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control over Crimea Russia finally did admit their involvement but asserted that they were acting within the scope of the various agreements between the two countries. Russia responded by staging a so-called "illegal referendum" on whether the Crimea should join it, where the option to remain part of
Ukraine and keep the same rights and laws of 2014, as before, was not present. Prior to the referendum Russian military blocked all the opposition TV and media as well as radically put down the rallies for support of Ukraine. There are cases where residents of Crimea were forced to vote under a gunpoint. As a result, the Crimean parliament announced a referendum on Crimea's future in accordance with the law "On the Autonomous Republic of Crimea". On 16 March the referendum was held, on 17 March Crimea declared independence and on 21 March it was incorporated into the Russian Federation. Ukraine vigorously protested the action as a violation of Article 1 of the Budapest Memorandum.
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39:
763:, Zelenskyy said "Since 2014, Ukraine has tried three times to convene consultations with the guarantor states of the Budapest Memorandum . Three times without success. Today Ukraine will do it for the fourth time. ... If they do not happen again or their results do not guarantee security for our country, Ukraine will have every right to believe that the Budapest Memorandum is not working and all the package decisions of 1994 are in doubt." Putin used Zelenskyy's comments as part of his claims that Ukraine could develop nuclear weapons. Critics have disputed Putin's claims. The treaty has since been violated by Russia with its 2022 invasion of Ukraine. In March 2022,
100:
466:, flew to Ukraine to agree to the outlines of a trilateral agreement including U.S. assistance in dismantling the nuclear systems in Ukraine and compensation for the uranium in nuclear warheads. Participants were invited to Washington on 3–4 January to finalise the agreement. A Trilateral Statement with a detailed annex was agreed, based on the previously agreed terms but with detailed financial arrangements and a firm commitment to an early start to the transfer of at least 200 warheads to Russia and the production in Russia of nuclear reactor fuel for Ukraine. Warheads would be removed from all
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470:(SS-24) within 10 months. However Ukraine did not want a commitment to transfer all warheads by 1 June 1996 to be made public for domestic political reasons, and Russia did not want the financial compensation for uranium made public because they were concerned that Belarus and Kazakhstan would also demand this. It was decided to exclude these two matters from the published agreement, but cover them in private letters between the countries' presidents.
411:(SS-19) missiles in Ukraine were withdrawn to storage because warhead components were past their operational life, and Ukraine's political leadership realised that Ukraine could not become a credible nuclear military force as they could not maintain the warheads and ensure long term nuclear safety. Later in 1993, the Ukrainian and Russian governments signed a series of bilateral agreements giving up Ukrainian claims to the nuclear weapons and the
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the difficulties that
Ukraine has encountered since early 2014 may cast doubt on the credibility of future security assurances that are offered in exchange for nonproliferation commitments. Regardless, the United States publicly maintains that "the Memorandum is not legally binding", calling it a "political commitment".
1081:"Joint Declaration of the Leaders of Ukraine, Russia, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America, as well as a Memorandum on Security Assurances in Connection with Ukraine's Accession to the Non-Proliferation Treaty, signed in Budapest on 5 December 1994"
814:
and so the memorandum was adopted in more limited terms. The memorandum has a requirement of consultation among the parties "in the event a situation arises that raises a question concerning the ... commitments" set out in the memorandum. Whether or not the memorandum sets out legal obligations,
357:
Not to use nuclear weapons against any non - nuclear-weapon state party to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of
Nuclear Weapons, except in the case of an attack on themselves, their territories or dependent territories, their armed forces, or their allies, by such a state in association or alliance
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Ukraine did not possess nuclear weapons after the collapse of the Soviet Union. They were not the third largest nuclear power. They did not give up those weapons because they did not possess them. ... The Rocket Forces pushed back and instead of taking the
Ukrainian oath were able to arrange to take
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There are some reports that
Ukraine had established effective custody, but not operational control, of the cruise missiles and gravity bombs. ... By early 1994 the only barrier to Ukraine's ability to exercise full operational control over the nuclear weapons on missiles and bombers deployed on
751:
In 2008 and 2011, Putin expressed the opinion that neither the transfer of Crimea to
Ukraine nor the Budapest Memorandum signed by Yeltsin were binding for Russia. In 2014, Putin claimed the Maidan movement and government change radically changed Ukraine into a new entity, toward which Russia has no
650:
for a partial suspension of
Russian membership from the G8 due to Russia's breach of the Budapest Memorandum. He said that Ukraine had given up its nuclear weapons "on the basis of an explicit Russian assurance of its territorial integrity. By breaching that assurance, President Putin has provided a
473:
Another key point was that U.S. State
Department lawyers made a distinction between "security guarantee" and "security assurance", referring to the security guarantees that were desired by Ukraine in exchange for non-proliferation. "Security guarantee" would have implied the use of military force in
342:
Refrain from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of the signatories to the memorandum, and undertake that none of their weapons will ever be used against these countries, except in cases of self-defense or otherwise in accordance with the
Charter of
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Under the agreement the
Russian Federation provided security assurances to Ukraine in the form of promising neither to attack nor to threaten to attack them. The other signatories (the United States, United Kingdom and France) pledged non-military support to Ukraine in exchange for its adherence to
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as a revolution: "a new state arises, but with this state and in respect to this state, we have not signed any obligatory documents." Russia stated that it had never been under obligation to "force any part of Ukraine's civilian population to stay in Ukraine against its will." Russia suggested that
505:
for the Trilateral Statement signing, only to discover Ukraine was having second thoughts about signing. Clinton told Kravchuk not signing would risk major damage to U.S.-Ukraine relations. After some minor rewording, the Trilateral Statement was signed by the three presidents in Moscow in front of
578:
stationed in Crimea, which placed Russia in violation of the Budapest Memorandum. The Russian Foreign Ministry had initially denied the movement of armoured units attached to the Black Sea Fleet in Crimea which led to the troops being labelled "little green men", however after taking full military
399:
treaty, ahead of ratifying the treaty later. The protocol committed Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine to adhere to the NPT as non-nuclear weapons states as soon as possible. However, the terms for the transfer of the nuclear warheads were not agreed, and some Ukrainian officials and parliamentarians
539:
programme to provide financial assistance over $ 300 million (equivalent to $ 617 million in 2023), and technical assistance in decommissioning the nuclear weapons and delivery systems, which took to 2008 to fully complete. The U.S. also doubled other economic aid to Ukraine to $ 310 million
797:
The Budapest Memorandum was negotiated at political level, but it is not entirely clear whether the instrument is devoid entirely of legal provisions. It refers to assurances, but unlike guarantees, it does not impose a legal obligation of military assistance on its parties. According to Stephen
435:
but renouncing the Lisbon Protocol, suggesting Ukraine would only decommission 36% of missile launchers and 42% of the warheads on its territory, and demanded financial compensation for the tactical nuclear weapons removed in 1992. This caused U.S. diplomatic consternation, and the following day
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Ukrainian officials always underline that they provide purely administrative control over the strategic weapons, while the Russians provide 'operational' control. ... technical features themselves could not be considered a sufficient guarantee against Ukraine gaining unauthorized access to
555:
In 2013, the government of Belarus complained that American sanctions against it were in breach of Article 3 of the Memorandum. The US government responded that its sanctions were targeted at combating human rights violations and other illicit activities of the government of Belarus and not the
522:
The "Budapest Memorandum" is actually three documents signed individually on 5 December 1994 by the three leaders of the ex-Soviet nations, together with the guarantor nations: United States, United Kingdom and Russia. So the UNTERM portal notes for one: "To distinguish this from the other two
825:
China and France gave security assurances for Ukraine in separate documents. China's governmental statement of 4 December 1994 did not call for mandatory consultations if questions arose but only for "fair consultations". France's declaration of 5 December 1994 did not mention consultations.
