1858:
2331:) decided to ignore the advice of the Bundesbank, and chose an exchange rate of 1:1. The Bundesbank feared that this would be excessively inflationary as well as very significantly impairing the economic prospects of the area of the former East Germany. This dispute was particularly public because of the Bundesbank policy of communicating openly on such matters. Although public opinion normally supported the Bundesbank in matters of combating inflation, in this case Helmut Kohl prevailed, and the President of the Bundesbank, Pöhl, resigned. The Bundesbank had to use monetary measures to offset the inflationary effect.
151:
3126:
1986:
4408:
142:
593:
1854:. It checks the cash delivered by banks and money transport companies, removes counterfeit money from circulation and hands it to the police. It changes D-Mark holdings still in circulation, without any time limit and replaces damaged or mutilated notes (National Analysis Centre for Counterfeit and Damaged Banknotes and Coins). It also issues information on the safety mechanisms for notes and coins and issues a weekly bulletin on the volume of cash in circulation.
2448:
1764:
4418:
4196:
4466:
38:
1750:
2343:, resigned after the press published allegations that his hotel bills for a New Year celebration had been paid by a commercial bank and he was criticized for his handling of the affair. There were also some allegations that this was part of a political intrigue to remove Welteke from office because he opposed selling Bundesbank gold reserves, as desired by the government. After Pöhl (see
1973:, securities in foreign currency, credit with foreign banks, foreign exchange, etc. Currency reserves can be invested for profit and also provide a possibility of intervening in the market if the exchange rate fluctuates strongly. The gold reserves of the Bundesbank are the second largest in the world (after the U.S. Federal Reserve). As of late 2021, the Bundesbank has over 3,359
500:
the sole legal tender in both German states. The
Bundesbank was made responsible for money and currency policy within the whole of the currency union. A "Provisional Administration Body" was set up for the purpose of implementing the treaty, and this body continued to operate beyond the official date
339:
to be given full independence, leading this form of central bank to be referred to as the "Bundesbank model", as opposed, for instance, to the "New
Zealand model", which has a goal (i.e. inflation target) set by the government. The Bundesbank was greatly respected for its control of inflation through
1822:
The
Bundesbank, being the central bank of the Federal Republic of Germany, is an integral part of the European System of Central Banks (ESCB). It shall participate in the performance of the ESCB's tasks with the primary objective of maintaining price stability, and shall arrange for the execution of
1906:
through the
Bundesbank and the ECB. Until the end of 1998, the control of the money supply by this method was one of the main tasks of the Bundesbank. Since 1 January 1999, one of the principal aims of the ECB has been to maintain price stability by means of its monetary strategy. Commercial banks
519:
that came into force on 1 November 1993 laid the foundation for the
European Economic and Currency Union (EECU). National responsibility for monetary policy was transferred, at the Community level, to the European System of Central Banks (ESCB), comprising the European Central bank (ECB) and the
340:
the second half of the 20th century. This made the German Mark one of the most respected currencies, and the
Bundesbank gained substantial indirect influence in many European countries. As of 2023, its balance sheet total was âŹ2.516 trillion, making it the 4th largest central bank in the world.
396:
and the president of the directorate (board) of the Bank deutscher LĂ€nder. Amongst other things, the
Central Bank Council determined policy on bank rate and minimum reserve policy, open-market policy guidelines and granting of credit. After the negative experience with a central bank subject to
367:
was practically worthless, and a currency reform was implemented in the western occupation zones including West Berlin: on 21 June 1948, the D-Mark, or
Deutsche Mark, replaced the Reichsmark. The currency reform was based on laws enacted by the Allied military government. In preparation, the
501:
of reunification until 31 October 1990. The
Bundesbank Act was amended to adjust the organizational structure of the Bundesbank to better match changed circumstances following German reunification, and at the same time streamline the organisation. The eleven central banks of the
413:" (constitution), which had come into force on 23 May 1949, placed an obligation on the German federal legislature to establish a federal bank responsible for the issue of bank notes and currency. The legislature fulfilled this obligation by passing the Bundesbank Act (
2400:
payment system. Only three other eurozone central banks had net exposure from the system; all others had the offsetting net exposure due to the system. The net exposure finances trade imbalances and capital flight. The
Bundesbank is the largest shareholder of the
1949:
organizations. All such accounts are required to have a positive balance, i.e. the Bundesbank is not allowed to grant credits to the public sector. This is due to negative historical precedents in connection with the financing of two world wars by the
1907:
can deposit money that is temporarily surplus to requirements with the Bundesbank/ECB (known as a deposit facility). The Bundesbank supports cross-border payments between domestic and foreign commercial banks, for instance by means of the German
2135:) is the supreme governing body of the Bundesbank. It comprises: the president, the vice president and one additional board member, nominated by the German government, plus three additional members of the executive board, nominated by the
3011:
Fifty years of the Deutsche Mark: Central Bank and the currency in Germany since 1948 / with contributions by Ernst Baltensperger ... ; with a preface by Hans Tietmeyer ; and a foreword by Otmar Issing(FĂŒnfzig Jahre Deutsche Mark.
2405:. The ECB has bought up more than âŹ200 billion in sovereign debt from crisis-ridden countries. Some of this would have to be written off in the case of a euro collapse, which would entail corresponding losses for the Bundesbank.
