2087:
421:
1996:
2032:
1741:
1135:
1123:
2044:
2020:
397:
2008:
1452:
409:
2067:
179:
446:
434:
385:
1032:
1340:
739:
33:
3795:
3761:
277: inch) thick, covers the inner surface of the mould. This is repeated until the desired thickness is reached. Another method is to fill the entire mould with molten wax and let it cool until a desired thickness has set on the surface of the mould. After this the rest of the wax is poured out again, the mould is turned upside down and the wax layer is left to cool and harden. With this method it is more difficult to control the overall thickness of the wax layer.
1628:
187:
1561:
646:
622:
593:
932:
420:
466:
ranges roughly from 3.5 to 15 centimeters tall and wide, is put over the sprue base and the waxes. Most sprue bases have a circular rim which grips the standard-sized flask, holding it in place. Investment (refractory plaster) is mixed and poured into the flask, filling it. It hardens, then is burned out as outlined above. Casting is usually done straight from the kiln either by
604:
sculpture is removed by applying heat to the bottom of the mold. This melts out the wax (the wax is 'lost') and destroys the original sculpture. The mold is then placed in a kiln upside down with a funnel-like cup on top that holds small chunks of glass. When the kiln is brought up to temperature (1450-1530 degrees
Fahrenheit), the glass chunks melt and flow down into the mold.
323:. This shell is allowed to dry, and the process is repeated until at least a half-inch coating covers the entire piece. The bigger the piece, the thicker the shell needs to be. Only the inside of the cup is not coated, and the cup's flat top serves as the base upon which the piece stands during this process. The core is also filled with fire-proof material.
1954:. It provides step-by-step procedures for making various articles, some by lost-wax casting: "The Copper Wind Chest and Its Conductor" (Chapter 84); "Tin Cruets" (Chapter 88), and "Casting Bells" (Chapter 85), which call for using "tallow" instead of wax; and "The Cast Censer". In Chapters 86 and 87 Theophilus details how to divide the wax into differing
333:, whose heat hardens the silica coatings into a shell, and the wax melts and runs out. The melted wax can be recovered and reused, although it is often simply burned up. Now all that remains of the original artwork is the negative space formerly occupied by the wax, inside the hardened ceramic shell. The feeder, vent tubes and cup are also now hollow.
994:). The bronze casting technique and making of bronze images of traditional icons reached a high stage of development in South India during the medieval period. Although bronze images were modelled and cast during the Pallava Period in the eighth and ninth centuries, some of the most beautiful and exquisite statues were produced during the
190:
189:
194:
193:
188:
195:
1584:, there was an unmistakable rise of lost-wax casting in the central plains of China, first witnessed in the Chu cultural sphere. Further investigations have revealed this not to be the case as it is clear that the piece-mould casting method was the principal technique used to manufacture bronze vessels in
998:
Period in Tamil Nadu from the tenth to the twelfth century. The technique and art of fashioning bronze images is still skillfully practised in South India, particularly in
Kumbakonam. The distinguished patron during the tenth century was the widowed Chola queen, Sembiyan Maha Devi. Chola bronzes are
520:
In dentistry, gold crowns, inlays and onlays are made by the lost-wax technique. Application of Lost Wax technique for the fabrication of cast inlay was first reported by
Taggart. A typical gold alloy is about 60% gold and 28% silver with copper and other metals making up the rest. Careful attention
308:
with a treelike structure of wax that will eventually provide paths for the molten casting material to flow and for air to escape. The carefully planned spruing usually begins at the top with a wax "cup," which is attached by wax cylinders to various points on the wax copy. The spruing does not have
3696:
Taylor, S.E. (1978). Dark-Age metal casting: An experimental investigation into the possibility of using wax models for the formation of clay-piece moulds, with special reference to the manufacture of pairs of cast objects (Report). The
Department of Archaeology Cardiff. Vol. 97. University of
260:
with keys is placed between the parts during construction so that the mould can be put back together accurately. If there are long, thin pieces extending out of the model, they are often cut off of the original and moulded separately. Sometimes many moulds are needed to recreate the original model,
529:
In this process, the wax and the textile are both replaced by the metal during the casting process, whereby the fabric reinforcement allows for a thinner model, and thus reduces the amount of metal expended in the mould. Evidence of this process is seen by the textile relief on the reverse side of
465:
vary somewhat from those used for sculpture. A wax model is obtained either from injection into a rubber mould or by being custom-made by carving. The wax or waxes are sprued and fused onto a rubber base, called a "sprue base". Then a metal flask, which resembles a short length of steel pipe that
603:
The lost-wax casting process may also be used in the production of cast glass sculptures. The original sculpture is made from wax. The sculpture is then covered with mold material (e.g., plaster), except for the bottom of the mold which must remain open. When the mold has hardened, the encased
426:
Step 4: The hollow paraffin apple is covered with a final, fire-proof mould, in this case clay-based, an open view. The core is also filled with fire-proof material. Note the stainless steel core supports. In the next step (not shown), the mould is heated in an oven upside-down and the wax is
2086:
192:
297:
where the pieces of the mould came together. The wax is dressed to hide any imperfections. The wax now looks like the finished piece. Wax pieces that were moulded separately can now be heated and attached; foundries often use registration marks to indicate exactly where they
365:
Just as the wax copies were chased, the casting is worked until the telltale signs of the casting process are removed, so that the casting now looks like the original model. Pits left by air bubbles in the casting and the stubs of the spruing are filed down and
1448:(Etruria), which, like most statues, was cast in several parts which were then joined. Geometric bronzes such as the four copper horses of San Marco (Venice, probably 2nd century) are other prime examples of statues cast in many parts.
1995:
214:
Casts can be made of the wax model itself, the direct method, or of a wax copy of a model that need not be of wax, the indirect method. These are the steps for the indirect process (the direct method starts at step 7):
191:
396:
445:
135:, to date to circa 3500 BC. Other examples from somewhat later periods are from Mesopotamia in the third millennium BC. Lost-wax casting was widespread in Europe until the 18th century, when a
2066:
1651:(1000â701 BC) flesh-hooks have been shown to be made using a lost-wax process. The Little Thetford flesh-hook, in particular, employed distinctly inventive construction methods. The intricate
2031:
1879:, refers directly to the modeling of wax for making metal objects in chapter XIV: "if an image is to be made of metal, it must first be made of wax." Chapter 68 of the ancient Sanskrit text
359:
The shell is hammered or sand-blasted away, releasing the rough casting. The sprues, which are also faithfully recreated in metal, are cut off, the material to be reused in another casting.
2043:
343:
will flow freely through the feeder and vent tubes. Cracks or leaks can be patched with thick refractory paste. To test the thickness, holes can be drilled into the shell, then patched.
236:
is made of the original model or sculpture. The rigid outer moulds contain the softer inner mould, which is the exact negative of the original model. Inner moulds are usually made of
353:
in a furnace, then poured carefully into the shell. The shell has to be hot because otherwise the temperature difference would shatter it. The filled shells are then allowed to cool.
1262:
3928:
692:â2750 BC, the lost-wax technique was used for small-scale, and then later large-scale copper and bronze statues. One of the earliest surviving lost-wax castings is a small lion
521:
to tooth preparation, impression taking and laboratory technique are required to make this type of restoration a success. Dental laboratories make other items this way as well.
283:. This hollow wax copy of the original model is removed from the mould. The model-maker may reuse the mould to make multiple copies, limited only by the durability of the mould.
3888:
1066:. Some of the bangles from Ban Na Di revealed a dark grey substance between the central clay core and the metal, which on analysis was identified as an unrefined form of
1486:
largely are unavailable due to the common practice in later periods of melting down pieces to reuse their materials. Much of the evidence for these products come from
608:
time is usually 3â5 days, and total kiln time is 5 or more days. After the mold is removed from the kiln, the mold material is removed to reveal the sculpture inside.
433:
319:, or dry crystalline silica of a controlled grain size. The slurry and grit combination is called ceramic shell mould material, although it is not literally made of
408:
349:
The shell is reheated in the kiln to harden the patches and remove all traces of moisture, then placed cup-upward into a tub filled with sand. Metal is melted in a
1572:
There is great variability in the use of the lost-wax method in East Asia. The casting method to make bronzes till the early phase of
Eastern Zhou (770-256
1796:
1881:
2130:
637:. They are believed to be both some of the oldest known manufactured golden objects, and the oldest objects known to have been made using lost wax casting.