662:
claimed, "Russia never violated Budapest memorandum. It contained only one obligation, not to attack Ukraine with nukes." However, Canadian journalist Michael Colborne pointed out that "there are actually six obligations in the Budapest Memorandum, and the first of them is 'to respect the
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and the Russian command and control system, although this could not be sufficient guarantee against Ukrainian access as the weapons could be manually changed and Ukraine would eventually gain full operational control over them. Formally, these weapons were controlled by the
672:, an American diplomat who was involved in drafting the Budapest Memorandum, later commented on "the mendacity of Russian diplomacy and its contempt for international opinion when the foreign minister says something that can be proven wrong with less than 30 seconds of
490:. In the end, a statement was read into the negotiation record that the (according to the U.S. lawyers) lesser sense of the English word "assurance" would be the sole implied translation for all appearances of both terms in all three language versions of the statement.
833:, the Ukrainian nuclear disarmament was an exemplary case of nuclear non-proliferation. Since the invasions of Ukraine by Russia the wisdom of Ukraine relinquishing its nuclear weapons has been questioned, even by former president Bill Clinton, one of its signatories.
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amongst others in attendance, prohibited Russia, the United States and the United Kingdom from threatening or using military force or economic coercion against Ukraine, Belarus, and Kazakhstan, "except in self-defence or otherwise in accordance with the
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rationale for those elsewhere who needed little more than that already furnished by pride or grievance to arm themselves to the teeth." Harper also indicated support for Ukraine by saying he would work with the new Ukrainian government towards a
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1141:"Letter dated 94/12/07 from the Permanent Representative of the Russian Federation, Ukraine, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General"
1917:"Address of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine to the Guarantor States in accordance with the Budapest Memorandum of 1994 on Security Assurances in connection with Ukraine's accession to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons"
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account of Russia's embassy in the United Kingdom actually "provided a link to the text of the Budapest Memorandum itself with all six obligations, including the ones Russia has clearly violated – right there for everyone to see."
446:
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Address of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine to the Guarantor States in accordance with the Budapest Memorandum of 1994 on Security Assurances in connection with Ukraine's accession to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear
1593:"Ukraine Agrees to Give Up Its Nuclear Arsenal, Clinton Says: Summit: President hails the accord as a breakthrough, but it faces parliamentary opposition. NATO endorses the U.S. 'Partnership for Peace' plan to broaden alliance"
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Refrain from economic coercion designed to subordinate to their own interest the exercise by Ukraine, the Republic of Belarus and Kazakhstan of the rights inherent in its sovereignty and thus to secure advantages of any
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appealed to the signatory states of the Budapest Memorandum to hold urgent consultations to ensure full compliance with the memorandum's commitments and the immediate cessation of Russian aggression against Ukraine.
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383:. Belarus only had mobile missile launchers, and Kazakhstan had chosen to quickly give up its nuclear warheads and missiles to Russia. Ukraine went through a period of internal debate on their approach.
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902:, in Proceedings of Russia-Ukraine War: Consequences for the World, 3rd International Scientific and Practical Internet Conference, March 2-3, 2023. WayScience, Dnipro, Ukraine (pp. 18-20)
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Ukrainian international law scholars such as Olexander Zadorozhny maintain that the Memorandum is an international treaty because it satisfies the criteria for one, as fixed by the 1969
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MacFarlane, a professor of international relations, "It gives signatories justification if they take action, but it does not force anyone to act in Ukraine." In the US, neither the
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fact-checking?" Russia argued that the United States broke the third point of the agreement by introducing and threatening further sanctions against the Yanukovych government.
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action to provide assistance to the signatory if they "should become a victim of an act of aggression or an object of a threat of aggression in which nuclear weapons are used".
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that Russian involvement was a breach of its Budapest Memorandum obligations to Ukraine and in violation of Ukrainian sovereignty and territorial integrity. On 1 March the
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On 5 December 1994 to sign the three documents the leaders of the seven nations gathered at the Budapest Congress Center, shown here in a photograph dated October 2015
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has publicly commented on the Budapest Memorandum by arguing that it provides no true guarantee of safety due to Russia's coercive power. On 19 February 2022, at the
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2264:[Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine in connection with the convening of consultations in accordance with the Budapest Memorandum].
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In 2009, Russia and the United States released a joint statement that the memorandum's security assurances would still be respected after the expiration of the
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argued: "Russia’s invasion of Ukraine today is an even more serious violation and effectively buries Russia’s assurances in the Budapest Memorandum."
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Memorandum on Security Assurances in connection with the Republic of Kazakhstan's accession to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
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According to the three memoranda, Russia, the US and the UK confirmed their recognition of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine becoming parties to the
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Memorandum on Security Assurances in connection with the Republic of Belarus' accession to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
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1272:(1998). "Why Ukraine gave up nuclear weapons: non-proliferation incentives and disincentives". In Barry R. Schneider; William L. Dowdy (eds.).
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Memorandum of Security Assurances in connection with Accession of the Republic of Belarus to the Treaty on Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
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Zadorozhny, Olexander (2015). "Russian Aggression against Ukraine, the annexation of the Crimean peninsula and the 1994 Budapest Memorandum".
985:"With Courage and Persistence: Eliminating and Securing Weapons of Mass Destruction with the Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Programs"
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319:." As a result of other agreements and the memorandum, between 1993 and 1996, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine gave up their nuclear weapons.
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1393:... Some weapons are also possessed by Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Belarus, but these are controlled by the Commonwealth of Independent States.
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said "we must get rid of . This is my viewpoint from which I have not and will not deviate." He then brought a new proposal to the Rada.
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independence and sovereignty and the existing borders of Ukraine'". Colborne also pointed out that a broadcast of Lavrov's claim on the
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Bill Clinton says he feels 'terrible' for pushing a 1994 agreement with Russia that resulted in Ukraine giving up its nuclear weapons
1029:"Memorandum on security assurances in connection with Ukraine's accession to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons"
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visited Moscow for a meeting. Following side discussions, a U.S and Russian delegation, including U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense
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Memorandum on security assurances in connection with Ukraine’s accession to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
29:
Memorandum on Security Assurances in connection with the Republic of Belarus'/Republic of Kazakhstan's/Ukraine's accession to the
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and NPT treaties promptly. This caused severe public criticism leading to the resignation of Ukrainian Defence Minister
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822:(VCLT) and is "an international agreement concluded between States in written form and governed by international law".