1817:
After the ECB took over responsibility for currency, the Bundesbank continued to exist. Its duties were redefined by the 7th Law amending the "Law on the German Bundesbank" of 30 April 2002, in Section 3 of the Bundesbank Act:
2273:
The Bundesbank's decision-making body is the executive board. According to current regulations, it comprises the President, the vice-president and four other members. As of September 2024, its membership is as follows:
388:, was responsible for issuing bank notes, co-ordinating policy and various central tasks including management of foreign exchange. The supreme governing body of the two-tier central bank system was the Central Bank Council (
4917:
2412:. The levy "corresponds to the principle of national responsibility, according to which tax payers are responsible for their government's obligations before solidarity of other states is required". This followed an
557:
In 2001 the ECB took over full control of currency. The Bundesbank Act was last amended in 2002 by the 7th Law Amending the Law on the Bundesbank of 30 April 2002, which gave the Bundesbank its current structure.
432:
and a board of directors based in Frankfurt. The Central Bank Council decided on the currency and credit policy and laid down rules for management. As the central executive body of the Bundesbank, the Directorate
5012:
437:) was responsible for implementing the decisions of the Central Bank Council. The Directorate ran the bank and was, in particular, responsible for dealings with the federal government and its "special assets" (
2748:
Memorandum of Understanding relating to Cooperation between the Bundesanstalt fĂŒr Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht and the Bundesbank regarding the supervision of credit and financial services institutions
372:
established a new two-tier central bank system in the occupied zones; in its federal structure, it was modeled on the Federal Reserve System of the US. It comprised the central banks of the states (
1065:
1060:
1055:
452:
carried out business falling in their areas independently. The Bundesbank Act explicitly made them responsible for dealings with public bodies and credit institutes. The central Banks of the
2969:
401:
was independent of German political bodies from the start, including the federal German government, which was active from September 1949. It achieved independence from the Allies in 1951.
520:
national central banks (NCBs) of the EU states. Until the ECB became fully responsible for currency in 2001, the Bundesbank had three governing bodies. The Central Bank Council (
5054:
4454:
4177:
3258:
2007:). As of 30 June 2006, the Bundesbank had a total of 12,474 employees. These are available to banks, public authorities and money transport enterprises for the provision of
2960:
Böll, Sven; Hawranek, Dietmar; Hesse, Martin; Jung, Alexander; Neubacher, Alexander; Reiermann, Christian; Sauga, Michael; Schult, Christoph; Seith, Anne (25 June 2012).
2525:
1582:
4155:
2311:
The statutory independence of the central bank guaranteed by the Bundesbank Act does not ensure that there will be no disputes between the central bank and government.
5350:
496:
signed a treaty on 18 May 1990, that created an economic, social and currency union between the two German states; it came into force on 1 July 1990, and made the
2158:
1592:
778:
441:), for transactions with credit institutes operating in the Federal republic of Germany, for currency transactions, and foreign commercial transactions, and for
2942:
2295:
421:
were now no longer independent note-issuing banks, but became regional headquarters of the Bundesbank, nevertheless retaining the title "state central bank" (
5345:
4432:
2327:(the "old" Federal Republic of Germany), there was a dispute over the rate of exchange for conversion of East German money to Deutschmarks. The Chancellor (
528:
the Directorate, which comprised the president, the vice-president and six additional members. These eight people were nominated by the Federal Government (
5496:
2685:
2664:
1577:
1537:
849:
3049:
4857:
3101:
2792:
428:
The Central Bank Council remained the supreme decision-making body of the Bundesbank. It was now made up of the presidents of the central banks of the
5422:
4447:
4170:
2730:
2433:
1928:
1732:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1316:
1311:
2589:
2961:
1722:
4938:
4685:
3425:
3268:
2180:
2560:
2428:
2319:
One particularly public dispute was in the lead-up to German re-unification. When a customs union was created between the former East Germany (
384:
acted as central banks within their areas of jurisdiction. The Bank deutscher LĂ€nder, whose share capital was held by the central banks of the
5398:
3630:
1804:
604:
410:
2814:
5491:
5408:
5393:
4546:
4440:
4163:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
2167:
1842:
Based on the Bundesbank Act and the ECB Statute, the Bundesbank has four areas of activity, which it mostly handles jointly with the ECB:
4185:
1306:
1181:
906:
4887:
4490:
1912:
5461:
2408:
On 27 January 2014, the Bundesbank called for a capital levy on citizens of a nation before that nation applies for relief under the
1186:
549:
The Directorate was the executive body of the Bundesbank, while all currency policy decisions were made by the Central Bank Council.
1835:(but like the ECB), the Bundesbank is not officially responsible for maintaining the stability of the financial system and is not a
5365:
3916:
3156:
1823:
domestic and international payments. In addition, it shall discharge the duties assigned to it under this Act or other legislation.
445:
dealings. The Directorate was made up of the president and the vice-president of the Bundesbank and up to six additional members.
