17626:
17596:
17347:
17317:
16715:
16622:
United Kingdom Constitutional Law Association blog on Constitutional Reform
16171:
Briggs, Asa, βTrollope, Bagehot, and the English Constitution,β in Briggs,
15159:
14958:
14315:
14144:
13905:
guide civil servants on how to answer questions from Parliament committees.
13399:
13279:
12537:
ECHR 155, reaffirmed breach but awarded no compensation or costs. However,
12360:
11412:
11047:
11042:(2008) 8, "all persons and authorities within the state, whether public or
10033:
10019:
9935:
9923:
9664:
9517:
9483:
9384:
9197:
9173:
7998:
7370:
7298:
6968:
6548:
6544:
6107:
Backing up the judiciary is a considerable body of administrative law. The
6052:
5547:
5186:
4866:
4582:
4515:
4493:
4485:
4110:
4087:
3988:
3983:
is clear and predictable, not subject to broad or unreasonable discretion,
3663:
3579:
3428:
2853:
2278:
1981:
1759:
686:
567:
287:
17669:
16684:
12686:
R (Electoral Commission) v City of Westminster Magistrate's Court and UKIP
7254:
lists which matters are transferred to the Northern Ireland Assembly. The
6135:
represent the Crown in litigation. The Attorney General also appoints the
5749:, could simply be to abolish the House of Lords. This was done during the
3444:
as a "sovereign" member, to augment its power through cooperation, in the
3257:
R (Miller) v The Prime Minister and Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland
178:
to guarantee international peace and security. The UK was a member of the
18846:
18776:
17636:
17631:
17426:
17148:
16350:
16341:
16301:
16021:
15041:
was transferred to the crown, and Elizabeth was allowed to live there by
14876:
14808:
14796:
14732:
14456:(22 October 1986) BVerfGE 73, 339 (first setting out the basic concepts).
14327:
11903:
11818:
11784:
11580:
11426:
11396:
11063:
11050:, "The Rule of Law and the Sovereignty of Parliament" (31 October 2007),
10697:
10579:
10354:
9884:
9845:, a Conservative and Liberal Democrat coalition launched a programme of "
9583:
9165:
9127:
in 1628. Many religious dissidents left England to settle the new world.
9104:
9100:
9068:
9045:
9041:
9006:
8949:
7319:
7310:
7117:
6595:
6464:
6156:
5993:
5957:
5808:
5514:
5245:
5213:
4854:
4846:
4620:
4469:
4171:
4098:
4041:
4023:
3971:
3848:
3763:
3646:
3575:
3359:
3321:
3307:
3019:
2900:
2889:
2872:
means that Acts of Parliament are the supreme source of law. Through the
2167:
1626:
783:
734:
662:
496:
413:
338:
295:
202:
is elected by a democratic vote in the country's 650 constituencies. The
163:
114:, which in 1215 required the King to call a "common counsel" (now called
111:
95:
19255:
13731:
Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart NV v Administrator of Hungarian Property
10472:(enabled all men to vote over 21, and women over 30 with property), and
6487:
denied the monarch any power to arrest people for failing to pay taxes.
5553:
4182:, such as unfair dismissal, unlawful wage deductions or discrimination.
122:, and to guarantee rights of "common" people to use the land. After the
19248:
17657:
17621:
17342:
16426:
16416:
16369:
16317:
16162:
15693:
The Routledge Companion to Britain in the Nineteenth Century, 1815-1914
15314:
14596:(3rd edn 2017) ch 12 generally follows this. Another categorisation of
14413:
13420:
13391:
13064:
13032:
12901:, 'We should abolish the House of Lords, not reform it' (12 July 2012)
12619:
12039:
11776:
11597:
11549:
11457:
11430:
11031:
9976:
9959:
9883:. The British constitution is the source of the modern concepts of the
9758:
with the UK to be "at the centre", although it did not enter until the
9383:
committed suicide, and the disgraced Lord Chancellor was replaced with
9292:
was the protection of people's rights: "lives, liberties and estates."
9283:
9259:
9220:
9139:
9060:
9018:
8979:
7527:
7512:
7394:
6680:
6644:
6603:
6468:
6088:
6048:
5621:
Donations by foreign parties can be forfeited in their entirety to the
5490:
5132:
4873:
in particular did more than any other to affirm that the international
4075:
3668:
3536:
3524:
3505:
3485:
3306:
struggles between the monarch, the church, the courts, and the people.
2951:
2259:
2044:
1609:
291:
15196:(1614) that held it would not be treason to advocate the King's death.
14447:
Kadi and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and Commission
12022:
Kadi and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and Commission
11805:
Kadi and Al Barakaat International Foundation v Council and Commission
9156:
While Elizabeth I maintained a Protestant church, under her successor
7309:, British law had one of the world's longest human rights traditions.
7145:
cannot tax or regulate other people in the way that governments must.
7120:(charged on local residents according to property values in 1993) and
5672:
5633:
to even out populations. There has been considerable debate about the
5577:
gives the right to all registered citizens of the United Kingdom, the
4541:, restrict spending or any foreign interference because, according to
3783:
708:
19124:
19032:
17571:
17566:
17495:
17163:
17158:
16656:
16636:
16627:
The Constitution Society feature on What is the British Constitution?
16541:
Report on the British constitution and proposed European constitution
16421:
Behemoth: The Structure and Practice of National Socialism, 1933-1944
16253:
16203:
15995:
15798:
15698:
15600:
15554:
14907:
14792:
14570:
14347:
13323:
12898:
12855:
12307:
12008:
11875:, and after the Civil War and Glorious Revolution, once again by the
11467:
11349:
11019:
10966:
10450:(common property qualification rules for all boroughs and counties),
9846:
9575:
9533:
9499:
9495:
9446:
9232:
9096:
8998:
8908:] together, and that the lords be no greater masters than we be."
7363:
6697:
6686:
5638:
5149:
4295:
4239:
4183:
4157:
anyone who is detained must be charged and put on trial or released.
4114:
3567:
3397:
ensured the Commons would prevail in any conflict over the unelected
3382:
3374:
3351:
2253:
1871:
1786:
646:
162:
in 1922, leaving Northern Ireland within the UK. After struggles for
99:
19243:
16555:
15827:
Kopstein, Jeffrey; Lichbach, Mark; Hanson, Stephen E., eds. (2014).
15102:
that a person born in Scotland is entitled to all rights in England.
14850:(1976) 242, 12% free, 30% serfs, 35% bordars and cottars, 9% slaves.
14255:
List of lord mayoralties and lord provostships in the United Kingdom
10553:, "The Sovereignty of Parliament β Form or Substance?" in J Jowell,
9781:, with the majority of former British colonies choosing to join the
7526:). A court may also declare the parties' rights and duties, give an
7507:, or failed to give a fair hearing, and (5) violated a human right.
6639:
the Supreme Court held that the Prime Minister could not notify the
5573:
is the primary organ of representative government. Section 1 of the
4464:
4243:
67:
comprises the written and unwritten arrangements that establish the
18985:
16522:
16487:
16477:
16289:
16275:
16181:
15833:(4, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 37β39.
13227:
13211:
12112:
See House of Commons, Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee,
11645:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1966
11172:
10526:"Brexit: Boris Johnson to act swiftly in bringing deal back to MPs"
10023:
9659:. At the end of the War, with millions dead, Parliament passed the
9549:
8917:
7518:
7223:
5112:
4972:
and following World War II, the UK became a founding member of the
4106:
4031:
2768:
2214:
2139:
2134:
1720:
186:
in 1973, but left in 2020. The UK is also a founding member of the
39:
is central to the United Kingdom's democratic constitution. In the
16600:
9702:. The failed international law system, was replaced following the
9207:
Coke fell from favour, and was removed from judicial office. When
9138:
confirmed Parliament's supremacy over the monarch, represented by
9001:, but at great cost. Taxes levied by Richard I, and his successor
7516:), or it could ask for an order to make the body do something (or
4849:, English law recognised the right to free movement of people for
18811:
16646:
16380:
16364:
16331:
15482:
15376:
15336:
15155:
13642:
13395:
13390:'Crown Estate makes record Β£304m Treasury payout' (28 June 2016)
13199:
12456:
12306:
fixed the timespan between elections at five years. By contrast,
11152:(2008) 8, "all persons and authorities within the state, whether
8954:
8913:
7422:
7418:
6705:
6655:, such as the right to work in other EU member states or vote in
6458:
5746:
4893:
4709:
3563:
3500:
wrote the UK's funding and membership of the United Nations, the
2750:
2220:
1562:
283:
275:
90:, have recognised and affirmed constitutional principles such as
75:
such arrangements into a single document, thus it is known as an
14674:
R (Corner House Research) v Director of the Serious Fraud Office
14654:
Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service
13795:
Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service
11256:
R (Corner House Research) v Director of the Serious Fraud Office
11239:
R (Corner House Research) v Director of the Serious Fraud Office
5148:. The executive is bound to the rule of law, interpreted by the
4143:
acted unlawfully by dropping an investigation into the UKβSaudi
4128:
R (Corner House Research) v Director of the Serious Fraud Office
19107:
16719:
16459:
16447:
16443:
16396:
16240:
16234:
15470:
15224:
15007:
14962:
14307:
13962:
12858:
challenged the law disqualifying peers standing for Parliament.
12083:
World Trade Organization (Immunities and Privileges) Order 1995
11153:
11015:
11013:
9699:
9498:
by subsidising employers and landowners with parish rates. The
9266:, and after a brief conflict forced James II out. Known as the
8792:
6874:
Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009
6120:, which performs various functions including administering the
6029:
5952:
in 2009, are web-streamed live, and judges no longer wear wigs.
5618:
influence persons to give or refrain from giving their votes".
5024:
4790:
World Trade Organization (Immunities and Privileges) Order 1995
4703:
3746:
3607:
2655:
1855:
17395:
16679:
R (HS2 Action Alliance Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport
15727:
Taff Vale Railway Co v Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants
14441:
R (HS2 Action Alliance Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport
14423:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
12096:
R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union
10950:
R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union
10918:
R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union
10890:
R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union
10350:
R (HS2 Action Alliance Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport
10239:
R (HS2 Action Alliance Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport
6636:
R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union
4997:
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
3723:
R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union
3658:
the Supreme Court held that certain fundamental principles of
3655:
R (HS2 Action Alliance Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport
19084:
16243:, 'The reform of the House of Lords' (1917) Fabian Tract, 183
14820:
14648:
Associated Provincial Picture Houses v Wednesbury Corporation
14031:
Council Tax (Administration and Enforcement) Regulations 1992
11694:(1703) 2 Ld Raym 938, dissent approved by the House of Lords.
11477:
11317:
10863:
R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame Ltd
9475:
in defeating France, and cementing union with Ireland in the
8982:
by creating a unified system of law "common" to the country.
8968:
was compiled in 1086 cataloguing all land and labour to levy
8921:
7227:
5669:
restricts higher payment of salaries to a set number of MPs.
2915:, while the monarch, occasionally together with a hereditary
2849:
London, Houses of Parliament. The Sun Shining through the Fog
2781:
1794:
170:. After World War II, the UK became a founding member of the
15988:(20 July 2003). "Why Britain Needs a Written Constitution".
14382:
Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen
14306:
The oldest free speech and debating society in the world is
14266:
cf Sir Kenneth Calman Report, Serving Scotland Better (2009)
11010:
10847:
Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen
7582:
5561:
is the most important body in the British constitution. Its
5189:
by the monarch. The Sovereign does not veto legislation, by
5160:
is the sovereign entity. Its two chambers legislate. In the
4857:
wrote confidently that international commercial law, or the
4476:
The principle of a "democratic society", with a functioning
3770:, giving her power to notify the intention to leave the EU.
2661:
Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union
16410:
14694:
R v Bow Street Stipendiary Magistrate, ex p Pinochet (No 2)
14318:
in 1823. Most universities have student debating societies.
12176:"UK Constitution: Proposals and ministerial responsibility"
12046:) on asking questions with concrete, determinative choices.
9833:
rights without the need for claimants to take cases to the
9636:
with higher taxes on the wealthy to fund spending. After a
4160:
People must also be able to access justice in practice. In
2712:
2145:
10262:"), and 47β48 (land taken by the King "shall forthwith be
9598:, and the UK gradually enabled greater political freedom.
9250:
dictator. After his death, the monarchy was restored with
6700:
hosts the major offices of the British government, led by
6672:
Prayer and state papers. And fifteenth, subject to modern
16219:, from a tribute at St John's Smith Square on 5 June 2013
16119:, Parliamentary Affairs, Vol. 63, No. 1 (Jan 2010), p. 85
15240:, October to November 1647, summarised in ASP Woodhouse,
15236:
Debates on the proper nature of liberty were held at the
13720:
in 2003, and a vote against an invasion of Syria in 2013.
11638:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966
9735:
9605:
more middle class property owners were enfranchised, the
9339:
to Britain, allowing British merchants to sell slaves in
9258:
again attempted to assert divine right to rule. In 1688,
9030:
8904:
6543:, which reserves 25 per cent of the net revenue from the
4324:
Int Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1966
4056:
Today this principle of legality is found throughout the
3980:
2717:
16374:
16280:
Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution
16184:, 'The Resilience of the Political Constitution' (2013)
16077:
Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution
16027:
Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution
15661:
The Politics today companion to the British Constitution
14660:
R v North and East Devon Health Authority, ex p Coughlan
13884:
s 191, civil servants expressly have the right to claim
11068:
Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution
10014:
are now shared between the Lord Chancellor (executive),
9841:
reduced but did not eliminate hereditary peers. Since a
4896:
was lawful "in no country" and therefore in common law.
975:
Scottish Parliament constituencies and electoral regions
16295:
Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil
14823:
assembly to advise the King, a precursor to Parliament.
14435:
10774:
For instance, preceding art. 8 of that convention, see
10474:
Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928
10054:
Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011
9777:, the Empire was gradually dismantled via a process of
9669:
Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928
9613:
enabled free association without criminal penalty. The
9363:
as an alternative financier to the government over the
7219:
has 129 MSPs with extensive powers, including taxation.
6479:, Parliament or the courts. Over the 17th century, the
5523:
Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928
5031:. In 1995, the UK also became a founding member of the
4533:
A considerable body of regulation, for instance in the
2899:
in the 13th century). This principle was recognised in
274:. Convention rights include everyone's rights to life,
168:
Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928
16587:
Britain's unwritten constitution | The British Library
15933:
The House of Lords and the British political tradition
15826:
15248:. By contrast, a bitter opponent of the civil war was
14801:
The history of English law before the time of Edward I
12144:, and see E McGaughey, "Could Brexit be Void?" (2018)
10661:
R (Simms) v Secretary of State for the Home Department
8939:
Following the conquest, according to the legal record
6124:
for people who cannot afford access to the courts. In
3758:
could not begin the process of leaving purely through
19220:
14819:, explaining pre-Norman collections of laws, and the
13743:
e.g. MoJ, Rev of the Exec Royal Prer Powers (2009) 23
12702:
Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000
11611:
Civil Liberties and Human Rights in England and Wales
10476:(enabled equal suffrage of men at women age 21). The
10132:
Royal Commission on the Constitution (United Kingdom)
10070:
a referendum on changing the system used to elect MPs
9325:
The new union was soon faced with disaster as in the
9223:") without authority. The country descended into the
5374:
Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000
4539:
Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000
3626:
R (Factortame Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport
3336:
in Rome, declaring himself the supreme leader of the
3310:
in 1215, which came from the conflict leading to the
3008:
965:
Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000
15884:
World Criminal Justice Systems: A Comparative Survey
14419:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
14417:
norms in international law, since two treaties, the
13820:
Ministerial and other Pensions and Salaries Act 1991
12101:
European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017
10389:
may now be added to this list." Also see Laws LJ in
10122:
Political and Constitutional Reform Select Committee
9942:
and resulting Acts of Parliament as a constitution.
9490:
had begun. Poverty had also accelerated through the
9227:
in 1642 culminating in the capture and execution of
9071:(who he soon beheaded for supposed infidelity), the
5602:
the Court of Appeal declared that an election for a
4993:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
4888:, one of the most important cases in legal history,
3768:
European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017
3550:
From 1973 to 2020, the UK was a member state of the
69:
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
18798:
16545:
House of Lords Select Committee on the Constitution
13959:
The Oxford Handbook of Local and Regional Democracy
9675:leading to the partition of the island between the
7344:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
5185:must be read by both houses three times, and given
4840:Like other democratic countries, the principles of
3414:, a group of pro-hunting protestors challenged the
16671:Robinson v Secretary of State for Northern Ireland
16197:JAW Griffith, 'The Political Constitution' (1979)
16157:Magna Carta and contemporary constitutional change
16052:British Democracy: Its Restoration & Extension
15591:arts 3-4 gave Irish representation at Westminster.
13530:R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the EU
12868:House of Lords (Expulsion and Suspension) Act 2015
12607:, and E McGaughey, 'Could Brexit be Void?' (2018)
12557:Electoral Registration and Administration Act 2013
12220:"How power is exercised within the UK | Law Wales"
11907:(1759) 97 Eng Rep 614, 618; (1759) 2 Burr 882, 887
11733:Gorringe v Calderdale Metropolitan Borough Council
8978:, who became the monarch in 1154, established the
7522:), or prevent the body from acting unlawfully (or
6333:R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the EU
5285:
4549:as applied in British law, particularly after the
3531:, the UK accepted that people could appeal to the
954:2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies
110:have special constitutional status. These include
16662:Full Constitution of England - Constitute Project
14697:1 AC 119 (possibility of a conflict of interest).
14334:reasserted these values from Magna Carta against
12892:
12890:
12164:3 All ER 484 (on the legal nature of conventions)
12055:For principles of treaty interpretation, see the
12001:R (SG) v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions
11946:Saad v Secretary of State for the Home Department
11600:, "Constitutionalism and Democracy" (1995), 3(1)
11548:cf A. J. Zurcher, "The Hitler Referenda" (1935),
11344:A. W Bradley, K. D. Ewing, and C. J. S. Knight,
10825:
10823:
10807:
9246:Cromwell, not wishing to become a King, became a
7548:History of the constitution of the United Kingdom
7179:Intergovernmental relations in the United Kingdom
6202:
5800:
5753:in 1649, but restored along with the monarchy in
3676:that Parliament is free to organise its affairs.
2860:, "to talk") is the UK's highest law-making body.
1545:Intergovernmental relations in the United Kingdom
194:to participate in regulating the global economy.
19268:
13944:(with highly limited powers except in transport)
13645:was seized in 1955, and later recognised in the
13484:Prohibitions, Case of [1607] EWHC KB J23
13010:Hounga v Allen & Anor [2014] UKSC 47
12851:Re Parliamentary Election for Bristol South East
11226:Data Retention and Investigatory Powers Act 2014
10335:A. W. Bradley, K. D. Ewing and C. J. S. Knight,
7366:drove reform for labour and democratic freedom.
5461:Re Parliamentary Election for Bristol South East
5144:, is removable by a simple majority vote in the
4022:, following common law principles, protects the
3886:R (Corner House Research) v Serious Fraud Office
3726:, a group of people who sought to remain in the
3515:Although the UK has not always clearly followed
3473:in 1945, to participate in building a system of
3350:(both the King's representative and head of the
2892:, including human rights and international law.
16617:Guardian Special Report β Constitutional Reform
16606:The New International Encyclopædia/Constitution
15501:let justice be done whatever be the consequence
14243:Cities and Local Government Devolution Act 2016
13810:. See also, recognising the PM's position, the
13598:R (Lain) v Criminal Injuries Compensation Board
13508:
13506:
12645:Animal Defenders International v United Kingdom
11719:Animal Defenders International v United Kingdom
11661:Archie v Law Association of Trinidad and Tobago
11316:, in contempt of court for failing to return a
10787:Crofter Hand Woven Harris Tweed Co Ltd v Veitch
8936:of 1066, the written history of law was scant.
7131:Department for Communities and Local Government
6896:Cities and Local Government Devolution Act 2016
6795:
5859:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
5643:2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum
5236:is exercised by the Prime Minister, subject to
4428:Animal Defenders International v United Kingdom
4376:Archie v Law Association of Trinidad and Tobago
4310:Int Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966
3539:, if domestic remedies were not enough. In the
2967:Parliamentary sovereignty in the United Kingdom
16575:The UK constitution - The Constitution Society
15640:Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act 1875
13860:
13858:
12887:
12787:Ministerial and Other Salaries Act 1975 ss 1-2
12493:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022
12295:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022
12114:Disinformation and 'fake news': Interim Report
11111:
11109:
10820:
9461:called natural rights "nonsense upon stilts",
5645:staged by the Cameron-Clegg coalition. In the
3358:over the common law courts, contradicting Sir
3092:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022
3080:European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Act 2020
970:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022
17685:
17411:
17123:
17109:
16700:
16117:The Westminster Model and the State of Unions
15820:
15495:(that "holding his body" had been unlawful).
14651:1 KB 223 (unreasonableness loosely defined);
14634:R v Home Secretary ex p Venables and Thompson
13865:Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 2010
13687:Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 2010
10858:
10856:
10492:. British citizens abroad can vote under the
9204:in the House of Lords) was above common law.
8860:
6781:
6502:, and finally the settlement of power in the
6379:Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 2010
6188:
5786:
5271:
5005:Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 2010
4964:in 1919, the UK was a founding member of the
4819:Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 2010
4598:
4259:
3799:
3231:R (HS2 Action Alliance) v Transport Secretary
2994:
2818:
14536:R (Datafin) v Panel on Takeovers and Mergers
13503:
13402:. This includes (1) retail property such as
9718:began to crumble as decolonization occurred
9482:During this time, with the invention of the
4612:
3742:where 51.9% of those voting voted to leave.
2960:
2376:Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
2303:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
2272:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
17699:
16714:
16669:: including discussion of later cases e.g.
16386:Considerations on Representative Government
15887:(revised ed.). Routledge. p. 20.
13855:
13546:(2018) ch 10 258-265, listing 9 categories.
13033:"The Impact of Constitutions on Labour Law"
13030:
12462:Considerations on Representative Government
11222:Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000
11106:
10813:e.g. "Speech at the University of Zurich" (
9914:Constitutional reform in the United Kingdom
9164:. This prompted a series of cases from Sir
9013:Failure to abide by Magna Carta led to the
7530:, or compensation could also be payable in
7161:into 'combined authorities' and to have an
4952:Since the World Wars brought an end to the
4874:
4858:
3734:of the UK's intention to leave, without an
980:Senedd constituencies and electoral regions
17692:
17678:
17418:
17404:
17116:
17102:
16707:
16693:
16231:J Laws, 'Law and Democracy' Public Law 72
15929:
15853:
15657:
15489:, Somerset escaped and sued for a writ of
14657:AC 374 (legitimate expectation rejected).
13754:Spook Erection Ltd v Environment Secretary
12992:Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007
12776:House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975
12772:House of Commons Disqualification Act 1957
11949:EWCA Civ 2008, Lord Phillips MR, quoting
11569:The Democratic and the Authoritarian State
10853:
9710:where the UK held a permanent seat on the
8867:
8853:
8563:Parl. Voting System and Constituencies Act
7383:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948
6788:
6774:
6667:expressly. Eleventh, the executive may by
6195:
6181:
5793:
5779:
5509:emerged as the dominant chamber, over the
5417:House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975
5406:House of Commons Disqualification Act 1957
5278:
5264:
4605:
4591:
4492:, as drafted by British lawyers following
4283:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948
4266:
4252:
3806:
3792:
3001:
2987:
2825:
2811:
1923:Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties
1861:Measure of the National Assembly for Wales
298:, and to freedom of assembly and protest.