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Respect the signatory's independence and sovereignty in the existing borders (in accordance with the principles of the
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Budapest Memorandums of the same date, this one could be referred to as the 'Budapest Memorandum regarding Kazakhstan
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1994:
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1186:"Why Ukraine wasn't a nuclear power in the early 1990s and the West has no legal obligation to come to its aid now"
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1821:"Ukraine crisis: David Cameron joins Angela Merkel in expressing anxiety and warns that 'the world is watching'"
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2676:Росія проти України (1990–2016 рр.): від політики шантажу і примусу до війни на поглинання та спроби знищення.
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953:. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: William J. Clinton (1994, Book II). 5 December 1994.
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and effectively removing all Soviet nuclear weapons from their soil, and that they agreed to the following:
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1999:[Medvedev: Russia does not guarantee the integrity of Ukraine] (in Russian). bbc.com. 20 May 2014.
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In February 2014, Russian forces seized or blockaded various airports and other strategic sites throughout
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after hosting the Budapest Memorandum Ministerial on the Ukraine crisis in Paris, France, on 5 March 2014.
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2549:"The 'Double Standard' of Nonproliferation: Regime Type and the U.S. Response to Nuclear Weapons Program"
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but the Ukrainian government found it valuable to have these assurances in a Ukraine-specific document.
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2230:[Ukraine convenes a meeting of nuclear states under the mechanism of the Budapest Memorandum].
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267:, on 5 December 1994, to provide security assurances by its signatories relating to the accession of
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951:"1994 Public Papers 2146 - Remarks at the Denuclearization Agreements Signing Ceremony in Budapest"
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415:, in return for $ 2.5 billion of gas and oil debt cancellation and future supplies of fuel for its
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2262:"Заява МЗС України у зв'язку зі скликанням консультацій відповідно до Будапештського меморандуму"
1972:
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782:. The memorandum bundled together a set of assurances that Ukraine had already held from the
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members) while "security assurance" would simply specify the non-violation of these parties'
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International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic
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2503:"The Budapest Memorandum and Beyond: Have the Western Parties Breached a Legal Obligation?"
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Until Ukraine gave up the Soviet nuclear weapons stationed on its soil, it had the world's
1740:"From 'Not Us' To 'Why Hide It?': How Russia Denied Its Crimea Invasion, Then Admitted It"
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replied to a question on the violation of the Budapest Memorandum, describing the current
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1682:"Political Legitimacy and International Law in Crimea: Pushing the U.S. and Russia Apart"
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2419:"Ukraine war: What is the Budapest Memorandum and why has Russia's invasion torn it up?"
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What is the Budapest Memorandum and how does it impact the current crisis in Ukraine?
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was prepared to give a military commitment to Ukraine, and they did not believe the
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1467:. Brookings Institution. pp. 5, 7, 10–13, 21–24. Arms Control Series Paper 6.
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started to discuss the possibility of retaining some of the modern Ukrainian built
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1055:"Budapest Memorandums on Security Assurances, 1994 - Council on Foreign Relations"
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2228:"Україна скликає зустріч ядерних держав за механізмом Будапештського меморандуму"
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1793:"Russia suspended from G8 over annexation of Crimea, Group of Seven nations says"
1709:"Reports of Russian military activity in Crimea prompts stern warning from Obama"
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1462:"The Trilateral Process: The United States, Ukraine, Russia and Nuclear Weapons"
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its soil was its inability to circumvent Russian permissive action links (PALs).
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170:
2366:"Putin Spins a Conspiracy Theory That Ukraine Is on a Path to Nuclear Weapons"
1968:
1524:"Trilateral Statement by the Presidents of the United States, Russia, Ukraine"
1335:
5668:
5620:
5191:
5176:
5166:
4884:
4793:
4757:
4692:
4067:
4021:
4011:
3980:
3842:
3771:
3761:
3720:
3654:
3502:
2844:
2308:
2087:
1797:
659:
623:
586:
by Russia in 2014, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the UK, and the US
391:
On 23 May 1992, Russia, the U.S., Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine signed the
288:
157:
48:
4036:
1316:
1275:
Pulling Back from the Nuclear Brink: Reducing and Countering Nuclear Threats
5559:
5171:
5111:
5068:
4964:
4905:
4900:
4782:
4648:
4643:
4541:
3970:
3960:
3929:
3725:
3534:
3098:
2463:
1457:
669:
544:
494:
283:(NPT). The three memoranda were originally signed by three nuclear powers:
255:
comprises three substantially identical political agreements signed at the
44:
5216:
5196:
4752:
4737:
3847:
3781:
3649:
1211:
721:
2166:"Russia seizes Ukrainian ships near annexed Crimea after firing on them"
1666:(Press release). U.S. Department of State. 12 April 2013. Archived from
1539:
1523:
1497:
361:
Consult with one another if questions arise regarding those commitments.
5591:
3587:
3570:
3544:
2866:
2763:
2653:
2638:
1155:
999:
619:
608:
272:
222:
118:
5236:
2688:
2357:
687:
regions, which are affected by Russian military intervention of 2014.
3644:
3639:
3619:
2338:
807:
717:
607:
the US was in violation of the Budapest Memorandum and described the
1766:"In Kyiv, Harper calls for 'complete reversal' of Crimea annexation"
474:
assisting its non-nuclear parties attacked by an aggressor (such as
3629:
3624:
3604:
2773:
2445:
2405:
725:
260:
79:
55:
after signing the Trilateral Statement in Moscow on 14 January 1994
3299:
2648:
2633:
303:
gave somewhat weaker individual assurances in separate documents.
5815:
Events affected by annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation
4616:
3634:
3200:
2785:
2170:
1943:"Ukrainian parliament appeals to Budapest Memorandum signatories"
664:
459:
432:
420:
408:
396:
276:
268:
264:
131:
105:
83:
2024:"Harper leads charge to expel Russia from G8, ramp up sanctions"
2297:"We knew in 2011 Putin would attack Ukraine, says Bill Clinton"
1623:"Ukraine, Nuclear Weapons, and Security Assurances at a Glance"
1391:
The Minister of State for the Armed Forces (Mr. Jeremy Hanley):
702:
673:
571:
502:
300:
284:
144:
1115:
1080:
681:
Ministry of Reintegration of Temporarily Occupied Territories
296:
2857:
List of Russian units which invaded the territory of Ukraine
1121:
2135:"Tension escalates after Russia seizes Ukraine naval ships"
1872:
1103:
498:
483:
2430:
2428:
2388:
1317:"Post-Soviet Russia and Ukraine: Who can push the Button?"
994:. Defense Threat Reduction Agency. pp. 101–134, 186.
921:"On assurances without guarantees in a 'shelved document'"
1887:"Condemnation isn't enough for Russian actions in Crimea"
2200:[Ukraine convenes a meeting of nuclear states].
1969:"Putin at a press conference, 4 March 2014 (in Russian)"
1919:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. 1 March 2014.