102:
5210:
4097:
616:
74:
5403:
5388:
5238:
5079:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
827:
4515:
1777:
5355:
4462:
3390:
3062:
3038:
2750:
2409:
1707:
1671:
1296:
1276:
4943:
1902:
for the commercial banks. The commercial banks can use what are known as "refinancing instruments" to cover their needs for
3697:
2923:
1635:
1021:
986:
81:
55:
2859:
3544:
3527:
3360:
1640:
870:
5486:
5476:
5233:
4375:
3435:
3400:
3345:
1927:
The bank also helps to regulate commercial banks, in close cooperation with the German financial regulatory agency the
1562:
1557:
1301:
689:
652:
2993:
5481:
5360:
3884:
3788:
3625:
3097:
3080:
3019:
2696:
2537:
1797:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1291:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1039:
1034:
1029:
957:
672:
121:
88:
4388:
2858:
Pierre L. Siklos: Department of Economics and Viessmann Research Centre, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON:
1716:
1567:
1271:
756:
4485:
1517:
5501:
5049:
4996:
4862:
3750:
3350:
1941:
As the state's banker, the Bundesbank provides accounts and performs normal banking services for federal, state (
4748:
2682:
2661:
70:
5264:
3733:
3549:
3233:
2387:
1850:
As a note-issuing bank, the Bundesbank provides the economy with cash, and ensures the physical circulation of
1666:
1587:
761:
677:
417:) of 26 July 1957, which abolished the two-tier structure of the central bank system. The central banks of the
392:) set up at the Bank deutscher LĂ€nder. It consisted of a president, the presidents of the central banks of the
59:
4510:
4505:
4297:
4027:
3803:
3665:
3569:
3468:
2800:
5269:
4047:
3775:
3645:
3149:
2392:
In June 2012, it was estimated that the Bundesbank had âŹ644 billion exposure to other central banks in the
1857:
1790:
1694:
1650:
1625:
1606:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1286:
1281:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1001:
932:
892:
809:
5002:
2766:
5335:
5203:
4897:
3842:
3755:
3207:
2529:
1645:
1630:
1191:
981:
4695:
4282:
3765:
3677:
3655:
3574:
3559:
3375:
3355:
3197:
2320:
1908:
996:
897:
698:
493:
359:
The history of the Bundesbank is inextricably linked with the history of the German currency after the
17:
507:
and the Provisional Administrative Body were replaced by nine central banks of similar economic size.
5243:
4872:
4307:
4017:
3202:
1047:
948:
939:
1870:
4867:
4680:
4471:
4393:
4358:
4222:
3994:
3956:
3793:
3564:
1899:
1552:
822:
731:
288:
857:
329:
222:
4799:
4353:
4348:
4333:
4262:
4130:
4004:
3984:
3961:
3941:
3901:
3864:
3813:
3687:
3650:
3420:
3142:
2927:
2818:
1712:
1532:
648:
621:
485:
95:
48:
4598:
5471:
5196:
4520:
4411:
4232:
4227:
3931:
3906:
3869:
3728:
3660:
3489:
3380:
3370:
2094:
2081:
991:
710:
2719:
5383:
5315:
5310:
4970:
4670:
4421:
4383:
4343:
4292:
4287:
4092:
3911:
3896:
3859:
2471:
2402:
2367:
2359:
1836:
1727:
1698:
785:
249:
2512:
5325:
3874:
3818:
3702:
3640:
3635:
3605:
3537:
3515:
3463:
3365:
2140:
2103:
1994:
1866:
1572:
1073:
972:
923:
842:
837:
832:
800:
769:
640:
3051:
The Past Becomes the Future: The Deutsche Bundesbank's Central Office in Frankfurt am Main
3033:. foreword by Hans Tietmeyer. Basingstoke: Macmillan in association with Central Banking.
2871:
2618:
2029:
8:
5466:
5259:
4338:
4057:
3951:
3926:
3921:
3798:
3682:
3588:
3319:
3253:
2994:
Reuters: "Bundesbank calls for capital levy to avert government bankruptcies" 27 Jan 2014
2860:
Frameworks for the Resolution of GovernmentâCentral Bank Conflicts: Issues and Assessment
2136:
1951:
1542:
1522:
578:
3415:
150:
5149:
4831:
4763:
4541:
4123:
4116:
3971:
3936:
3823:
3808:
3738:
3716:
3692:
3620:
3554:
3484:
3395:
3314:
3283:
3192:
3169:
3125:
2959:
2461:
2424:
The Bundesbank produces a number of regular publications and statistics (see Web site)
2371:
2225:
2085:
1527:
719:
317:
234:
4675:
4794:
4690:
4417:
4363:
4302:
4277:
4077:
4052:
3999:
3946:
3760:
3532:
3324:
3093:
3076:
3058:
3034:
3015:
2692:
2533:
1966:
1547:
880:
516:
503:
397:
government orders, the principle of an independent central bank was established. The
377:
2219:
5340:
5028:
4902:
4495:
4312:
4252:
4139:
4087:
4082:
4072:
4067:
4062:
3889:
3854:
3828:
3500:
3304:
3273:
3228:
3223:
2185:
916:
541:
4624:
2747:
5295:
5290:
5143:
5064:
4912:
4836:
4711:
4247:
4242:
4042:
4037:
4032:
3979:
3405:
2754:
2689:
2668:
2300:
2284:
2163:
1946:
1883:
1832:
1828:
1768:
1676:
312:, sometimes alternatively abbreviated as BBk or DBB) is the German member of the
2643:
2243:
5305:
5154:
5084:
5059:
5007:
4723:
4567:
4272:
4257:
4195:
4190:
4144:
4022:
4009:
3672:
3430:
2650:
2231:
2213:
2190:, President of the Directorate of the Bank deutscher LĂ€nder, from 1 August 1957
1985:
1754:
724:
473:
369:
273:
The Bundesbank still exists but many functions have been taken over by the ECB.