16652:The Parliamentary and Constitution Centre
16227:KCL Law School Research Paper No. 2016-34
16090:"Slaughter-House Cases 83 U.S. 36 (1873)"
15936:(Ph.D. thesis). University of Birmingham.
14779:See AW Bradley, KD Ewing and CJS Knight,
14084:Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004
12939:
12937:
11190:Malone v Metropolitan Police Commissioner
10523:
10018:(judicial) and the newly created post of
9995:that conflicts with the Act by means of "
9556:hit Ireland and millions migrated to the
8823:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act
7972:Eire (Confirmation of Agreement) Act 1929
7558:and events relevant to the status of the
6918:Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004
6712:, who was executed in 1649 following the
6490:The monarch's continued assertion of the
4097:The most broadly accepted meaning of the
4063:Malone v Metropolitan Police Commissioner
4006:, which limited the judicial role of the
3836:Malone v Metropolitan Police Commissioner
2946:. However, the UK left membership of the
2864:Although the British constitution is not
1299:European Parliament elections (1979β2019)
88:Appellate Committee of the House of Lords
16130:"Vote 2011: UK rejects alternative vote"
15952:"Is there a United Kingdom Constitution"
14953:(1385) translated by GC Macaulay (1895)
14741:(1385) translated by GC Macaulay (1895)
13542:cf AW Bradley, KD Ewing and CJS Knight,
12057:Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
11742:O'Rourke v Camden London Borough Council
9764:
9527:
9262:'invited' a replacement King and Queen,
9129:
8878:
8773:Early Parliamentary General Election Act
8553:Constitutional Reform and Governance Act
7934:Ireland (Confirm. of Agreement) Act 1925
7466:
7280:
7206:
7056:
6692:
6580:
6428:
6069:
5939:
5671:
5552:
5131:
4943:
4779:European Communities Act 1972 (repealed)
4768:European Convention on Human Rights 1950
4463:
4092:
4013:
3948:R (Fire Brigades Union) v Home Secretary
3545:
3435:
2841:
250:refused assent to any new law since the
31:
16558:The Public Records and The Constitution
16438:British Government and the Constitution
15984:
15949:
15945:
15943:
15880:
15788:reduced the power to delay to one year.
15605:An Essay on the Principle of Population
15439:Walpole's tenure lasted from 1721-1742.
15035:John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland
12469:. AW Bradley, KD Ewing and CJS Knight,
11218:Interception of Communications Act 1985
10524:Perraudin, Frances (13 December 2019).
10260:exit from England, and entry to England
9849:" cuts, and cemented their term in the
9371:. The result of the crash was that the
9075:was declared separate from Rome in the
8947:, on the advice of the King's Council (
7875:Church of England Assembly (Powers) Act
7168:
6676:, it may take guardianship of infants.
6369:Ministerial and other Salaries Act 1975
6133:Solicitor General for England and Wales
6016:in England and Wales. In Scotland, the
5667:Ministerial and other Salaries Act 1975
5039:was passed. Parliament also passed the
4976:, recognised by Parliament through the
3813:
261:Most constitutional questions arise in
242:which funds schools and universities.
59:remains unelected but can be overruled.
14:
19269:
16612:Cabinet Office - Constitutional Reform
16048:
15804:The Economic Consequences of the Peace
15033:until he was replaced and executed by
14663:QB 213 (legitimate expectation upheld)
13216:Judicial Appointments Regulations 2013
13109:R (Simms) v SS for the Home Department
12934:
12917:(5th edn 1920) ch V, 134-135. S Webb,
12735:Electoral Administration Act 2006 s 17
12509:Criminal Procedure (Insanity) Act 1964
12271:"What are constitutional conventions?"
11466:(c. 411 BC) Book 2, para 37. Contrast
10990:in interpreting and applying the law."
10164:
10162:
10060:were passed, though the government of
9860:
9609:provided free primary school, and the
9052:to freeze wage rises. This led to the
8503:Parties, Elections and Referendums Act
8403:Referendums (Scotland & Wales) Act
6284:Burmah Oil Company Ltd v Lord Advocate
6026:Court of Justice of the European Union
3554:(and its predecessor organisation the
3381:. Outside Parliament, people from the
2856:, 1904). Parliament (from old French,
2346:Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute
18797:
17673:
17399:
17097:
16688:
16503:Public Law Text, Cases, and Materials
16482:Constitutional and Administrative Law
16355:The Constitutional History of England
16020:
15682:
14813:The constitutional history of England
14781:Constitutional and Administrative Law
14580:Constitutional and Administrative Law
14576:Public Law Text, Cases, and Materials
14153:Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000
14108:Public Libraries and Museums Act 1964
13675:Constitutional and Administrative Law
13544:Constitutional and Administrative Law
13155:Constitutional and Administrative Law
13153:AW Bradley, KD Ewing and CJS Knight,
12714:Parliamentary Constituencies Act 1986
12665:Representation of the People Act 1983
12471:Constitutional and Administrative Law
12173:
11630:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
11346:Constitutional and Administrative Law
10568:Constitutional and Administrative Law
10494:Representation of the People Act 1985
10490:Representation of the People Act 1983
10486:Representation of the People Act 1969
10478:Representation of the People Act 1948
10470:Representation of the People Act 1918
10466:Representation of the People Act 1884
10452:Representation of the People Act 1867
10337:Constitutional and Administrative Law
10204:UKSC 41 (Parliamentary sovereignty),
10117:House of Lords Constitution Committee
9879:and those countries that adopted the
9661:Representation of the People Act 1918
9615:Representation of the People Act 1884
9560:, Chartists staged a mass march from
9408:represented the standard view in his
8493:Representation of the People Act 2000
8353:Representation of the People Act 1985
8343:Representation of the People Act 1983
8253:House of Commons Disqualification Act
8027:Representation of the People Act 1948
7990:HM Declaration of Abdication Act 1936
7963:Representation of the People Act 1928
7865:Representation of the People Act 1918
7727:Representation of the People Act 1867
7444:
7273:Civil liberties in the United Kingdom
7137:of local authorities. Generally, the
6989:Carers and Disabled Children Act 2000
6939:Public Libraries and Museums Act 1964
6769:
6320:CCSU v Minister for the Civil Service
6176:
5774:
5745:A second option, like in the Swedish
5692:Along with a hereditary monarch, the
5680:is a chamber mostly appointed by the
5575:Representation of the People Act 1983
5533:In practice many MPs are involved in
5385:Representation of the People Act 1983
5259:
5074:
5041:International Criminal Court Act 2001
4982:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
4809:International Criminal Court Act 2001
4586:
4535:Representation of the People Act 1983
4273:
4247:
3787:
3586:Third, the UK became a member of the
2982:
2691:United Kingdom and the United Nations
2336:British Overseas Territories Act 2002
17369:Legal services in the United Kingdom
16642:ESRC Centre on Constitutional Change
16550:
16501:A Le Sueur, M Sunkin and J Murkens,
15940:
15688:
15573:A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
15027:Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset
14906:. As ballads and poems evolved, see
12161:Attorney General v Jonathan Cape Ltd
11512:Mathieu-Mohin and Clerfayt v Belgium
10927:Attorney General v Jonathan Cape Ltd
10734:International Organisations Act 1968
10280:European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018
10183:
9907:
9698:leading to a fascist collapse under
9574:was drafted by German revolutionary
9468:A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
8393:Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act
7499:usually sets the period as 6 years.
6762:Local government in Northern Ireland
6559:who can command the majority of the
5948:, which moved to its modern home at
5828:Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1875
5204:, the judiciary is appointed by the
5140:ensures that the executive, and the
5023:in 1992) and committed to implement
4339:Mathieu-Mohin and Clerfayt v Belgium
3594:and through its ratification of the
3498:International Organisations Act 1968
3469:in 1919, and after its failure, the
3192:R (Factortame) v Transport Secretary
3180:Attorney General v Jonathan Cape Ltd
2411:British National (Overseas) passport
2356:Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute
2318:British Overseas Territories citizen
1812:2011 referendum on law-making powers
1708:Act of the Northern Ireland Assembly
232:Department of Health and Social Care
16087:
15165:Commentaries on the Laws of England
13458:"Who are the monarchists? | YouGov"
12268:
12093:On the post-referendum debate, see
11951:Bennion on Statutory Interpretation
11517:European Convention on Human Rights
11496:European Convention on Human Rights
11166:European Convention on Human Rights
11022:, "The Rule of Law" (2007), 66(1)
10324:European Convention on Human Rights
10301:General Treaty on Tariffs and Trade
10159:
10028:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
9981:European Convention on Human Rights
9744:European Convention on Human Rights
9644:blocking reform, Parliament pass a
9411:Commentaries on the Laws of England
8723:EU (Notification of Withdrawal) Act
8083:European Convention on Human Rights
7389:, enabling people to appeal to the
7387:European Convention on Human Rights
7307:European Convention on Human Rights
6743:
6684:subject to judicial review: in the
6539:, the monarchy is funded under the
6038:European Convention on Human Rights
5848:European Convention on Human Rights
5614:Animal Defenders International v UK
5513:that traditionally represented the
5377:ss 12-69, 72-131, 149 and Schs 8-13
5346:Animal Defenders International v UK
5009:European Convention on Human Rights
4564:
4547:European Convention on Human Rights
4490:European Convention on Human Rights
4080:European Convention on Human Rights
4058:European Convention on Human Rights
3745:The claimants argued that, because
3711:, to bring peace. In addition, the
3521:European Convention on Human Rights
3332:asserted his divine right over the
2936:European Convention on Human Rights
1405:Northern Ireland Assembly elections
462:Republicanism in the United Kingdom
272:European Convention on Human Rights
220:European Convention on Human Rights
84:Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
24:
19277:Constitution of the United Kingdom
16563:. London: Oxford University Press.
16527:Are judges now out of their depth?
16310:(1385) translated by GC Macaulay (
14637:AC 407 (irrelevant consideration).
14628:Padfield v Minister of Agriculture
14072:Town and Country Planning Act 1990
13188:Courts and Legal Services Act 1990
10566:cf A. W. Bradley and K. D. Ewing,
10454:(extended the franchise to around
10188:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
9968:produce a revolution in an hour."
9586:distracted from social reform and
7953:Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act
7475:. The claims usually begin in the
7269:Human rights in the United Kingdom
6907:Town and Country Planning Act 1990
5870:Courts and Legal Services Act 1990
5838:Charter of the United Nations 1945
4131:, a group campaigning against the
254:in 1708. The monarch is bound by
198:people of the United Kingdom. The
65:constitution of the United Kingdom
25:
19308:
16568:
16088:Bradley, Joseph P. (dissenting).
14848:Medieval History and Civilization
14450:(2008) C-402/05 (for the EU) and
14314:was established in 1815, and the
14165:Environmental Protection Act 1990
14027:Local Government Finance Act 1992
13991:Local Government Finance Act 1992
13979:Local Government Finance Act 1992
13939:Greater London Authority Act 1999
13899:Prevention of Corruption Act 1906
13704:Burmah Oil Co Ltd v Lord Advocate
13214:s 27A and SI 2013/2193. See also
11552:American Political Science Review
11177:necessary in a democratic society
10722:International Labour Organization
10392:Thoburn v Sunderland City Council
10147:United Kingdom constitutional law
9811:Greater London Authority Act 1999
9568:broke out across Europe, and the
9532:Demanding democratic reform, the
9347:, incorporated to monopolise the
9103:, the daughter of Henry VIII and
9079:, with the King as the head. The
8663:HL (Expulsion and Suspension) Act
8213:UK joins the European Communities
7925:Irish Free State Constitution Act
7451:United Kingdom administrative law
7277:United Kingdom constitutional law
6999:Environmental Protection Act 1990
6853:Local Government Finance Act 1992
6834:Greater London Authority Act 1999
6510:and an early financial crisis as
5767:Judiciaries of the United Kingdom
5027:in which it participated, in the
4984:in 1948, the continuation of the
4966:International Labour Organization
4736:R (SG) v SS for Work and Pensions
4678:Saad v SS for the Home Department
3780:Rule of law in the United Kingdom
3717:Greater London Authority Act 1999
3490:Bretton Woods Agreements Act 1945
3140:Greater London Authority Act 1999
2928:International Labour Organization
1590:Greater London Authority Act 1999
188:International Labour Organization
27:Uncodified constitution of the UK
19282:Government of the United Kingdom
19254:
19242:
19230:
17494:
16599:
16122:
16108:
16081:
16069:
16042:
16014:
15978:
15923:
15911:. Courts and Tribunals Judiciary
15901:
15874:
15847:
15810:
15791:
15779:
15768:
15757:
15746:
15735:
15719:
15651:
15632:
15619:
15610:
15594:
15582:
15564:
15548:
15535:
15518:
15514:13 Texas Wesleyan Law Review 645
15506:
15456:
15442:
15433:
15419:
15391:
15370:
15342:
15339:confirmed by the House of Lords.
15329:
15308:
15290:
15277:
15265:
15230:
15214:
15199:
15186:
15177:
15130:
15121:
15105:
15067:
15052:
15019:
14992:
14973:
14941:
14929:
14917:
14882:
14870:
14853:
14840:
14826:
14786:
14773:
14748:
14726:
14712:
14700:
14680:
14666:
14640:
14614:
14542:
14528:
14513:
14501:
14489:
14477:
14459:
14428:
14405:
14388:
14360:
14341:
14321:
14300:
14285:
14269:
14260:
14251:2012 English mayoral referendums
14236:
14227:
14218:
14207:
14194:
14182:
14170:
14158:
14137:
14125:
14113:
14101:
14089:
14077:
14065:
14053:
14036:
14019:
14000:
13984:
13972:
13947:
13932:
13908:
13891:
13840:
13824:
13801:
13787:
13760:
13746:
13737:
13723:
13710:
13696:
13680:
13658:
13635:
13622:
13590:
13575:
13558:
13549:
13536:
13522:
13475:
13450:
13441:
13430:
13414:
13384:
13372:
13353:
13337:
13316:
13299:
13289:
13269:
13265:Prosecution of Offences Act 1985
13257:
13246:
13233:
13221:
13205:
13192:
13181:
13169:
13160:
13147:
13130:
13119:
13101:
13086:
13071:
13024:
13001:
12985:
12969:
12960:
12951:
12945:"Constitutional Reform Act 2005"
12923:46(1) Industrial Law Journal 169
12907:
12872:
12861:
12854:2 QB 257, Viscount Stansgate or
12839:
12827:
12814:
12802:
12790:
12781:
12765:
12756:
12747:
12738:
12729:
12707:
12695:
12678:
12658:
12637:
12625:
12613:
12585:
12571:
12562:
12550:
12513:
12498:
12486:
12476:
12449:
12432:
12415:
12389:
12366:
12343:
12329:
12313:
12288:
12262:
12237:
12212:
12182:
12167:
12153:
12106:
11722:UKHL 15, and see also ECHR 362
11463:History of the Peloponnesian War
9975:government under prime minister
9881:Westminster parliamentary system
9318:was a constitutional right. The
8633:Scottish independence referendum
8623:Succession to the Crown Act 2013
8151:Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968
8121:Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962
8047:Statute of the Council of Europe
7915:Irish Free State (Agreement) Act
7613:Succession to the Crown Act 1707
7570:
7463:United States administrative law
7175:Devolution in the United Kingdom
6731:Assisting ministers is a modern
6578:, but failed to get a majority.
6102:Judicial Appointments Commission
5705:, law lords appointed under the
5517:. The central justification for
5485:Parliament of the United Kingdom
5206:Judicial Appointments Commission
5012:and to advance social progress.
3681:devolution in the United Kingdom
3602:, who in 1946 had called for a "
3354:) asserted the supremacy of the
2780:
2767:
2749:
2734:
805:
707:
677:
645:
519:
489:
418:
393:
320:
174:to uphold human rights, and the
18800:Countries of the United Kingdom
17900:Countries of the United Kingdom
17425:
16543:(2003) Written evidence to the
16492:Principles of International Law
16466:(1906 through 1929) Volumes IβX
16322:A Federation for Western Europe
16096:. Cornell University Law School
15956:Oxford Journal of Legal Studies
15860:. Waterside Press. p. 23.
15061:The True Law of Free Monarchies
14677:UKHL 60 (independent judgement)
14149:NHS and Community Care Act 1990
13915:Freedom of Information Act 2000
13831:Ministers of the Crown Act 1975
13628:Allen (1862) 1 B&S 850 and
13437:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011
13095:Pickin v British Railways Board
12994:, appealing to the appropriate
12957:Practice Statement 3 All ER 77
12669:Trading with the Enemy Act 1939
12087:
12075:
12062:
12049:
12028:
12014:
11992:
11976:
11956:
11938:
11924:
11910:
11896:
11882:
11837:
11824:
11811:
11769:
11748:
11725:
11711:
11697:
11683:
11653:
11622:
11590:
11574:
11558:
11542:
11524:
11504:
11489:
11450:
11406:
11385:
11373:
11359:
11338:
11323:
11297:
11280:
11265:
11248:
11231:
11210:
11195:
11183:
11159:
11139:
11125:
11094:
11057:
10993:
10978:
10959:
10934:
10910:
10898:
10882:
10868:
10839:
10793:
10768:
10755:
10741:
10726:
10707:
10691:
10674:
10652:
10643:
10628:
10613:
10599:
10585:
10573:
10560:
10543:
10512:
10499:
10468:(extended the male franchise),
10441:
10415:
10398:
10342:
10329:
10142:Ancient constitution of England
10058:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011
9997:Declarations of Incompatibility
9851:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011
9730:. To prevent any recurrence of
9628:won 29 seats and supported the
8743:European Union (Withdrawal) Act
8223:Local Government (Scotland) Act
7663:HC (Disqualifications) Act 1801
7262:
6979:NHS and Community Care Act 1990
6738:Freedom of Information Act 2000
6643:of an intention to leave under
6409:Freedom of Information Act 2000
6399:Ministers of the Crown Act 1975
6296:Rahmatullah v Foreign Secretary
6137:Director of Public Prosecutions
5980:Litigation usually begins in a
5734:House of Lords Reform Bill 2012
5707:Appellate Jurisdiction Act 1876
5360:R (Electoral Commission) v UKIP
5323:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011
5127:
4194:In other systems the idea of a
3636:Under EU law, the principle of
3623:. This principle was tested in
3168:Pickin v British Railways Board
2696:United Nations Security Council
376:Other constitutional principles
375:
106:. It also recognises that some
19292:Politics of the United Kingdom
17895:Counties of the United Kingdom
16186:14(12) German Law Journal 2111
15350:"Union with Scotland Act 1706"
14834:"Laws of Edward the Confessor"
14611:, codifying directors' duties.
14453:Re WΓΌnsche Handelsgesellschaft
13993:ss 52ZA-ZY, introduced by the
13926:BBC v Information Commissioner
13398:and the colour purple for the
13365:. This was raised from 15% by
13311:US Declaration of Independence
13176:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
13138:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
12835:House of Lords Reform Act 2014
12809:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
12723:R (McWhirter) v Home Secretary
11602:European Journal of Philosophy
11380:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
11366:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
11312:, holding the Home Secretary,
11103:ss. 1, 63β65 and Schs 8 and 12
11101:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
11001:R (Jackson) v Attorney General
10387:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
10317:
10306:
10285:
10269:
10248:
10231:
10192:
10177:
10008:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
9987:has granted citizens specific
9685:Government of Ireland Act 1920
9270:, Parliament proclaimed a new
9093:Dissolution of the monasteries
8413:Scottish devolution referendum
8313:Scottish devolution referendum
7835:Government of Ireland Act 1914
7643:Constitution of Ireland (1782)
7391:European Court of Human Rights
7333:in England and Wales, and the
6169:Civil Service (United Kingdom)
5879:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
5449:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
5286:Parliament composition sources
5202:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
5118:
5106:
4991:Two fundamental treaties, the
4211:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
4020:European Court of Human Rights
4004:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
3924:Constitutional Reform Act 2005
3773:
3533:European Court of Human Rights
3411:R (Jackson) v Attorney General
3218:R (Jackson) v Attorney General
2232:British Indian Ocean Territory
1777:Act of the Scottish Parliament
1575:English votes for English laws
1555:Council of Nations and Regions
314:Politics of the United Kingdom
120:free the church from the state
13:
1:
16657:Constitutional Law Chronology
16637:UCL Constitution Unit - About
16167:78(4) Political Quarterly 499
16144:
15991:Charter88 Sovereignty lecture
15499:, after declaring he should "
15320:Second Treatise on Government
14434:This is qualified, as in the
13955:Cross on Local Government Law
13808:Ministerial Salaries Act 1975
13689:s 20, codifying the previous
13604:R (Harrison) v Home Secretary
12976:Employment Tribunals Act 1996
12753:Insolvency Act 1986 s 426A(5)
12522:Hirst v United Kingdom (No 2)
12128:(17 July 2018). Litigated in
10379:European Communities Act 1972
10276:European Communities Act 1972
9983:into British law through the
9843:financial crisis of 2007β2008
9760:European Communities Act 1972
9742:was established to draft the
9607:Elementary Education Act 1870
9578:and Manchester factory owner
9289:Second Treatise on Government
9145:Second Treatise on Government
8783:EU (Withdrawal Agreement) Act
8683:European Union Referendum Act
8182:NI (Temporary Provisions) Act
7455:Australian administrative law
6653:European Communities Act 1972
6203:Executive composition sources
5801:Judiciary composition sources
5713:who are senior clergy of the
5489:In the British constitution,
5251:
5069:sources of constitutional law
5029:European Communities Act 1972
5019:(reorganized and renamed the
3617:Council of the European Union
3592:European Communities Act 1972
3275:European Communities Act 1972
3244:R (Miller) v Brexit Secretary
2837:
2351:Gibraltar sovereignty dispute
1782:Scottish statutory instrument
1357:Scottish Parliament elections
843:Justices of the Supreme Court
280:arbitrary arrest or detention
18667:Universal basic income (UBI)
15930:Mc Manamon, Anthony (2012).
15881:Terrill, Richard J. (2015).
15857:Champions of the rule of law
15481:as a slave and taken him to
14935:Pollock and Maitland (1899)
14865:Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor
14276:Government of Wales Act 1998
14178:Household Recycling Act 2003
12919:Reform of the House of Lords
12421:This was represented by the
12174:Haves, Emily (4 July 2022).
11443:R (UNISON) v Lord Chancellor
11288:R (UNISON) v Lord Chancellor
10207:R (UNISON) v Lord Chancellor
9815:Government of Wales Act 2006
9648:system for welfare, and the
9525:, triggering mass protests.
9017:, and the popular legend of
8941:Laws of Edward the Confessor
8813:EU (Future Relationship) Act
8793:UK leaves the European Union
8523:Government of Wales Act 2006
8383:Local Government (Wales) Act
8102:HC Disqualification Act 1957
8017:British Nationality Act 1948
7483:Administrative law, through
7256:Government of Wales Act 1998
7009:Household Recycling Act 2003
6824:Government of Wales Act 2006
6146:
6127:R (UNISON) v Lord Chancellor
5760:
5505:, and within Parliament the
5047:. In 2016 the UK voted in a
5045:International Criminal Court
4363:R (UNISON) v Lord Chancellor
4233:
4163:R (UNISON) v Lord Chancellor
4105:, includes the principle of
3693:Government of Wales Act 1998
3122:Government of Wales Act 1998
2944:International Criminal Court
2616:politics of Northern Ireland
1818:Government of Wales Act 1998
950:UK Parliament constituencies
7:
18672:Water supply and sanitation
18371:Weapons of mass destruction
18356:His Majesty's Naval Service
17541:Courts of England and Wales
17386:United Kingdom law category
16632:LSE - A New UK Constitution
16337:Two Treatises of Government
16159:' (2015) History and Policy
16094:Legal Information Institute
15775:National Insurance Act 1911
15666:Manchester University Press
15589:Union with Ireland Act 1800
15174:5 US (1 Cranch) 137 (1803).