1851:"Readout of President Obama's Call with President Putin"
1764:
That, Corinne Ton; Commisso, Christina (22 March 2014).
2425:
639:
2435:"Are the US and the UK bound to intervene in Ukraine?"
2335:"Zelensky's full speech at Munich Security Conference"
2058:. Russian Embassy in United Kingdom. 27 January 2016.
831:
2014 Russian military occupation of regions of Ukraine
1654:
1652:
724:
through the Kerch Strait on their way to the port of
540:(equivalent to $ 637 million in 2023) for 1994.
3191:
Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine
2164:
Osborn, Andrew; Polityuk, Pavel (25 November 2018).
914:
912:
910:
908:
752:engagement, allowing the 2014 invasion of Donbass.
559:
454:
Yeltsin and Clinton news conference, 14 January 1994
2056:"Lavrov: Russia never violated Budapest memorandum"
1996:Медведев: Россия не гарантирует целостность Украины
1707:Booth, William; DeYoung, Karen (28 February 2014).
1240:"Budapest Memorandums on Security Assurances, 1994"
736:
3026:Economic impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine
2540:
1819:Stevenson, Chris; Williams, Oscar (1 March 2014).
1649:
1436:an oath to the Commonwealth of Independent States.
780:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
329:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
281:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
31:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
2964:United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine
2624:Text of the Budapest Memorandum regarding Ukraine
2607:Text of the Budapest Memorandum regarding Belarus
1818:
905:
784:Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe
716:vessels after they attempted to transit from the
5666:
2022:Chase, Steven; MacKinnon, Mark (24 March 2014).
1684:. Diplomatic Courier. 8 May 2014. Archived from
1361:
3241:Forced transfer of Ukrainian children to Russia
2458:
2456:
2454:
2157:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
3301:Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation
3216:Aircraft losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War
2816:Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation
2163:
2021:
1879:
978:
976:
974:
972:
566:Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation
5252:
4368:2014 Russian cross-border shelling of Ukraine
4066:
4052:
3285:
2704:
2614:(in Belarusian, English, Russian, and French)
1491:
1489:
1183:
1087:. United Nations. 21 December 1994. CD/1285.
2984:International reactions to the war in Donbas
2628:(in English, Russian, Ukrainian, and French)
2462:
2451:
1763:
1706:
1584:
1441:
1398:
1315:Pikayev, Alexander A. (Spring–Summer 1994).
1308:
1177:
404:(SS-24) missiles and Soviet built warheads.
306:The memoranda, signed in Patria Hall at the
3119:2022 activities of Anonymous against Russia
3001:Foreign fighters in the Russo-Ukrainian War
2934:2022–2023 Russia–European Union gas dispute
2656:has original text related to this article:
2641:has original text related to this article:
2468:"Ukraine crisis' impact on nuclear weapons"
2105:[Groisman created a new ministry].
1262:
969:
747:Legality of the Russian invasion of Ukraine
5259:
5245:
4131:OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine
4059:
4045:
3493:Autonomous Republic of Crimea (since 1995)
3292:
3278:
3221:Ship losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War
3124:2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia
2944:OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine
2872:Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine
2711:
2697:
2531:
1843:
1486:
1404:
1204:
1057:. Cfr.org. 5 December 1994. Archived from
679:On 20 April 2016, Ukraine established the
574:. The troops were attached to the Russian
253:Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances
232:Ukraine. Memorandum on Security Assurances
37:
3581:Building of the Supreme Council of Crimea
2954:China and the Russian invasion of Ukraine
2643:Text of the Budapest Memorandum (Ukraine)
2553:International Journal of Nuclear Security
2546:
919:Vasylenko, Volodymyr (15 December 2009).
918:
550:
535:After this was agreed, the U.S. used its
509:
458:On 15 December 1993, U.S. Vice President
3350:List of companies that applied sanctions
2959:Iran and the Russian invasion of Ukraine
2619:Text of Budapest Memorandum (Kazakhstan)
2198:"Україна скликає зустріч ядерних держав"
2103:"У Гройсмана створили нове міністерство"
2095:
2080:
1516:
1133:
820:Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
690:
613:
513:
442:
5715:Foreign relations of the United Kingdom
5690:20th-century military history of Russia
5266:
4450:Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing
4435:Assassination of Alexander Zakharchenko
2718:
1737:
1314:
1158:. A/49/765; S/1994/1399. Archived from
982:
868:Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction
537:Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction
372:third-largest nuclear weapons stockpile
5720:Foreign relations of the United States
5667:
3463:1944 deportation of the Crimean Tatars
2363:
2294:
2270:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine
2062:from the original on 18 September 2022
1945:. Interfax Ukraine. 28 February 2014.
1923:from the original on 30 September 2022
1831:from the original on 25 September 2015
1790:
1772:from the original on 16 September 2018
1590:
1558:
1367:
1268:
1216:"The Crimea: Europe's Next Flashpoint"
730:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine
622:speaks with British Foreign Secretary
5240:
5059:State Border Guard Service of Ukraine
4040:
3372:UN General Assembly Resolution 68/262
3273:
3056:ICC arrest warrant for Vladimir Putin
2989:Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War
2692:
2376:from the original on 24 February 2022
2178:from the original on 26 November 2018
2145:from the original on 26 November 2018
2081:Colborne, Michael (4 February 2016).
1975:from the original on 20 December 2021
1909:
1897:from the original on 27 November 2018
1863:from the original on 11 February 2017
1474:from the original on 24 February 2022
1456:
1422:from the original on 28 February 2022
1380:from the original on 9 September 2018
1278:. Psychology Press. pp. 88–104.
1210:
887:
885:
883:
634:On 24 March, Canadian Prime Minister
3021:2021–2023 global supply chain crisis
2754:2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin
2626:in the United Nations Treaty Series
2534:European Political and Law Discourse
2276:from the original on 6 December 2018
2242:from the original on 6 December 2018
2208:from the original on 5 December 2018
1504:from the original on 6 December 2017
1495:
1418:. Event occurs at 3m13s-, 11m37s-.
1292:from the original on 16 January 2023
1031:. treaties.un.org. 5 December 1994.
1021:
943:
683:to manage the occupied parts of the
5680:Treaties entered into force in 1994
4358:Ukrainian Air Force Il-76 shootdown
4295:Novosvitlivka refugee convoy attack
4136:Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine
3530:2006 anti-NATO protests in Feodosia
3226:Moldova and the Russo-Ukrainian War
3155:Disinformation in the 2022 invasion
2929:sanctioned people and organisations
2894:2022 Russian annexation referendums
2559:from the original on 31 August 2020
1757:
1572:from the original on 19 August 2022
1408:; Stein, Aaron (24 February 2022).
1232:
1188:. Arms Control Wonk. Archived from
957:from the original on 19 August 2022
931:from the original on 21 August 2021
893:War in Ukraine: Treaty to Treachery
858:Russian–Ukrainian Friendship Treaty
13:
3925:Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People
3362:Reaction of Russian intelligentsia
2828:2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine
2513:from the original on 17 April 2019
2364:Sanger, David (23 February 2022).