5455:
5437:
5424:
5300:
5274:
5110:
4733:
4717:
4572:
4317:
4267:
3385:
2363:
2340:
2290:
2278:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2237:
2201:
2068:
1970:
1903:
706:
325:
200:
180:
2090:
5219:
4907:
4639:
4186:
3770:
3445:
3440:
3410:
3309:
3263:
2897:
2453:
2324:
2064:
489:
360:
336:
141:
1969:
are all assets of the Bundesbank that are not specified in EUR, including
1954:. It also carries out securities transactions for the federal government (
592:
5176:
5160:
4948:
4877:
4728:
4665:
4660:
4588:
3780:
3494:
3329:
3278:
2946:
2466:
2328:
2207:
2051:
2011:
and the clearing of credit transfer. The nine regional headquarters are:
685:
497:
442:
3092:, Selbstverlag der Deutschen Bundesbank: Frankfurt am Main, April 2006,
2962:"Imagining the Unthinkable. The Disastrous Consequences of a Euro Crash"
1961:
1763:
4892:
4789:
4619:
4212:
3989:
3610:
3090:
Die Deutsche Bundesbank. Aufgabenfelder, Rechtlicher Rahmen, Geschichte
2370:'s current stimulus program, pointing out the healthy condition of the
2355:
2351:
376:) of the West German occupation zones and the Bank deutscher LĂ€nder in
364:
349:
313:
5165:
5115:
5089:
5074:
5069:
4922:
4882:
4773:
4758:
4593:
3600:
3248:
2731:
Bundesbank posts first loss in over four decades as higher rates bite
2306:
2120:
2025:
2015:
750:
161:
2924:"Bundesbank President Dismisses Deflation, Increases Tension at ECB"
2381:
37:
5138:
5120:
4980:
4975:
4965:
4815:
4551:
4500:
4206:
3134:
2393:
2375:
2151:
2107:
2492:
2344:
5171:
5094:
4743:
4629:
4603:
4536:
3879:
3299:
3243:
3165:
3028:
2734:
2397:
2112:
2077:
2073:
2056:
2038:
1916:
321:
5188:
2378:
isn't that bad off, on the eve of the 9â10 March 2016 meetings.
2314:
5044:
4841:
4753:
4644:
4634:
4465:
2649:, translation of the version as amended to take account of the
2116:
2060:
2047:
2043:
2034:
1839:. For 2022, the Bundesbank recorded its first loss since 1979.
2416:
report from October 2013 which proposed a similar wealth tax.
380:, which was created on 1 March 1948. The central banks of the
3259:
Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples
3238:
3119:
2099:
2019:
1974:
524:) was the supreme body of the Bundesbank. It was made up of:
261:
2268:
2513:
Buba: Blowing the Whistle on Big Bubba's Gold Manipulators?
2008:
1851:
5351:
International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
2347:), Welteke was the second Bundesbank president to resign.
2139:. All members of the executive board are appointed by the
4768:
2413:
2143:, normally for eight years, but at least for five years.
363:. Following the total destruction after the war, the old
1845:
2619:"Top 100 Largest Central Bank Rankings by Total Assets"
1936:
1945:) and local authorities, as well as for the statutory
1889:
1877:
472:), which as a rule consisted of the president and the
468:
central bank was in the hands of its executive board (
5346:
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
1993:
The Bundesbank has nine regional headquarters in the
1962:
The Bundesbank as the keeper of the currency reserves
2785:
2443:
2018:â federal headquarters, also governing the state of
3008:
2943:"Germany and France canât afford euro-zone bailout"
2729:Balazs Koranyi and Franceso Canepa (1 March 2023),
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3029:Frowen, Stephen F.; Pringle, Robert, eds. (1998).
2878:. Knill+Knill Kommunikationsberatung. 9 April 2004
2307:Disputes between the Bundesbank and the government
1989:Map of the regional headquarters of the Bundesbank
2493:"The Organisation and Structure of Central Banks"
2419:
2382:Involvement in the European sovereign debt crisis
2194:
5453:
3047:
2152:Presidents of the predecessors to the Bundesbank
332:, which had introduced the DM on 20 June 1948.
2350:On Wednesday, 24 February 2016, as part of the
2146:
1930:Bundesanstalt fĂŒr Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht
2523:
5399:Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean
5204:
4448:
4171:
3150:
2712:Ensuring Financial Stability in the Euro Area
2334:
2315:Dispute over currency union with East Germany
1798:
5409:Central banks and currencies of the Americas
5394:Central banks and currencies of Asia-Pacific
5497:Financial regulatory authorities of Germany
3269:Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC â AD 16)
293:
5211:
5197:
4455:
4441:
4178:
4164:
3157:
3143:
3124:
3073:The Bundesbank: The Bank That Rules Europe
3057:, Frankfurt am Main: Deutsche Bundesbank,
1886:system, the Bundesbank has two functions:
1805:
1791:
149:
140:
2815:"Organisation of the Deutsche Bundesbank"
2741:
2676:
2526:15C. The Model of the Deutsche Bundesbank
2339:In 2004 the president of the Bundesbank,
2269:Current Executive Board of the Bundesbank
354:
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
5366:Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
2864:
2710:Alessandro Prati and Garry J. Schinasi:
2655:
2606:Total assets - âŹ2,516,001 million (2023)
2500:Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek
2172:, Chairman of the Central Bank Council (
1984:
1856:
1074:Federal Republic of Germany (since 1949)
2989:
2987:
2490:
1827:Unlike other central banks such as the
571:This article is part of a series on the
561:
456:also controlled the subsidiary bodies (
14:
5454:
5404:Central banks and currencies of Europe
5389:Central banks and currencies of Africa
5239:Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
2484:
2429:English publications of the Bundesbank
2366:, dismissed deflation in light of the
5356:International Development Association
5192:
4436:
4159:
3138:
3070:
2968:. Translated by Sultan, Christopher.