2019:
3094:"The Dunaverney and Little Thetford Flesh-Hooks: history, technology and their position within the Later Bronze Age Atlantic Zone feasting complex"
1917:
107:
The oldest known examples of this technique are approximately 6,500 years old (4550â4450 BC) and attributed to gold artefacts found at
Bulgaria's
1869:
2611:
Kenoyer, J.M.; Miller, H.M.-L. (1999). "Metal technologies of the Indus Valley tradition in
Pakistan and western India". In Pigott, V.C. (ed.).
2826:
Bonomi, S.; Martini, G.; Poli, G.; Prandstraller, D. "Modernity of Early
Metallurgy: Studies on an Etruscan Anthropomorphic Bronze Handle". In
2155:"On the Invention of Gold Metallurgy: The Gold Objects from the Varna I Cemetery (Bulgaria)âTechnological Consequence and Inventive Creativity"
1410:
3093:
1912:
1807:
1083:
513:. The foam supports the sand, allowing shapes that would be impossible if the process had to rely on the sand alone. The metal is poured in,
1833:
documents the casting of statues in parts, whose moulds may have been produced by the lost wax process. Scenes on the early-5th century BC
2007:
1048:
776:, produced some of the earliest known examples of lost-wax casting applied to the casting of copper alloys, a bronze figurine, found at
2808:
Giumlia-Mair, A.; Vitre, S.; Corazza, S. "Iron Age Copper-Based Finds from the
Necropolis of Paularo in the Italian Oriental Alps". In
1944:, wrote a treatise in the early-to-mid-12th century that includes original work and copied information from other sources, such as the
3936:
3533:
Konkova, L.V.; Korol, G.G. "South
Siberian imports in eastern Europe in the 10thâ13th centuries: Traditions of metalworking". In
1655:(1104â1113 AD) was made as a single-piece wax model, then given a complex system of gates and vents before being invested in a mould.
1513:
Some Late Bronze Age sites in Cyprus have produced cast bronze figures of humans and animals. One example is the male figure found at
1429:) were made using the lost-wax technique. The better known lost-wax produced items from the classical world include the "Praying Boy"
3827:
4998:
182:
On the left is an example of a rubber mould, often used in the lost-wax process, and on the right is the finished bronze sculpture.
3594:. Second International Conference on the Beginning of the Use of Metals and Alloys. Zhengzhou, China: MIT Press (published 1988).
802:
in the district of Ahmedabad of Gujarat, and likely a covered cart with wheels missing and a complete cart with a driver found at
3896:
1437:
3730:. Archaeometallurgy in Europe: International Conference. Milan, IT: Associazione Italiana di Metallurgia. 24â26 September 2003.
3130:
3349:
Mattusch, C.C. (October 1980). "The Berlin Foundry Cup: The Casting of Greek Bronze Statuary in the Early Fifth Century B.C.".
370:
Prior to silica-based casting moulds, these moulds were made of a variety of other fire-proof materials, the most common being
204:
3947:
3912:
3735:
3715:
3599:
3510:
3480:
3414:
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3278:
3011:
2890:
2792:
2716:
2688:
2552:
2483:
2451:
2372:
2345:
2309:
384:
267:
Once the mould is finished, molten wax is poured into it and swished around until an even coating, usually about 3 mm (
4238:
146:
to foundry (in modern industrial use, the process is called investment casting). Variations of the process include: "lost
3992:
3472:
Metallurgy in Antiquity, Part 1: Early metallurgy, the smith and his tools, gold, silver, and lead, zinc, and bronze
1094:
concerning the lost-wax technique. The sites exhibiting artifacts made by the lost-mould process in Vietnam, such as the
876:
1616:
2001:
A wax model is sprued with vents for casting metal and for the release of air, and covered in heat-resistant material.
3686:
3626:
2863:
1351:
period (17th century BC). About 10cm long with lost-wax cast feet and head and repoussé body, from an excavation on
912:) from Chausa in Bihar should be mentioned here as well. Other notable bronze figures and images have been found in
809:
During the post-Harappan period, hoards of copper and bronze implements made by the lost-wax process are known from
4983:
1178:
mastered bronze during the 16th century, produced portraiture and reliefs in the metal using the lost wax process.
467:
2880:
2782:
2631:
Higham, C. "Prehistoric Metallurgy in Southeast Asia: Some New Information from the Excavation of Ban Na Di". In
1968:
1588:. The lost-wax technique did not appear in northern China until the 6th century BC. Lost-wax casting is known as
226:, or another material. Wax and oil-based clay are often preferred because these materials retain their softness.
142:
The steps used in casting small bronze sculptures are fairly standardized, though the process today varies from
2111:
1195:
170:); and "waste wax process" (or "waste mould casting"), because the mould is destroyed to remove the cast item.
17:
4993:
3876:
2205:"High spatial dynamics-photoluminescence imaging reveals the metallurgy of the earliest lost-wax cast object"
1740:
451:
Step 6: the bronze cast, still with spruing attached. The sprue will be cut away and the final shape polished
3843:
1514:
1274:
754:
The oldest known example of applying the lost-wax technique to copper casting comes from a 6,000-year-old (
3542:
Long, S. (October 1964). "Cire Perdue Copper Casting in Pre-Columbian Mexico: An Experimental Approach".
3032:(Supplement 138). London: Institute of Classical Studies, School of Advanced Study, University of London.
2414:
Bunker, E.C. "Lost Wax and Lost Textile: An Unusual Ancient Technique for Casting Gold Belt Plaques". In
1254:
1324:. It was a major metalworking technique utilized in the ancient Mediterranean world, notably during the
289:. Each hollow wax copy is then "chased": a heated metal tool is used to rub out the marks that show the
5008:
3892:
3270:
Greek and Roman Technology: A Sourcebook: Annotated Translations of Greek and Latin Texts and Documents
1648:
1636:
1536:
Other, earlier examples that show this assembly of lost-wax cast pieces include the bronze head of the
1518:
1122:
995:
543:
471:
3944:
2981:
1801:
1727:
until the 10th century, and was thereafter used in western Mexico to make a wide range of bell forms.
4988:
4449:
2397:
Metalwork and Enamelling, a Practical Treatise on Gold and Silversmiths' Work and Their Allied Crafts
2135:
1837:
depict the creation of bronze statuary working, probably by the indirect method of lost-wax casting.
1451:
1325:
1134:
963:
773:
402:
Step 2: From the model a rubber mould is made. (The mould is shown here with a solid cast in plaster)
116:
530:
objects and is sometimes referred to as "lost-wax, lost textile". This textile relief is visible on
4285:
4107:
1155:
1127:
838:
781:
743:
253:
3107:
3028:
Dafas, K. A. (2019). "Greek Large-Scale Bronze Statuary: The Late Archaic and Classical Periods".
178:
4916:
4009:
3985:
3248:
3098:
3002:(1956). "Fine Metal-Work". In Singer, E. J. H. Charles; Hall, A. R.; Williams, Trevor I. (eds.).
1904:
1215:
1203:
4290:
2955:
1114:
Region), dating to the Go Mun phase (end of the General B period, up until the 7th century BC).
3167:
Scott, D.A. (1991). "Technical Examination of Some Gold Wire from Pre-Hispanic South America".
2446:. AVISTA studies in the history of medieval technology, science and art. Vol. 4. Ashgate.
2154:
1941:
1895:
1704:
1652:
1632:
1491:
1421:. Most of the handles in the Bocchi collection, as well as some bronze vessels found in Adria (
1282:
917:
3323:
1716:
1389:(mainly 8th-7th centuries BC, but continuing until the beginning of the 4th century) from the
657:
Some of the oldest known examples of the lost-wax technique are the objects discovered in the
4816:
3799:
3077:
Meyers, P. "Characteristics of Casting Revealed by the Study of Ancient Chinese Bronzes". In
2440:"Breaking the Mould: A Re-evaluation of Viking Age Mould-making Techniques for Oval Brooches"
2209:
1644:
1402:
581:
200:
1720:
1703:
cultural areas. Two lost-wax moulds, one complete and one partially broken, were found in a
1510:), are two such examples of Greek lost-wax bronze statuary that were discovered underwater.
1253:(Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge). Hollow castings become more detailed and continue into the
4653:
4310:
3806:
3765:
3439:
2218:
2153:
Leusch, Verena; Armbruster, Barbara; Pernicka, Ernst; SlavÄev, Vladimir (1 February 2015).
1933:
1821:
Many bronze statues or parts of statues in antiquity were cast using the lost wax process.