14950:The Chronicles of Froissart
14861:Medieval England, 1042-1228
14631:AC 997 (improper purpose),
13346:Sunday Times Rich List 2015
12915:Self-Government in Industry
12594:R (Wilson) v Prime Minister
12582:QB 151, per Lord Denning MR
12131:R (Wilson) v Prime Minister
11401:The Law of the Constitution
11224:ss 1β11, as amended by the
10702:The Law of the Constitution
10201:R (Miller) v Prime Minister
10080:
10022:(legislative). The role of
9855:referendum on EU membership
9825:of 1998 brought peace. The
9748:European Economic Community
9513:Poor Law Amendment Act 1834
9443:declaration of independence
9373:Chancellor of the Exchequer
9278:in Scotland, that cemented
9254:in 1660, but his successor
9136:Glorious Revolution of 1688
8583:Alternative Vote referendum
8573:Welsh devolution referendum
8423:Welsh devolution referendum
8323:Welsh devolution referendum
7943:Balfour Declaration of 1926
7905:Church of Scotland Act 1921
7718:Judicial Committee Act 1844
7710:Judicial Committee Act 1843
7702:Judicial Committee Act 1833
7459:Canadian administrative law
6796:Regional government sources
6346:Youssef v Foreign Secretary
5988:for civil law issues, or a
5015:In 1972, the UK joined the
4413:R (Wilson) v Prime Minister
3502:International Monetary Fund
3456:, opened by Prime Minister
3389:fought for the vote in the
2882:Glorious Revolution of 1688
2226:British Antarctic Territory
1550:Legislative consent motions
692:The Lord McFall of Alcluith
10:
19313:
18767:Stereotypes of the British
17250:English administrative law
15658:Pilkington, Colin (1999).
15192:Compounded by a ruling in
14924:Charter of the Forest 1217
13882:Employment Rights Act 1996
13880:1 WLR 1046, but under the
13835:Crown Proceedings Act 1947
13647:Island of Rockall Act 1972
13587:UKHL 61, per Lord Bingham
13409:Continental Shelf Act 1964
13198:This was not always true:
13031:Kahn-Freund, Otto (1976).
12980:Employment Appeal Tribunal
12822:Lords Appointments webpage
12409:(1615) 21 ER 485, and the
12304:Fixed-term Parliaments Act
11515:(1987) 10 EHRR 1, on the
11173:in accordance with the law
10943:MacCormick v Lord Advocate
9911:
9864:
9829:empowered courts to apply
9754:in 1992, was supported by
9508:1833 Slavery Abolition Act
9356:, driving economic chaos.
9264:William and Mary of Orange
9200:(then administered by the
9023:Charter of the Forest 1217
8603:Fixed-term Parliaments Act
7855:Royal Proclamation of 1917
7777:Appellate Jurisdiction Act
7737:Reform Act (Scotland) 1868
7545:
7541:
7448:
7439:social and economic rights
7318:for people, and preserved
7301:is recent, but before the
7266:
7203:Northern Ireland Executive
7192:
7182:
7172:
6747:
6704:ministers. Facing towards
6537:private wealth and finance
6359:Crown Proceedings Act 1947
6150:
6109:Contempt of Court Act 1981
6028:to clarify the meaning of
5764:
5482:
5232:" is the monarch, but all
5058:
4568:
4237:
4213:ended the practice of the
3777:
3705:Northern Ireland Executive
3660:British constitutional law
3631:Merchant Shipping Act 1988
3558:), which is committed to "
3204:R (Simms) v Home Secretary
2964:
2666:UKβEU withdrawal agreement
19287:Law of the United Kingdom
19182:
19083:
18984:
18932:First Minister and deputy
18897:
18810:
18806:
18793:
18789:
18690:
18530:
18521:
18479:
18396:
18387:
18346:
18287:
18156:
18152:
18143:
18005:
17933:
17885:
17881:
17872:
17805:
17717:
17708:
17645:
17549:
17503:
17492:
17433:
17382:
17361:
17285:
17206:
17139:Parliamentary sovereignty
17131:
17125:Law of the United Kingdom
17075:
17027:
16989:
16726:
16199:42(1) Modern Law Review 1
15854:Hostettler, John (2011).
15753:Old Age Pensions Act 1908
13957:(2004). J Loughlin (ed),
13816:Chevening Estate Act 1959
13669:AC 179, now regulated by
13049:10.1017/S0008197300012022
13037:The Cambridge Law Journal
12655:. Confirmed in ECHR 362.
11393:The Changing Constitution
10555:The Changing Constitution
10482:University constituencies
10006:Changes also include the
9932:parliamentary sovereignty
9889:parliamentary sovereignty
9821:in Northern Ireland, the
9807:Northern Ireland Act 1998
9673:Irish War of Independence
9564:to Parliament in 1848 as
9297:Parliamentary sovereignty
9280:Parliamentary sovereignty
9125:Massachusetts Bay Company
9063:, to seal a divorce from
9050:Statute of Labourers 1351
9025:, signed at St Paul's by
8989:, more closely tied with
8763:EU Withdrawal (No. 2) Act
8733:Invocation of Article 50
8643:House of Lords Reform Act
8533:Northern Ireland Act 2009
8513:Constitutional Reform Act
7885:Government of Ireland Act
7825:Status of Aliens Act 1914
7747:Reform Act (Ireland) 1868
7441:through its legislation.
7252:Northern Ireland Act 1998
7150:Local Government Act 1972
7044:
7035:
7025:
7015:
7006:
6996:
6986:
6976:
6966:
6956:
6946:
6936:
6926:
6914:
6904:
6892:
6882:
6870:
6863:Local Government Act 1999
6860:
6850:
6843:Local Government Act 1972
6840:
6831:
6821:
6811:
6801:
6758:Local government in Wales
6530:collective responsibility
6416:
6406:
6396:
6387:
6375:
6366:
6356:
6342:
6328:
6316:
6304:
6292:
6280:
6271:
6262:
6250:
6241:
6232:
6220:
6208:
6141:Crown Prosecution Service
5927:
5915:
5905:
5895:
5886:
5876:
5867:
5855:
5845:
5835:
5825:
5816:
5806:
5519:Parliamentary sovereignty
5470:
5456:
5446:
5436:
5424:
5413:
5402:
5392:
5382:
5370:
5356:
5342:
5330:
5320:
5301:
5291:
4827:
4815:
4806:
4797:
4786:
4775:
4764:
4755:
4746:
4732:
4718:
4700:
4686:
4674:
4662:
4650:
4640:
4628:
4618:
4555:Gorringe v Calderdale MBC
4451:
4441:Gorringe v Calderdale MBC
4437:
4423:
4409:
4397:
4385:
4371:
4359:
4347:
4335:
4320:
4306:
4293:
4279:
3991:, and works according to
3957:
3943:
3931:
3921:
3909:
3895:
3881:
3873:A v Home Secretary (No 2)
3869:
3857:
3845:
3831:
3819:
3713:Local Government Act 1972
3701:Northern Ireland Act 1998
3426:to be valid. However, in
3292:
3282:
3272:
3252:
3240:
3226:
3214:
3200:
3188:
3176:
3164:
3152:
3137:
3131:Northern Ireland Act 1998
3128:
3119:
3110:
3104:Local Government Act 1972
3101:
3088:
3076:
3066:
3056:
3037:
3027:
3017:
3010:Parliamentary sovereignty
2961:Parliamentary sovereignty
2870:parliamentary sovereignty
2741:United Kingdom portal
2631:Northern Ireland Protocol
1970:Non-metropolitan District
1659:Northern Ireland Act 1998
909:Monetary Policy Committee
361:Parliamentary sovereignty
256:constitutional convention
92:parliamentary sovereignty
86:and its predecessor, the
47:represents the public in
19297:Uncodified constitutions
18560:Environmental inequality
16508:M Elliott and R Thomas,
16464:English Local Government
16436:C Turpin and A Tomkins,
16266:Lord Bingham of Cornhill
16259:The English Constitution
16175:(1955) pp. 87β115.
14904:Peasants' revolt of 1381
14760:Kingdom of Great Britain
14598:Lord Bingham of Cornhill
14425:of 1966 recast the UDHR.
14394:Turning points were the
13967:English Local Government
13812:Chequers Estate Act 1917
13655:2 QB 153 on alterations.
13630:Criminal Appeal Act 1995
13619:(1864) 3 Moo PC (NS) 115
13610:R (FBU) v Home Secretary
13360:Sovereign Grant Act 2011
13328:The English Constitution
12778:give further exceptions.
12249:The Constitution Society
11757:Johnson v Unisys Limited
11354:The English Constitution
10800:Treaty on European Union
10763:Legality of the Iraq War
10367:Claim of Rights Act 1689
10186:The British Constitution
10152:
10127:Parliament in the Making
9379:for his corruption, the
9301:Bank of England Act 1694
9054:Peasants' Revolt of 1381
8888:Peasants' Revolt of 1381
8693:EU membership referendum
8273:EC membership referendum
8193:European Communities Act
7683:Scottish Reform Act 1832
7556:Constitutional documents
7369:Upon the catastrophe of
7335:Claim of Rights Act 1689
6754:Subdivisions of Scotland
6649:Treaty on European Union
6541:Sovereign Grant Act 2011
6274:Sovereign Grant Act 2011
6161:Prime Minister of the UK
5739:single transferable vote
5535:Parliamentary committees
5226:Department for Education
5051:on whether to leave the
5033:World Trade Organization
4901:public international law
4613:Internationalism sources
4191:for violating an order.
4103:Lord Bingham of Cornhill
3977:Lord Bingham of Cornhill
3913:UNISON v Lord Chancellor
3638:freedom of establishment
3440:The UK has committed to
2940:World Trade Organization
2309:Turks and Caicos Islands
1580:Greater London Authority
730:Leader of the Opposition
435:William, Prince of Wales
304:This article is part of
288:forced labour or slavery
240:Department for Education
192:World Trade Organization
154:joined Ireland, but the
17277:English civil procedure
17154:Law of Northern Ireland
16667:Constitutional Statutes
16208:19 Tulane Law Review 32
16191:30 October 2020 at the
15742:Trade Disputes Act 1906
15530:Transportation Act 1790
15526:Transportation Act 1717
15427:Attorney General v Davy
14625:AC 40 (following law).
14013:3 November 2020 at the
13942:ss 31, 141, 180 and 333
13775:In re a Local Authority
13616:Re Lord Bishop of Natal
13570:House of Lords Act 1999
12797:House of Lords Act 1999
12762:RPA 1983 ss 160 and 173
12632:Communications Act 2003
12603:16 January 2019 at the
12350:House of Lords Act 1999
12269:UCL (8 November 2021).
12140:16 January 2019 at the
12034:Presumed violations of
12007:, on the benefits cap,
11676:30 October 2020 at the
11585:Between Facts and Norms
11422:X v Morgan-Grampian Ltd
11202:Malone v United Kingdom
11133:Malone v United Kingdom
10986:X v Morgan-Grampian Ltd
10748:United Nations Act 1946
10228:, (international law).
10219:UKHL 15, (democracy),
9839:House of Lords Act 1999
9783:Commonwealth of Nations
9773:. After the end of the
9523:Unlawful Oaths Act 1797
9424:North American colonies
9422:had accelerated to the
9276:Claim of Right Act 1689
8593:European Union Act 2011
8453:Government of Wales Act
8333:British Nationality Act
8093:Interpretation Act (NI)
7797:Interpretation Act 1889
6750:Subdivisions of England
6451:constitutional monarchy
6000:issues. There are also
5699:House of Lords Act 1999
5439:House of Lords Act 1999
5395:Communications Act 2003
5138:parliamentary democracy
4978:United Nations Act 1946
4758:United Nations Act 1946
4351:X v Morgan-Grampian Ltd
3707:following the historic
3604:United States of Europe
3494:United Nations Act 1946
3285:European Union Act 2011
3059:United Nations Act 1946
2055:Community council areas
1933:Non-metropolitan county
1713:Law of Northern Ireland
236:National Health Service
132:Claim of Right Act 1689
77:uncodified constitution
18446:Science and technology
17582:British Virgin Islands
17293:British Virgin Islands
16769:Bosnia and Herzegovina
16307:Froissart's Chronicles
16217:17 Oxford Law News 8-9
15950:Barendt, Eric (1997).
15335:(1703) 92 ER 126, per
15283:The conflict ended at
15242:Puritanism and Liberty
15221:Petition of Right 1628
15154:(1701) 12 Mod 669 per
14738:Froissart's Chronicles
14719:Senior Courts Act 1981
14568:. Lord Diplock in the
14496:Senior Courts Act 1981
14396:Second Reform Act 1867
14332:Petition of Right 1628
13849:AG v Jonathan Cape Ltd
13566:Life Peerages Act 1958
13396:map.whoownsengland.org
13142:Senior Courts Act 1981
12540:Moohan v Lord Advocate
12528:Green v United Kingdom
12505:Mental Health Act 1983
12401:Acts of Supremacy 1534
12357:Lord Great Chamberlain
12336:Life Peerages Act 1958
11417:King's College, London
11332:The Spirit of the Laws
11052:King's College, London
10720:: Constitution of the
10520:2016 Brexit referendum
10507:Appropriation Act 1923
10371:Act of Settlement 1701
10365:and (in Scotland) the
10359:Petition of Right 1628
10184:King, Anthony (2007).
9902:responsible government
9817:. After many years of
9799:Greater London Council
9790:
9603:Second Reform Act 1867
9594:of 1860 to 1865 ended
9590:opposed anything, the
9545:
9375:was imprisoned in the
9305:Act of Settlement 1700
9219:and taxing trade (or "
9213:Petition of Right 1628
9153:
8909:
8803:UK Internal Market Act
8753:EU Withdrawal Act 2019
8171:EC Treaty of Accession
7981:Statute of Westminster
7816:Aliens Restriction Act
7480:
7435:freedom of association
7294:
7220:
7078:
6717:
6607:
6504:Bill of Rights of 1689
6498:being executed in the
6485:Habeas Corpus Act 1640
6446:
6244:Habeas Corpus Act 1640
6235:Petition of Right 1628
6084:Act of Settlement 1700
6079:
5953:
5898:Senior Courts Act 1981
5819:Act of Settlement 1700
5703:Life Peerages Act 1958
5689:
5604:Greater London Council
5566:
5427:Life Peerages Act 1958
5153:
4949:
4875:
4859:
4749:Versailles Treaty 1919
4482:deliberative democracy
4473:
4219:Act of Settlement 1700
4147:. It was alleged that
4122:
4027:
3652:On the other hand, in
3583:
3461:
3454:Methodist Central Hall
3448:since 1945. The first
2905:Petition of Right 1628
2861:
2394:Diplomatic missions of
2238:British Virgin Islands
60:
18423:Free trade agreements
16405:(1516) translated by
15764:Trade Boards Act 1909
15413:Bromfield v Wytherley
15382:The Wealth of Nations
15151:City of London v Wood
15127:(1610) 77 Eng Rep 638
14707:Human Rights Act 1998
14508:Civil Procedure Rules
14444:UKSC 3 (for the UK),
14214:Homelessness Act 2002
13514:Case of Proclamations
13379:Crown Estate Act 1961
13284:Scottish Militia Bill
12928:6 August 2020 at the
12833:Now confirmed in the
12406:Earl of Oxford's case
12275:The Constitution Unit
12245:"The UK constitution"
11024:Cambridge Law Journal
10686:The Science of Ethics
10593:Earl of Oxford's case
10557:(7th ed., 2011) ch. 2
10448:Great Reform Act 1832
10383:Human Rights Act 1998
10375:Acts of Union of 1707
10313:Human Rights Act 1998
10213:, ff (rule of law),
10092:UK administrative law
10038:Governance of Britain
10001:secondary legislation
9985:Human Rights Act 1998
9918:Constitutional theory
9898:bicameral legislature
9893:judicial independence
9865:Further information:
9827:Human Rights Act 1998
9823:Good Friday Agreement
9769:The evolution of the
9768:
9626:1906 general election
9531:
9504:Great Reform Act 1832
9488:Industrial Revolution
9314:established that the
9217:proroguing Parliament
9193:Earl of Oxford's case
9162:divine right of Kings
9133:
9081:Law in Wales Act 1535
9077:Act of Supremacy 1534
8987:Richard the Lionheart
8945:William the Conqueror
8882:
8433:Good Friday Agreement
8073:Royal Titles Act 1953
7767:Royal Titles Act 1876
7693:Irish Reform Act 1832
7633:Wales and Berwick Act
7470:
7431:freedom of expression
7427:freedom of conscience
7406:Human Rights Act 1998
7303:Human Rights Act 1998
7284:
7238:created a unicameral
7210:
7193:Further information:
7183:Further information:
7060:
7048:UK constitutional law
7038:Homelessness Act 2002
6726:Ministerial Code 2010
6696:
6627:Case of Proclamations
6584:
6432:
6420:UK constitutional law
6265:Crown Estate Act 1961
6074:The Supreme Court on
6073:
6034:Human Rights Act 1998
6022:preliminary reference
5943:
5931:UK constitutional law
5732:have been debated. A
5675:
5631:periodically reviewed
5589:As far back as 1703,
5563:Members of Parliament
5556:
5540:Members of Parliament
5474:UK constitutional law
5135:
5037:Human Rights Act 1998
4947:
4831:UK constitutional law
4800:Human Rights Act 1998
4551:Human Rights Act 1998
4467:
4455:UK constitutional law
4170:claim undermined the
4137:Corner House Research
4096:
4068:handling stolen goods
4017:
3961:UK constitutional law
3709:Good Friday Agreement
3549:
3541:Human Rights Act 1998
3439:
3343:Earl of Oxford's case
3326:Act of Supremacy 1534
3316:divine right of kings
3296:UK constitutional law
3069:Human Rights Act 1998
2845:
2636:BritishβIrish Council
2621:Good Friday Agreement
2433:Free trade agreements
2398:in the United Kingdom
2209:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
2125:Bailiwick of Guernsey
1685:deputy First Minister
1570:Governance of England
581:Deputy Prime Minister
268:Human Rights Act 1998
252:Scottish Militia Bill
49:650 UK constituencies
41:Palace of Westminster
35:
18772:World Heritage Sites
18565:Environmental issues
18269:Female party leaders
17910:Overseas territories
17259:English criminal law
17227:English contract law
16592:1 April 2019 at the
16453:Industrial Democracy
16032:Macmillan Publishers
15689:Cook, Chris (2005).
15211:(1627) 3 How St Tr 1
15113:Case of Prohibitions
15043:Mary, Queen of Scots
14585:R (Baker) v Devon CC
14566:English contract law
14564:or implied terms in
14400:Trade Union Act 1871
13877:Riordan v War Office
13671:Immigration Act 1971
13080:Re Spectrum Plus Ltd
12568:(1703) 2 Ld Raym 938
12122:Electoral Commission
11918:Pillans v Van Mierop
11076:Law Quarterly Review
10714:Treaty of Versailles
10610:(1610) 8 Co Rep 114a
10293:Treaty of Versailles
10107:English contract law
9930:, and the fact that
9928:separation of powers
9611:Trade Union Act 1871
9420:Atlantic slave trade
9354:stock market crashed
9196:, establishing that
8993:in Rome, joined the
8959:Edward the Confessor
8900:everything be common
8443:Northern Ireland Act
8203:Local Government Act
7505:conflict of interest
7169:Devolved governments
7135:1340 specific duties
6826:ss 5β93 and Schs 5β7
6814:Northern Ireland Act
6806:ss 2β78 and Schs 5β6
6621:Case of Prohibitions
6610:Although called the
6572:abolish the monarchy
6492:divine right to rule
6227:(1627) 3 How St Tr 1
6212:Prohibitions del Roy
6002:employment tribunals
5919:Re Spectrum Plus Ltd
5627:Electoral Commission
5623:Electoral Commission
5337:(1703) 2 Ld Raym 938
5222:Department of Health
5166:Member of Parliament
5017:European Communities
4962:Treaty of Versailles
4920:Immigration Act 1971
4654:Pillans v Van Mierop
4392:(1703) 2 Ld Raym 938
4200:Baron de Montesquieu
4196:separation of powers
4174:, and was void. The
4145:Al-Yamamah arms deal
4141:Serious Fraud Office
4072:Post Office Act 1969
3738:. This followed the
3556:European Communities
3482:Treaty of Versailles
3265:Repealed legislation
2200:Overseas Territories
1965:Metropolitan Borough
1691:Emma Little-Pengelly
1632:Combined authorities
990:UK general elections
457:Counsellors of State
371:Separation of powers
158:separated after the
18:British constitution
16990:States with limited
16647:Democratic Audit UK
16002:on 30 December 2009
15786:Parliament Act 1949
15485:. With the help of
15450:Entick v Carrington
15301:Claim of Right 1689
15297:Bill of Rights 1689
15285:Battle of the Boyne
14783:(2018) ch 2, 32-48.
14520:Limitation Act 1980
14312:The Cambridge Union
14245:s 15. cf M Elliot,
13969:(1929) Volumes IβX.