2890:
2817:. Deutsche Bundesbank. Archived from
2793:"Jobs and careers â Staff statistics"
2718:, December 1998, Volume 35, Number 4
2704:
2410:European Financial Stability Facility
1846:The Bundesbank as a note-issuing bank
287:
3164:
2984:
2950:, 7 June 2012. Retrieved 2012-06-07.
2852:
2577:Bilanzsumme - 2,516,001 Mio ⏠(2023)
1937:The Bundesbank as the state's banker
60:adding citations to reliable sources
31:
5492:1957 establishments in West Germany
4516:Raiffeisenlandesbank Oberösterreich
3014:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1922:
1890:Clearing house for commercial banks
1878:The Bundesbank as the banks' banker
24:
5234:Bank for International Settlements
5155:JPMorgan Chase Bank, London Branch
4944:Banque Internationale Ă Luxembourg
3002:
1999:, the former central banks of the
591:
25:
5513:
5361:International Finance Corporation
5218:
3111:
3009:Deutsche Bundesbank, ed. (1998).
2972:from the original on 28 June 2012
2625:. Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute
5462:European System of Central Banks
4464:
4416:
4407:
4406:
4389:European System of Central Banks
4194:
3130:(in German, English, and French)
2872:"Welteke eckt mit "der Welt" an"
2524:Bertold Wahlig (3 August 1995).
2446:
1762:
1748:
36:
4863:Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena
3361:German revolutions of 1848â1849
3330:Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation)
2953:
2934:
2916:
2833:
2807:
2759:
2723:
2714:, in IMF quarterly publication
552:
324:from 1957 to 1998, issuing the
47:needs additional citations for
5265:Contractionary monetary policy
4918:Raiffeisen Landesbank SĂŒdtirol
3346:Early modern period, 1500â1800
3234:List of early Germanic peoples
3048:Gailhofer, Sunna, ed. (2020),
2683:Bundesbank Act (6th amendment)
2637:
2611:
2582:
2553:
2517:
2506:
2420:Publications of the Bundesbank
2388:European sovereign debt crisis
2176:) of the Bank deutscher LĂ€nder
1894:Firstly, the Bundesbank is a
1667:Politics of the European Union
539:. These were nominated by the
464:). Overall management of each
13:
1:
4759:SECB Swiss Euro Clearing Bank
4511:Raiffeisen Bank International
4506:Oesterreichische Nationalbank
4486:Bank fĂŒr Tirol und Vorarlberg
4298:Oesterreichische Nationalbank
3469:History of Germany since 1990
2904:(in German). 31 December 2004
2590:"The Bundesbank: key figures"
2567:(in German). 23 February 2024
2477:
2126:
1861:Public money transfer of the
335:The Bundesbank was the first
289:[ËdÉÊtÊÉËbÊndÉsËbaĆk]
5270:Expansionary monetary policy
4749:Landesbank Baden-WĂŒrttemberg
2195:Presidents of the Bundesbank
2147:Presidents of the Bundesbank
1980:
1618:Foreign relations by country
810:Federal Constitutional Court
617:Federal Constitutional Court
510:
479:
404:
7:
5336:International Monetary Fund
4898:Cassa di Risparmio di Fermo
4754:Landesbank Hessen-ThĂŒringen
2439:
2354:'s annual news conference,
1022:Weimar Republic (1919â1933)
535:The nine presidents of the
490:Federal Republic of Germany
10:
5518:
4283:Central Bank of Luxembourg
3376:North German Confederation
3356:Confederation of the Rhine
2561:"Die Bundesbank in Zahlen"
2434:Financial Stability Review
2385:
2362:Governing Council member,
2335:The Bundesbank in the news
2321:German Democratic Republic
2115:, governing the states of
2102:, governing the states of
2076:, governing the states of
2059:, governing the states of
699:Vice Chancellor of Germany
494:German Democratic Republic
347:
343:
5487:Banks established in 1957
5477:Public finance of Germany
5376:
5324:
5283:
5252:
5244:Financial Stability Board
5226:
5129:
5103:
5055:Banco Cooperativo Español
5037:
5021:
4989:
4958:
4931:
4873:Banca Popolare di Sondrio
4850:
4824:
4808:
4782:
4704:
4653:
4612:
4581:
4560:
4529:
4478:
4402:
4372:
4326:
4308:National Bank of Slovakia
4204:
4110:
3970:
3850:
3841:
3724:
3715:
3596:
3587:
3523:
3514:
3477:
3456:
3338:
3292:
3216:
3185:
3176:
2716:Finance & Development
2093:, governing the state of
2046:, governing federal city
2037:, governing the state of
2028:, governing the state of
940:Collective municipality (
448:The central banks of the
272:
256:
245:
238:(East Germany, 1968â1990)
231:(East Germany, 1948â1968)
226:(West Germany, 1948â1957)
215:
207:
196:
187:Central bank of
186:
176:
168:
157:
148:
139:
5482:Banks based in Frankfurt
4868:Banca Popolare del Lazio
4472:Euro Banking Association
4394:European Investment Bank
4359:National Bank of Romania
4223:National Bank of Belgium
3528:Administrative divisions
2767:"Das Gold der Deutschen"
1909:real time gross transfer
1503:State and local politics
1048:East Germany (1949â1960)
460:), now called branches (
192:West Germany (1957â1990)
4800:National Bank of Greece
4354:National Bank of Poland
4349:Hungarian National Bank
4334:Bulgarian National Bank
4263:Central Bank of Ireland
2753:26 October 2006 at the
1659:International Relations
649:Frank-Walter Steinmeier
486:Fall of the Berlin Wall
328:(DM). It succeeded the
190:Germany (1990âpresent)
27:Central bank of Germany
5502:German economic policy
4949:Gazprombank Luxembourg
4712:Bank of America Europe
4521:UniCredit Bank Austria
4233:Central Bank of Cyprus
4228:Croatian National Bank
3789:Science and technology
3490:History of Brandenburg
3381:Unification of Germany
3371:Frankfurt Constitution
2688:5 October 2006 at the
2667:5 October 2006 at the
2095:North Rhine-Westphalia
2082:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
1990:
1874:
1563:North Rhine-Westphalia
1558:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
1173:Parliamentary election
1014:Presidential elections
596:
355:Background (1948â1957)
211:âŹ219,86 billion (2021)
5384:List of central banks
5316:Sovereign wealth fund
5311:Open market operation
4971:De Nederlandsche Bank
4671:BRED Banque Populaire
4384:European Central Bank
4344:Danmarks Nationalbank
4293:De Nederlandsche Bank
4288:Central Bank of Malta
3426:Flight and expulsions
3075:. London: Heinemann.