1368:
1230:
547:
147:
2037:
A nearly finished bronze casting. Only the core supports have yet to be removed and closed
1867:â550 AD), contains detailed information about casting images in metal. The 5th-century AD
1187:
8:
4648:
3835:
3400:
3296:
950:
Gupta and post-Gupta period bronze figures have been recovered from the following sites:
650:
120:
3443:
2222:
2054:
1829:, which is known to help molten bronze flow into all areas and parts of complex moulds.
32:
4057:
4037:
3978:
3661:
3653:
3567:
3559:
3447:
3374:
3366:
2936:
2928:
2501:
2239:
2204:
2182:
1834:
1822:
1525:) were cast by the lost-wax technique from the 13th and 12th centuries BC, namely, the
1031:
257:
45:
3406:
On Divers Arts: The Foremost Medieval Treatise on Painting, Glassmaking, and Metalwork
4504:
4087:
3731:
3711:
3704:
3682:
3665:
3622:
3605:
3595:
3571:
3506:
3476:
3410:
3396:
3378:
3329:
3274:
3017:
3007:
2940:
2886:
2885:. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated. pp. 139â40.
2859:
2788:
2712:
2684:
2548:
2479:
2447:
2368:
2341:
2305:
2244:
2186:
2174:
1963:
1959:
1593:
1495:
1456:
1317:
987:
605:
233:
1723:), dated roughly to the pre-Columbian period. The lost-wax method did not appear in
1691:
and delicate wire ornament, such as fine ear ornaments. The process was employed in
1494:
became feasible, artifacts lost to the sea became more accessible. Statues like the
1003:. The technique was used throughout India, as well as in the neighbouring countries
5003:
4414:
4197:
4117:
3955:
3920:
3645:
3551:
3525:
3358:
3176:
2982:
The production of relief ornament on Cypriot bronze castings of the Late Bronze Age
2920:
2234:
2226:
2166:
1946:
1503:
1406:
1364:
1329:
1099:
1075:
1040:
630:
555:
551:
132:
108:
1619:. It was made in sections between 743 and 749, allegedly using seven tons of wax.
1401:, pendants and other copper-based objects that were made by the lost-wax process.
673:
estimates date the items to around 3700 BC, making them more than 5700 years old.
4509:
4444:
4255:
4228:
3725:
3589:
3500:
3470:
3404:
3268:
3244:
2787:. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated. p. 139.
2592:
2542:
2473:
2439:
2395:
2362:
2077:
1852:
1769:
1537:
1499:
1475:
1398:
1294:
1278:
1270:
936:
305:
73:
64:
1339:
1090:. There are technological and material parallels between northeast Thailand and
1000:
439:
Step 5: Liquid bronze at 1200°C is poured into the dried and empty casting mould
4862:
4806:
4794:
4723:
4367:
4305:
3860:
3675:
3061:
3044:
2999:
2391:
2338:
Ancient Metal Technology and Archaeology of South Asia. A Pan-Asian Perspective
2049:
1900:
1850:
The lost-wax method is well documented in ancient Indian literary sources. The
1483:
1386:
1242:
1095:
1036:
830:
822:
738:
662:
634:
494:
136:
27:
Process by which a duplicate metal sculpture is cast from an original sculpture
4082:
2924:
2170:
4977:
4937:
4867:
4826:
4494:
4248:
4233:
4182:
3609:
3180:
3021:
3004:
The Mediterranean Civilizations and The Middle Ages c. 700 BC. to c. AD. 1500
2178:
1875:
1696:
1684:
1522:
1382:, with a local production of figurines from the 11th to 10th century BC. The
1219:
1175:
1171:
967:
814:
658:
506:
502:
294:
208:
119:, in Pakistan, is dated to circa 4,000 BC. Cast copper objects, found in the
3706:
Materials & Techniques in the Decorative Arts: An illustrated dictionary
1578:) was almost invariably section-mold process. Starting from around 600
1126:
Detailed 9th century bronze of a coiled snake, cast by the lost wax method.
790:. Other examples include the buffalo, bull and dog found at Mohenjodaro and
629:
Cast gold knucklebones, beads, and bracelets, found in graves at Bulgaria's
104:
from an original sculpture. Intricate works can be achieved by this method.
4962:
4957:
4952:
4904:
4857:
4687:
4633:
4419:
4300:
4260:
4152:
3855:
3777:
3772:
2738:, eds. P. T. Nicholson & I. Shaw Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2248:
1857:
1825:
is commonly associated with bronze casting. Pliny also mentions the use of
1757:
1597:
1348:
1333:
1238:
1103:
940:
777:
747:
666:
514:
510:
315:
A sprued wax copy is dipped into a slurry of silica, then into a sand-like
290:
241:
128:
1142:
state using a lost-wax casting technique, Nigeria, late 11th-14th century.
1110:
and the figure of a seated individual from Go Mun (near Phung Nguyen, the
248:, which is supported by the outer mould. The outer mould can be made from
4910:
4899:
4789:
4628:
4578:
4573:
4489:
4331:
4207:
4157:
4032:
4027:
1937:
1806:
as a well-reputed ancient artist producing bronze statues, and describes
1692:
1627:
1565:
1258:
1233:. The hollow casting of statues is represented in the New Kingdom by the
955:
925:
900:
860:
834:
712:
682:
597:
563:
498:
486:
3152:
Lechtman, H. "Traditions and Styles in Central Andean Metalworking". In
2230:
1612:
1560:
4733:
4678:
4553:
4466:
4424:
4326:
4275:
4212:
4187:
4062:
1886:
1830:
1792:
1784:
1749:
1668:
1390:
1321:
1250:
1163:
1087:
1062:. Bangles made by the lost-wax process are characteristic of northeast
971:
921:
810:
803:
645:
580:, indicated by numerous examples with fabric imprints such as those of
571:
570:
at Xigou. Such a technique may also have been used to manufacture some
490:
478:
256:
or other materials. Most moulds are made of at least two pieces, and a
4434:
3657:
3563:
3370:
2932:
2707:
Darling, A. S. (1990). "Non-Ferrous Materials". In McNeil, Ian (ed.).
2651:
White, J.C. "Early East Asian Metallurgy: The Southern Tradition". In
1958:
before moulding and casting to achieve accurately tuned small musical
4879:
4872:
4743:
4738:
4718:
4643:
4568:
4562:
4543:
4439:
4380:
4295:
4192:
4127:
4102:
4092:
4022:
4001:
3451:
1780:
1753:
1712:
1680:
1664:
1541:
1487:
1383:
1352:
1012:
991:
884:
670:
462:
77:
414:
Step 3: From this rubber mould a hollow wax or paraffin cast is made
4947:
4921:
4847:
4774:
4713:
4703:
4698:
4658:
4598:
4588:
4548:
4530:
4519:
4514:
4429:
4385:
4270:
4265:
4202:
4142:
4132:
4097:
4072:
4047:
4042:
3649:
3555:
3362:
3063:
Metalworking in Bronze Age China: The Lost-Wax Process By Peng Peng
3046:
Metalworking in Bronze Age China: The lost-wax process by Peng Peng
2097:
1907:, also provides detail about lost-wax and other casting processes.
1676:
1471:
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1375:
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983:
979:
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727:
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567:
559:
350:
245:
112:
69:
3880:
3006:. A History of Technology. Vol. II. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1795:
negatives for casting or to produce wax positives. Pliny portrays
1760:
writer of the 1st century AD, mentions the processing of wax from
1035:
Wax forms for casting bronze statues for a Tibetan monastery near
999:
the most soughtafter collectorsâ items by art lovers all over the
621:
4942:
4852:
4764:
4673:
4638:
4623:
4608:
4593:
4583:
4456:
4390:
4341:
4280:
4137:
4112:
4077:
1761:
1526:
1466:). Lost-wax cast Bronze sculpture. Height 209 cm. Depicts either
1394:
1290:
1159:
1091:
951:
871:
were produced during the 3rd and 4th centuries, such as the
791:
720:
704:
metalworkers were practicing lost-wax casting from approximately
697:
693:
539:
535:
482:
371:
320:
249:
167:
143:
101:
2285:
Muhly, J.D. "The Beginnings of Metallurgy in the Old World". In
1700:
625:
Varna necropolis, grave offerings on exhibit at the Varna Museum
592:
4842:
4748:
4708:
4683:
4618:
4603:
4499:
4484:
4479:
4395:
4346:
4336:
4052:
4017:
3636:
Noble, J.V. (October 1975). "The wax of the lost wax process".