13641:e.g. the Island of
13427:(3rd edn 1959) ch 2
13307:American Revolution
12978:, appealing to the
12883:Parliament Act 1949
12879:Parliament Act 1911
12718:Boundary Commission
12439:Bill of Rights 1689
12423:Parliament Act 1911
12411:Bill of Rights 1689
12324:Parliament Act 1949
12320:Parliament Act 1911
12299:Parliament Act 1911
11877:Bill of Rights 1689
11873:Ship Money Act 1640
11852:Case of Impositions
11779:Virginia Law Review
11763:Gisda Cyf v Barratt
11437:Reference on Quebec
11117:Entick v Carrington
11089:World Bank Research
11072:Part II, ch IV, 189
10777:Entick v Carrington
10635:Parliament Act 1911
10620:Parliament Act 1949
10424:Entick v Carrington
10173:Parliament Act 1949
10169:Parliament Act 1911
10087:UK human rights law
10042:Ministry of Justice
9993:primary legislation
9900:and the concept of
9861:Worldwide influence
9750:, which became the
9712:UN Security Council
9677:Republic of Ireland
9650:Parliament Act 1911
9588:Viscount Palmerston
9571:Communist Manifesto
9542:Revolutions of 1848
9492:Speenhamland system
9463:Mary Wollstonecraft
9439:American Revolution
9401:Entick v Carrington
9272:Bill of Rights 1689
9268:Glorious Revolution
9065:Catherine of Aragon
8363:Single European Act
8243:NI Constitution Act
8056:Parliament Act 1949
7497:Limitation Act 1980
7356:Mary Wollstonecraft
7331:Bill of Rights 1689
7240:Scottish Parliament
7213:Scottish Parliament
7195:Scottish Government
7185:Scottish devolution
7111:North East Assembly
6845:ss 1β18 and 101β144
6657:European Parliament
6641:European Commission
6594:, currently led by
6592:official opposition
6576:becoming a Republic
6253:Bill of Rights 1689
6118:Ministry of Justice
6010:First-tier Tribunal
5950:Middlesex Guildhall
5944:Proceedings in the
5723:Parliament Act 1949
5651:Scottish Parliament
5647:European Parliament
5635:first-past-the-post
5579:Republic of Ireland
5311:Parliament Act 1949
5304:Parliament Act 1911
5294:Bill of Rights 1689
4851:international trade
4643:Bill of Rights 1689
4632:Case of Impositions
4168:employment tribunal
4066:a man charged with
4037:Entick v Carrington
3823:Entick v Carrington
3814:Rule of law sources
3740:Brexit poll of 2016
3732:European Commission
3689:Scottish Parliament
3613:European Parliament
3450:UN General Assembly
3420:Parliament Act 1949
3408:In a leading case,
3403:Parliament Act 1949
3395:Parliament Act 1911
3371:Bill of Rights 1689
3367:Glorious Revolution
3156:Stockdale v Hansard
3047:Parliament Act 1949
3040:Parliament Act 1911
3030:Bill of Rights 1689
2874:English Reformation
2423:UKβCD Customs Union
2187:UK-CD Customs Union
2158:Bailiwick of Jersey
1945:Unitary authorities
1928:Metropolitan county
1913:Ceremonial counties
1867:Act of Senedd Cymru
1772:Scottish Parliament
1728:Scottish devolution
128:Bill of Rights 1689
124:Glorious Revolution
18466:Telecommunications
18418:Economic geography
18274:Political scandals
17905:Crown Dependencies
17446:Administrative law
17268:English family law
17144:Constitutional law
16675:BH v Lord Advocate
16440:(7th edition, CUP)
15616:(1834) 172 ER 1380
15570:M Wollstonecraft,
15387:Book V, ch 1, Β§107
15365:Articles 18 and 19
15354:legislation.gov.uk
15208:Five Knights' case
15098: (1572) ,
14912:Annales of England
14768:Acts of Union 1707
14764:Kingdom of Ireland
14756:Acts of Union 1800
14606:Companies Act 2006
14471:Somerset v Stewart
14310:(est 1755), while
14120:Childcare Act 2006
14096:Education Act 1996
13425:Cabinet Government
13126:Inquiries Act 2005
12609:King's Law Journal
12355:, or 90 plus the "
12147:King's Law Journal
11932:Somerset v Stewart
11921:(1765) 3 Burr 1663
11862:Case of Ship Money
11857:Court of Exchequer
11795:. In Germany, see
11669:German Law Journal
11536:Gettysburg Address
11473:Nicomachean Ethics
11274:A v Home Secretary
11207:, (1984) 7 EHRR 14
10667:, 2 AC 115, 131,
10016:Lord Chief Justice
9922:The legal scholar
9791:
9787:Harare Declaration
9646:National Insurance
9592:American Civil War
9548:A movement called
9546:
9433:Somerset v Stewart
9406:William Blackstone
9381:Postmaster General
9320:Acts of Union 1707
9154:
9113:East India Company
8910:
8886:, a leader of the
8483:House of Lords Act
8283:Interpretation Act
7895:Anglo-Irish Treaty
7653:Acts of Union 1800
7481:
7445:Administrative law
7352:French Revolutions
7295:
7221:
7079:
6949:Childcare Act 2006
6929:Education Act 1996
6718:
6608:
6600:Conservative Party
6525:Primus inter pares
6447:
6224:Five Knights' case
6080:
6008:disputes, and the
5990:magistrates' court
5975:Practice Statement
5954:
5889:Inquiries Act 2005
5730:options for reform
5690:
5567:
5228:. Officially the "
5154:
5075:Acts of Parliament
4950:
4939:European Union law
4885:Somerset v Stewart
4666:Somerset v Stewart
4657:(1765) 3 Burr 1663
4635:(1606) 2 St Tr 371
4575:European Union law
4474:
4223:Lord Chief Justice
4123:
4113:and commitment to
4028:
3861:A v Home Secretary
3584:
3462:
2975:European Union law
2921:universal suffrage
2886:Acts of Union 1707
2862:
2182:Common Travel Area
2118:Crown Dependencies
2085:Preserved counties
2065:Shires of Scotland
641:King-in-Parliament
164:universal suffrage
160:Anglo-Irish Treaty
152:Acts of Union 1800
140:Acts of Union 1707
108:Acts of Parliament
61:
19218:
19217:
19178:
19177:
19174:
19173:
19170:
19169:
18785:
18784:
18517:
18516:
18383:
18382:
18379:
18378:
18264:Political parties
18188:Foreign relations
18139:
18138:
18135:
18134:
17868:
17867:
17845:Mass surveillance
17823:Foreign relations
17756:Second World War
17667:
17666:
17393:
17392:
17374:British penal law
17091:
17090:
16604:Works related to
16075:A V Dicey (1897)
16062:978-0-906321-31-7
15867:978-1-904380-68-9
15840:978-1-139-99138-4
15712:978-0-415-35970-2
15675:978-0-7190-5303-0
15404:English trust law
15171:Marbury v Madison
15004:Vagrancy Act 1547
14588:1 All ER 73, 88,
14550:directors' duties
14375:(1792). See also
14204:ss 8-43 and 166-8
14189:Building Act 1984
14132:Highways Act 1980
14060:Localism Act 2011
13995:Localism Act 2011
13718:international law
13677:(2018) ch 10, 261
13652:R (Lye) v Kent JJ
13487:, 1 November 1607
12846:Peerages Act 1963
12716:, setting up the
12598:EWHC 3520 (Admin)
12444:Consolidated Fund
12190:"British Library"
12135:EWHC 3520 (Admin)
12070:Winston Churchill
12036:international law
11634:arts 21 and 29(2)
11616:Matadeen v Pointu
11520:Protocol 1, art 3
11082:Modern Law Review
10815:19 September 1946
10112:English trust law
10075:Liberal Democrats
10030:in October 2009.
9908:Theory and reform
9803:Scotland Act 1998
9795:Margaret Thatcher
9756:Winston Churchill
9740:Council of Europe
9692:Versailles Treaty
9679:in the south and
9596:slavery in the US
9562:Kennington Common
9538:Kennington Common
9477:Act of Union 1800
9454:French Revolution
9345:South Sea Company
9336:Asiento de Negros
9327:Treaty of Utrecht
9225:English Civil War
9182:royal prerogative
9150:Act of Union 1707
9123:in 1606, and the
9073:Church of England
9015:First Barons' War
8877:
8876:
8841:
8840:
8703:Scotland Act 2016
8673:Recall of MPs Act
8613:Scotland Act 2012
8373:Maastricht Treaty
8293:Scotland Act 1978
8111:Life Peerages Act
7399:international law
7379:international law
7360:Tolpuddle Martyrs
7340:US Bill of Rights
7327:English Civil War
7291:Hyde Park, London
7236:Scotland Act 1998
7139:Localism Act 2011
7075:region of England
7054:
7053:
7030:ss 8β43 and 166β8
7018:Building Act 1984
6959:Highways Act 1980
6885:Localism Act 2011
6877:s 107A and Sch 5A
6804:Scotland Act 1998
6714:English Civil War
6612:royal prerogative
6512:South Sea Company
6508:Act of Union 1707
6500:English Civil War
6481:Petition of Right
6439:10 Downing Street
6426:
6425:
6411:ss 1-77 and Sch 1
6165:Cabinet of the UK
6076:Parliament Square
6042:international law
5937:
5936:
5751:English Civil War
5715:Church of England
5663:political parties
5480:
5479:
5234:prerogative power
5183:Act of Parliament
5136:The UK system of
4970:League of Nations
4958:international law
4927:Palermo protocols
4842:international law
4837:
4836:
4713:(2013) C-584/10 P
4707:(2008) C-402/05,
4571:International law
4559:international law
4502:international law
4461:
4460:
4417:EWHC 3520 (Admin)
4287:arts 21 and 29(2)
4274:Democracy sources
4189:contempt of court
4119:international law
4000:Albert Venn Dicey
3993:international law
3967:
3966:
3852:(1995) 21 EHRR 97
3760:royal prerogative
3736:Act of Parliament
3685:Scotland Act 1998
3600:Winston Churchill
3596:Maastricht Treaty
3517:international law
3475:international law
3467:League of Nations
3442:international law
3356:Court of Chancery
3338:Church of England
3312:First Barons' War
3302:
3301:
3113:Scotland Act 1998
2971:International law
2835:
2834:
2626:UKβIreland border
2418:Visa requirements
2369:Foreign relations
2323:Visa requirements
2297:
2288:
2281:
2105:Historic counties
1992:Historic counties
1738:Scotland Act 1998
960:Political parties
857:England and Wales
790:King-on-the-Bench
722:Sir Lindsay Hoyle
357:
208:Act of Parliament
172:Council of Europe
104:international law
16:(Redirected from
19304:
19259:
19258:
19247:
19246:
19235:
19234:
19233:
19226:
19198:
19191:
18899:Northern Ireland
18808:
18807:
18795:
18794:
18791:
18790:
18528:
18527:
18441:
18394:
18393:
18252:House of Commons
18220:Local government
18154:
18153:
18150:
18149:
18060:Renewable energy
18045:hydroelectricity
17883:
17882:
17879:
17878:
17715:
17714:
17694:
17687:
17680:
17671:
17670:
17562:Northern Ireland
17504:Further subjects
17498:
17420:
17413:
17406:
17397:
17396:
17353:English case law
17236:English land law
17218:English tort law
17118:
17111:
17104:
17095:
17094:
17028:Dependencies and
16727:Sovereign states
16709:
16702:
16695:
16686:
16685:
16603:
16564:
16562:
16480:and CJS Knight,
16173:Victorian People
16138:
16137:
16126:
16120:
16112:
16106:
16105:
16103:
16101:
16085:
16079:
16073:
16067:
16066:
16046:
16040:
16039:
16018:
16012:
16011:
16009:
16007:
15998:. Archived from
15982:
15976:
15975:
15973:
15971:
15966:on 15 April 2013
15962:. Archived from
15947:
15938:
15937:
15927:
15921:
15920:
15918:
15916:
15905:
15899:
15898:
15878:
15872:
15871:
15851:
15845:
15844:
15824:
15818:
15814:
15808:
15795:
15789:
15783:
15777:
15772:
15766:
15761:
15755:
15750:
15744:
15739:
15733:
15723:
15717:
15716:
15696:
15686:
15680:
15679:
15655:
15649:
15636:
15630:
15623:
15617:
15614:
15608:
15598:
15592:
15586:
15580:
15568:
15562:
15552:
15546:
15543:Combination Acts
15539:
15533:
15522:
15516:
15510:
15504:
15460:
15454:
15446:
15440:
15437:
15431:
15423:
15417:
15399:Keech v Sandford
15395:
15389:
15374:
15368:
15367:
15362:
15360:
15346:
15340:
15333:
15327:
15312:
15306:
15304:arts 2, 8 and 13
15294:
15288:
15281:
15275:
15272:Richard Cromwell
15269:
15263:
15234:
15228:
15218:
15212:
15203:
15197:
15190:
15184:
15183:(1615) 21 ER 485
15181:
15175:
15134:
15128:
15125:
15119:
15109:
15103:
15071:
15065:
15056:
15050:
15023:
15017:
14996:
14990:
14977:
14971:
14945:
14939:
14933:
14927:
14921:
14915:
14886:
14880:
14874:
14868:
14857:
14851:
14844:
14838:
14837:
14830:
14824:
14790:
14784:
14777:
14771:
14752:
14746:
14730:
14724:
14716:
14710:
14704:
14698:
14691:UKHL 67 (bias).
14684:
14678:
14670:
14664:
14644:
14638:
14618:
14612:
14558:unfair dismissal
14546:
14540:
14532:
14526:
14517:
14511:
14505:
14499:
14493:
14487:
14481:
14475:
14463:
14457:
14432:
14426:
14409:
14403:
14392:
14386:
14367:M Wollstonecraft
14364:
14358:
14345:
14339:
14325:
14319:
14304:
14298:
14289:
14283:
14273:
14267:
14264:
14258:
14240:
14234:
14231:
14225:
14222:
14216:
14211:
14205:
14202:Housing Act 1985
14198:
14192:
14186:
14180:
14174:
14168:
14162:
14156:
14141:
14135:
14129:
14123:
14117:
14111:
14105:
14099:
14093:
14087:
14081:
14075:
14069:
14063:
14057:
14051:
14040:
14034:
14023:
14017:
14004:
13998:
13988:
13982:
13976:
13970:
13951:
13945:
13936:
13930:
13912:
13906:
13903:Osmotherly Rules
13895:
13889:
13886:unfair dismissal
13862:
13853:
13844:
13838:
13828:
13822:
13805:
13799:
13791:
13785:
13772:(1756) Amb 302,
13769:Butler v Freeman
13764:
13758:
13750:
13744:
13741:
13735:
13727:
13721:
13714:
13708:
13700:
13694:
13684:
13678:
13662:
13656:
13639:
13633:
13626:
13620:
13594:
13588:
13579:
13573:
13562:
13556:
13553:
13547:
13540:
13534:
13526:
13520:
13510:
13501:
13500:
13494:
13492:
13479:
13473:
13472:
13470:
13468:
13454:
13448:
13445:
13439:
13434:
13428:
13418:
13412:
13388:
13382:
13376:
13370:
13357:
13351:
13341:
13335:
13320:
13314:
13303:
13297:
13293:
13287:
13273:
13267:
13261:
13255:
13250:
13244:
13237:
13231:
13225:
13219:
13209:
13203:
13196:
13190:
13185:
13179:
13173:
13167:
13164:
13158:
13151:
13145:
13134:
13128:
13123:
13117:
13105:
13099:
13090:
13084:
13075:
13069:
13068:
13028:
13022:
13021:
13020:
13018:
13005:
12999:
12989:
12983:
12973:
12967:
12964:
12958:
12955:
12949:
12948:
12941:
12932:
12911:
12905:
12894:
12885:
12876:
12870:
12865:
12859:
12843:
12837:
12831:
12825:
12818:
12812:
12806:
12800:
12794:
12788:
12785:
12779:
12769:
12763:
12760:
12754:
12751:
12745:
12742:
12736:
12733:
12727:
12711:
12705:
12704:ss 12-69 and 149
12699:
12693:
12682:
12676:
12662:
12656:
12641:
12635:
12629:
12623:
12617:
12611:
12589:
12583:
12579:Morgan v Simpson
12575:
12569:
12566:
12560:
12554:
12548:
12517:
12511:
12502:
12496:
12490:
12484:
12480:
12474:
12453:
12447:
12436:
12430:
12425:, following the
12419:
12413:
12397:Magna Carta 1215
12393:
12387:
12386:
12385:
12383:
12370:
12364:
12347:
12341:
12333:
12327:
12317:
12311:
12292:
12286:
12285:
12283:
12281:
12266:
12260:
12259:
12257:
12255:
12241:
12235:
12234:
12232:
12230:
12216:
12210:
12209:
12207:
12205:
12196:. Archived from
12186:
12180:
12179:
12171:
12165:
12157:
12151:
12110:
12104:
12091:
12085:
12079:
12073:
12066:
12060:
12053:
12047:
12032:
12026:
12018:
12012:
11996:
11990:
11980:
11974:
11960:
11954:
11942:
11936:
11928:
11922:
11914:
11908:
11900:
11894:
11890:Lethulier's Case
11886:
11880:
11841:
11835:
11828:
11822:
11815:
11809:
11773:
11767:
11752:
11746:
11729:
11723:
11715:
11709:
11705:Morgan v Simpson
11701:
11695:
11687:
11681:
11657:
11651:
11626:
11620:
11594:
11588:
11578:
11572:
11562:
11556:
11546:
11540:
11528:
11522:
11508:
11502:
11493:
11487:
11454:
11448:
11410:
11404:
11389:
11383:
11377:
11371:
11363:
11357:
11342:
11336:
11327:
11321:
11301:
11295:
11284:
11278:
11269:
11263:
11252:
11246:
11235:
11229:
11214:
11208:
11199:
11193:
11187:
11181:
11163:
11157:
11143:
11137:
11136:(1984) 7 EHRR 14
11129:
11123:
11113:
11104:
11098:
11092:
11061:
11055:
11017:
11008:
11007:, per Lord Hope
10997:
10991:
10982:
10976:
10963:
10957:
10938:
10932:
10914:
10908:
10902:
10896:
10886:
10880:
10872:
10866:
10860:
10851:
10843:
10837:
10827:
10818:
10811:
10805:
10797:
10791:
10780:EWHC KB J98. On
10772:
10766:
10761:See for example
10759:
10753:
10745:
10739:
10730:
10724:
10711:
10705:
10695:
10689:
10678:
10672:
10656:
10650:
10647:
10641:
10632:
10626:
10617:
10611:
10607:Dr Bonham's case
10603:
10597:
10589:
10583:
10577:
10571:
10564:
10558:
10547:
10541:
10540:
10538:
10536:
10516:
10510:
10503:
10497:
10463:
10462:
10458:
10445:
10439:
10419:
10413:
10402:
10396:
10346:
10340:
10333:
10327:
10321:
10315:
10310:
10304:
10289:
10283:
10273:
10267:
10255:Magna Carta 1215
10252:
10246:
10235:
10229:
10196:
10190:
10189:
10181:
10175:
10166:
10102:English land law
9954:
9947:House of Commons
9835:Strasbourg court
9775:Second World War
9704:Second World War
9696:Great Depression
9681:Northern Ireland
9638:further election
9580:Friedrich Engels
9426:. In 1772, when
9256:James VII and II
9187:Dr Bonham's case
9121:Virginia Company
8869:
8862:
8855:
8463:Human Rights Act
8184:
8141:Royal Assent Act
8064:Regency Act 1953
8037:Ireland Act 1949
8008:Regency Act 1943
7999:Regency Act 1937
7845:Welsh Church Act
7757:Irish Church Act
7589:
7588:
7583:
7574:
7552:
7551:
7297:Codification of
7287:Speakers' Corner
7232:Northern Ireland
7199:Welsh Government
7189:Welsh devolution
7155:planning consent
7091:Northern Ireland
7028:Housing Act 1985
6919:
6897:
6875:
6790:
6783:
6776:
6767:
6766:
6744:Local government
6590:The task of the
6561:House of Commons
6514:shares crashed,
6506:. Following the
6443:House of Commons
6390:Ministerial Code
6380:
6334:
6197:
6190:
6183:
6174:
6173:
6122:Legal Aid Agency
6018:Court of Session
5946:UK Supreme Court
5860:
5809:Magna Carta 1297
5795:
5788:
5781:
5772:
5771:
5686:hereditary peers
5655:Welsh Parliament
5599:Morgan v Simpson
5571:House of Commons
5559:House of Commons
5550:by the monarch.
5527:Second World War
5507:House of Commons
5462:
5418:
5407:
5375:
5280:
5273:
5266:
5257:
5256:
5170:simple plurality
5168:is elected by a
5162:House of Commons
5146:House of Commons
4878:
4864:
4820:
4791:
4780:
4769:
4669:(1772) 98 ER 499
4621:Magna Carta 1215
4607:
4600:
4593:
4584:
4583:
4565:Internationalism
4522:Morgan v Simpson
4429:
4401:Morgan v Simpson
4377:
4342:(1987) 10 EHRR 1
4325:
4311:
4284:
4268:
4261:
4254:
4245:
4244:
3949:
3901:
3887:
3840:(1984) 7 EHRR 14
3837:
3808:
3801:
3794:
3785:
3784:
3755:Sewel Convention
3751:fair competition
3578:and respect for
3510:Security Council
3424:Hunting Act 2004
3416:Hunting Act 2004
3391:House of Commons
3258:
3232:
3159:(1839) 9A&E1
3093:
3081:
3020:Magna Carta 1215
3003:
2996:
2989:
2980:
2979:
2950:in 2020 after a
2913:House of Commons
2897:Henry de Bracton
2827:
2820:
2813:
2785:
2784:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2761:Northern Ireland
2754:
2753:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2676:The Commonwealth
2305:
2294:Tristan da Cunha
2292:
2286:Ascension Island
2284:
2276:
2274:
2265:Pitcairn Islands
2249:Falkland Islands
2211:
2148:
2000:Northern Ireland
1802:Welsh devolution
1677:Michelle O'Neill
1652:Northern Ireland
1642:Cornwall Council
1458:Senedd elections
902:Deputy governors
867:Northern Ireland
829:Deputy President
809:
711:
701:House of Commons
681:
649:
542:Starmer ministry
523:
493:
422:
397:
351:
324:
301:
300:
216:Court of Session
212:Northern Ireland
200:House of Commons
156:Irish Free State
138:in 1706 and the
102:, and upholding
51:and chooses the
45:House of Commons
21:
19312:
19311:
19307:
19306:
19305:
19303:
19302:
19301:
19267:
19266:
19265:
19253:
19241:
19231:
19229:
19221:
19219:
19214:
19201:
19194:
19187:
19166:
19079:
18980:
18893:
18802:
18781:
18686:
18642:Public holidays
18622:Life expectancy
18513:
18475:
18455:London Exchange
18451:Stock exchanges
18439:
18438:Pound sterling
18406:Bank of England
18375:
18366:Royal Air Force
18342:
18283:
18215:Law enforcement
18131:
18040:hydraulic frac.
18001:
17982:Lakes and lochs
17929:
17925:Former colonies
17864:
17860:Women's history
17835:Law enforcement
17801:
17747:First World War
17704:
17698:
17668:
17663:
17641:
17617:Anglo-Saxon law
17550:Related systems
17545:
17531:Civil procedure
17516:Competition law
17499:
17490:
17481:Retained EU law
17441:UK Constitution
17429:
17424:
17394:
17389:
17378:
17357:
17338:Anglo-Saxon law
17286:Related systems
17281:
17207:Parallel fields
17202:
17198:Retained EU law
17183:Competition law
17169:Civil liberties
17127:
17122:
17092:
17087:
17071:
17029:
17023:
17009:Northern Cyprus
16991:
16985:
16901:North Macedonia
16722:
16713:
16594:Wayback Machine
16577:, consoc.org.uk
16571:
16552:Pike, Luke Owen
16193:Wayback Machine
16147:
16142:
16141:
16128:
16127:
16123:
16113:
16109:
16099:
16097:
16086:
16082:
16074:
16070:
16063:
16047:
16043:
16019:
16015:
16005:
16003:
15986:Scarman, Leslie
15983:
15979:
15969:
15967:
15948:
15941:
15928:
15924:
15914:
15912:
15907:
15906:
15902:
15895:
15879:
15875:
15868:
15852:
15848:
15841:
15825:
15821:
15815:
15811:
15796:
15792:
15784:
15780:
15773:
15769:
15762:
15758:
15751:
15747:
15740:
15736:
15724:
15720:
15713:
15687:
15683:
15676:
15668:. p. 134.