2115:from the original on 28 March 2019
1738:Schreck, Carl (26 February 2019).
1091:from the original on 19 March 2017
880:
381:Commonwealth of Independent States
14:
5831:
5820:Multilateral relations of Ukraine
5579:Dictatorship Resistance Committee
4632:The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov
3483:Republic of Crimea (1992 to 1995)
3448:1783 annexation by Russian Empire
3417:Capture of the Crimean Parliament
3206:2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism
2600:
2547:Shymanska, Alina (1 March 2018).
2492:Budapest Memorandum, paragraph 6.
2474:from the original on 8 March 2014
2345:from the original on 3 March 2022
2036:from the original on 3 April 2017
2003:from the original on 8 April 2017
1949:from the original on 4 March 2014
1791:Fisher, Matthew (24 March 2014).
1719:from the original on 1 March 2014
1637:from the original on 3 March 2022
1603:from the original on 1 March 2022
1546:from the original on 1 March 2022
1498:"The Lisbon Protocol At a Glance"
1246:. 5 December 1994. Archived from
1035:from the original on 2 April 2022
560:2014 Russian annexation of Crimea
5730:Ukraine–United Kingdom relations
4622:Antifascist Committee of Ukraine
4593:Political parties and movements
4496:
4482:
4468:
4265:Siege of the Luhansk Border Base
3412:Medal "For the Return of Crimea"
3407:Crimean speech of Vladimir Putin
3357:2014 anti-war protests in Russia
3254:
3253:
3196:2014 anti-war protests in Russia
2678:– К.: «МП Леся», 2017. – 332 с.
2647:
2632:
1591:Nelson, Jack (11 January 1994).
1496:Reif, Kingston (December 2020).
1345:from the original on 21 May 2014
800:George H. W. Bush administration
737:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
386:
217:
163:
150:
137:
124:
111:
98:
5710:Foreign relations of Kazakhstan
3104:2017 Ukraine ransomware attacks
2904:destruction of the Kakhovka Dam
2899:2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions
2734:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
2571:
2525:
2495:
2486:
2411:
2327:
2315:from the original on 6 May 2023
2288:
2254:
2220:
2190:
2127:
2111:(in Ukrainian). 20 April 2016.
2074:
2048:
2015:
1987:
1961:
1935:
1859:(Press release). 1 March 2014.
1812:
1784:
1744:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
1731:
1700:
1674:
1615:
1368:Hanley, Jeremy (22 June 1993).
1184:Philipp Bleek (29 April 2014).
626:and Ukrainian Foreign Minister
419:. Ukraine agreed to ratify the
16:1994 OSCE conference agreements
5810:December 1994 events in Europe
5755:Treaties of the United Kingdom
5611:Annexation of Crimea by Russia
5566:Cases against Yulia Tymoshenko
5001:Territorial defense battalions
4156:Civil–military administrations
3683:Council of Ministers of Crimea
3422:Capture of Southern Naval Base
3367:2014 Crimean status referendum
3345:List of sanctioned individuals
3231:Ukraine and electronic warfare
3006:2014 Crimean status referendum
1660:"Belarus: Budapest Memorandum"
1073:
1047:
712:fired upon and captured three
598:On 4 March, Russian president
506:the media on 14 January 1994.
1:
5760:Treaties of the United States
4492:(April 2014 – September 2022)
4478:(April 2014 – September 2022)
4310:2nd Battle of Donetsk Airport
4260:1st Battle of Donetsk Airport
4151:Anti-terrorist Operation Zone
3498:1994–1995 President of Crimea
3236:Ukrainian conscription crisis
2295:Borger, Julian (5 May 2023).
1664:United States Embassy – Minsk
1376:. UK Parliament. Column 154.
873:
317:Charter of the United Nations
5725:Foreign relations of Ukraine
5700:Foreign relations of Belarus
5644:Law of Ukraine (legislation)
5441:Second Tymoshenko government
5435:Second Yanukovych government
5035:Ukrainian Air Assault Forces
4955:Ministry of Internal Affairs
4425:Minsk II ceasefire agreement
3089:2015 Ukraine power grid hack
2611:United Nations Treaty Series
1500:. Arms Control Association.
1244:Council on Foreign Relations
648:2014 Nuclear Security Summit
431:passed a motion agreeing to
358:with a nuclear weapon state.
7:
5705:Foreign relations of Russia
5685:Military history of Ukraine
5500:Declaration of Independence
5465:Second Yatsenyuk Government
5423:First Tymoshenko government
5417:First Yanukovych government
5042:Security Service of Ukraine
4363:Shelling of Donetsk, Russia
4086:Russian invasion of Ukraine
3520:1998 Constitution of Crimea
3488:1992 constitution of Crimea
3387:2014 Constitution of Crimea
3377:Declaration of Independence
3186:Russian language in Ukraine
2884:Russian invasion of Ukraine
2759:Russia–Ukraine gas disputes
2663:Text of Budapest Memorandum
2658:Text of Budapest Memorandum
1324:The Nonproliferation Review
983:Harahan, Joseph P. (2014).
836:
772:
743:Russian invasion of Ukraine
728:. On 27 November 2018, the
685:Donetsk, Luhansk and Crimea
427:. On 18 November 1993, the
10:
5836:
5675:Treaties concluded in 1994
5459:First Yatsenyuk government
4280:Battle in Shakhtarsk Raion
4275:Zelenopillia rocket attack
4250:Battles of Sievierodonetsk
3525:2003 Tuzla Island conflict
3071:Lukoil oil transit dispute
3031:Eurointegration of Ukraine
3011:Political status of Crimea
2780:Foundations of Geopolitics
2744:2003 Tuzla Island conflict
2232:www.eurointegration.com.ua
2083:"Russia's bald-faced lies"
761:Munich Security Conference
740:
694:
563:
530:
407:In 1993, two regiments of
365:
322:
308:Budapest Convention Center
5795:1994 in American politics
5636:
5536:Constitutional amendments
5492:
5359:
5309:First Vice Prime Minister
5274:
5079:
4927:
4920:
4667:
4659:Russian Imperial Movement
4529:
4520:
4490:Luhansk People's Republic
4476:Donetsk People's Republic
4458:
4353:Donbas status referendums
4343:
4335:Battle of Avdiivka (2017)
4222:
4164:
4094:
4074:
4068:War in Donbas (2014–2022)
3989:
3938:
3918:National Guard of Ukraine
3867:
3860:
3805:
3744:
3678:Supreme Council of Crimea
3670:
3663:
3563:
3453:Crimean People's Republic
3435:
3317:
3307:
3249:
3173:
3132:
3109:2022 Ukraine cyberattacks
3079:
2914:
2806:
2726:
1971:. YouTube. 4 March 2014.
1528:Harvard Ukrainian Studies
1336:10.1080/10736709408436550
701:On 25 November 2018, the
611:as a US-instigated coup.