2152:
1811:
1788:
1777:
1724:
1708:
1672:
1663:
The lost-wax casting tradition was developed by the peoples of
1549:
1545:
1530:
1422:
1372:
1305:
1298:
1246:
1222:
1207:
1206:
were made by the lost-wax method. Hollow castings, such as the
1147:
1111:
1107:
1067:
1059:
892:
888:
872:
864:
846:
826:
799:
795:
762:
724:
577:
339:
The ceramic shell is allowed to cool, then is tested to see if
316:
155:
124:
97:
85:
2825:
1687:. Lost-wax casting produced some of the region's typical gold
931:
566:
examples, and the bronze buckle and gold plaques found at the
36:
Illustration of stepwise bronze casting by the lost-wax method
4821:
4811:
4801:
4784:
4779:
4769:
4728:
4558:
4538:
4474:
4406:
4147:
4122:
4067:
2428:
Zhungeer Banner, western inner Mongolia, 3rd-1st centuries BC
2096:
of 1976 by Emil Cimiotti, as seen 2014 in the city center of
1981:
1980:
The Spanish writer Releigh (1596) in brief account refers to
1955:
1791:(408/7â407/6 BC). Clay-modellers may use clay moulds to make
1773:
1585:
1482:
Examples of works made using the lost-wax casting process in
1445:
1426:
1414:
1301:
1286:
1211:
1016:
1008:
1004:
975:
944:
913:
818:
701:
340:
237:
222:
An artist or mould-maker creates an original model from wax,
159:
93:
81:
3970:
1417:), dating back to the 6th to 5th centuries BC, were made by
477:
The lost-wax process can be used with any material that can
309:
to be hollow, as it will be melted out later in the process.
4693:
4668:
4663:
4613:
4375:
3724:
3534:
3267:
Humphrey, J.W.; Oleson, J.P.; Sherwood, A.N., eds. (2003).
2985:
2858:. Los Angeles, California: Christopher Hudson. p. 10.
2827:
2809:
2507:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
1966:
may have used Theophilus' writings when he cast his bronze
1924:"), give detailed instructions on making a hollow casting.
1826:
1815:
1688:
1507:
1467:
1441:
1344:
1199:
1020:
891:
district of Andhra Pradesh. A further two bronze images of
880:
868:
574:
531:
375:
330:
223:
89:
2615:. Philadelphia, PA: The University of Pennsylvania Museum.
3030:
Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, Monograph
1783:
refers to the payment of craftsmen for their work on the
1218:, followed by solid cast statuettes (like the squatting,
1167:
1139:
163:
151:
3196:
Two Prehispanic Cire Perdue Casting Moulds from Colombia
2807:
3394:
3222:
Hosler, D. "The Metallurgy of Ancient West Mexico". In
2544:
Ancient Indian Mining, Metallurgy, and Metal Industries
1058:
to 200 AD, using the lost-wax technique to manufacture
329:
The ceramic shell-coated piece is placed cup-down in a
76:) – is the process by which a duplicate
3677:
Metalworking in Bronze Age China: The Lost-Wax Process
3266:
3106:. The Society of Antiquaries of London. Archived from
2750:
Egyptian Art in the Days of the Pharaohs 3100 - 320 BC
1564:
Bronze ritual altar with extensive patterns. From the
3913:"Reconstructing the Bronze Age Trundholm Sun Chariot"
3475:. Studies in Ancient Technology. Vol. 8. Brill.
2444:
De Re Metallica: The Uses of Metal in the Middle Ages
2267:
Moorey, P.R.S. "Early Metallurgy in Mesopotamia". In
895:
and a small hollow-cast bull came from Sahribahlol,
2100:. A lost-wax method was used for the bronze leaves.
1772:, who details a sophisticated procedure for making
1611:is the bronze image of Buddha in the temple of the
633:, have been dated to approximately 6500 years
3703:
3674:
2500:
1893:, or the "lost wax method". The 12th century text
1198:bracelets and gold jewellery. Inserted spouts for
849:. One example of this Indo-Greek art dates to the
3879:. National Museum of Wildlife Art. Archived from
2766:LoSchiavo, F. "Early Metallurgy in Sardinia". In
2503:Urartian Art and Artifacts. A Chronological Study
2058:is cast out of bronze using the lost-wax process.
723:(late 8th century BC), as well as other types of
596:Lost-wax cast glass sculpture "Purple Reigns" by
546:, such as the distinctive group of openwork gold
378:based. Prior to rubber moulds gelatine was used.
4975:
3301:The Elder Pliny's Chapters on The History of Art
3091:
2364:The Complete Metalsmith: An Illustrated Handbook
2025:A bronze cast, with part of the spruing cut away
1818:to create wax casts using the indirect process.
1146:Cast bronzes are known to have been produced in
711:â3200 BC. Much later examples from northeastern
493:manufacturers use a lost-foam technique to make
3581:The Arts of Asia: Materials, techniques, styles
2979:
2842:The Technical Arts and Sciences of the Ancients
1316:The lost-wax technique came to be known in the
1257:, shown by the black bronze kneeling figure of
1413:collection (National Archaeological Museum of
1070:wax. It is likely that decorative items, like
150:", which recognizes that materials other than
3986:
3929:"The "cire-perdue" process of bronze casting"
3856:"Flash animation of lost-wax casting process"
3619:The Beginning of the Use of Metals and Alloys
3591:The beginning of the Use of Metals and Alloys
3131:"Late Bronze Age flesh hook, Little Thetford"
2709:An Encyclopaedia of the History of Technology
2610:
1683:, Andean America, and the western portion of
935:Making sculpture using a lost wax process at
199:A video illustrating the process used by the
3801:Adriaen de Vries's bronze casting techniques
3532:
3390:
3388:
3325:Archaeological Artefacts as Material Culture
2761:
2759:
2613:The Archaeometallurgy of the Asian Old World
2586:
2584:
2536:
2534:
1744:The Berlin Foundry Cup, early 5th century BC
558:. The technique may have its origins in the
456:
3720:– via Internet Archive (archive.org).
3262:
3260:
2911:Sparkes, Brian A. (1987). "Greek Bronzes".
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2514:
1359:Direct imitations and local derivations of
131:period (4500â3500 BC), are estimated, from
3993:
3979:
3588:Maddin, Robert, ed. (21â26 October 1986).
3494:. London, UK: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons.
3489:
2992:
2702:
2700:
2606:
2604:
2299:
3385:
2878:
2834:
2821:
2819:
2780:
2765:
2756:
2736:Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology
2672:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2409:
2407:
2360:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2238:
1517:. Three objects from Cyprus (held in the
1194:from the mid 3rd millennium BC, shown by
669:period (4500â3500 BC). Conservative
611:
3578:
3348:
3342:
3321:
3315:
3257:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3151:
3145:
2980:Schorsch, Deborah; Hendrix, Elizabeth. "
2973:
2853:
2730:
2728:
2669:. New York: Time-Life Books, pp. 146(7).
2646:
2644:
2642:
2590:
2561:
2540:
2511:
2386:
2384:
2354:
2340:. New Delhi: Aryan Books International.
2304:. Bognor Regis: New Horizon. p. 9.
2262:
2260:
2258:
2198:
2196:
1739:
1626:
1559:
1450:
1338:
1263:Museum of the University of Pennsylvania
1133:
1121:
1030:
930:
837:. Gold and copper ornaments, apparently
737:
644:
620:
591:
185:
177:
31:
3212:, London: Allen Lane The Penguin Press.
2910:
2801:
2706:
2697:
2601:
2498:
2492:
2335:
2280:
2278:
1962:. The 16th-century Florentine sculptor
14:
4976:
3701:
3695:
3616:
3587:
3498:
3468:
3430:M. D. (February 1944). "Cire Perdue".
3312:Pausania, Description of Greece 8.14.8
3292:
3290:
3223:
3221:
3215:
3202:
3193:
3187:
3153:
3128:
3078:
3076:
3070:
2998:
2816:
2767:
2741:
2652:
2632:
2630:
2619:
2471:
2460:
2415:
2413:
2404:
2390:
2318:
2286:
2268:
2266:
2202:
1814:, who takes plaster casts from living
966:(District of Raipur), Balaighat (near
205:Saint-Gaudens National Historical Park
3974:
3635:
3519:
3429:
3230:
3166:
3160:
3027:
2953:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2725:
2678:
2650:
2639:
2437:
2431:
2381:
2284:
2255:
2193:
649:Replica of a bronze sceptre from the
461:The methods used for small parts and
63:
3672:
3541:
3059:
3042:
2275:
2148:
2146:
2080:was cast using the lost-wax process.