15656:
15652:
15637:
15633:
15624:
15620:
15615:
15611:
15599:
15595:
15587:
15583:
15569:
15565:
15553:
15549:
15540:
15536:
15523:
15519:
15511:
15507:
15467:Charles Stewart
15461:
15457:
15447:
15443:
15438:
15434:
15424:
15420:
15396:
15392:
15375:
15371:
15358:
15356:
15348:
15347:
15343:
15334:
15330:
15313:
15309:
15295:
15291:
15282:
15278:
15270:
15266:
15235:
15231:
15219:
15215:
15204:
15200:
15191:
15187:
15182:
15178:
15135:
15131:
15126:
15122:
15110:
15106:
15072:
15068:
15057:
15053:
15024:
15020:
14997:
14993:
14978:
14974:
14946:
14942:
14934:
14930:
14922:
14918:
14887:
14883:
14875:
14871:
14858:
14854:
14845:
14841:
14832:
14831:
14827:
14805:Book I, ch I, 1
14791:
14787:
14778:
14774:
14753:
14749:
14731:
14727:
14717:
14713:
14705:
14701:
14688:Porter v Magill
14685:
14681:
14671:
14667:
14645:
14641:
14622:Ridge v Baldwin
14619:
14615:
14590:Sir Robin Cooke
14547:
14543:
14533:
14529:
14518:
14514:
14506:
14502:
14494:
14490:
14482:
14478:
14464:
14460:
14433:
14429:
14410:
14406:
14393:
14389:
14365:
14361:
14346:
14342:
14326:
14322:
14305:
14301:
14290:
14286:
14274:
14270:
14265:
14261:
14241:
14237:
14232:
14228:
14223:
14219:
14212:
14208:
14199:
14195:
14187:
14183:
14175:
14171:
14163:
14159:
14142:
14138:
14130:
14126:
14118:
14114:
14106:
14102:
14094:
14090:
14082:
14078:
14070:
14066:
14058:
14054:
14041:
14037:
14024:
14020:
14015:Wayback Machine
14005:
14001:
13989:
13985:
13977:
13973:
13952:
13948:
13937:
13933:
13913:
13909:
13896:
13892:
13863:
13856:
13845:
13841:
13833:s 5. Under the
13829:
13825:
13806:
13802:
13792:
13788:
13765:
13761:
13751:
13747:
13742:
13738:
13728:
13724:
13715:
13711:
13701:
13697:
13685:
13681:
13663:
13659:
13640:
13636:
13627:
13623:
13601:2 QB 864, 886.
13595:
13591:
13580:
13576:
13564:Subject to the
13563:
13559:
13554:
13550:
13541:
13537:
13527:
13523:
13511:
13504:
13490:
13488:
13481:
13480:
13476:
13466:
13464:
13456:
13455:
13451:
13446:
13442:
13435:
13431:
13419:
13415:
13389:
13385:
13377:
13373:
13358:
13354:
13342:
13338:
13321:
13317:
13304:
13300:
13294:
13290:
13274:
13270:
13262:
13258:
13251:
13247:
13238:
13234:
13226:
13222:
13210:
13206:
13197:
13193:
13186:
13182:
13174:
13170:
13165:
13161:
13152:
13148:
13135:
13131:
13124:
13120:
13106:
13102:
13091:
13087:
13076:
13072:
13029:
13025:
13016:
13014:
13007:
13006:
13002:
12990:
12986:
12974:
12970:
12965:
12961:
12956:
12952:
12943:
12942:
12935:
12930:Wayback Machine
12912:
12908:
12895:
12888:
12877:
12873:
12866:
12862:
12844:
12840:
12832:
12828:
12819:
12815:
12807:
12803:
12795:
12791:
12786:
12782:
12774:ss 1 and 5 and
12770:
12766:
12761:
12757:
12752:
12748:
12743:
12739:
12734:
12730:
12712:
12708:
12700:
12696:
12683:
12679:
12663:
12659:
12642:
12638:
12630:
12626:
12618:
12614:
12605:Wayback Machine
12590:
12586:
12576:
12572:
12567:
12563:
12555:
12551:
12518:
12514:
12503:
12499:
12491:
12487:
12481:
12477:
12454:
12450:
12437:
12433:
12427:People's Budget
12420:
12416:
12394:
12390:
12381:
12379:
12372:
12371:
12367:
12348:
12344:
12334:
12330:
12318:
12314:
12293:
12289:
12279:
12277:
12267:
12263:
12253:
12251:
12243:
12242:
12238:
12228:
12226:
12218:
12217:
12213:
12203:
12201:
12200:on 1 April 2019
12188:
12187:
12183:
12172:
12168:
12158:
12154:
12142:Wayback Machine
12116:(29 July 2018)
12111:
12107:
12092:
12088:
12080:
12076:
12067:
12063:
12054:
12050:
12033:
12029:
12025:(2008) C-402/05
12019:
12015:
11997:
11993:
11981:
11977:
11961:
11957:
11943:
11939:
11929:
11925:
11915:
11911:
11901:
11897:
11887:
11883:
11842:
11838:
11829:
11825:
11816:
11812:
11774:
11770:
11753:
11749:
11730:
11726:
11716:
11712:
11702:
11698:
11688:
11684:
11678:Wayback Machine
11658:
11654:
11627:
11623:
11595:
11591:
11579:
11575:
11563:
11559:
11547:
11543:
11531:Abraham Lincoln
11529:
11525:
11509:
11505:
11494:
11490:
11455:
11451:
11411:
11407:
11390:
11386:
11378:
11374:
11364:
11360:
11343:
11339:
11328:
11324:
11306:M v Home Office
11302:
11298:
11285:
11281:
11270:
11266:
11253:
11249:
11236:
11232:
11216:Originally the
11215:
11211:
11200:
11196:
11188:
11184:
11164:
11160:
11144:
11140:
11130:
11126:
11114:
11107:
11099:
11095:
11070:(3rd edn 1889)
11062:
11058:
11034:; and see also
11018:
11011:
10998:
10994:
10983:
10979:
10964:
10960:
10939:
10935:
10915:
10911:
10903:
10899:
10887:
10883:
10873:
10869:
10861:
10854:
10844:
10840:
10828:
10821:
10812:
10808:
10798:
10794:
10773:
10769:
10760:
10756:
10746:
10742:
10731:
10727:
10712:
10708:
10696:
10692:
10679:
10675:
10657:
10653:
10648:
10644:
10633:
10629:
10618:
10614:
10604:
10600:
10590:
10586:
10578:
10574:
10565:
10561:
10548:
10544:
10534:
10532:
10517:
10513:
10504:
10500:
10460:
10456:
10455:
10446:
10442:
10436:The Rule of Law
10420:
10416:
10410:The Rule of Law
10403:
10399:
10347:
10343:
10334:
10330:
10322:
10318:
10311:
10307:
10290:
10286:
10274:
10270:
10253:
10249:
10236:
10232:
10197:
10193:
10182:
10178:
10167:
10160:
10155:
10083:
10012:Lord Chancellor
9989:positive rights
9965:Justice Bradley
9951:
9940:1688 compromise
9920:
9910:
9869:
9863:
9657:First World War
9640:brought by the
9634:People's Budget
9473:Napoleonic Wars
9377:Tower of London
9369:Bank of England
9341:Spanish America
9241:Oliver Cromwell
9235:in 1649 by the
9202:Lord Chancellor
9089:Sir Thomas More
9085:Lord Chancellor
9036:Throughout the
8934:Norman Invasion
8873:
8844:
8843:
8842:
8180:
8161:Immigration Act
7787:Reform Act 1884
7673:Reform Act 1832
7593:Treaty of Union
7585:
7581:
7550:
7544:
7485:judicial review
7473:judicial review
7465:
7449:Main articles:
7447:
7279:
7267:Main articles:
7265:
7205:
7191:
7181:
7173:Main articles:
7171:
7067:Mayor of London
7063:London Assembly
7055:
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7011:
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6992:
6982:
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6827:
6817:
6807:
6797:
6794:
6764:
6748:Main articles:
6746:
6708:is a statue of
6589:
6427:
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6412:
6402:
6392:
6383:
6378:
6371:
6362:
6361:ss 10-11 and 17
6352:
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6332:
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6267:
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6246:
6237:
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6216:
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6171:
6151:Main articles:
6149:
6114:Lord Chancellor
6094:Lord Chancellor
6014:Court of Appeal
5938:
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5923:
5911:
5908:Courts Act 2003
5901:
5891:
5882:
5872:
5863:
5858:
5851:
5841:
5831:
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5711:Lords Spiritual
5659:London Assembly
5487:
5481:
5476:
5466:
5460:
5452:
5442:
5432:
5420:
5416:
5409:
5405:
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5388:
5378:
5373:
5366:
5352:
5338:
5326:
5316:
5297:
5287:
5284:
5254:
5238:judicial review
5130:
5121:
5109:
5077:
5061:
5003:from 1924, the
4853:. In 1608, Sir
4838:
4833:
4823:
4818:
4811:
4802:
4793:
4789:
4782:
4778:
4771:
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4670:
4658:
4646:
4636:
4624:
4614:
4611:
4581:
4569:Main articles:
4567:
4527:Court of Appeal
4484:, that upholds
4462:
4457:
4447:
4433:
4427:
4419:
4405:
4393:
4381:
4375:
4367:
4355:
4343:
4331:
4323:
4316:
4309:
4302:
4289:
4282:
4275:
4272:
4242:
4236:
4227:Lord Chancellor
4215:Lord Chancellor
4176:Lord Chancellor
4149:BAE Systems plc
4101:, advocated by
4008:Lord Chancellor
3985:applies equally
3968:
3963:
3953:
3947:
3939:
3935:M v Home Office
3927:
3917:
3905:
3899:
3891:
3885:
3877:
3865:
3853:
3841:
3835:
3827:
3815:
3812:
3782:
3776:
3766:to procure the
3529:civil liberties
3348:Lord Chancellor
3334:Catholic Church
3330:King Henry VIII
3303:
3298:
3288:
3278:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3256:
3248:
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3145:Court judgments
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2798:Other countries
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2144:
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2120:
2110:
2109:
2090:Principal areas
2076:
2069:
2032:
2025:
2003:
1996:
1895:
1887:
1877:
1876:
1820:
1809:
1807:1997 referendum
1798:
1791:
1740:
1733:1997 referendum
1724:
1717:
1661:
1655:
1648:
1622:London Assembly
1617:Mayoral cabinet
1604:Mayor of London
1592:
1585:1998 referendum
1566:
1559:
1540:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1509:
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1351:
1302:
1301:
1295:
1293:
994:
993:
985:
945:
931:
930:
912:
882:
880:Bank of England
872:
871:
848:
794:
786:
781:
771:
770:
749:59th Parliament
745:
742:
733:
720:
696:
690:
666:
651:
644:
627:
617:
616:
598:
596:
584:
575:
563:
549:
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503:King-in-Council
499:
477:
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466:
438:
391:
381:
380:
349:Treaty of Union
334:
263:judicial review
234:which runs the
184:its predecessor
136:Treaty of Union
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
19310:
19300:
19299:
19294:
19289:
19284:
19279:
19264:
19263:
19251:
19239:
19237:United Kingdom
19216:
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19212:
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19137:
19127:
19122:
19121:
19120:
19118:First Minister
19115:
19110:
19100:
19095:
19089:
19087:
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19080:
19078:
19077:
19072:
19067:
19062:
19057:
19052:
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19046:
19045:
19035:
19030:
19029:
19028:
19026:First Minister
19023:
19018:
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19003:
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19001:
18990:
18988:
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18803:
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18509:Rail transport
18506:
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18368:
18363:
18358:
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18350:
18344:
18343:
18341:
18340:
18339:
18338:
18331:Prime Minister
18328:
18327:
18326:
18316:
18311:
18306:
18305:
18304:
18293:
18291:
18285:
18284:
18282:
18281:
18279:Shadow Cabinet
18276:
18271:
18266:
18261:
18260:
18259:
18257:House of Lords
18254:
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17907:
17902:
17897:
17891:
17889:
17887:Administrative
17876:
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17865:
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17706:
17705:
17703: articles
17701:United Kingdom
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17526:Commercial law
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17308:European Union
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17178:insolvency law
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17083:European Union
17079:
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17076:Other entities
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17030:other entities
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16789:Czech Republic
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16609:
16597:
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16578:
16570:
16569:External links
16567:
16566:
16565:
16548:
16539:J McEldowney,
16537:
16530:
16519:
16518:
16514:
16513:
16512:(3rd edn 2017)
16506:
16505:(3rd edn 2016)
16499:
16485:
16473:
16472:
16468:
16467:
16457:
16441:
16434:
16424:
16414:
16407:Gilbert Burnet
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15909:"Independence"
15900:
15894:978-1317228820
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15479:James Somerset
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15238:Putney debates
15229:
15225:3 Cha. 1. c. 1
15213:
15198:
15194:Peacham's Case
15185:
15176:
15129:
15120:
15104:
15086:Semayne's Case
15066:
15051:
15047:Lady Jane Grey
15045:as she killed
15039:Somerset House
15031:Lord Protector
15025:On his behalf
15018:
15000:Inclosure Acts
14991:
14972:
14940:
14928:
14916:
14900:Passus 5, 3278
14881:
14869:
14852:
14839:
14836:. 26 May 2022.
14825:
14785:
14772:
14747:
14725:
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14679:
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14613:
14554:UK company law
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14527:
14512:
14500:
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14476:
14458:
14427:
14404:
14387:
14359:
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14336:King Charles I
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14052:
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14018:
13999:
13983:
13971:
13953:See S Bailey,
13946:
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13907:
13901:and 1916. The
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13070:
13043:(2): 240β271.
13023:
13013:, 30 July 2014
13000:
12996:Upper Tribunal
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11984:Hounga v Allen
11975:
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11791:Constellations
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11571:(1957) 186β193
11557:
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11503:
11488:
11449:
11425:AC 1, 48, per
11405:
11384:
11372:
11358:
11348:(2014) 94. cf
11337:
11322:
11296:
11279:
11264:
11247:
11230:
11220:, and now the
11209:
11194:
11182:
11158:
11138:
11124:
11105:
11093:
11056:
11009:
10992:
10977:
10958:
10933:
10909:
10897:
10881:
10867:
10852:
10838:
10831:9 October 1948
10819:
10806:
10792:
10767:
10754:
10740:
10725:
10706:
10690:
10682:Leslie Stephen
10673:
10651:
10642:
10627:
10612:
10598:
10584:
10572:
10559:
10549:See generally
10542:
10511:
10498:
10440:
10414:
10397:
10363:Bill of Rights
10341:
10339:(2018) chs 1β6
10328:
10316:
10305:
10284:
10268:
10247:
10230:
10191:
10176:
10157:
10156:
10154:
10151:
10150:
10149:
10144:
10139:
10134:
10129:
10124:
10119:
10114:
10109:
10104:
10099:
10094:
10089:
10082:
10079:
9909:
9906:
9875:including the
9873:British Empire
9862:
9859:
9819:armed conflict
9779:decolonisation
9771:British Empire
9752:European Union
9716:British Empire
9714:. However the
9708:United Nations
9642:House of Lords
9622:House of Lords
9459:Jeremy Bentham
9428:Lord Mansfield
9393:Prime Minister
9389:Robert Walpole
9237:New Model Army
9229:King Charles I
9158:James VI and I
9117:London Company
9111:including the
8997:to invade the
8875:
8874:
8872:
8871:
8864:
8857:
8849:
8846:
8845:
8839:
8838:
8835:
8829:
8828:
8825:
8819:
8818:
8815:
8809:
8808:
8805:
8799:
8798:
8795:
8789:
8788:
8785:
8779:
8778:
8775:
8769:
8768:
8765:
8759:
8758:
8755:
8749:
8748:
8745:
8739:
8738:
8735:
8729:
8728:
8725:
8719:
8718:
8715:
8713:Wales Act 2017
8709:
8708:
8705:
8699:
8698:
8695:
8689:
8688:
8685:
8679:
8678:
8675:
8669:
8668:
8665:
8659:
8658:
8655:
8653:Wales Act 2014
8649:
8648:
8645:
8639:
8638:
8635:
8629:
8628:
8625:
8619:
8618:
8615:
8609:
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8509:
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8409:
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8399:
8398:
8395:
8389:
8388:
8385:
8379:
8378:
8375:
8369:
8368:
8365:
8359:
8358:
8355:
8349:
8348:
8345:
8339:
8338:
8335:
8329:
8328:
8325:
8319:
8318:
8315:
8309:
8308:
8305:
8303:Wales Act 1978
8299:
8298:
8295:
8289:
8288:
8285:
8279:
8278:
8275:
8269:
8268:
8265:
8263:Referendum Act
8259:
8258:
8255:
8249:
8248:
8245:
8239:
8238:
8235:
8233:NI border poll
8229:
8228:
8225:
8219:
8218:
8215:
8209:
8208:
8205:
8199:
8198:
8195:
8189:
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7907:
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7871:
7870:
7867:
7861:
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7857:
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7841:
7840:
7837:
7831:
7830:
7827:
7821:
7820:
7817:
7813:
7812:
7809:
7807:Parliament Act
7803:
7802:
7799:
7793:
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7789:
7783:
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7779:
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7707:
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7695:
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7678:
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7659:
7658:
7655:
7649:
7648:
7645:
7639:
7638:
7635:
7629:
7628:
7625:
7623:Septennial Act
7619:
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7615:
7609:
7608:
7605:
7599:
7598:
7595:
7587:
7586:
7580:
7579:
7576:
7575:
7567:
7566:
7560:United Kingdom
7546:Main article:
7543:
7540:
7446:
7443:
7412:directly. The
7381:order put the
7322:for everyone.