3071:Marsh, David (1992).
3031:Inside the Bundesbank
2840:. Deutsche Bundesbank
2803:on 29 September 2007.
2491:Weidner, Jan (2017).
2472:List of central banks
2403:European Central Bank
2360:European Central Bank
2131:The executive board (
1988:
1871:Mercedes W221 S-Guard
1860:
1837:lender of last resort
1717:Agrarian Conservatism
787:Gemeinsamer Ausschuss
780:Vermittlungsausschuss
673:Chancellor of Germany
595:
399:Bank deutscher LĂ€nder
330:Bank deutscher LĂ€nder
250:European Central Bank
223:Bank deutscher LĂ€nder
71:"Deutsche Bundesbank"
5438:50.13389°N 8.65972°E
4599:Sparekassen SjĂŠlland
4098:World Heritage Sites
3776:German states by GDP
3366:German Confederation
2141:President of Germany
2104:Rhineland-Palatinate
1867:Mercedes-Benz Actros
1689:Political ideologies
1568:Rhineland-Palatinate
1002:Federal Convention (
641:President of Germany
562:The Bundesbank today
56:improve this article
5434: /
5260:Capital requirement
4739:Deutsche Bundesbank
4681:Crédit Mutuel Arkéa
4339:Czech National Bank
4238:Deutsche Bundesbank
3734:Automobile industry
3320:Carolingian dynasty
3254:History of the Huns
2930:. 24 February 2016.
2246:, interim president
1956:Bundesfinanzagentur
1952:Deutsche Reichsbank
1882:In relation to the
1863:Deutsche Bundesbank
1769:Politics portal
537:Landeszentralbanken
484:In the wake of the
303:German Federal Bank
281:Deutsche Bundesbank
136:
135:Deutsche Bundesbank
4832:Allied Irish Banks
4764:Standard Chartered
4542:BNP Paribas Fortis
3804:Telecommunications
3485:History of Prussia
3401:Revolution of 1918
3396:War guilt question
3315:Carolingian Empire
3284:Sack of Rome (410)
3193:History of Germany
2898:"2004 â Das war's"
2644:Article 88 of the
2596:. 23 February 2024
2462:Economy of Germany
2226:Helmut Schlesinger
2086:Schleswig-Holstein
1991:
1977:of gold reserves.
1904:central bank money
1896:refinancing source
1884:commercial banking
1875:
1755:Germany portal
1588:Schleswig-Holstein
1433:European elections
898:State Parliament (
893:Minister president
597:
318:monetary authority
235:Staatsbank der DDR
229:Deutsche Notenbank
134:
5443:50.13389; 8.65972
5417:
5416:
5186:
5185:
4795:Eurobank Ergasias
4691:La Banque postale
4430:
4429:
4364:Sveriges Riksbank
4303:Banco de Portugal
4278:Bank of Lithuania
4216:
4153:
4152:
4106:
4105:
3837:
3836:
3751:Chemical Triangle
3711:
3710:
3698:Political parties
3646:Foreign relations
3583:
3582:
3510:
3509:
3421:Allied occupation
3325:Holy Roman Empire
3064:978-3-95729-768-6
3040:978-0-333-69988-1
2771:www.bundesbank.de
2296:Lutz LienenkÀmper
2050:and the state of
2030:Baden-WĂŒrttemberg
2003:and 31 branches (
1967:Currency reserves
1815:
1814:
1695:Political culture
1608:Foreign relations
1518:Baden-WĂŒrttemberg
1004:Bundesversammlung
987:Political parties
582:
517:Maastricht Treaty
423:Landeszentralbank
378:Frankfurt am Main
316:and has been the
277:
276:
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131:
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106:
16:(Redirected from
5509:
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5448:
5446:
5445:
5444:
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5432:
5431:
5430:
5427:
5341:World Bank Group
5213:
5206:
5199:
5190:
5189:
5029:Bank of Slovenia
5013:CrĂ©dito AgrĂcola
4997:Banco BAI Europa
4903:Credito Emiliano
4858:Banca del Fucino
4696:Société Générale
4496:Erste Group Bank
4469:
4468:
4457:
4450:
4443:
4434:
4433:
4420:
4410:
4409:
4327:Outside Eurozone
4313:Bank of Slovenia
4253:Banque de France
4211:(Members of the
4210:
4199:
4198:
4180:
4173:
4166:
4157:
4156:
4133:
4126:
4119:
4083:Prussian virtues
3848:
3847:
3756:Economic history
3722:
3721:
3616:
3594:
3593:
3545:Cities and towns
3521:
3520:
3501:Baden Revolution
3305:Treaty of Verdun
3274:Marcomannic Wars
3229:Migration Period
3224:Germanic peoples
3208:Military history
3183:
3182:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3123:
3122:
3120:Official website
3107:
3086:
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2996:
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2804:
2799:. Archived from
2789:
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2757:
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2739:
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2623:swfinstitute.org
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2449:
2287:(vice-president)
2189:
2171:
1923:Bank supervision
1873:support vehicles
1865:with an armored
1807:
1800:
1793:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1733:Social Democracy
1609:
982:Electoral system
975:
918:Regierungsbezirk
873:
803:
732:Federal agencies
610:
609:
585:
580:
572:
566:
565:
361:Second World War
307:
304:
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298:
295:
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286:
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164:, Hesse, Germany
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5372:
5327:
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5291:Capital control
5279:
5248:
5222:
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5182:
5144:Citibank Europe
5131:
5125:
5099:
5065:Banco Santander
5033:
5017:
4985:
4954:
4927:
4913:Intesa Sanpaolo
4846:
4837:Bank of Ireland
4820:
4804:
4778:
4700:
4676:Crédit Agricole
4649:
4608:
4577:
4556:
4525:
4474:
4470:Members of the
4463:
4461:
4431:
4426:
4398:
4376:EU institutions
4374:
4373:Banking-related
4368:
4322:
4248:Bank of Finland
4243:Bank of Estonia
4209:
4200:
4193:
4184:
4154:
4149:
4136:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4102:
3966:
3917:Life expectancy
3833:
3707:
3678:Law enforcement
3614:
3579:
3506:
3473:
3452:
3436:Divided Germany
3406:Weimar Republic
3334:
3300:Frankish Empire
3288:
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3005:
3003:Further reading
3000:
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2973:
2958:
2954:
2940:Das, Satyajit,
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2907:
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2902:Die Zeit online
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2755:Wayback Machine
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2669:Wayback Machine
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2301:Michael Theurer
2285:Sabine Mauderer
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2129:
1983:
1964:
1947:social security
1939:
1925:
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1833:Federal Reserve
1829:Bank of England
1811:
1782:
1778:Other countries
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2821:on 21 May 2011
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2925:
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2899:
2893:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2836:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2802:
2798:
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2772:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2744:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2720:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2698:
2697:3-932002-96-2
2694:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2679:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2658:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2640:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2607:
2595:
2594:bundesbank.de
2591:
2585:
2578:
2566:
2565:bundesbank.de
2562:
2556:
2541:
2539:9781557754981
2535:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2514:
2509:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2483:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2444:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2379:
2377:
2374:and that the
2373:
2369:
2365:
2364:Jens Weidmann
2361:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2341:Ernst Welteke
2332:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2312:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2291:Burkhard Balz
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2279:Joachim Nagel
2277:
2276:
2275:
2264:
2263:Joachim Nagel
2260:
2258:
2257:Jens Weidmann
2254:
2252:
2251:Axel A. Weber
2248:
2245:
2241:
2239:
2238:Ernst Welteke
2235:
2233:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2203:
2202:Karl Blessing
2199:
2198:
2187:
2182:
2181:Wilhelm Vocke
2178:
2175:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2069:Saxony-Anhalt
2066:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1987:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1971:gold reserves
1968:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1887:
1885:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1853:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1831:and the U.S.
1830:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1808:
1803:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1789:
1788:
1786:
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1616:
1615:
1610:
1603:
1602:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1583:Saxony-Anhalt
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
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1536:
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1510:
1507:
1506:
1500:
1499:
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1489:
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1475:
1473:
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1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
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1448:
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1434:
1431:
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1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
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1375:
1373:
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1368:
1365:
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1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
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1340:
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1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
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1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1005:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
979:
976:
969:
968:
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956:
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954:
952:
947:
945:
943:
938:
934:
931:
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929:
927:
922:
920:
919:
915:
914:
908:
905:
904:
903:
901:
896:
894:
891:
890:
887:
886:
884:
878:
877:
874:
867:
866:
859:
856:
855:
851:
848:
847:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
820:
816:
815:
811:
808:
807:
804:
797:
796:
789:
788:
784:
782:
781:
777:
776:
772:
771:
767:
763:
760:
758:
755:
754:
753:
752:
748:
747:
741:
740:
733:
730:
726:
723:
722:
721:
718:
717:
712:
708:
707:Robert Habeck
705:
704:
701:
700:
696:
695:
691:
687:
684:
683:
679:
675:
674:
670:
669:
663:
662:
654:
650:
647:
646:
643:
642:
638:
637:
634:Head of State
631:
630:
623:
620:
618:
615:
614:
611:
606:Constitution
601:
600:
594:
590:
589:
586:
577:
576:
573:
568:
567:
559:
550:
544:
543:
538:
534:
531:
527:
526:
525:
523:
518:
508:
506:
505:
499:
498:Deutsche Mark
495:
491:
487:
477:
476:of the bank.