2013:A cast in bronze, still with spruing
1735:
3287:
2400:(3rd ed.). Chapman & Hall.
2302:The spread of ancient civilisations
1730:
1308:were cast by the lost-wax process.
1229:) of the Second Intermediate/Early
798:figures found at the Harappan site
587:
203:to create bronze sculptures at the
24:
3943:
3583:. London, UK: Thames & Hudson.
3535:Archaeometallurgy in Europe (2003)
3092:Bowman, Sheridan; Stuart Needham.
2986:Archaeometallurgy in Europe (2003)
2899:
2828:Archaeometallurgy in Europe (2003)
2810:Archaeometallurgy in Europe (2003)
2747:
2711:. London and New York: Routledge.
1840:
1622:
1397:(Italian Oriental Alps) contained
390:Step 1: A model of an apple in wax
25:
5020:
3935:. 15 October 1904. Archived from
3746:
3423:
3303:., Chicago: Ares Publishers, Inc.
3243:
2143:
1920:, verses 32 to 52 of Chapter 2 ("
1170:) and the 15th century AD in the
1026:
3948:"André Harvey lost wax process (
3793:
3759:
3395:Theophilus (Presbyter.) (1963).
3049:. Cambria Press. pp. 19â22.
2844:, London: Methuen & Co. Ltd.
2203:Thoury, M.; et al. (2016).
2159:Cambridge Archaeological Journal
2085:
2065:
2042:
2030:
2018:
2006:
1994:
1952:De dolorous et artibus Romanorum
1910:In a 16th-century treatise, the
1607:. The most famous piece made by
1311:
1202:(copper water vessels) from the
444:
432:
419:
407:
395:
383:
4999:Archaeology of material culture
3919:. Viking bronze. Archived from
3710:. University of Chicago Press.
3638:American Journal of Archaeology
3490:Hart, G.H.; Keeley, G. (1945).
3351:American Journal of Archaeology
3306:
3210:Technology in the Ancient World
3122:
3085:
3053:
3036:
2947:
2872:
2847:
2774:
2659:
2541:Kuppuram, Govindarajan (1989).
2475:Egyptian Metalworking and Tools
2422:
2300:Jairazbhoy, Rafique A. (1982).
1969:Perseus with the Head of Medusa
1768:, perhaps for casting, as does
1635:, England, early 12th century,
1568:in central China, before 552 BC
3767:Bronze casting (direct method)
2681:Jewellery of the ancient world
2293:
2123:
2112:Fusible core injection molding
1174:. Some portrait heads remain.
1117:
784:", is dated to 2300-1750
640:
489:to leave a mould cavity. Some
43: – also called
13:
1:
4000:
3194:Bruhns, K. O. (1972). "Man".
2734:Ogden, J. (2000). Metals, in
2117:
1927:
1916:of the Ćilparatna written by
1861:
1601:
1498:Zeus or Poseidon (found near
1460:
1430:
1405:examples, such as the bronze
1378:are found in Late Bronze Age
1052:
755:
733:
719:include the Great Tumulus at
705:
686:
501:foam, which is placed into a
374:based, with added grout, and
139:process came to predominate.
3844:"Metal Art of Bastar Photos"
3828:"The bronze casting process"
3066:. Cambria Press. p. 99.
2752:. London: Thames and Hudson.
2594:Cire perdue casting in India
1899:, allegedly written by King
1752:allude to lost-wax casting.
1555:
1204:Fourth Dynasty (Old Kingdom)
676:
616:
509:, which is then filled with
261:especially for large models.
7:
2879:Fullerton, Mark D. (2016).
2854:Mattusch, Carol C. (1997).
2781:Fullerton, Mark D. (2016).
2105:
2072:This bronze piece entitled
1658:
1552:) from the British Museum.
1249:) and the head fragment of
845:were found at the ruins at
544:ancient horse riding tribes
524:
10:
5025:
3893:Victoria and Albert Museum
3461:
3328:. Routledge. p. 207.
2960:World History Encyclopedia
1987:
1975:
1519:Metropolitan Museum of Art
1328:of Greece for large-scale
665:, and which belong to the
562:, as indicated by the few
252:, but can also be made of
173:
4930:
4892:
4835:
4757:
4528:
4465:
4404:
4366:
4359:
4319:
4221:
4175:
4168:
4008:
3848:chhattisgarh.blogspot.com
3792:
3758:
3753:
3520:Jones, D.M., ed. (2001).
2925:10.1017/S0017383500028102
2171:10.1017/S0959774314001140
2136:Oxford English Dictionary
1932:An early medieval writer
1214:find appeared during the
1162:, the 12th century AD in
1150:by the 9th century AD in
1051:were casting bronze from
982:, Gujarat), Vasantagadh,
774:Indus Valley civilization
457:Jewellery and small parts
117:Indus Valley civilization
3933:Scientific American past
3861:James Peniston Sculpture
3492:Metal Work for Craftsmen
3299:& E. Sellers, 1967.
3181:10.1179/sic.1991.36.2.65
2665:Davidson, Basil (1971).
1845:
1711:of Pueblo Tapado in the
1596:, and dates back to the
1533:, and the cast tripod.
1181:
517:the foam with its heat.
4984:Casting (manufacturing)
4495:Nickel silver (alpacca)
3617:Maddin, Robert (1988).
3505:. Bloomsbury Academic.
3322:Hurcombe, L.M. (2014).
3250:Natural History (AD 77)
3169:Studies in Conservation
3099:The Antiquaries Journal
2956:"The Artemision Bronze"
2591:Krishnan, M.V. (1976).
2442:. In Bork, R.O. (ed.).
2361:McCreight, Tim (1991).
2336:Agrawal, D. P. (2000).
1905:Western Chalukya Empire
1889:in wax and is entitled
1540:and the bronze head of
1295:votive temple offerings
1289:were cast for personal
920:(in Uttar Pradesh) and
859:the juvenile figure of
761:) copper, wheel-shaped
497:. The model is made of
111:. A copper amulet from
3850:(blog). February 2011.
3432:The Scientific Monthly
2478:. Shire Publications.
2367:. Davis Publications.
1942:Roger of Helmarshausen
1891:Maduchchhista VidhÄnam
1745:
1705:shaft and chamber tomb
1653:Gloucester Candlestick
1640:
1633:Gloucester Candlestick
1569:
1492:underwater archaeology
1479:
1356:
1285:times when figures of
1143:
1131:
1106:cultures, such as one
1044:
947:
772:Metal casting, by the
751:
654:
626:
612:Archaeological history
600:
211:
183:
127:, which belong to the
37:
4836:Other natural objects
3832:Andre Stead Sculpture
3702:Trench, Lucy (2000).
3579:McArthur, M. (2005).
3469:Forbes, R.J. (1971).
2954:Lloyd, James (2012).
2840:Neuburger, A., 1930.
2683:. New York: Rizzoli.
2597:. Kanak Publications.
2547:. Sundeep Prakashan.
2210:Nature Communications
1940:monk and metalworker
1936:, believed to be the
1873:, an appendix to the
1743:
1721:Department of QuindĂo
1630:
1563:
1464: 5th century BC
1454:
1342:
1137:
1125:
1034:
934:
741:
648:
624:
595:
582:Castletown (Scotland)
201:National Park Service
198:
181:
154:can be used (such as
35:
4994:Sculpture techniques
4311:Wire wrapped jewelry
4291:Repoussé and chasing
3807:J. Paul Getty Museum
3499:Hodges, H. (1995) .
3401:Smith, Cyril Stanley
3133:. Cambridgeshire HER
2856:The Victorious Youth
2679:Ogden, Jack (1982).
2499:Azarpay, G. (1968).
2438:Smith, M.H. (2005).
1934:Theophilus Presbyter
1695:times in Colombia's
879:, and the images of
4853:Ebonite (vulcanite)
3923:on 11 October 2008.
3838:on 6 November 2016.
3673:Peng, Peng (2020).
3444:1944SciMo..58..158D
3060:Peng, Peng (2020).
3043:Peng, Peng (2020).
2472:Scheel, B. (1989).
2231:10.1038/ncomms13356
2223:2016NatCo...713356T
1210:statuette from the
1138:Sculpture from the
1047:The inhabitants of
651:Nahal Mishmar hoard
468:centrifugal casting
242:polyurethane rubber
121:Nahal Mishmar hoard
4198:Jewellery designer
3939:on 5 October 2011.