7264:
7261:
7170:
7167:
7122:business rates
7052:
7051:
7045:
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7036:
7033:
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6809:
6808:
6802:
6799:
6798:
6793:
6792:
6785:
6778:
6770:
6745:
6742:
6616:prime minister
6557:prime minister
6520:prime minister
6516:Robert Walpole
6477:prime minister
6435:prime minister
6424:
6423:
6417:
6414:
6413:
6407:
6404:
6403:
6397:
6394:
6393:
6388:
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6376:
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6364:
6363:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6343:
6340:
6339:
6329:
6326:
6325:
6317:
6314:
6313:
6308:Blackburn v AG
6305:
6302:
6301:
6293:
6290:
6289:
6281:
6278:
6277:
6272:
6269:
6268:
6263:
6260:
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6238:
6233:
6230:
6229:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6209:
6206:
6205:
6200:
6199:
6192:
6185:
6177:
6148:
6145:
6139:who heads the
5962:House of Lords
5935:
5934:
5928:
5925:
5924:
5916:
5913:
5912:
5906:
5903:
5902:
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5877:
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5836:
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5823:
5822:
5817:
5814:
5813:
5807:
5804:
5803:
5798:
5797:
5790:
5783:
5775:
5765:Main article:
5762:
5759:
5694:House of Lords
5682:prime minister
5678:House of Lords
5544:House of Lords
5511:House of Lords
5483:Main article:
5478:
5477:
5471:
5468:
5467:
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5331:
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5302:
5299:
5298:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5283:
5282:
5275:
5268:
5260:
5253:
5250:
5242:public service
5218:Foreign Office
5210:prime minister
5175:House of Lords
5142:prime minister
5129:
5126:
5120:
5117:
5108:
5105:
5101:
5100:
5097:
5094:
5091:
5088:
5076:
5073:
5060:
5057:
5053:European Union
5021:European Union
4986:British Empire
4974:United Nations
4954:British Empire
4911:Hounga v Allen
4905:House of Lords
4890:Lord Mansfield
4876:lex mercatoria
4871:Lord Mansfield
4861:lex mercatoria
4835:
4834:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4804:
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4783:
4776:
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4772:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4722:Hounga v Allen
4719:
4716:
4715:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4610:
4609:
4602:
4595:
4587:
4579:United Nations
4566:
4563:
4478:representative
4459:
4458:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4271:
4270:
4263:
4256:
4248:
4238:Main article:
4235:
4232:
4139:, claimed the
4050:Lord Camden CJ
3965:
3964:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3932:
3929:
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3858:
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3842:
3832:
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3828:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3788:
3778:Main article:
3775:
3772:
3728:European Union
3697:Welsh Assembly
3674:Bill of Rights
3642:House of Lords
3588:European Union
3552:European Union
3471:United Nations
3458:Clement Attlee
3446:United Nations
3399:House of Lords
3340:. Then in the
3300:
3299:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3263:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3143:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3006:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2983:
2962:
2959:
2948:European Union
2932:United Nations
2917:House of Lords
2839:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2777:
2763:
2758:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2646:European Union
2641:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
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2436:
2435:
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2425:
2420:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2401:
2400:
2389:
2388:
2381:Foreign policy
2378:
2372:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2331:
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2320:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2298:
2289:
2282:
2267:
2262:
2256:
2251:
2245:
2243:Cayman Islands
2240:
2234:
2228:
2223:
2217:
2212:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2171:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2142:
2137:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2121:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2060:Civil parishes
2057:
2052:
2047:
2038:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2009:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1982:Civil parishes
1979:
1978:
1977:
1975:London Borough
1972:
1967:
1952:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1938:Greater London
1935:
1930:
1920:
1910:
1901:
1889:
1888:
1885:Administration
1883:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1838:First Minister
1834:
1831:Wales Act 2017
1827:Wales Act 2014
1815:
1804:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1754:First Minister
1750:
1735:
1730:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1671:First Minister
1667:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1587:
1577:
1572:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1510:
1506:UK referendums
1504:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1139:1910 (JanβFeb)
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
999:1801 co-option
995:
987:
983:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
946:
937:
936:
933:
932:
929:
928:
923:
918:
906:
905:
892:
891:
883:
878:
877:
874:
873:
870:
869:
864:
859:
854:
852:United Kingdom
847:
846:
836:The Lord Hodge
833:
832:
819:
818:
803:
802:
782:
777:
776:
773:
772:
769:
768:
767:
766:
756:
751:
744:
743:
725:
724:
705:
704:
695:
694:
675:
674:
671:House of Lords
660:
659:
637:
636:
628:
623:
622:
619:
618:
615:
614:
609:
604:
586:
585:
565:
564:
555:Prime Minister
539:
538:
517:
516:
487:
486:
478:
473:
472:
469:
468:
465:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
432:
431:
411:
410:
392:
387:
386:
383:
382:
379:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
346:
344:Bill of Rights
341:
335:
330:
329:
326:
325:
317:
316:
310:
309:
224:prime minister
204:House of Lords
180:European Union
176:United Nations
57:House of Lords
53:prime minister
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
19309:
19298:
19295:
19293:
19290:
19288:
19285:
19283:
19280:
19278:
19275:
19274:
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19262:
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19250:
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19238:
19228:
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19224:
19211:
19208:
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19163:
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19109:
19106:
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19099:
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19076:
19073:
19071:
19068:
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19044:
19041:
19040:
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19036:
19034:
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19027:
19024:
19022:
19019:
19017:
19014:
19013:
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19009:
19007:
19004:
19000:
18997:
18996:
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18991:
18989:
18987:
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18959:
18957:
18954:
18950:
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18933:
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18925:
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18913:
18910:
18908:
18905:
18904:
18902:
18900:
18896:
18890:
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18885:
18882:
18880:
18877:
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18872:
18870:
18867:
18865:
18862:
18858:
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18853:
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18843:
18840:
18838:
18835:
18831:
18828:
18826:
18823:
18822:
18821:
18818:
18817:
18815:
18813:
18809:
18805:
18801:
18796:
18792:
18788:
18778:
18775:
18773:
18770:
18768:
18765:
18763:
18760:
18758:
18755:
18753:
18750:
18748:
18745:
18743:
18740:
18738:
18735:
18733:
18730:
18728:
18725:
18721:
18718:
18717:
18716:
18713:
18711:
18708:
18706:
18703:
18701:
18698:
18697:
18695:
18693:
18689:
18683:
18682:Welfare state
18680:
18678:
18675:
18673:
18670:
18668:
18665:
18663:
18660:
18658:
18655:
18653:
18650:
18648:
18645:
18643:
18640:
18638:
18635:
18633:
18630:
18628:
18627:Mental health
18625:
18623:
18620:
18618:
18615:
18613:
18610:
18608:
18605:
18603:
18600:
18598:
18595:
18591:
18588:
18586:
18583:
18582:
18581:
18578:
18576:
18573:
18571:
18570:Ethnic groups
18568:
18566:
18563:
18561:
18558:
18556:
18553:
18551:
18548:
18546:
18543:
18541:
18538:
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18533:
18532:
18529:
18526:
18524:
18520:
18510:
18507:
18505:
18502:
18500:
18497:
18495:
18494:Bus transport
18492:
18490:
18489:Air transport
18487:
18486:
18484:
18482:
18478:
18472:
18469:
18467:
18464:
18462:
18459:
18456:
18452:
18449:
18447:
18444:
18442:
18436:
18434:
18433:Manufacturing
18431:
18429:
18426:
18424:
18421:
18419:
18416:
18414:
18411:
18407:
18404:
18403:
18402:
18399:
18398:
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18392:
18390:
18386:
18372:
18369:
18367:
18364:
18362:
18359:
18357:
18354:
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18351:
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18345:
18337:
18334:
18333:
18332:
18329:
18325:
18322:
18321:
18320:
18317:
18315:
18312:
18310:
18309:Civil service
18307:
18303:
18300:
18299:
18298:
18295:
18294:
18292:
18290:
18286:
18280:
18277:
18275:
18272:
18270:
18267:
18265:
18262:
18258:
18255:
18253:
18250:
18249:
18248:
18245:
18243:
18240:
18236:
18235:republicanism
18233:
18231:
18228:
18227:
18226:
18223:
18221:
18218:
18216:
18213:
18211:
18208:
18206:
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18199:
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18191:
18189:
18186:
18182:
18179:
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18111:
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18100:
18098:
18095:
18091:
18088:
18086:
18083:
18081:
18078:
18077:
18075:
18071:
18068:
18066:
18063:
18061:
18058:
18056:
18055:North Sea oil
18053:
18051:
18048:
18046:
18043:
18041:
18038:
18036:
18033:
18031:
18028:
18026:
18023:
18022:
18021:
18018:
18016:
18013:
18012:
18010:
18008:
18004:
17998:
17995:
17993:
17990:
17988:
17985:
17983:
17980:
17978:
17975:
17973:
17970:
17966:
17963:
17962:
17961:
17958:
17954:
17953:Great Britain
17951:
17949:
17946:
17945:
17944:
17943:British Isles
17941:
17940:
17938:
17936:
17932:
17926:
17923:
17921:
17918:
17916:
17913:
17911:
17908:
17906:
17903:
17901:
17898:
17896:
17893:
17892:
17890:
17888:
17884:
17880:
17877:
17875:
17871:
17861:
17858:
17856:
17853:
17851:
17848:
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17843:
17841:
17838:
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17826:
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17821:
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17816:
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17808:
17804:
17796:
17793:
17791:
17788:
17787:
17785:
17781:
17778:
17776:
17773:
17772:
17770:
17766:
17763:
17761:
17758:
17757:
17755:
17753:
17750:
17748:
17745:
17743:
17742:Edwardian era
17740:
17738:
17737:Victorian era
17735:
17733:
17730:
17728:
17725:
17724:
17722:
17720:
17716:
17713:
17711:
17707:
17702:
17695:
17690:
17688:
17683:
17681:
17676:
17675:
17672:
17660:
17659:
17655:
17653:
17652:
17648:
17647:
17644:
17638:
17635:
17633:
17630:
17628:
17625:
17623:
17620:
17618:
17615:
17613:
17612:United States
17610:
17608:
17605:
17603:
17600:
17598:
17595:
17593:
17590:
17588:
17585:
17583:
17580:
17578:
17575:
17573:
17570:
17568:
17565:
17563:
17560:
17558:
17555:
17554:
17552:
17548:
17542:
17539:
17537:
17534:
17532:
17529:
17527:
17524:
17522:
17519:
17517:
17514:
17512:
17509:
17508:
17506:
17502:
17497:
17487:
17484:
17482:
17479:
17477:
17474:
17472:
17469:
17467:
17464:
17462:
17459:
17457:
17454:
17452:
17449:
17447:
17444:
17442:
17439:
17438:
17436:
17434:Core subjects
17432:
17428:
17421:
17416:
17414:
17409:
17407:
17402:
17401:
17398:
17388:
17387:
17381:
17375:
17372:
17370:
17367:
17366:
17364:
17360:
17354:
17351:
17349:
17346:
17344:
17341:
17339:
17336:
17334:
17333:United States
17331:
17329:
17326:
17324:
17321:
17319:
17316:
17314:
17311:
17309:
17306:
17304:
17301:
17299:
17296:
17294:
17291:
17290:
17288:
17284:
17278:
17274:
17271:
17269:
17265:
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17239:
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17221:
17219:
17215:
17212:
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17205:
17199:
17196:
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17189:
17186:
17184:
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17179:
17175:
17172:
17170:
17167:
17165:
17162:
17160:
17157:
17155:
17152:
17150:
17147:
17145:
17142:
17140:
17137:
17136:
17134:
17132:Common fields
17130:
17126:
17119:
17114:
17112:
17107:
17105:
17100:
17099:
17096:
17084:
17081:
17080:
17078:
17074:
17068:
17065:
17063:
17060:
17058:
17055:
17053:
17050:
17048:
17045:
17043:
17042:Faroe Islands
17040:
17038:
17035:
17034:
17032:
17026:
17020:
17017:
17015:
17014:South Ossetia
17012:
17010:
17007:
17005:
17002:
17000:
16997:
16996:
16994:
16988:
16982:
16979:
16977:
16974:
16972:
16969:
16967:
16964:
16962:
16959:
16957:
16954:
16952:
16949:
16947:
16944:
16942:
16939:
16937:
16934:
16932:
16929:
16927:
16924:
16922:
16919:
16917:
16914:
16912:
16909:
16907:
16904:
16902:
16899:
16897:
16894:
16892:
16889:
16887:
16884:
16882:
16879:
16877:
16874:
16872:
16869:
16867:
16864:
16862:
16861:Liechtenstein
16859:
16857:
16854:
16852:
16849:
16847:
16844:
16842:
16840:
16837:
16835:
16832:
16830:
16827:
16825:
16822:
16820:
16817:
16815:
16812:
16810:
16807:
16805:
16802:
16800:
16797:
16795:
16792:
16790:
16787:
16785:
16782:
16780:
16777:
16775:
16772:
16770:
16767:
16765:
16762:
16760:
16757:
16755:
16752:
16750:
16747:
16745:
16742:
16740:
16737:
16735:
16732:
16731:
16729:
16725:
16721:
16717:
16716:Constitutions
16710:
16705:
16703:
16698:
16696:
16691:
16690:
16687:
16680:
16676:
16672:
16668:
16665:
16663:
16660:
16658:
16655:
16653:
16650:
16648:
16645:
16643:
16640:
16638:
16635:
16633:
16630:
16628:
16625:
16623:
16620:
16618:
16615:
16613:
16610:
16608:at Wikisource
16607:
16602:
16598:
16595:
16591:
16588:
16585:
16582:
16579:
16576:
16573:
16572:
16561:
16559:
16553:
16549:
16546:
16542:
16538:
16535:
16531:
16528:
16524:
16521:
16520:
16516:
16515:
16511:
16507:
16504:
16500:
16497:
16493:
16489:
16486:
16483:
16479:
16475:
16474:
16470:
16469:
16465:
16461:
16458:
16455:
16454:
16449:
16445:
16442:
16439:
16435:
16432:
16428:
16425:
16422:
16418:
16415:
16412:
16408:
16404:
16403:
16398:
16395:
16392:
16388:
16387:
16382:
16379:
16376:
16372:
16371:
16366:
16363:
16360:
16356:
16352:
16349:
16347:
16343:
16339:
16338:
16333:
16330:
16327:
16323:
16319:
16316:
16313:
16309:
16308:
16303:
16300:
16297:
16296:
16291:
16288:
16285:
16281:
16277:
16274:
16271:
16267:
16264:
16261:
16260:
16255:
16252:
16251:
16247:
16246:
16242:
16239:
16236:
16233:
16230:
16228:
16224:
16223:O Kahn-Freund
16221:
16218:
16214:
16213:Lord Hoffmann
16211:
16209:
16205:
16202:
16200:
16196:
16194:
16190:
16187:
16183:
16180:
16178:
16174:
16170:
16168:
16164:
16161:
16158:
16154:
16153:
16149:
16148:
16136:. 7 May 2011.
16135:
16131:
16125:
16118:
16111:
16095:
16091:
16084:
16078:
16072:
16064:
16058:
16054:
16053:
16045:
16037:
16033:
16029:
16028:
16023:
16017:
16001:
15997:
15993:
15992:
15987:
15981:
15965:
15961:
15957:
15953:
15946:
15944:
15935:
15934:
15926:
15910:
15904:
15896:
15890:
15886:
15885:
15877:
15869:
15863:
15859:
15858:
15850:
15842:
15836:
15832:
15831:
15823:
15813:
15806:
15805:
15800:
15797:Predicted by
15794:
15787:
15782:
15776:
15771:
15765:
15760:
15754:
15749:
15743:
15738:
15732:
15729:
15728:
15722:
15714:
15708:
15704:
15700:
15695:
15694:
15685:
15677:
15671:
15667:
15663:
15662:
15654:
15647:
15646:
15645:Allen v Flood
15641:
15638:See also the
15635:
15628:
15622:
15613:
15606:
15602:
15597:
15590:
15585:
15579:
15575:
15574:
15567:
15560:
15556:
15551:
15544:
15538:
15531:
15528:and then the
15527:
15521:
15515:
15509:
15502:
15498:
15494:
15493:
15492:habeas corpus
15488:
15487:abolitionists
15484:
15480:
15476:
15475:Massachusetts
15472:
15468:
15465:
15459:
15452:
15451:
15445:
15436:
15429:
15428:
15422:
15415:
15414:
15409:
15405:
15402:EWHC J76, an
15401:
15400:
15394:
15388:
15384:
15383:
15378:
15373:
15366:
15355:
15351:
15345:
15338:
15332:
15326:
15322:
15321:
15316:
15311:
15305:
15302:
15298:
15293:
15286:
15280:
15273:
15268:
15261:
15257:
15256:
15251:
15247:
15243:
15239:
15233:
15226:
15222:
15217:
15210:
15209:
15202:
15195:
15189:
15180:
15173:
15172:
15167:
15166:
15161:
15157:
15153:
15152:
15147:
15146:
15141:
15140:
15139:Day v Savadge
15133:
15124:
15118:
15117:EWHC J23 (KB)
15115:
15114:
15108:
15101:
15097:
15096:Calvin's Case
15094:
15093:
15092:Calvin's Case
15088:
15087:
15082:
15078:
15077:
15076:Heydon's Case
15070:
15063:
15062:
15055:
15048:
15044:
15040:
15036:
15032:
15028:
15022:
15015:
15014:
15009:
15005:
15001:
14995:
14988:
14987:
14982:
14981:A Fitzherbert
14976:
14969:
14964:
14960:
14956:
14952:
14951:
14947:J Froissart,
14944:
14938:
14932:
14925:
14920:
14913:
14909:
14905:
14901:
14897:
14896:
14895:Piers Plowman
14891:
14885:
14878:
14873:
14866:
14862:
14856:
14849:
14843:
14835:
14829:
14822:
14818:
14814:
14810:
14806:
14802:
14798:
14794:
14789:
14782:
14776:
14769:
14765:
14761:
14757:
14751:
14744:
14740:
14739:
14734:
14729:
14723:
14720:
14715:
14708:
14703:
14696:
14695:
14690:
14689:
14683:
14676:
14675:
14669:
14662:
14661:
14656:
14655:
14650:
14649:
14643:
14636:
14635:
14630:
14629:
14624:
14623:
14617:
14610:
14607:
14603:
14599:
14595:
14591:
14587:
14586:
14581:
14577:
14573:
14572:
14567:
14563:
14562:UK labour law
14559:
14555:
14551:
14545:
14538:
14537:
14531:
14524:
14521:
14516:
14509:
14504:
14497:
14492:
14485:
14480:
14473:
14472:
14467:
14462:
14455:
14454:
14449:
14448:
14443:
14442:
14437:
14431:
14424:
14420:
14416:
14415:
14408:
14401:
14397:
14391:
14384:
14383:
14378:
14374:
14373:
14368:
14363:
14357:
14353:
14349:
14344:
14337:
14333:
14329:
14324:
14317:
14313:
14309:
14303:
14296:
14295:
14288:
14280:
14277:
14272:
14263:
14256:
14252:
14248:
14244:
14239:
14230:
14221:
14215:
14210:
14203:
14197:
14190:
14185:
14179:
14173:
14166:
14161:
14154:
14150:
14146:
14140:
14133:
14128:
14121:
14116:
14109:
14104:
14097:
14092:
14085:
14080:
14073:
14068:
14061:
14056:
14049:
14045:
14039:
14032:
14028:
14022:
14016:
14012:
14009:
14003:
13996:
13992:
13987:
13980:
13975:
13968:
13964:
13960:
13956:
13950:
13943:
13940:
13935:
13928:
13927:
13922:
13921:
13916:
13911:
13904:
13900:
13894:
13887:
13883:
13879:
13878:
13874:1 QB 116 and
13873:
13872:
13866:
13861:
13859:
13851:
13850:
13843:
13836:
13832:
13827:
13821:
13817:
13813:
13809:
13804:
13797:
13796:
13790:
13783:
13782:
13781:Scott v Scott
13777:
13776:
13771:
13770:
13763:
13756:
13755:
13749:
13740:
13733:
13732:
13726:
13719:
13713:
13706:
13705:
13699:
13692:
13691:Ponsonby Rule
13688:
13683:
13676:
13672:
13668:
13667:
13661:
13654:
13653:
13648:
13644:
13638:
13631:
13625:
13618:
13617:
13612:
13611:
13607:3 All ER 86.
13606:
13605:
13600:
13599:
13593:
13586:
13585:
13578:
13571:
13567:
13561:
13552:
13545:
13539:
13532:
13531:
13525:
13519:
13516:
13515:
13509:
13507:
13499:
13486:
13485:
13478:
13463:
13459:
13453:
13444:
13438:
13433:
13426:
13422:
13417:
13410:
13405:
13404:Regent Street
13401:
13397:
13393:
13387:
13380:
13375:
13368:
13364:
13361:
13356:
13348:
13347:
13340:
13333:
13329:
13325:
13319:
13312:
13308:
13302:
13292:
13285:
13281:
13277:
13272:
13266:
13260:
13254:
13249:
13242:
13236:
13229:
13224:
13217:
13213:
13208:
13201:
13195:
13189:
13184:
13177:
13172:
13163:
13156:
13150:
13143:
13139:
13133:
13127:
13122:
13115:
13114:Lord Hoffmann
13112:UKHL 33, per
13111:
13110:
13104:
13097:
13096:
13089:
13082:
13081:
13074:
13066:
13062:
13058:
13054:
13050:
13046:
13042:
13038:
13034:
13027:
13012:
13011:
13004:
12997:
12993:
12988:
12981:
12977:
12972:
12963:
12954:
12946:
12940:
12938:
12931:
12927:
12924:
12920:
12916:
12913:cf GDH Cole,
12910:
12904:
12903:New Statesman
12900:
12893:
12891:
12884:
12880:
12875:
12869:
12864:
12857:
12853:
12852:
12847:
12842:
12836:
12830:
12823:
12817:
12810:
12805:
12798:
12793:
12784:
12777:
12773:
12768:
12759:
12750:
12741:
12732:
12725:
12724:
12719:
12715:
12710:
12703:
12698:
12691:
12688:
12687:
12681:
12674:
12670:
12666:
12661:
12654:
12653:Baroness Hale
12650:
12647:
12646:
12640:
12633:
12628:
12621:
12616:
12610:
12606:
12602:
12599:
12596:
12595:
12588:
12581:
12580:
12574:
12565:
12558:
12553:
12546:
12542:
12541:
12536:
12535:
12530:
12529:
12524:
12523:
12516:
12510:
12506:
12501:
12494:
12489:
12479:
12472:
12468:
12464:
12463:
12458:
12452:
12445:
12440:
12435:
12428:
12424:
12418:
12412:
12408:
12407:
12402:
12398:
12392:
12378:
12377:
12369:
12362:
12358:
12354:
12351:
12346:
12340:
12337:
12332:
12325:
12321:
12316:
12309:
12305:
12300:
12296:
12291:
12276:
12272:
12265:
12250:
12246:
12240:
12225:
12224:law.gov.wales
12221:
12215:
12199:
12195:
12191:
12185:
12177:
12170:
12163:
12162:
12156:
12149:
12148:
12143:
12139:
12136:
12133:
12132:
12127:
12123:
12119:
12115:
12109:
12102:
12098:
12097:
12090:
12084:
12078:
12071:
12065:
12058:
12052:
12045:
12041:
12037:
12031:
12024:
12023:
12017:
12010:
12006:
12003:
12002:
11995:
11989:
11986:
11985:
11979:
11973:
11972:Lord Hoffmann
11969:
11966:
11965:
11959:
11952:
11948:
11947:
11941:
11934:
11933:
11927:
11920:
11919:
11913:
11906:
11905:
11899:
11892:
11891:
11885:
11878:
11874:
11870:
11869:
11864:
11863:
11858:
11854:
11853:
11848:
11847:
11840:
11833:
11827:
11820:
11814:
11807:
11806:
11801:
11798:
11794:
11792:
11786:
11782:
11780:
11772:
11765:
11764:
11760:UKHL 13, and
11759:
11758:
11751:
11744:
11743:
11739:, . See also
11738:
11735:
11734:
11728:
11721:
11720:
11714:
11707:
11706:
11700:
11693:
11692:
11691:Ashby v White
11686:
11679:
11675:
11672:
11670:
11663:
11662:
11656:
11650:
11646:
11642:
11639:
11635:
11631:
11625:
11618:
11617:
11612:
11608:
11603:
11599:
11593:
11586:
11582:
11577:
11570:
11566:
11565:F. L. Neumann
11561:
11555:
11553:
11545:
11538:
11537:
11532:
11527:
11521:
11518:
11514:
11513:
11507:
11501:
11497:
11492:
11485:
11484:
11479:
11475:
11474:
11469:
11465:
11464:
11459:
11453:
11445:
11444:
11439:
11438:
11432:
11428:
11424:
11423:
11418:
11414:
11409:
11402:
11398:
11394:
11388:
11381:
11376:
11370:
11367:
11362:
11355:
11351:
11347:
11341:
11334:
11333:
11329:Montesquieu,
11326:
11319:
11315:
11314:Kenneth Baker
11311:
11308:
11307:
11300:
11293:
11290:
11289:
11283:
11276:
11275:
11268:
11261:
11258:
11257:
11251:
11244:
11241:
11240:
11234:
11227:
11223:
11219:
11213:
11206:
11203:
11198:
11191:
11186:
11178:
11174:
11170:
11167:
11162:
11155:
11151:
11147:
11142:
11135:
11134:
11128:
11122:
11119:
11118:
11112:
11110:
11102:
11097:
11091:
11090:
11085:
11083:
11077:
11073:
11069:
11065:
11060:
11053:
11049:
11045:
11041:
11037:
11033:
11029:
11025:
11021:
11016:
11014:
11006:
11003:
11002:
10996:
10988:
10987:
10981:
10974:
10973:
10968:
10962:
10955:
10952:
10951:
10945:
10944:
10937:
10929:
10928:
10923:
10920:
10919:
10913:
10907:
10901:
10895:
10892:
10891:
10885:
10878:
10877:
10871:
10864:
10859:
10857:
10849:
10848:
10842:
10836:
10832:
10826:
10824:
10816:
10810:
10804:
10801:
10796:
10789:
10788:
10783:
10779:
10778:
10771:
10764:
10758:
10752:
10749:
10744:
10738:
10735:
10729:
10723:
10719:
10715:
10710:
10703:
10699:
10694:
10687:
10683:
10677:
10670:
10669:Lord Hoffmann
10666:
10663:
10662:
10655:
10646:
10639:
10636:
10631:
10624:
10621:
10616:
10609:
10608:
10602:
10595:
10594:
10588:
10581:
10576:
10569:
10563:
10556:
10552:
10551:A. W. Bradley
10546:
10531:
10527:
10521:
10515:
10508:
10502:
10495:
10491:
10487:
10483:
10479:
10475:
10471:
10467:
10453:
10449:
10444:
10437:
10433:
10429:
10426:
10425:
10418:
10411:
10407:
10401:
10394:
10393:
10388:
10384:
10380:
10376:
10372:
10368:
10364:
10360:
10356:
10352:
10351:
10345:
10338:
10332:
10325:
10320:
10314:
10309:
10302:
10298:
10294:
10288:
10281:
10277:
10272:
10265:
10264:disafforested
10261:
10256:
10251:
10244:
10241:
10240:
10234:
10227:
10224:
10223:
10218:
10217:
10212:
10209:
10208:
10203:
10202:
10195:
10187:
10180:
10174:
10170:
10165:
10163:
10158:
10148:
10145:
10143:
10140:
10138:
10137:Power Inquiry
10135:
10133:
10130:
10128:
10125:
10123:
10120:
10118:
10115:
10113:
10110:
10108:
10105:
10103:
10100:
10098:
10097:UK labour law
10095:
10093:
10090:
10088:
10085:
10084:
10078:
10076:
10071:
10067:
10064:subsequently
10063:
10062:Boris Johnson
10059:
10055:
10050:
10048:
10047:Ponsonby Rule
10043:
10039:
10035:
10031:
10029:
10025:
10021:
10017:
10013:
10009:
10004:
10002:
9998:
9994:
9990:
9986:
9982:
9978:
9974:
9969:
9966:
9961:
9955:
9948:
9943:
9941:
9937:
9933:
9929:
9925:
9919:
9915:
9905:
9903:
9899:
9894:
9890:
9886:
9882:
9878:
9877:United States
9874:
9868:
9858:
9856:
9852:
9848:
9844:
9840:
9836:
9832:
9828:
9824:
9820:
9816:
9812:
9808:
9804:
9800:
9796:
9788:
9784:
9780:
9776:
9772:
9767:
9763:
9761:
9757:
9753:
9749:
9745:
9741:
9737:
9733:
9732:the Holocaust
9729:
9725:
9721:
9717:
9713:
9709:
9705:
9701:
9697:
9693:
9688:
9686:
9682:
9678:
9674:
9670:
9666:
9662:
9658:
9653:
9651:
9647:
9643:
9639:
9635:
9631:
9630:Liberal Party
9627:
9623:
9618:
9616:
9612:
9608:
9604:
9599:
9597:
9593:
9589:
9585:
9581:
9577:
9573:
9572:
9567:
9563:
9559:
9558:United States
9555:
9551:
9543:
9539:
9535:
9530:
9526:
9524:
9520:
9519:
9514:
9509:
9505:
9501:
9497:
9493:
9489:
9485:
9480:
9478:
9474:
9470:
9469:
9464:
9460:
9455:
9452:In 1789, the
9450:
9448:
9444:
9440:
9435:
9434:
9429:
9425:
9421:
9417:
9413:
9412:
9407:
9403:
9402:
9396:
9394:
9390:
9386:
9382:
9378:
9374:
9370:
9366:
9362:
9361:national debt
9357:
9355:
9350:
9346:
9342:
9338:
9337:
9332:
9328:
9323:
9321:
9317:
9316:right to vote
9313:
9312:
9311:Ashby v White
9306:
9302:
9298:
9293:
9291:
9290:
9285:
9281:
9277:
9273:
9269:
9265:
9261:
9257:
9253:
9249:
9244:
9242:
9238:
9234:
9230:
9226:
9222:
9218:
9214:
9210:
9205:
9203:
9199:
9195:
9194:
9189:
9188:
9183:
9179:
9175:
9171:
9170:Chief Justice
9167:
9163:
9159:
9151:
9147:
9146:
9141:
9137:
9132:
9128:
9126:
9122:
9118:
9114:
9110:
9106:
9102:
9098:
9094:
9091:in 1535, and
9090:
9086:
9082:
9078:
9074:
9070:
9066:
9062:
9057:
9055:
9051:
9047:
9043:
9039:
9034:
9032:
9028:
9024:
9020:
9016:
9011:
9008:
9004:
9000:
8996:
8995:Third Crusade
8992:
8988:
8983:
8981:
8977:
8973:
8971:
8967:
8966:Domesday Book
8962:
8960:
8956:
8952:
8951:
8946:
8942:
8937:
8935:
8932:. Before the
8931:
8927:
8923:
8919:
8915:
8907:
8906:
8901:
8897:
8893:
8889:
8885:
8881:
8870:
8865:
8863:
8858:
8856:
8851:
8850:
8848:
8847:
8836:
8834:
8833:Elections Act
8831:
8830:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8820:
8816:
8814:
8811:
8810:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8800:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8790:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8780:
8776:
8774:
8771:
8770:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8760:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8750:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8740:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8730:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8720:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8710:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8700:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8690:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8680:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8670:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8660:
8656:
8654:
8651:
8650:
8646:
8644:
8641:
8640:
8636:
8634:
8631:
8630:
8626:
8624:
8621:
8620:
8616:
8614:
8611:
8610:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8600:
8596:
8594:
8591:
8590:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8580:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8570:
8566:
8564:
8561:
8560:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8550:
8546:
8544:
8543:Lisbon Treaty
8541:
8540:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8530:
8526:
8524:
8521:
8520:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8510:
8506:
8504:
8501:
8500:
8496:
8494:
8491:
8490:
8486:
8484:
8481:
8480:
8476:
8474:
8471:
8470:
8466:
8464:
8461:
8460:
8456:
8454:
8451:
8450:
8446:
8444:
8441:
8440:
8436:
8434:
8431:
8430:
8426:
8424:
8421:
8420:
8416:
8414:
8411:
8410:
8406:
8404:
8401:
8400:
8396:
8394:
8391:
8390:
8386:
8384:
8381:
8380:
8376:
8374:
8371:
8370:
8366:
8364:
8361:
8360:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8350:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8340:
8336:
8334:
8331:
8330:
8326:
8324:
8321:
8320:
8316:
8314:
8311:
8310:
8306:
8304:
8301:
8300:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8290:
8286:
8284:
8281:
8280:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8270:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8260:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8250:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8240:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8230:
8226:
8224:
8221:
8220:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8210:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8200:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8190:
8186:
8183:
8179:
8178:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8168:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8158:
8154:
8152:
8149:
8148:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8138:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8128:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8118:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8108:
8104:
8101:
8100:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8090:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8080:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8070:
8066:
8063:
8062:
8058:
8055:
8054:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8044:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8034:
8030:
8028:
8025:
8024:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8014:
8010:
8007:
8006:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7996:
7992:
7989:
7988:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7978:
7974:
7971:
7970:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7960:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7950:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7940:
7936:
7933:
7932:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7922:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7912:
7908:
7906:
7903:
7902:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7892:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7882:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7872:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7862:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7852:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7842:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7832:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7822:
7818:
7815:
7814:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7804:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7794:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7784:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7774:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7764:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7754:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7744:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7734:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7724:
7720:
7717:
7716:
7712:
7709:
7708:
7704:
7701:
7700:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7690:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7680:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7670:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7660:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7650:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7640:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7630:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7620:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7610:
7606:
7604:
7603:Acts of Union
7601:
7600:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7590:
7584:List per year
7578:
7577:
7573:
7569:
7568:
7565:
7561:
7557:
7554:
7553:
7549:
7539:
7537:
7533:
7529:
7525:
7521:
7520:
7515:
7514:
7508:
7506:
7500:
7498:
7494:
7490:
7486:
7478:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7460:
7456:
7452:
7442:
7440:
7436:
7432:
7428:
7424:
7420:
7415:
7411:
7407:
7402:
7400:
7396:
7392:
7388:
7384:
7380:
7376:
7375:The Holocaust
7372:
7367:
7365:
7361:
7357:
7353:
7349:
7345:
7341:
7336:
7332:
7328:
7323:
7321:
7317:
7316:free movement
7312:
7308:
7304:
7300:
7292:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7274:
7270:
7260:
7257:
7253:
7249:
7244:
7241:
7237:
7233:
7229:
7225:
7218:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7200:
7196:
7190:
7186:
7180:
7176:
7166:
7164:
7163:elected mayor
7158:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7144:
7140:
7136:
7132:
7126:
7123:
7119:
7114:
7112:
7108:
7107:eight regions
7102:
7100:
7096:
7092:
7088:
7084:
7076:
7072:
7068:
7064:
7059:
7049:
7043:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6791:
6786:
6784:
6779:
6777:
6772:
6771:
6768:
6763:
6759:
6755:
6751:
6741:
6739:
6734:
6733:civil service
6729:
6727:
6723:
6715:
6711:
6707:
6703:
6699:
6695:
6691:
6689:
6688:
6682:
6677:
6675:
6670:
6669:royal charter
6664:
6660:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6646:
6642:
6638:
6637:
6631:
6629:
6628:
6623:
6622:
6617:
6613:
6605:
6601:
6597:
6593:
6587:
6583:
6579:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6568:King's speech
6564:
6562:
6558:
6554:
6550:
6546:
6542:
6538:
6533:
6531:
6527:
6526:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6488:
6486:
6482:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6466:
6463:
6460:
6456:
6455:head of state
6453:. The formal
6452:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6431:
6421:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6374:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6351:
6348:
6347:
6341:
6336:
6335:
6327:
6322:
6321:
6315:
6310:
6309:
6303:
6298:
6297:
6291:
6286:
6285:
6279:
6275:
6270:
6266:
6261:
6257:
6254:
6249:
6245:
6240:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6225:
6219:
6215:EWHC J23 (KB)
6214:
6213:
6207:
6198:
6193:
6191:
6186:
6184:
6179:
6178:
6175:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6153:UK government
6144:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6129:
6128:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6103:
6097:
6095:
6091:
6090:
6085:
6077:
6072:
6068:
6066:
6062:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6045:
6044:obligations.