228:
215:
178:
89:
75:
64:5 December 1994
60:
36:
28:
5790:1994 in British politics
5735:Russia–Ukraine relations
5453:Second Azarov government
5399:Pustovoitenko government
4654:Internet Research Agency
4440:Donbas general elections
4420:Kramatorsk rocket attack
4405:2014 G20 Brisbane summit
4400:Donbas general elections
4141:Civil volunteer movement
3510:1994 Budapest Memorandum
3468:1945–1991 Crimean Oblast
3427:2014 Simferopol incident
3397:Crimean Federal District
3181:Russia–Ukraine relations
1995:
1631:Arms Control Association
829:For 20 years, until the
792:Non-Proliferation Treaty
706:Federal Security Service
497:made a courtesy stop at
5616:2014 pro-Russian unrest
5447:First Azarov government
5381:Second Masol government
4996:Ukrainian Ground Forces
4991:Armed Forces of Ukraine
4270:Battle of Krasnyi Lyman
4114:International reactions
3908:Ukrainian Ground Forces
3903:Armed Forces of Ukraine
3703:Russian Airborne Troops
3688:Sevastopol City Council
3473:1954 transfer of Crimea
3340:International sanctions
3016:2021 Black Sea incident
2939:Military aid to Ukraine
2924:International sanctions
2440:19 October 2017 at the
556:population of Belarus.
376:Permissive Action Links
209:(Kazakhstan Memorandum)
5750:Treaties of Kazakhstan
5524:Ukraine without Kuchma
5132:Valentyn Nalyvaichenko
4934:Government of Ukraine
4810:Alexander Zakharchenko
4607:Communist Party of DPR
4557:Army of the South-East
4506:(May 2014 – May 2015)
4415:Mariupol rocket attack
4109:Humanitarian situation
3966:Valentyn Nalyvaichenko
3939:Lead figures (Ukraine)
3478:1991–1992 Crimean ASSR
3458:1921–1945 Crimean ASSR
3335:List of military units
3330:International reaction
3061:Wagner Group rebellion
2400:30 August 2022 at the
804:Clinton administration
788:United Nations Charter
786:(CSCE) Final Act, the
631:
618:US Secretary of State
551:2013 Belarus sanctions
519:
510:The Budapest Memoranda
455:
417:nuclear power reactors
24:on Security Assurances
5695:Nuclear proliferation
5649:Corruption in Ukraine
5626:2022 Russian invasion
5596:Revolution of Dignity
5429:Yekhanurov government
5405:Yushchenko government
5361:Government of Ukraine
4773:Alexander Khodakovsky
4708:Vladimir Konstantinov
4612:Peace to Luhanshchina
4562:Russian Orthodox Army
4410:Volnovakha bus attack
4330:Battle of Svitlodarsk
3990:Lead figures (Crimea)
3818:Vladimir Konstantinov
3806:Lead figures (Crimea)
3745:Lead figures (Russia)
3550:Revolution of Dignity
3540:2012 law on languages
3515:1997 Partition Treaty
3094:2016 Kyiv cyberattack
3046:Diplomatic expulsions
2862:Kerch Strait incident
2769:Revolution of Dignity
1411:Deterrence in Ukraine
898:10 March 2023 at the
697:Kerch Strait incident
691:Kerch Strait incident
617:
564:Further information:
517:
488:territorial integrity
480:North Atlantic Treaty
453:
5477:Honcharuk Government
5393:Lazarenko government
5314:Vice Prime Ministers
5064:Volunteer battalions
4843:Aleksandr Kharitonov
4789:Vyacheslav Ponomarev
4637:Eurasian Youth Union
4537:Russian Armed Forces
4390:NATO summit in Wales
4385:UNSC Resolution 2166
4315:Battle of Debaltseve
4300:Battle of Novoazovsk
4240:Battle of Kramatorsk
3875:Yatsenyuk government
3693:Russian Armed Forces
3545:2013–2014 Euromaidan
3402:Environmental impact
3160:Propaganda in Russia
2583:8 April 2023 at the
2509:. 18 February 2015.
2341:. 19 February 2022.
2141:. 26 November 2018.
1893:. 28 February 2014.
1150:. 19 December 1994.
891:Paull, John (2023).
812:international treaty
755:Ukrainian President
653:free trade agreement
584:annexation of Crimea
436:Ukrainian President
203:(Belarus Memorandum)
197:(Ukraine Memorandum)
5765:Treaties of Ukraine
5740:Treaties of Belarus
5601:Russo-Ukrainian War
5506:Budapest Memorandum
5471:Groysman Government
5336:Parliament factions
5268:Politics of Ukraine
5092:Oleksandr Turchynov
5030:Ukrainian Air Force
4748:Mikhail Chumachenko
4723:Vladimir Antyufeyev
4713:Natalia Poklonskaya
4445:No to capitulation!
4230:Battle of Artemivsk
4080:Russo-Ukrainian War
3946:Oleksandr Turchynov
3823:Natalia Poklonskaya
3311:Russo-Ukrainian War
2796:Russian imperialism
2791:Russian irredentism
2739:Budapest Memorandum
2720:Russo-Ukrainian War
2272:. 5 December 2018.
2238:. 5 December 2018.
2204:. 5 December 2018.
1891:The Washington Post
1713:The Washington Post
1009:on 28 February 2022
992:DTRA History Series
863:Russo-Ukrainian War
757:Volodymyr Zelenskyy
646:meeting during the
604:Ukrainian situation
343:the United Nations.
310:with US Ambassador
201:Belarusian language
25:
22:Budapest Memorandum
5780:1994 in Kazakhstan
5745:Treaties of Russia
5654:Ukrainian diaspora
5571:against supporters
5483:Shmyhal Government
5387:Marchuk government
5102:Volodymyr Groysman
4874:Gennadiy Tsypkalov
4763:Ekaterina Gubareva
4320:Shyrokyne standoff
4305:Mariupol offensive
4290:Battle of Ilovaisk
4285:Battle of Horlivka
4255:Battle of Karlivka
4245:Battle of Mariupol
4235:Siege of Sloviansk
3828:Rustam Temirgaliev
3797:Rustam Minnikhanov
3576:Simferopol Airport
3382:Republic of Crimea
3114:IT Army of Ukraine
2994:journalists killed
2840:2014 Odesa clashes
2370:The New York Times
2029:The Globe and Mail
1270:Martel, William C.
1165:on 19 October 2017
1112:by ,, page 169-171
658:In February 2016,
632:
628:Andrii Deshchytsia
520:
456:
195:Ukrainian language
53:President Kravchuk
21:
5800:1990s in Budapest
5662:
5661:
5530:Orange Revolution
5411:Kinakh government
5375:Kuchma government
5351:Foreign relations
5331:Political parties
5234:
5233:
5230:
5229:
5222:Pavlo Zhebrivskyi
5202:Semen Semenchenko
5097:Arseniy Yatsenyuk
4916:
4915:
4768:Igor Khakimzyanov
4743:Alexander Borodai
4582:Somalia Battalion
4552:List of equipment
4547:Separatist forces
4325:Battle of Marinka
4124:Sanctioned people
4034:
4033:
4030:
4029:
3997:Mustafa Dzhemilev
3951:Arseniy Yatsenyuk
3856:
3855:
3535:2010 Kharkiv Pact
3443:History of Crimea
3267:
3266:
3211:Control of cities
3099:2016 Surkov leaks
3041:Lend-Lease (2022)
2749:Orange Revolution
2684:978-617-7530-02-1
2672:Pavlo Hai-Nyzhnyk
2593:, April 4th, 2023
2236:Ukrayinska Pravda
2108:Ukrayinska Pravda
1873:National Archives
1670:on 19 April 2014.