3899:on 29 January 2009
3544:American Antiquity
3397:Hawthorne, John G.
3208:Hodges, H., 1970.
3129:Bowman, S (1953).
2076:, by the sculptor
1856:, a text from the
1835:Berlin Foundry Cup
1823:Theodorus of Samos
1746:
1647:(1050â910 BC) and
1641:
1570:
1502:), as well as the
1480:
1357:
1347:figurine from the
1304:handles on bronze
1255:Eighteenth Dynasty
1144:
1132:
1045:
948:
841:in style, made by
752:
661:hoard in southern
655:
627:
601:
505:, consisting of a
212:
184:
65:[siÊpÉÊdy]
46:investment casting
38:
5009:Archaeometallurgy
4971:
4970:
4888:
4887:
4758:Organic gemstones
4355:
4354:
3889:"Casting a Medal"
3877:"Virtual foundry"
3823:
3822:
3737:978-88-85298-50-7
3717:978-0-226-81200-7
3681:. Cambria Press.
3621:. The MIT Press.
3601:978-0-262-13232-9
3522:Archaeometallurgy
3512:978-0-7156-2316-9
3482:978-90-04-02652-0
3416:978-0-486-23784-8
3335:978-1-136-80200-3
3280:978-1-134-92620-6
3110:on 24 August 2010
3013:978-0-19-858106-2
2913:Greece & Rome
2892:978-1-119-11531-1
2794:978-1-119-11531-1
2718:978-0-415-14792-7
2690:978-0-8478-0444-3
2554:978-81-85067-28-5
2485:978-0-7478-0001-9
2453:978-0-7546-5048-5
2374:978-0-87192-240-3
2347:978-81-7305-177-7
2311:978-0-86116-688-6
1964:Benvenuto Cellini
1736:Indirect evidence
1538:Chatsworth Apollo
1496:Artemision Bronze
1457:Artemision Bronze
1440:), the statue of
899:, and a standing
780:, and named the "
196:
51:precision casting
16:(Redirected from
5016:
4989:Jewellery making
4415:Britannia silver
4364:
4363:
4173:
4172:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3954:. Archived from
3940:
3924:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3895:. Archived from
3884:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3851:
3839:
3834:. Archived from
3819:
3817:
3815:
3797:
3796:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3763:
3762:
3751:
3750:
3741:
3721:
3709:
3698:
3692:
3680:
3669:
3632:
3613:
3584:
3575:
3538:
3529:
3526:English Heritage
3516:
3495:
3486:
3456:
3455:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3392:
3383:
3382:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3304:
3294:
3285:
3284:
3264:
3255:
3254:
3241:
3228:
3227:
3219:
3213:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3025:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2977:
2971:
2970:
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2966:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2908:
2897:
2896:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2851:
2845:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2823:
2814:
2813:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2763:
2754:
2753:
2745:
2739:
2732:
2723:
2722:
2704:
2695:
2694:
2676:
2670:
2667:African Kingdoms
2663:
2657:
2656:
2648:
2637:
2636:
2628:
2617:
2616:
2608:
2599:
2598:
2588:
2559:
2558:
2538:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2469:
2458:
2457:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2411:
2402:
2401:
2388:
2379:
2378:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2333:
2316:
2315:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2282:
2273:
2272:
2264:
2253:
2252:
2242:
2200:
2191:
2190:
2150:
2141:
2140:
2127:
2098:Hanover, Germany
2089:
2069:
2055:Affe mit SchÀdel
2046:
2034:
2022:
2010:
1998:
1947:Mappae clavicula
1885:details casting
1866:
1863:
1805:
1731:Literary history
1606:
1603:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1576:
1504:Victorious Youth
1465:
1462:
1435:
1432:
1409:handle from the
1326:Classical period
1190:were practicing
1172:kingdom of Benin
1098:, come from the
1057:
1054:
1041:Himachal Pradesh
911:
910:
909:
905:2nd~3rd century
858:
856:
855:
789:
788:
760:
757:
710:
707:
691:
688:
631:Varna Necropolis
588:Glass sculptures
556:Saint Petersburg
552:Hermitage Museum
448:
436:
423:
411:
399:
387:
304:The wax copy is
276:
275:
271:
197:
133:carbon-14 dating
109:Varna Necropolis
67:
62:
41:Lost-wax casting
21:
5024:
5023:
5019:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5014:
5013:
4974:
4973:
4972:
4967:
4926:
4884:
4873:Spondylus shell
4831:
4753:
4524:
4510:Stainless steel
4461:
4445:Sterling silver
4405:Precious metal
4400:
4368:Precious metals
4351:
4315:
4217:
4164:
4004:
3999:
3961:
3959:
3927:
3911:
3902:
3900:
3887:
3883:on 16 May 2008.
3875:
3866:
3864:
3854:
3842:
3826:
3813:
3811:
3798:
3794:
3782:
3780:
3764:
3760:
3754:External videos
3749:
3744:
3738:
3718:
3689:
3629:
3602:
3513:
3483:
3464:
3459:
3428:
3424:
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3113:
3111:
3090:
3086:
3075:
3071:
3058:
3054:
3041:
3037:
3014:
3000:Maryon, Herbert
2997:
2993:
2978:
2974:
2964:
2962:
2952:
2948:
2909:
2900:
2893:
2882:Greek Sculpture
2877:
2873:
2866:
2852:
2848:
2839:
2835:
2824:
2817:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2784:Greek Sculpture
2779:
2775:
2764:
2757:
2746:
2742:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2677:
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2436:
2432:
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2423:
2412:
2405:
2392:Maryon, Herbert
2389:
2382:
2375:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2334:
2319:
2312:
2298:
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2283:
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2194:
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2129:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2108:
2101:
2090:
2081:
2078:Rowan Gillespie
2070:
2059:
2047:
2038:
2035:
2026:
2023:
2014:
2011:
2002:
1999:
1990:
1978:
1930:
1922:Linga Lakshanam
1864:
1853:Shilpa Shastras
1848:
1843:
1841:Direct evidence
1799:
1770:Pliny the Elder
1738:
1733:
1661:
1649:Little Thetford
1625:
1623:Northern Europe
1604:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1573:
1558:
1500:Cape Artemision
1476:Cape Artemision
1463:
1433:
1407:anthropomorphic
1334:the Roman world
1330:bronze statuary
1314:
1271:mass-production
1184:
1120:
1078:, were made by
1055:
1029:
990:and Chambi (in
937:Bastar district
907:
906:
904:
853:
852:
850:
786:
785:
758:
736:
708:
689:
679:
643:
619:
614:
590:
534:ornaments from
527:
459:
452:
449:
440:
437:
428:
424:
415:
412:
403:
400:
391:
388:
273:
269:
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186:
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60:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5022:
5012:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4934:Related topics
4931:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4908:
4902:
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4889:
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4372:
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4356:
4353:
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4350:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4306:Wire sculpture
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4246:
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4225:
4223:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4179:
4177:
4170:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4014:
4012:
4006:
4005:
3998:
3997:
3990:
3983:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3958:on 28 May 2014
3941:
3925:
3909:
3885:
3873:
3852:
3840:
3821:
3820:
3790:
3789:
3756:
3755:
3748:
3747:External links
3745:
3743:
3742:
3736:
3722:
3716:
3699:
3693:
3687:
3670:
3650:10.2307/503070
3633:
3627:
3614:
3600:
3585:
3576:
3556:10.2307/278850
3550:(2): 189â192.
3539:
3530:
3524:. London, UK:
3517:
3511:
3496:
3487:
3481:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3422:
3415:
3384:
3363:10.2307/504071
3357:(4): 435â444.
3341:
3334:
3314:
3305:
3286:
3279:
3256:
3229:
3214:
3201:
3186:
3159:
3144:
3121:
3084:
3069:
3052:
3035:
3012:
2991:
2972:
2946:
2919:(2): 152â168.
2898:
2891:
2871:
2864:
2846:
2833:
2815:
2800:
2793:
2773:
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2740:
2724:
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2380:
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2310:
2292:
2274:
2254:
2192:
2165:(1): 353â376.