6043:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5978:
5976:
5970:
5966:
5963:
5959:
5951:
5947:
5942:
5932:
5926:
5921:
5920:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5890:
5885:
5881:ss 27A, 63-79
5880:
5875:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5796:
5791:
5789:
5784:
5782:
5777:
5776:
5773:
5768:
5758:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5743:
5740:
5735:
5731:
5726:
5724:
5718:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5695:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5674:
5670:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5608:
5605:
5601:
5600:
5594:
5593:
5592:Ashby v White
5587:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5564:
5560:
5555:
5551:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5486:
5475:
5469:
5464:
5463:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5431:
5428:
5423:
5419:
5412:
5408:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5369:
5365:
5362:
5361:
5355:
5351:
5348:
5347:
5341:
5336:
5335:
5334:Ashby v White
5329:
5324:
5319:
5315:
5312:
5308:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5281:
5276:
5274:
5269:
5267:
5262:
5261:
5258:
5249:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5230:head of state
5227:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5198:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5178:
5176:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5134:
5125:
5116:
5114:
5104:
5098:
5095:
5092:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5081:
5072:
5070:
5066:
5056:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5013:
5010:
5006:
5002:
5001:Ponsonby Rule
4998:
4994:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4946:
4942:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4923:
4921:
4917:
4916:Supreme Court
4913:
4912:
4906:
4902:
4897:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4886:
4880:
4877:
4872:
4868:
4863:
4862:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4843:
4832:
4826:
4821:
4814:
4810:
4805:
4801:
4796:
4792:
4785:
4781:
4774:
4770:
4763:
4759:
4754:
4750:
4745:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4731:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4717:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4705:
4699:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4685:
4681:EWCA Civ 2008
4680:
4679:
4673:
4668:
4667:
4661:
4656:
4655:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4633:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4608:
4603:
4601:
4596:
4594:
4589:
4588:
4585:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4543:Baroness Hale
4540:
4536:
4531:
4528:
4524:
4523:
4517:
4513:
4512:
4511:Ashby v White
4505:
4503:
4497:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4471:
4466:
4456:
4450:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4436:
4431:
4430:
4422:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4408:
4403:
4402:
4396:
4391:
4390:
4389:Ashby v White
4384:
4379:
4378:
4370:
4365:
4364:
4358:
4353:
4352:
4346:
4341:
4340:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4319:
4315:
4312:
4305:
4301:
4300:Prot 1, art 3
4298:Preamble and
4297:
4292:
4288:
4285:
4278:
4269:
4264:
4262:
4257:
4255:
4250:
4249:
4246:
4241:
4231:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4207:
4205:
4204:United States
4201:
4197:
4192:
4190:
4185:
4181:
4180:labour rights
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4164:
4158:
4155:
4154:Baroness Hale
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4129:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4095:
4091:
4089:
4083:
4082:, article 8.
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4038:
4033:
4025:
4021:
4016:
4012:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3973:
3962:
3956:
3951:
3950:
3942:
3937:
3936:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3914:
3908:
3903:
3902:
3894:
3889:
3888:
3880:
3875:
3874:
3868:
3863:
3862:
3856:
3851:
3850:
3844:
3839:
3838:
3830:
3825:
3824:
3818:
3809:
3804:
3802:
3797:
3795:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3781:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3724:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3677:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3650:
3648:
3643:
3639:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3560:human dignity
3557:
3553:
3548:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3379:common people
3376:
3372:
3369:of 1688, the
3368:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3346:in 1615, the
3345:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3297:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3251:
3246:
3245:
3239:
3234:
3233:
3225:
3220:
3219:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3199:
3194:
3193:
3187:
3182:
3181:
3175:
3170:
3169:
3163:
3158:
3157:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3094:
3087:
3082:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3004:
2999:
2997:
2992:
2990:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2844:
2828:
2823:
2821:
2816:
2814:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2775:
2770:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2732:
2731:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2682:
2681:member states
2679:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2598:United States
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2365:
2364:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2328:Visa policies
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2273:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2195:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2114:
2113:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2050:Council areas
2048:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1844:Eluned Morgan
1842:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1643:
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1635:
1634:
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1630:
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1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
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1611:
1608:
1607:
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1601:
1596:
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1588:
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1578:
1576:
1573:
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1568:
1567:
1565:
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1553:
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1548:
1546:
1543:
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1539:
1534:
1533:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1497:
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1479:
1477:
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1265:
1262:
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1232:
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1227:
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1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
992:
991:
986:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
955:
951:
948:
947:
944:
940:
935:
934:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
913:
911:
910:
904:
903:
899:
898:
897:
896:
895:Andrew Bailey
890:
889:
885:
884:
881:
876:
875:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
849:
845:
844:
840:
839:
838:
837:
831:
830:
826:
825:
824:
823:
822:The Lord Reed
817:
816:
812:
811:
810:
808:
801:
800:
799:Supreme Court
796:
795:
793:
791:
785:
780:
775:
774:
765:
762:
761:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
746:
740:
736:
732:
731:
727:
726:
723:
719:
718:
714:
713:
712:
710:
703:
702:
698:
697:
693:
689:
688:
684:
683:
682:
680:
673:
672:
668:
667:
665:
664:
658:
657:
653:
652:
650:
648:
642:
635:
634:
633:UK Parliament
630:
629:
626:
621:
620:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
599:
597:
594:
590:
589:Angela Rayner
583:
582:
578:
577:
576:
573:
569:
561:
557:
556:
552:
551:
550:
547:
543:
535:
531:
530:
526:
525:
524:
522:
515:
514:
513:HM Government
510:
509:
507:
506:
504:
498:
494:
492:
485:
484:
483:Privy Council
480:
479:
476:
471:
470:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
439:
437:
436:
430:
429:
428:Heir apparent
425:
424:
423:
421:
416:
415:
408:
404:
403:
399:
398:
396:
390:
385:
384:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
355:
354:Acts of Union
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
336:
333:
328:
327:
323:
319:
318:
315:
312:
311:
307:
303:
302:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
264:
259:
257:
253:
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
80:
78:
74:
70:
66:
58:
55:at will. The
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
19060:Homelessness
18874:Homelessness
18657:Social class
18637:Prostitution
18580:Homelessness
18361:British Army
18193:Human rights
18181:By-elections
18161:Constitution
18160:
17732:Georgian era
17656:
17649:
17471:Property law
17456:Contract law
17451:Criminal law
17440:
17384:
17214:Scots delict
17143:
17019:Transnistria
16981:Vatican City
16975:
16678:
16674:
16670:
16557:
16532:D Jenkins, '
16517:Other papers
16509:
16502:
16491:
16481:
16476:AW Bradley,
16463:
16451:
16437:
16430:
16420:
16400:
16384:
16368:
16354:
16335:
16321:
16305:
16293:
16284:3rd edn 1889
16279:
16269:
16257:
16172:
16133:
16124:
16116:
16110:
16098:. Retrieved
16093:
16083:
16071:
16051:
16044:
16026:
16016:
16004:. Retrieved
16000:the original
15990:
15980:
15968:. Retrieved
15964:the original
15959:
15955:
15932:
15925:
15913:. Retrieved
15903:
15883:
15876:
15856:
15849:
15829:
15822:
15812:
15802:
15793:
15781:
15770:
15759:
15748:
15737:
15725:
15721:
15692:
15684:
15660:
15653:
15643:
15634:
15627:Lord Russell
15621:
15612:
15604:
15596:
15584:
15571:
15566:
15558:
15550:
15537:
15520:
15508:
15490:
15458:
15448:
15444:
15435:
15425:
15421:
15411:
15407:
15397:
15393:
15380:
15372:
15364:
15357:. Retrieved
15353:
15344:
15331:
15318:
15310:
15292:
15279:
15267:
15253:
15241:
15232:
15216:
15206:
15201:
15193:
15188:
15179:
15169:
15163:
15160:W Blackstone
15149:
15143:
15137:
15132:
15123:
15111:
15107:
15095:
15090:
15084:
15074:
15069:
15059:
15054:
15021:
15011:
14994:
14984:
14975:
14959:Adam and Eve
14948:
14943:
14931:
14919:
14911:
14893:
14884:
14872:
14860:
14855:
14847:
14846:DD McGarry,
14842:
14828:
14812:
14800:
14788:
14780:
14775:
14766:, while the
14758:unified the
14750:
14736:
14728:
14714:
14702:
14692:
14686:
14682:
14672:
14668:
14658:
14652:
14646:
14642:
14632:
14626:
14620:
14616:
14601:
14593:
14583:
14579:
14575:
14569:
14544:
14534:
14530:
14515:
14503:
14491:
14479:
14469:
14461:
14451:
14445:
14439:
14430:
14412:
14407:
14390:
14380:
14370:
14362:
14351:
14343:
14323:
14316:Oxford Union
14302:
14292:
14287:
14271:
14262:
14246:
14238:
14229:
14220:
14209:
14196:
14184:
14172:
14160:
14145:NHS Act 2006
14139:
14127:
14115:
14103:
14091:
14079:
14067:
14055:
14048:other duties
14038:
14025:See further
14021:
14002:
13986:
13974:
13966:
13958:
13954:
13949:
13934:
13924:
13918:
13910:
13893:
13875:
13869:
13847:
13842:
13826:
13803:
13793:
13789:
13779:
13773:
13767:
13762:
13752:
13748:
13739:
13729:
13725:
13712:
13702:
13698:
13682:
13674:
13664:
13660:
13650:
13637:
13624:
13614:
13608:
13602:
13596:
13592:
13582:
13577:
13560:
13551:
13543:
13538:
13528:
13524:
13512:
13496:
13489:, retrieved
13483:
13477:
13467:18 September
13465:. Retrieved
13462:yougov.co.uk
13461:
13452:
13443:
13432:
13424:
13416:
13400:Crown Estate
13386:
13374:
13355:
13344:
13339:
13327:
13318:
13301:
13291:
13280:royal assent
13271:
13259:
13248:
13235:
13223:
13207:
13194:
13183:
13171:
13162:
13154:
13149:
13136:See now the
13132:
13121:
13107:
13103:
13093:
13088:
13078:
13073:
13040:
13036:
13026:
13015:, retrieved
13009:
13003:
12987:
12971:
12962:
12953:
12918:
12914:
12909:
12874:
12863:
12849:
12841:
12829:
12816:
12804:
12792:
12783:
12767:
12758:
12749:
12740:
12731:
12721:
12720:. See also,
12709:
12697:
12684:
12680:
12660:
12643:
12639:
12627:
12615:
12592:
12587:
12577:
12573:
12564:
12552:
12544:
12543:UKSC 67 and
12538:
12532:
12526:
12520:
12515:
12500:
12488:
12483:widespread'.
12478:
12473:(2018) ch 8.
12470:
12460:
12451:
12434:
12417:
12404:
12391:
12380:, retrieved
12374:
12368:
12361:Earl Marshal
12345:
12331:
12315:
12290:
12278:. Retrieved
12274:
12264:
12252:. Retrieved
12248:
12239:
12227:. Retrieved
12223:
12214:
12202:. Retrieved
12198:the original
12193:
12184:
12169:
12159:
12155:
12146:
12129:
12125:
12113:
12108:
12094:
12089:
12077:
12064:
12051:
12030:
12020:
12016:
11999:
11998:See further
11994:
11982:
11978:
11962:
11958:
11950:
11944:
11940:
11930:
11926:
11916:
11912:
11902:
11898:
11888:
11884:
11866:
11860:
11850:
11844:
11839:
11831:
11826:
11813:
11803:
11790:
11778:
11771:
11761:
11755:
11750:
11740:
11731:
11727:
11717:
11713:
11703:
11699:
11689:
11685:
11668:
11659:
11655:
11624:
11614:
11610:
11601:
11592:
11584:
11576:
11568:
11560:
11551:
11544:
11534:
11526:
11510:
11506:
11491:
11483:The Republic
11481:
11471:
11461:
11452:
11441:
11435:
11420:
11413:Lord Bingham
11408:
11400:
11392:
11387:
11375:
11361:
11353:
11345:
11340:
11330:
11325:
11304:
11299:
11286:
11282:
11272:
11267:
11254:
11250:
11237:
11233:
11212:
11201:
11197:
11189:
11185:
11161:
11149:
11141:
11131:
11127:
11115:
11096:
11088:
11081:
11075:
11067:
11059:
11048:Lord Bingham
11039:
11023:
10999:
10995:
10984:
10980:
10970:
10961:
10948:
10941:
10936:
10925:
10916:
10912:
10900:
10888:
10884:
10874:
10870:
10862:
10845:
10841:
10809:
10795:
10785:
10775:
10770:
10757:
10743:
10728:
10709:
10701:
10693:
10685:
10676:
10659:
10654:
10645:
10630:
10615:
10605:
10601:
10591:
10587:
10575:
10567:
10562:
10554:
10545:
10533:. Retrieved
10530:The Guardian
10529:
10514:
10501:
10443:
10435:
10422:
10417:
10409:
10400:
10390:
10373:and the two
10348:
10344:
10336:
10331:
10319:
10308:
10287:
10271:
10250:
10237:
10233:
10220:
10214:
10205:
10199:
10194:
10185:
10179:
10051:
10036:launched a "
10034:Gordon Brown
10032:
10020:Lord Speaker
10005:
9970:
9956:
9944:
9936:Lord Scarman
9924:Eric Barendt
9921:
9870:
9792:
9728:the Americas
9689:
9665:Suffragettes
9654:
9619:
9600:
9582:. While the
9569:
9554:great famine
9547:
9518:R v Lovelass
9516:
9484:steam engine
9481:
9466:
9451:
9431:
9409:
9399:
9397:
9385:Lord King LC
9358:
9348:
9334:
9333:granted the
9324:
9309:
9294:
9287:
9247:
9245:
9206:
9191:
9185:
9178:King's Bench
9174:Common Pleas
9155:
9143:
9109:corporations
9058:
9035:
9012:
8984:
8974:
8963:
8948:
8938:
8911:
8903:
8473:Scotland Act
7555:
7517:
7511:
7509:
7501:
7495:, where the
7482:
7403:
7371:World War II
7368:
7324:
7299:human rights
7296:
7263:Human rights
7245:
7222:
7159:
7147:
7127:
7115:
7103:
7080:
6969:NHS Act 2006
6730:
6719:
6685:
6678:
6665:
6661:
6634:
6632:
6625:
6619:
6609:
6585:
6565:
6549:Crown Estate
6545:Crown Estate
6534:
6523:
6489:
6448:
6344:
6330:
6318:
6306:
6294:
6282:
6222:
6210:
6125:
6106:
6098:
6087:
6081:
6046:
6032:. Since the
5998:criminal law
5982:County Court
5979:
5971:
5967:
5955:
5917:
5900:ss 11 and 33
5862:arts 251-281
5744:
5727:
5719:
5691:
5620:
5612:
5609:
5597:
5590:
5588:
5583:Commonwealth
5568:
5548:royal assent
5532:
5488:
5458:
5358:
5344:
5332:
5199:
5187:royal assent
5179:
5155:
5128:Institutions
5122:
5110:
5102:
5082:
5078:
5062:
5014:
4990:
4951:
4924:
4909:
4898:
4883:
4882:In 1774, in
4881:
4867:Lord Holt CJ
4839:
4734:
4720:
4708:
4702:
4688:
4676:
4664:
4652:
4630:
4554:
4532:
4520:
4516:Lord Holt CJ
4509:
4506:
4498:
4494:World War II
4486:human rights
4475:
4439:
4425:
4411:
4399:
4387:
4373:
4361:
4349:
4337:
4208:
4193:
4161:
4159:
4126:
4124:
4111:human rights
4088:human rights
4084:
4061:
4055:
4046:Lord Halifax
4035:
4029:
3997:
3989:human rights
3969:
3945:
3933:
3911:
3897:
3883:
3871:
3859:
3847:
3833:
3821:
3744:
3721:
3695:created the
3687:created the
3678:
3664:High Speed 2
3653:
3651:
3635:
3624:
3585:
3580:human rights
3514:
3479:
3463:
3452:was held at
3429:obiter dicta
3427:
3409:
3407:
3387:trade unions
3364:
3341:
3320:
3304:
3264:
3254:
3242:
3228:
3216:
3202:
3190:
3183:3 All ER 484
3178:
3166:
3154:
3144:
2925:
2894:
2863:
2857:
2854:Claude Monet
2847:
2573:South Africa
2558:Saudi Arabia
2279:Saint Helena
2071:
2041:Subdivisions
2027:
2012:Subdivisions
1998:
1904:Subdivisions
1890:
1836:
1793:
1760:John Swinney
1752:
1719:
1683:
1669:
1650:
1637:Metro mayors
1602:
1561:
1505:
1501:
1457:
1453:
1404:
1400:
1356:
1352:
1298:
1294:
988:
984:
907:
900:
893:
886:
841:
834:
827:
820:
813:
804:
797:
787:
728:
715:
706:
699:
687:Lord Speaker
685:
676:
669:
661:
654:
638:
631:
587:
579:
568:Keir Starmer
566:
553:
540:
527:
518:
511:
500:
495:
488:
481:
442:Royal family
433:
426:
417:
412:
400:
332:Constitution
331:
296:trade unions
260:
244:
196:
146:, Wales and
142:Kingdoms of
81:
64:
62:
29:
19147:Health care
19055:Health care
18961:Health care
18869:Health care
18777:Anglosphere
18652:Social care
18607:Immigration
18550:Drug policy
18314:Departments
18242:Nationality
18015:Agriculture
17948:terminology
17915:City status
17786:Since 1979
17637:Hue and cry
17632:Bloody Code
17602:New Zealand
17511:Company law
17427:English law
17328:New Zealand
17149:English law
17057:Isle of Man
16992:recognition
16961:Switzerland
16896:Netherlands
16583:, ucl.ac.uk
16351:FW Maitland
16302:J Froissart
16270:Rule of Law
16022:Dicey, A.V.