1597:Los Angeles Times
1568:. UNTERM portal.
1534:: 313–316. 1996.
1416:Arms Control Wonk
1370:"Nuclear Weapons"
1214:(November 2010).
1192:on 19 August 2014
451:
312:Donald M. Blinken
249:
248:
49:President Yeltsin
45:President Clinton
5827:
5637:Related articles
5585:Law on languages
5554:Political crisis
5548:Political crisis
5542:Political crisis
5518:Cassette Scandal
5369:Fokin government
5276:Political system
5261:
5254:
5247:
5238:
5237:
5212:Nadiya Savchenko
5187:Ihor Kolomoyskyi
5157:Oleh Makhnitskyi
5117:Vitali Klitschko
5087:Petro Poroshenko
5054:Euromaidan Press
4925:
4924:
4864:Leonid Pasechnik
4858:Aleksey Mozgovoy
4838:Aleksey Karyakin
4826:Alexander Bednov
4804:Mikhail Tolstykh
4778:Vladimir Kononov
4688:Vladislav Surkov
4627:Ukrainian Choice
4602:New Russia Party
4597:Donetsk Republic
4577:Sparta Battalion
4567:Vostok Battalion
4527:
4526:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4146:Little green men
4084:Followed by the
4061:
4054:
4047:
4038:
4037:
3865:
3864:
3838:Sergei Yeliseyev
3833:Denis Berezovsky
3792:Oleg Belaventsev
3777:Valery Gerasimov
3767:Vladislav Surkov
3736:Ukrainian Choice
3708:Little green men
3668:
3667:
3392:Political status
3294:
3287:
3280:
3271:
3270:
3257:
3256:
3140:Little green men
2713:
2706:
2699:
2690:
2689:
2667:
2652: Ukrainian
2651:
2636:
2629:
2615:
2594:
2590:Business Insider
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2466:(4 March 2014).
2460:
2449:
2432:
2423:
2422:
2415:
2409:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1870:
1868:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1656:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1493:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1473:
1466:
1454:
1439:
1438:
1429:
1427:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1387:
1385:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1352:
1350:
1344:
1330:(3): 31, 40–45.
1321:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1299:
1297:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1250:on 17 March 2014
1236:
1230:
1229:
1228:on 9 March 2014.
1227:
1221:. Archived from
1220:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1164:
1145:
1137:
1131:
1130:by ,, page 18-21
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1061:on 12 March 2017
1051:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1008:
1002:. Archived from
989:
980:
967:
966:
964:
962:
947:
941:
940:
938:
936:
916:
903:
889:
848:Munich Agreement
843:Minsk agreements
810:would ratify an
766:The Conversation
526:
464:William J. Perry
452:
352:Security Council
221:
220:
190:Russian language
185:English language
169:
167:
166:
156:
154:
153:
143:
141:
140:
130:
128:
127:
117:
115:
114:
104:
102:
101:
71:
69:
51:, and Ukrainian
41:
26:
20:
5835:
5834:
5830:
5829:
5828:
5826:
5825:
5824:
5805:1994 in Hungary
5775:1994 in Ukraine
5770:1994 in Belarus
5665:
5664:
5663:
5658:
5632:
5488:
5355:
5321:Judicial system
5270:
5265:
5235:
5226:
5207:Hennadiy Moskal
5162:Viktor Muzhenko
5152:Mykhailo Kutsyn
5142:Stepan Poltorak
5137:Valeriy Heletey
5075:
4912:
4896:Aleksandr Dugin
4869:Igor Plotnitsky
4848:Arsen Klinchaev
4816:Sergei Zhurikov
4703:Sergey Aksyonov
4683:Dmitry Medvedev
4663:
4587:Prizrak Brigade
4572:Kalmius Brigade
4522:
4516:
4497:
4495:
4483:
4481:
4469:
4467:
4460:
4459:Self-proclaimed
4454:
4430:Kharkiv bombing
4373:MH17 shoot-down
4345:
4339:
4218:
4160:
4104:Aircraft losses
4096:
4090:
4070:
4065:
4035:
4026:
4017:Serhiy Kunitsyn
3985:
3976:Mykhailo Kutsyn
3934:
3852:
3813:Sergey Aksyonov
3801:
3787:Aleksandr Vitko
3757:Dmitry Medvedev
3740:
3698:Black Sea Fleet
3659:
3559:
3431:
3313:
3303:
3298:
3268:
3263:
3245:
3169:
3150:Media portrayal
3128:
3075:
2916:
2910:
2802:
2722:
2717:
2665:
2627:
2613:
2603:
2598:
2597:
2585:Wayback Machine
2576:
2572:
2562:
2560:
2545:
2541:
2530:
2526:
2516:
2514:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2477:
2475:
2461:
2452:
2442:Wayback Machine
2433:
2426:
2421:. 2 March 2022.
2417:
2416:
2412:
2402:Wayback Machine
2393:
2389:
2379:
2377:
2362:
2358:
2348:
2346:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2318:
2316:
2293:
2289:
2279:
2277:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2245:
2243:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2211:
2209:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2179:
2162:
2158:
2148:
2146:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2118:
2116:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2079:
2075:
2065:
2063:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2037:
2020:
2016:
2006:
2004:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1978:
1976:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1952:
1950:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1898:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1866:
1864:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1834:
1832:
1825:The Independent
1817:
1813:
1803:
1801:
1789:
1785:
1775:
1773:
1762:
1758:
1748:
1746:
1736:
1732:
1722:
1720:
1705:
1701:
1691:
1689:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1658:
1657:
1650:
1640:
1638:
1627:ArmsControl.org
1621:
1620:
1616:
1606:
1604:
1589:
1585:
1575:
1573:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1549:
1547:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1507:
1505:
1494:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1455:
1442:
1425:
1423:
1403:
1399:
1383:
1381:
1366:
1362:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1319:
1313:
1309:
1295:
1293:
1286:
1267:
1263:
1253:
1251:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1225:
1218:
1209:
1205:
1195:
1193:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1094:
1092:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1064:
1062:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1038:
1036:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1012:
1010:
1006:
987:
981:
970:
960:
958:
949:
948:
944:
934:
932:
917:
906:
900:Wayback Machine
890:
881:
876:
853:Normandy Format
839:
775:
749:
741:Main articles:
739:
699:
693:
642:partners in an
595:was published.