2142:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2094:BlÀtterbrunnen
2091:
2084:
2082:
2071:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2050:Hugo Rheinhold
2048:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1977:
1974:
1950:and Eraclius,
1929:
1926:
1901:Someshvara III
1882:MÄnasÄra Silpa
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1750:literary works
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1660:
1657:
1637:V&A Museum
1624:
1621:
1557:
1554:
1484:Ancient Greece
1313:
1310:
1243:British Museum
1216:Middle Kingdom
1196:Early Dynastic
1183:
1180:
1119:
1116:
1096:Dong Son drums
1056: 1200 BC
1028:
1027:Southeast Asia
1025:
831:Andhra Pradesh
823:Madhya Pradesh
759: 4000 BC
750:; 2300-1750 BC
735:
732:
678:
675:
663:Land of Israel
642:
639:
618:
615:
613:
610:
589:
586:
550:housed in the
526:
523:
472:vacuum casting
458:
455:
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453:
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429:
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406:
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394:
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389:
382:
368:
367:
363:Metal-chasing.
360:
354:
344:
334:
324:
310:
299:
284:
281:Removal of wax
278:
262:
227:
175:
172:
137:piece-moulding
26:
18:Bronze casting
9:
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4:
3:
2:
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4949:
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4941:
4939:
4938:Body piercing
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4827:Tortoiseshell
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4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4183:Bench jeweler
4181:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4171:
4167:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
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4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
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4031:
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4024:
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4019:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3996:
3991:
3989:
3984:
3982:
3977:
3976:
3973:
3957:
3953:
3951:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3898:
3894:
3891:. Sculpture.
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
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3808:
3803:
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3791:
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3775:
3774:
3769:
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3757:
3752:
3739:
3733:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3719:
3713:
3708:
3707:
3700:
3694:
3690:
3688:9781604979626
3684:
3679:
3678:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3634:
3630:
3628:9780262132329
3624:
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3611:
3607:
3603:
3597:
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3592:
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3327:
3326:
3318:
3309:
3302:
3298:
3297:Jex-Blake, K.
3293:
3291:
3282:
3276:
3273:. Routledge.
3272:
3271:
3263:
3261:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3225:
3224:Maddin (1988)
3218:
3211:
3205:
3197:
3190:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3155:
3154:Maddin (1988)
3148:
3132:
3125:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3088:
3080:
3079:Maddin (1988)
3073:
3065:
3064:
3056:
3048:
3047:
3039:
3031:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2995:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2894:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2875:
2867:
2865:0-89236-470-X
2861:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2837:
2829:
2822:
2820:
2811:
2804:
2796:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2777:
2769:
2768:Maddin (1988)
2762:
2760:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2720:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2701:
2692:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2662:
2654:
2653:Maddin (1988)
2647:
2645:
2643:
2634:
2633:Maddin (1988)
2627:
2625:
2623:
2614:
2607:
2605:
2596:
2595:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2556:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2505:
2504:
2495:
2487:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2455:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2425:
2417:
2416:Maddin (1988)
2410:
2408:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2376:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2357:
2349:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2313:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2288:
2287:Maddin (1988)
2281:
2279:
2270:
2269:Maddin (1988)
2263:
2261:
2259:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2199:
2197:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2147:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2131:"cire perdue"
2126:
2122:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2045:
2040:
2033:
2028:
2021:
2016:
2009:
2004:
1997:
1992:
1991:
1985:
1983:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1877:
1876:Vishnu Purana
1872:
1871:
1870:Vishnusamhita
1859:
1855:
1854:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1766:De Re Rustica
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1742:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1685:South America
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1639:no. 7649-1861
1638:
1634:
1629:
1620:
1618:
1615:monastery at
1614:
1610:
1605: 200 BC
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1567:
1562:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1532:
1529:rim, the rod
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1477:
1474:. Found near
1473:
1469:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1438:Berlin Museum
1434: 300 BC
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1349:Late Cycladic
1346:
1341:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1318:Mediterranean
1312:Mediterranean
1309:
1307:
1303:
1302:female-shaped
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1141:
1136:
1129:
1124:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1050:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
946:
942:
938:
933:
929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
863:excavated at
862:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
815:Uttar Pradesh
812:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
783:
779:
775:
770:
768:
764:
749:
745:
740:
731:
730:attachments.
729:
726:
722:
718:
714:
703:
699:
695:
684:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
659:Nahal Mishmar
652:
647:
638:
636:
632:
623:
609:
607:
599:
594:
585:
583:
579:
576:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
536:burial mounds
533:
522:
518:
516:
512:
508:
507:cope and drag
504:
503:casting flask
500:
496:
495:engine blocks
492:
488:
484:
480:
475:
473:
469:
464:
447:
442:
435:
430:
422:
417:
410:
405:
398:
393:
386:
381:
380:
379:
377:
373:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
348:
345:
342:
338:
335:
332:
328:
325:
322:
318:
314:
311:
307:
303:
300:
296:
292:
288:
285:
282:
279:
266:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
228:
225:
221:
220:Model-making.
218:
217:
216:
210:
209:United States
206:
202:
180:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
66:
58:
57:
52:
48:
47:
42:
34:
30:
19:
4963:Wearable art
4958:Phaleristics
4953:Metalworking
4858:Gutta-percha
4634:Lapis lazuli
4420:Colored gold
4301:Stonesetting
4243:
3960:. Retrieved
3956:the original
3949:
3937:the original
3932:
3921:the original
3916:
3903:22 September
3901:. Retrieved
3897:the original
3881:the original
3865:. Retrieved
3859:
3847:
3836:the original
3831:
3812:. Retrieved
3805:
3800:
3781:. Retrieved
3778:Smarthistory
3773:Khan Academy
3771:
3766:
3726:
3705:
3676:
3644:(4): 368â9.
3641:
3637:
3618:
3590:
3580:
3547:
3543:
3521:
3501:
3491:
3471:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3405:
3354:
3350:
3344:
3324:
3317:
3308:
3300:
3269:
3249:
3217:
3209:
3204:
3195:
3189:
3175:(2): 65â75.
3172:
3168:
3162:
3147:
3135:. Retrieved
3124:
3112:. Retrieved
3108:the original
3103:
3097:
3087:
3072:
3062:
3055:
3045:
3038:
3029:
3003:
2994:
2975:
2963:. Retrieved
2959:
2949:
2916:
2912:
2881:
2874:
2855:
2849:
2841:
2836:
2803:
2783:
2776:
2749:
2743:
2735:
2708:
2680:
2674:
2666:
2661:
2612:
2593:
2543:
2502:
2494:
2474:
2443:
2433:
2424:
2396:
2363:
2356:
2337:
2301:
2295:
2214:
2208:
2162:
2158:
2134:
2125:
2093:
2073:
2053:
1979:
1967:
1951:
1945:
1931:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1894:
1890:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1858:Gupta Period
1851:
1849:
1820:
1765:
1747:
1679:, northwest
1662:
1642:
1608:
1598:Yayoi period
1589:
1571:
1566:State of Chu
1535:
1512:
1506:(found near
1481:
1418:
1358:
1315:
1266:
1239:Tuthmosis IV
1191:
1185:
1145:
1104:Phung Nguyen
1079:
1046:
949:
941:Chhattisgarh
851:1st century
842:
808:
782:dancing girl
778:Mohenjo-daro
771:
769:, Pakistan.
753:
748:Mohenjo-daro
744:Dancing Girl
680:
667:Chalcolithic
656:
628:
602:
538:in southern
528:
519:
511:casting sand
476:
460:
369:
362:
356:
346:
336:
326:
312:
301:
291:parting line
286:
280:
264:
230:Mouldmaking.
229:
219:
213:
141:
129:Chalcolithic
123:in southern
106:
55:
54:
50:
44:
40:
39:
29:
4900:Art jewelry
4724:Tiger's eye
4629:Labradorite
4579:Chrysocolla
4574:Chrysoberyl
4490:Mokume-gane
4467:Base metals
4239:centrifugal
4208:Silversmith
4083:FerronniĂšre
4033:Belt buckle
4028:Belly chain
3950:cire perdue
3727:Proceedings
3026:; See also
2748:Aldred, G.
1938:Benedictine
1913:Uttarabhaga
1896:MÄnasollÄsa
1808:Lysistratos
1800: [
1781:inscription
1748:Some early
1693:prehispanic
1609:cire perdue
1419:cire perdue
1369:Palestinian
1320:during the
1275:Late Period
1273:during the
1269:is used in
1267:Cire Perdue
1259:Tutankhamun
1231:New Kingdom
1192:cire perdue
1118:West Africa
1084:Non Nok Tha
1080:cire perdue
956:Mirpur-Khas
926:Maharashtra
901:Tirthankara
893:Parsvanatha
861:Harpocrates
843:cire perdue
839:Hellenistic
835:West Bengal
713:Mesopotamia
709: 3500
690: 3500
683:Mesopotamia
641:Middle East
598:Carol Milne
499:polystyrene
56:cire perdue
4978:Categories
4734:Tourmaline
4679:Prasiolite
4554:Aventurine
4425:Crown gold
4327:Draw plate
4276:Metal clay
4213:Watchmaker
4203:Lapidarist
4188:Clockmaker
4063:Collar pin
4058:Chatelaine
3945:Harvey, A.