15477:had bought
15453:EWHC KB J98
15359:14 November
14937:Book I, 173
14877:Magna Carta
14809:FW Maitland
14797:FW Maitland
14733:J Froissart
14602:Rule of Law
14377:O de Gouges
14328:Magna Carta
14044:DCLG duties
14008:IFS, BN 250
13923:UKSC 4 and
13920:Sugar v BBC
13778:EWHC 2746,
13666:Nissan v AG
13518:EWHC KB J22
13367:SI 2017/438
13350:Independent
12881:ss 1-3 and
12634:ss 319-333.
12545:Moohan v UK
12534:McHugh v UK
12359:" and the "
12099:UKSC 5 and
11904:Luke v Lyde
11868:R v Hampden
11846:Bate's case
11819:Magna Carta
11785:J. Habermas
11581:J. Habermas
11427:Lord Bridge
11397:A. V. Dicey
11150:Rule of Law
11121:EWHC KB J98
11064:A. V. Dicey
11040:Rule of Law
10698:A. V. Dicey
10580:Magna Carta
10535:20 December
10428:EWHC KB J98
10355:Magna Carta
9885:rule of law
9584:Crimean War
9566:revolutions
9540:during the
9465:called for
9449:from 1788.
9166:Edward Coke
9105:Anne Boleyn
9101:Elizabeth I
9099:at age 15,
9069:Anne Boleyn
9046:Black Death
9042:common land
9038:Middle Ages
9007:Magna Carta
8950:Curia Regis
8928:were fully
8896:Black Death
8131:Peerage Act
7524:prohibition
7320:common land
7311:Magna Carta
7133:enumerated
7118:Council Tax
7073:. The only
6816:1998 ss 1β6
6659:elections.
6596:Rishi Sunak
6465:Charles III
6459:His Majesty
6382:ss 3, 20-24
6157:UK monarchy
5994:Crown Court
5958:rule of law
5742:business."
5569:Today, the
5515:aristocracy
5246:rule of law
5119:Conventions
5107:Court cases
5063:Due to the
4960:. From the
4855:Edward Coke
4847:Magna Carta
4470:Magna Carta
4172:rule of law
4099:rule of law
4042:John Entick
4024:rule of law
3972:rule of law
3849:McCann v UK
3826:EWHC KB J98
3774:Rule of law
3764:Theresa May
3647:Lord Bridge
3576:rule of law
3360:Edward Coke
3322:Common land
3318:" to rule.
3308:Magna Carta
2901:Magna Carta
2890:rule of law
2543:New Zealand
2538:Netherlands
2428:Visa policy
2406:UK passport
2168:Isle of Man
2095:Communities
2045:Sheriffdoms
1863:(1999β2011)
1627:London Plan
943:referendums
784:Charles III
764:List of MPs
735:Rishi Sunak
663:Charles III
625:Legislature
602:Departments
497:Charles III
452:Prerogative
414:Charles III
402:The Monarch
366:Rule of law
339:Magna Carta
112:Magna Carta
96:rule of law
19271:Categories
19113:Government
19021:Government
19016:Parliament
18732:Literature
18612:Innovation
18545:Demography
18440:(currency)
18289:Government
18247:Parliament
18171:Devolution
18166:Corruption
18101:Materials
18035:geothermal
17719:Chronology
17622:Common law
17536:Family law
17521:Labour law
17343:Common law
17188:Labour law
16931:San Marino
16891:Montenegro
16871:Luxembourg
16851:Kazakhstan
16754:Azerbaijan
16510:Public Law
16427:FL Neumann
16417:FL Neumann
16370:On Liberty
16318:I Jennings
16163:V Bogdanor
16155:A Blick, '
16145:References
16034:. p.
16030:. London:
16006:31 January
15915:9 November
15701:. p.
15625:Letter to
15524:Using the
15315:John Locke
14986:Surueyenge
14890:W Langland
14859:T Purser,
14609:ss 171-177
14594:Public Law
14523:ss 2 and 5
14486:arts 5-11.
14414:jus cogens
14247:Public Law
14151:ss 46-47.
14147:ss 74-82.
14029:ss 65-68.
13707:AC 75, 101
13613:2 AC 513,
13421:I Jennings
13276:Queen Anne
12620:PPERA 2000
12399:, see the
12395:Following
12040:common law
11832:Institutes
11607:D. Feldman
11598:R. Dworkin
11458:Thucydides
11431:Lord Woolf
11146:T. Bingham
11036:T. Bingham
10484:, and the
10432:T. Bingham
10406:T. Bingham
9977:Tony Blair
9960:common law
9912:See also:
9831:Convention
9367:dominated
9284:John Locke
9260:Parliament
9252:Charles II
9221:ship money
9140:John Locke
9067:and marry
9061:Henry VIII
9019:Robin Hood
8980:common law
8943:, in 1070
8894:after the
8892:repression
8890:following
7528:injunction
7513:certiorari
7477:High Court
7414:Convention
7410:Convention
7395:Strasbourg
7377:, the new
7346:after the
7342:, and the
7325:After the
7248:convention
6681:Henry VIII
6674:family law
6645:Article 50
6604:Parliament
6473:since 1708
6469:hereditary
6311:1 WLR 1037
6116:heads the
6089:sub judice
6049:common law
6006:labour law
5986:High Court
5840:arts 92-96
5501:, and the
5491:Parliament
5397:ss 319-333
5252:Parliament
5200:Under the
5191:convention
5158:Parliament
5065:uncodified
5049:referendum
4931:illegality
4892:held that
4133:arms trade
4076:Megarry VC
4040:a writer,
3703:created a
3669:party whip
3621:Commission
3619:, and the
3590:after the
3537:Strasbourg
3525:common law
3506:World Bank
3486:UN Charter
3365:After the
2952:referendum
2942:, and the
2838:Principles
2260:Montserrat
1851:Government
1767:Government
1610:Sadiq Khan
1538:Devolution
1229:1974 (Oct)
1224:1974 (Feb)
1144:1910 (Dec)
916:Currencies
754:Opposition
447:Succession
292:fair trial
182:, joining
116:Parliament
37:Parliament
19142:Education
19098:Geography
19050:Education
19006:Geography
18956:Education
18927:Executive
18912:Geography
18864:Education
18837:Geography
18617:Languages
18555:Education
18481:Transport
18319:Ministers
18205:Judiciary
18176:Elections
18116:Wildlife
18025:biodiesel
18007:Resources
17997:Volcanoes
17987:Mountains
17972:Coastline
17874:Geography
17828:1814β1919
17790:political
17775:political
17727:Formation
17607:Singapore
17592:Hong Kong
17577:Australia
17476:Trust law
17313:Hong Kong
17298:Australia
17164:Welsh law
17159:Scots law
17047:Gibraltar
16866:Lithuania
16677:UKSC 24,
16673:UKHL 32,
16471:Textbooks
16254:W Bagehot
16215:, (2013)
16204:F Kessler
15996:Charter88
15970:6 October
15799:JM Keynes
15699:Routledge
15601:T Malthus
15555:J Bentham
15464:98 ER 499
15410:reversed
15255:Leviathan
15100:77 ER 377
15081:76 ER 637
15029:ruled as
14908:John Stow
14793:F Pollock
14571:GCHQ case
14348:J Bentham
14191:ss 59-106
14167:ss 45-73A
14134:ss 25-31A
14098:ss 3A-458
14074:ss 65-223
14033:regs 8-31
13498:subjects.
13324:W Bagehot
13278:withheld
13218:(SI 2192)
13140:s 33 and
13057:0008-1973
12998:division.
12856:Tony Benn
12308:Australia
12297:s 4. The
12280:5 January
12254:5 January
12229:5 January
12204:5 January
12194:www.bl.uk
12009:Lord Kerr
11964:R v Lyons
11797:Basic Law
11766:UKSC 41,
11468:Aristotle
11447:charade."
11350:W Bagehot
11020:T Bingham
10967:Aristotle
10718:Part XIII
10464:of men),
10297:Part XIII
10222:R v Lyons
9847:austerity
9706:with the
9667:that the
9576:Karl Marx
9534:Chartists
9500:Corn Laws
9496:poor laws
9447:Australia
9430:ruled in
9398:In 1765,
9274:, with a
9233:Whitehall
9209:Charles I
9176:and then
9097:Edward VI
9027:Henry III
9003:King John
8999:Holy Land
8884:John Ball
7564:countries
7433:, and to
7364:Chartists
7143:companies
7071:City Hall
7020:ss 59β106
7001:ss 45β73A
6961:ss 25β31A
6931:ss 3Aβ458
6909:ss 65β223
6855:ss 52AβZY
6710:Charles I
6698:Whitehall
6687:GCHQ case
6496:Charles I
6147:Executive
6057:contracts
6024:" to the
5761:Judiciary
5639:Australia
5387:ss 71-115
5150:judiciary
4690:R v Lyons
4296:ECHR 1950
4240:Democracy
4234:Democracy
4184:Lord Reed
4115:democracy
3568:democracy
3383:Chartists
3375:sovereign
3352:judiciary
2878:Civil War
2578:Palestine
2563:Singapore
2476:Hong Kong
2441:Australia
2341:UK-OT JMC
2254:Gibraltar
2021:Districts
1955:Districts
1872:Welsh law
1787:Scots law
1698:Executive
939:Elections
921:Banknotes
815:President
779:Judiciary
607:Ministers
475:Executive
389:The Crown
238:, or the
214:, or the
100:democracy
19261:Politics
19205:Category
19157:Religion
19103:Politics
19070:Religion
19011:Politics
18999:timeline
18986:Scotland
18971:Religion
18922:Assembly
18917:Politics
18884:Religion
18842:Politics
18830:timeline
18747:Religion
18727:Identity
18590:Scotland
18535:Cannabis
18461:Taxation
18348:Military
18230:monarchs
18225:Monarchy
18145:Politics
18105:forestry
18085:Scottish
18076:Fishing
17935:Physical
17855:Taxation
17850:Military
17840:Maritime
17813:Economic
17806:By topic
17771:Postwar
17765:military
17760:civilian
17752:Interwar
17651:Category
17567:Scotland
17486:Case law
17461:Tort law
17362:See also
17067:Svalbard
17052:Guernsey
16999:Abkhazia
16946:Slovenia
16941:Slovakia
16916:Portugal
16774:Bulgaria
16590:Archived
16554:(1907).
16529:' (2007)
16523:C Gearty
16488:H Kelsen
16478:KD Ewing
16359:CUP 1919
16290:H Arendt
16276:AV Dicey
16189:Archived
16182:KD Ewing
16150:Articles
16134:BBC News
16024:(1915).
15541:See the
15250:T Hobbes
15145:R v Love
14762:and the
14421:and the
14398:and the
14086:ss 13-39
14011:Archived
13961:(2012).
13871:Dunn v R
13392:BBC News
13313:in 1776.
13282:for the
13263:See the
13241:Guardian
13230:ss 70-79
13228:CRA 2005
13212:CRA 2005
13083:UKHL 41.
12926:Archived
12820:See the
12601:Archived
12429:of 1909.
12138:Archived
11830:Coke, 1
11674:Archived
11500:Preamble
11498:(1950),
11369:ss 108β9
11180:others."
10972:Politics
10732:See the
10505:See the
10385:and the
10299:and the
10291:See the
10278:and the
10081:See also
10066:repealed
10056:and the
10024:Law Lord
9813:and the
9789:of 1991.
9550:Chartism
9303:and the
9248:de facto
9119:and the
8991:the Pope
8985:In 1190
8976:Henry II
8918:Scotland
7562:and its
7536:contract
7519:mandamus
7493:contract
7362:and the
7348:American
7305:and the
7224:Scotland
7217:Holyrood
7087:Scotland
7069:work at
6981:ss 46β47
6971:ss 74β82
6921:ss 13β39
6078:, London
5830:s 25(11)
5728:Several
5581:and the
5465:2 QB 257
5350:ECHR 191
5296:arts 1-4
5224:and the
5214:Treasury
5193:, since
5113:case law
4995:and the
4822:ss 20-23
4225:and the
4107:legality
4032:legality
3952:2 AC 513
3938:1 AC 377
3715:and the
3679:Fourth,
3572:equality
3422:and the
3261:UKSC 24
3032:arts 1β4
2903:and the
2884:and the
2866:codified
2774:Scotland
2603:Zimbabwe
2593:Portugal
2583:Pakistan
2528:Malaysia
2446:Barbados
2215:Anguilla
2140:Alderney
2135:Guernsey
2029:Scotland
2016:Counties
1823:2006 Act
1747:2016 Act
1743:2012 Act
1721:Scotland
1703:Assembly
1664:2006 Act
1595:2007 Act
888:Governor
862:Scotland
612:Agencies
306:a series
278:against
190:and the
148:Scotland
130:and the
19223:Portals
19189:Outline
19162:Symbols
19152:Culture
19135:tourism
19130:Economy
19093:History
19075:Symbols
19065:Culture
19043:tourism
19038:Economy
18994:History
18976:Symbols
18966:Culture
18949:tourism
18944:Economy
18907:History
18889:Symbols
18879:Culture
18857:tourism
18852:Economy
18820:History
18812:England
18762:Theatre
18757:Symbols
18715:Cuisine
18692:Culture
18662:Suicide
18632:Poverty
18597:Housing
18585:England
18523:Society
18499:Driving
18471:Tourism
18389:Economy
18297:Cabinet
18097:Hunting
18080:English
17977:Geology
17960:Climate
17710:History
17557:UK-wide
17466:Privacy
17323:Ireland
17174:Company
16971:Ukraine
16921:Romania
16881:Moldova
16839:Ireland
16834:Iceland
16829:Hungary
16819:Germany
16814:Georgia
16804:Finland
16799:Estonia
16794:Denmark
16779:Croatia
16764:Belgium
16759:Belarus
16749:Austria
16744:Armenia
16739:Andorra
16734:Albania
16681:UKSC 3.
16596:, bl.uk
16381:JS Mill
16365:JS Mill
16332:J Locke
16100:30 July
16055:. ISR.
15576:(1792)
15483:England
15462:(1772)
15385:(1776)
15377:A Smith
15337:Holt CJ
15323:(1689)
15244:(1938)
15156:Holt CJ
15079:(1584)
15058:James,
14898:(1370)
14815:(1909)
14803:(1899)
14743:251β252
14722:s 31(1)
14498:s 31(3)
14354:(1789)
14297:UKSC 43
14122:ss 6-13
14110:ss 1-13
13784:AC 417.
13643:Rockall
13491:15 June
13296:courts.
13253:UKSC 51
13200:H Laski
13144:s 11(3)
13065:4505935
13017:15 June
12690:UKSC 40
12651:, per
12649:UKHL 15
12465:(1861)
12457:JS Mill
12382:15 June
12059:(1969).
12005:UKSC 16
11988:UKSC 47
11968:UKHL 44
11737:UKHL 15
11667:14(12)
11632:(1948)
11292:UKSC 51
11260:UKHL 60
11243:UKHL 60
11205:ECHR 10
11175:and is
11044:private
11032:4500873
11005:UKHL 56
10879:UKSC 3.
10865:UKHL 7.
10835:EU ROPE
10790:UKHL 2.
10782:art. 11
10737:ss. 1β8
10716:(1919)
10665:UKHL 33
10518:In the
10459:⁄
10295:(1919)
10258:secure
10226:UKHL 44
10211:UKSC 51
9720:in Asia
9683:in the
9601:In the
9536:met on
9416:slavery
9349:asiento
9286:in his
9239:led by
9172:of the
8955:monarch
8926:Ireland
8914:England
7542:History
7423:privacy
7419:liberty
7099:England
6951:ss 6β13
6941:ss 1β13
6865:ss 1β15
6722:cabinet
6706:Big Ben
6702:cabinet
6647:of the
6598:of the
6494:led to
6299:UKSC 48
5992:or the
5984:or the
5922:UKHL 41
5811:ch XXIX
5747:Riksdag
5503:monarch
5364:UKSC 40
5059:Sources
4903:." The
4894:slavery
4740:UKSC 16
4726:UKSC 47
4710:Kadi II
4694:UKHL 44
4623:, ch 41
4537:or the
4445:UKHL 15
4432:UKHL 15
4380:UKPC 23
4366:UKSC 51
3916:UKSC 51
3890:UKHL 60
3876:UKHL 71
3864:UKHL 56
3564:freedom
3385:to the
3221:UKHL 56
3208:UKHL 33
3095:s 2(1)
3083:s 38(1)
3012:sources
2955:in 2016
2756:England
2650:history
2611:Ireland
2498:Germany
2488:Denmark
2451:Belgium
2385:history
2221:Bermuda
2080:History
2036:History
2007:History
1908:Regions
1899:History
1892:England
1563:England
1049:1832β33
717:Speaker
529:Cabinet
290:, to a
284:torture
276:liberty
247:monarch
228:cabinet
144:England
19210:Portal
19108:Senedd
18825:social
18710:Cinema
18705:Anthem
18647:Racism
18602:Hunger
18575:Health
18428:Income
18413:Budget
18110:mining
18050:marine
18020:Energy
17992:Rivers
17965:change
17818:Empire
17795:social
17780:social
17658:Portal
17627:Equity
17587:Canada
17348:Equity
17303:Canada
17241:Trusts
17062:Jersey
17004:Kosovo
16966:Turkey
16956:Sweden
16936:Serbia
16926:Russia
16911:Poland
16906:Norway
16886:Monaco
16856:Latvia
16824:Greece
16809:France
16784:Cyprus
16720:Europe
16560:
16484:(2018)
16460:S Webb
16456:(1890)
16448:B Webb
16444:S Webb
16433:(1957)
16423:(1944)
16402:Utopia
16397:T More
16298:(1963)
16272:(2010)
16262:(1867)
16241:S Webb
16235:S Webb
16177:online
16059:
15891:
15864:
15837:
15807:(1919)
15731:UKHL 1
15709:
15672:
15561:(1796)
15545:, etc.
15471:Boston
15064:(1598)
15013:Utopia
15008:T More
14968:beaten
14963:velvet
14955:250β52
14914:(1592)
14709:ss 3-6
14539:QB 815
14385:(1791)
14356:art II
14308:Cogers
14155:s 1-6A
13963:S Webb
13929:UKHL 9
13798:AC 374
13734:AC 584
13649:. See
13533:UKSC 5
13394:. See
13369:art 2.
13363:ss 1-6
13098:AC 765
13063:
13055:
12899:T Benn
12799:ss 1-2
12559:ss 1-5
12403:, the
12353:ss 1-2
12118:HC 363
11879:art 4.
11789:15(4)
11777:71(7)
11708:QB 151
11641:art 25
11550:29(1)
11310:UKHL 5
11192:Ch 344
11154:public
11080:81(5)
11030:
10954:UKSC 5
10922:UKSC 5
10894:UKSC 5
10803:art. 2
10784:, see
10438:(2008)
10412:(2008)
10381:, the
10377:. The
10369:, the
10361:, the
10357:, the
10243:UKSC 3
9973:Labour
9837:. The
9793:Under
9738:, the
9724:Africa
9700:Hitler
9343:. The
9198:equity
9168:, the
9059:Under
8930:formed
7461:, and
7275:, and
7201:, and
7095:London
6991:s 1β6A
6887:ss 1β5
6760:, and
6547:. The
6401:ss 1-5
6350:UKSC 3
6337:UKSC 5
6323:AC 374
6167:, and
6065:trusts
6053:equity
6030:EU law
5709:, and
5653:, the
5499:courts
5495:church
5441:ss 1-2
5325:s 1(3)
5307:ss 1-2
5220:, the
5216:, the
5025:EU law
4935:monist
4704:Kadi I
4577:, and
4404:QB 151
4314:art 25
3904:QB 458
3747:Brexit
3699:, the
3691:, the
3633:said.
3608:EU law
3574:, the
3504:, the
3401:. The
3393:. The
3247:UKSC 5
3235:UKSC 3
3195:UKHL 7
3171:AC 765
3071:ss 3β6
3043:ss 1β2
2973:, and
2938:, the
2934:, the
2930:, the
2880:, the
2876:, the
2858:parler
2656:Brexit
2588:Poland
2553:Russia
2548:Norway
2508:Israel
2493:France
2483:Cyprus
2466:Canada
2461:Brunei
2456:Belize
1856:Senedd
286:, and
150:, the
126:, the
94:, the
73:codify
19196:Index
19085:Wales
18752:Sport
18742:Music
18737:Media
18677:Waste
18540:Crime
18504:Roads
18401:Banks
18125:flora
18120:fauna
18090:Welsh
18065:solar
17920:Towns
17597:India
17572:Wales
17318:India
17273:Scots
17264:Scots
17255:Scots
17246:Scots
17232:Scots
17223:Scots
17037:Γ
land
16951:Spain
16876:Malta
16846:Italy
16248:Books
15578:ch IX
15469:from
15408:Keech
15325:ch IX
15158:. cf
15136:e.g.
15006:. cf
14821:Witan
14279:Sch 5
14200:e.g.
14176:e.g.
13766:e.g.
13061:JSTOR
12376:1999)
12068:e.g.
11817:e.g.
11754:e.g.
11649:art 4
11596:e.g.
11478:Plato
11318:Zaire
11303:e.g.
11169:art 8
11028:JSTOR
10931:228."
10509:Sch 4
10153:Notes
9414:that
9331:Spain
9295:With
8970:taxes
8922:Wales
7228:Wales
7083:Wales
6437:, at
6287:AC 75
6256:art 4
6061:torts
5973:1966
5850:art 6
5164:each
4645:art 4
4329:art 4
3022:cl 12
2787:Wales
2568:Spain
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2518:Japan
2513:Italy
2503:India
2471:China
2073:Wales
1795:Wales
926:Coins
18720:Wine
18336:list
18324:list
18302:list
18198:LGBT
18070:wind
18030:coal
17275:and
17266:and
17257:and
17248:and
17234:and
17225:and
17216:and
17176:and
16496:1952
16446:and
16411:1901
16391:1861
16375:1859
16342:1689
16326:1940
16312:1895
16102:2016
16057:ISBN
16008:2010
15972:2007
15917:2014
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15835:ISBN
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15670:ISBN
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15299:and
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12467:ch 5
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12322:and
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12256:2023
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9134:The
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8827:2022
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8767:2019
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8737:2017
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8667:2015
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8637:2014
8627:2013
8617:2012
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8597:2011
8587:2011
8577:2011
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8547:2009
8537:2009
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8517:2005
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1959:list
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1524:2016
1519:2011
1514:1975
1496:Next
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