576:Black Sea Fleet
568:
562:
553:
533:
524:
512:
443:
413:Black Sea Fleet
393:Lisbon Protocol
389:
368:
350:Seek immediate
325:
218:
207:Kazakh language
164:
162:
151:
149:
138:
136:
125:
123:
112:
110:
99:
97:
91:
67:
65:
56:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5833:
5823:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5785:1994 in Russia
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5640:
5638:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5630:
5629:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5598:
5588:
5582:
5576:
5575:
5574:
5563:
5557:
5551:
5545:
5539:
5533:
5527:
5521:
5515:
5509:
5503:
5496:
5494:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5486:
5485:(2020–present)
5480:
5474:
5468:
5462:
5456:
5450:
5444:
5438:
5432:
5426:
5420:
5414:
5408:
5402:
5396:
5390:
5384:
5378:
5372:
5365:
5363:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5304:Prime Minister
5296:
5291:
5286:
5280:
5278:
5272:
5271:
5264:
5263:
5256:
5249:
5241:
5232:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5182:Rinat Akhmetov
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5147:Mykhailo Koval
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5127:Yuriy Lutsenko
5124:
5122:Oleh Tyahnybok
5119:
5114:
5109:
5107:Andriy Parubiy
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5083:
5081:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5072:
5071:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5050:
5049:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
4988:
4987:
4986:
4985:
4984:
4974:
4973:
4972:
4967:
4960:National Guard
4952:
4951:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4931:
4929:
4922:
4918:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4910:
4909:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4832:Valery Bolotov
4829:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4807:
4801:
4799:Denis Pushilin
4796:
4791:
4786:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4733:Fyodor Berezin
4730:
4728:Eduard Basurin
4725:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4697:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4678:Vladimir Putin
4671:
4669:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4591:
4590:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4544:
4539:
4533:
4531:
4524:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4513:
4512:
4493:
4479:
4464:
4462:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4395:Minsk Protocol
4392:
4387:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4349:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4170:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4100:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4082:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4064:
4063:
4056:
4049:
4041:
4032:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
4002:Refat Chubarov
3999:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3956:Andriy Parubiy
3953:
3948:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3913:Ukrainian Navy
3910:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3877:
3871:
3869:
3862:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3752:Vladimir Putin
3748:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3731:Kuban Cossacks
3728:
3723:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3674:
3672:
3665:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3602:
3600:Crimean Bridge
3597:
3596:
3595:
3593:Belbek Airport
3585:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3555:40th G7 summit
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3297:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3274:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3177:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3085:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3036:Soviet imagery
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
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5172:Oleh Liashko
5112:Arsen Avakov
5080:Lead figures
5069:Right Sector
4906:Oleg Tsaryov
4901:Nelya Shtepa
4783:Arsen Pavlov
4668:Lead figures
4649:Don Cossacks
4644:Night Wolves
4542:Wagner Group
4078:Part of the
3971:Ihor Tenyukh
3961:Arsen Avakov
3930:Right Sector
3726:Night Wolves
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3309:Part of the
3145:Social media
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5479:(2019–2020)
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5197:Ihor Baluta
5047:Alpha Group
4753:Igor Girkin
4738:Igor Bezler
4504:Novorossiya
4007:İlmi Ümerov
3848:Igor Besler
3782:Igor Sergun
3664:Pro-Russian
3650:Arabat Spit
3564:Main places
3318:Main topics
3066:LGBT people
2949:Act of 2014
2808:Main events
2507:EJIL: Talk!
2380:23 February
2182:26 November
2149:26 November
2040:27 February
2007:27 February
1979:15 December
1804:27 February
1749:22 February
1426:28 February
1384:9 September
1169:27 February
1156:11176/44537
722:Sea of Azov
710:coast guard
92:signatories
5669:Categories
5592:Euromaidan
5294:Parliament
5021:Rukh Oporu
3588:Sevastopol
3571:Simferopol
3436:Background
2915:Impact and
2867:Wagnergate
2764:Euromaidan
2727:Background
2654:Wikisource
2639:Wikisource
2280:5 December
2266:mfa.gov.ua
2246:5 December
2212:5 December
2202:uprom.info
2119:26 January
2066:27 January
1085:undocs.org
1000:B01LYEJ56H
874:References
620:John Kerry
609:Euromaidan
582:After the
493:President
273:Kazakhstan
223:Wikisource
119:Kazakhstan
68:1994-12-05
47:, Russian
5526:(2000–01)
5467:(2014–16)
5455:(2012–14)
5449:(2010–12)
5443:(2007–10)
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5289:President
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4119:Sanctions
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3640:Port Krym
3620:Perevalne
3614:scuttling
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2563:20 August
2339:Kyiv Post
2309:0261-3077
1927:19 August
1901:25 August
1835:25 August
1576:19 August
1196:16 August
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808:US Senate
720:into the
718:Black Sea
476:Article 5
179:Languages
5590:2013–14
5011:Dnipro-2
4982:Dnipro-1
4948:Groysman
4881:Kharkiv
4822:Luhansk
4719:Donetsk
4699:Crimean
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4166:Timeline
3882:parties
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3605:Donuzlav
3325:Timeline
3259:Category
2969:ICJ case
2889:timeline
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2774:Putinism
2581:Archived
2557:Archived
2517:17 April
2511:Archived
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2438:Archived
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2176:Archived
2143:Archived
2139:BBC News
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2001:Archived
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1540:41036699
1502:Archived
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1356:weapons.
1349:6 August
1340:Archived
1296:6 August
1290:Archived
1095:19 March
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955:Archived
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896:Archived
837:See also
802:nor the
790:and the
773:Analysis
726:Mariupol
638:led the
438:Kravchuk
291:and the
261:Budapest
90:Original
80:Budapest
76:Location
5606:Outline
5299:Cabinet
5016:Kryvbas
4892:Others
4617:Borotba
4523:Russian
4223:Battles
4095:General
3891:Svoboda
3635:Chonhar
3611:Ochakov
3201:Ruscism
3174:Related
2786:Ruscism
2609:in the
2478:6 March
2470:. CNN.
2349:3 March
2171:Reuters
1953:1 March
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1607:1 March
1550:1 March
1508:1 March
1478:1 March
1374:Hansard
1254:2 March
1065:7 March
1013:7 March
935:7 March
925:The Day
703:Russian
665:Twitter
593:Weapons
531:Sequels
495:Clinton
478:of the
460:Al Gore
433:START I
425:Morozov
421:START I
409:UR-100N
397:START I
395:to the
366:History
323:Content
279:to the
277:Ukraine
269:Belarus
265:Hungary
132:Ukraine
106:Belarus
84:Hungary
66: (
5587:(2012)
5581:(2011)
5573:(2010)
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5514:(1996)
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5502:(1991)
5493:Events
5461:(2014)
5425:(2005)
5326:Budget
4970:Donbas
4521:(Pro-)
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4346:events
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468:RT-23s
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4344:Other
3165:Films
3133:Media
2974:ORDLO
2319:6 May
1692:9 May
1536:JSTOR
1472:(PDF)
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297:China
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4965:Azov
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4204:2020
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4179:2015
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3896:UDAR
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484:NATO
482:for
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