3867:24 October
3814:22 January
3438:(2): 158.
2965:7 December
2118:References
1928:Theophilus
1865: 320
1831:Quintilian
1793:terracotta
1785:Erechtheum
1717:Montenegro
1669:Costa Rica
1645:Dunaverney
1488:shipwrecks
1391:necropolis
1322:Bronze Age
1251:Ramesses V
1237:statue of
1164:Yorubaland
1088:Ban Chiang
972:Bangladesh
922:Brahmapura
811:Tamil Nadu
804:Chanhudaro
734:South Asia
572:Viking Age
515:vaporizing
491:automobile
254:fiberglass
84:, such as
4880:Toadstone
4817:Operculum
4744:Variscite
4739:Turquoise
4719:Tanzanite
4654:Moonstone
4649:Marcasite
4644:Malachite
4569:Carnelian
4544:Amazonite
4531:gemstones
4505:Pinchbeck
4450:Argentium
4440:Shibuichi
4381:Palladium
4360:Materials
4296:Soldering
4286:Polishing
4261:Engraving
4256:Enameling
4222:Processes
4193:Goldsmith
4128:Tie chain
4103:Neck ring
4093:Lapel pin
4002:Jewellery
3917:comhem.se
3783:6 January
3776:(video).
3666:193070936
3610:644557973
3572:163771730
3502:Artifacts
3409:. Dover.
3379:191571821
3022:491563676
2941:248520562
2217:: 13356.
2187:163291835
2179:0959-7743
2074:Lazy Lady
1984:casting.
1918:SrĂŻkumÄra
1797:Zenodorus
1776:wax. One
1754:Columella
1713:municipio
1681:Venezuela
1665:Nicaragua
1556:East Asia
1542:Aphrodite
1384:cremation
1376:figurines
1353:Santorini
1188:Egyptians
1156:Igbo-Ukwu
1130:, Nigeria
1128:Igbo-Ukwu
1072:bracelets
1049:Ban Na Di
992:Rajesthan
984:Chhatarhi
968:Mahasthan
885:Kartikeya
877:Amaravati
875:image at
867:. Bronze
765:found at
677:Near East
671:Carbon-14
617:Black Sea
606:Annealing
487:evaporate
463:jewellery
366:polished.
80:(often a
78:sculpture
4948:Gemology
4922:Fineness
4913:(purity)
4848:Bog-wood
4795:Precious
4775:Ammolite
4714:Sunstone
4704:Sodalite
4699:Sapphire
4659:Obsidian
4599:Fluorite
4589:Diopside
4549:Amethyst
4529:Mineral
4520:Tungsten
4515:Titanium
4430:Electrum
4386:Platinum
4271:Kazaziye
4266:Filigree
4244:lost-wax
4143:Toe ring
4133:Tie clip
4108:Pectoral
4098:Necklace
4073:Cufflink
4048:Bracelet
4043:Bolo tie
4023:Barrette
3697:Cardiff.
3403:(eds.).
2394:(1954).
2249:27843139
2106:See also
1762:beehives
1677:Colombia
1659:Americas
1594:Japanese
1527:amphorae
1523:New York
1472:Poseidon
1436:(in the
1403:Etruscan
1380:Sardinia
1361:Oriental
1291:devotion
1235:kneeling
1227:Brooklyn
1152:Igboland
1100:Dong Son
1064:Thailand
980:Vadodara
960:Pakistan
952:Saranath
897:Gandhara
767:Mehrgarh
728:cauldron
725:Urartian
717:Anatolia
702:Sumerian
578:brooches
568:cemetery
560:Far East
525:Textiles
357:Release.
351:crucible
347:Pouring.
337:Testing.
327:Burnout.
302:Spruing.
295:flashing
246:silicone
113:Mehrgarh
70:borrowed
5004:Copying
4943:Fashion
4917:Finding
4765:Abalone
4674:Peridot
4639:Larimar
4624:Kyanite
4609:Howlite
4594:Emerald
4584:Diamond
4457:Tumbaga
4435:ShakudĆ
4391:Rhodium
4342:Mandrel
4281:Plating
4234:Casting
4229:Carving
4138:Tie pin
4113:Pendant
4088:Genital
4078:Earring
3962:18 June
3810:(video)
3462:Sources
3440:Bibcode
3137:27 June
3114:27 June
2240:5116070
2219:Bibcode
1988:Gallery
1976:America
1903:of the
1707:in the
1613:Todaiji
1399:fibulae
1395:Paularo
1373:Cypriot
1332:and in
1306:mirrors
1287:deities
1220:nursing
1160:Nigeria
1092:Vietnam
1060:bangles
1043:, India
970:now in
918:Mathura
887:in the
792:Harappa
721:Gordion
698:Uruk IV
694:pendant
685:, from
548:plaques
542:of the
540:Siberia
372:plaster
321:ceramic
313:Slurry.
287:Chasing
272:⁄
250:plaster
207:in the
174:Process
168:textile
144:foundry
61:French:
4907:(mass)
4843:Bezoar
4749:Zircon
4709:Spinel
4684:Quartz
4619:Jasper
4604:Garnet
4500:Pewter
4485:Copper
4480:Bronze
4407:alloys
4396:Silver
4347:Pliers
4337:Hammer
4249:vacuum
4176:People
4169:Making
4153:pocket
4053:Brooch
4018:Anklet
3734:
3714:
3685:
3664:
3658:503070
3656:
3625:
3608:
3598:
3570:
3564:278850
3562:
3509:
3479:
3450:
3413:
3377:
3371:504071
3369:
3332:
3277:
3020:
3010:
2984:". In
2939:
2933:642943
2931:
2889:
2862:
2791:
2715:
2687:
2551:
2482:
2450:
2371:
2344:
2308:
2247:
2237:
2185:
2177:
1956:ratios
1812:Sikyon
1789:Athens
1725:Mexico
1709:vereda
1697:Muisca
1673:Panama
1590:rĆgata
1550:Turkey
1546:Satala
1531:tripod
1515:Enkomi
1423:Rovigo
1411:Bocchi
1387:graves
1279:Graeco
1247:London
1223:mother
1208:Louvre
1148:Africa
1112:Bac Bo
1108:sickle
1102:, and
1068:insect
1013:Ceylon
988:Barmer
978:(near
964:Sirpur
889:Guntur
873:Buddha
865:Taxila
847:Sirkap
827:Odisha
800:Lothal
796:copper
794:, two
763:amulet
427:"lost"
317:stucco
306:sprued
166:, and
156:tallow
125:Israel
98:bronze
86:silver
74:French
4911:Carat
4905:Carat
4893:Terms
4868:Shell
4822:Pearl
4812:Nacre
4802:Ivory
4790:Black
4785:Coral
4780:Copal
4770:Amber
4729:Topaz
4688:smoky
4559:Beryl
4539:Agate
4475:Brass
4320:Tools
4158:strap
4148:Watch
4123:Tiara
4068:Crown
4038:Bindi
4010:Forms
3662:S2CID
3654:JSTOR
3568:S2CID
3560:JSTOR
3452:18097
3448:JSTOR
3375:S2CID
3367:JSTOR
3245:Pliny
2937:S2CID
2929:JSTOR
2183:S2CID
1982:Aztec
1960:bells
1887:idols
1846:India
1816:faces
1804:]
1778:Greek
1774:Punic
1758:Roman
1586:China
1544:from
1490:. As
1446:Vulci
1444:from
1427:Italy
1415:Adria
1343:Gold
1283:Roman
1225:, in
1212:Fayum
1200:ewers
1182:Egypt
1176:Benin
1158:) in
1076:rings
1037:Kullu
1017:Burma
1009:Tibet
1005:Nepal
1001:world
996:Chola
976:Akota
945:India
914:Rupar
869:icons
819:Bihar
696:from
485:, or
341:water
238:latex
234:mould
160:resin
148:mould
100:) is
96:, or
94:brass
82:metal
72:from
53:, or
4863:Hair
4694:Ruby
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