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
444:
440:
436:
431:
426:
424:
420:
416:
412:
402:
400:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
366:
362:
351:
341:
338:
333:
331:
327:
326:Deutsche Mark
323:
319:
315:
311:
290:
282:
271:
267:
259:
255:
251:
248:
244:
236:
233:
228:
224:
221:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
201:Deutsche Mark
199:
195:
189:
185:
182:
181:Joachim Nagel
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
160:
156:
152:
147:
143:
138:
126:
123:
115:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73: â
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
5419:
4908:ICCREA Banca
4738:
4640:Pohjola Bank
4237:
4131:Bibliography
4005:Coat of arms
3985:Architecture
3962:Trade unions
3942:Prostitution
3902:Homelessness
3865:Demographics
3814:Trade unions
3781:
3771:German model
3744:Central bank
3743:
3688:Conservatism
3651:Human rights
3636:Court system
3631:Constitution
3611:
3457:Contemporary
3446:West Germany
3441:East Germany
3416:World War II
3411:Nazi Germany
3351:18th-century
3310:East Francia
3264:Cimbrian War
3089:
3072:
3050:
3030:
3010:
2974:. Retrieved
2965:
2955:
2941:
2936:
2928:Fast Company
2918:
2906:. Retrieved
2901:
2892:
2880:. Retrieved
2875:
2866:
2854:
2842:. Retrieved
2835:
2823:. Retrieved
2819:the original
2809:
2801:the original
2796:
2787:
2775:. Retrieved
2770:
2761:
2743:
2733:
2725:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2700:(in English)
2678:
2672:(in English)
2657:
2645:
2639:
2627:. Retrieved
2622:
2613:
2605:
2598:. Retrieved
2593:
2584:
2576:
2569:. Retrieved
2564:
2555:
2543:. Retrieved
2519:
2508:
2499:
2486:
2454:Banks portal
2423:
2407:
2391:
2349:
2338:
2325:West Germany
2318:
2310:
2272:
2261:Since 2022:
2244:JĂŒrgen Stark
2173:
2159:Karl Bernard
2132:
2130:
2065:Lower Saxony
2004:
2000:
1995:
1992:
1965:
1955:
1942:
1940:
1929:
1926:
1895:
1893:
1881:
1862:
1849:
1841:
1826:
1816:
1713:Conservatism
1658:
1617:
1553:Lower Saxony
1508:
1487:
1432:
1422:
1172:
1162:
1013:
1003:
950:
941:
925:
917:
899:
882:
879:
872:Subdivisions
858:Other courts
850:Joint Senate
786:
779:
768:
749:
697:
671:
639:
622:Human rights
581:Politics of
569:
556:
553:2001âpresent
548:
540:
536:
529:
521:
514:
502:
483:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
447:
438:
434:
429:
427:
422:
418:
414:
409:The German "
408:
398:
393:
389:
385:
381:
373:
358:
337:central bank
334:
309:
280:
278:
246:Succeeded by
158:Headquarters
118:
112:January 2022
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
5441: /
5177:Wells Fargo
5161:Lloyds Bank
4959:Netherlands
4878:Banca Sella
4729:Commerzbank
4661:BNP Paribas
4635:Nordea Bank
4589:Danske Bank
3932:Pornography
3907:Immigration
3870:Drug policy
3782:Mittelstand
3729:Agriculture
3693:Nationalism
3666:Transgender
3550:Earthquakes
3497:, 1583-1588
3495:Cologne War
3391:World War I
3293:Middle Ages
3279:Gothic Wars
3106:(in German)
2966:Der Spiegel
2947:MarketWatch
2876:Rhetorik.ch
2844:4 September
2773:(in German)
2646:Grundgesetz
2467:German mark
2329:Helmut Kohl
2281:(President)
2255:2011â2021:
2249:2004â2011:
2236:1999â2004:
2230:1993â1999:
2224:1991â1993:
2218:1980â1991:
2212:1977â1979:
2208:Karl Klasen
2206:1969â1977:
2200:1958â1969:
2184: [
2179:1948â1957:
2162: [
2157:1948â1957:
2052:Brandenburg
1533:Brandenburg
1292:1932 (July)
992:Referendums
907:composition
744:Legislature
686:Olaf Scholz
608:(Basic Law)
443:open-market
435:Direktorium
264:.bundesbank
216:Preceded by
203:(1957â2002)
169:Established
5467:Eurosystem
5456:Categories
5429:08°39âČ35âłE
5426:50°08âČ02âłN
4939:Spuerkeess
4932:Luxembourg
4893:BPER Banca
4790:Alpha Bank
4769:UBS Europe
4620:Aktia Bank
4547:bpost bank
4213:Eurosystem
4093:Television
4078:Philosophy
4053:Literature
3912:Irreligion
3897:Healthcare
3860:Corruption
3626:Chancellor
3615:(military)
3612:Bundeswehr
2908:9 December
2882:9 December
2797:Bundesbank
2528:(Report).
2478:References
2396:under the
2356:Bundesbank
2352:Bundesbank
2127:Governance
2091:DĂŒsseldorf
1728:Liberalism
1699:Federalism
1307:1933 (Nov)
1302:1933 (Mar)
1297:1932 (Nov)
1277:1924 (Dec)
1272:1924 (May)
1187:1867 (Aug)
1182:1867 (Feb)
997:Coalitions
924:District (
365:Reichsmark
350:Reichsbank
348:See also:
314:Eurosystem
285:pronounced
82:newspapers
18:Bundesbank
5166:MUFG Bank
5150:HSBC Bank
5090:Kutxabank
5075:CaixaBank
5070:Bankinter
5003:Banco BCP
4923:UniCredit
4883:Banco BPM
4774:Unicredit
4048:Libraries
4028:Festivals
3875:Education
3819:Transport
3784:companies
3703:President
3641:Elections
3606:Bundesrat
3601:Bundestag
3570:Mountains
3538:Districts
3516:Geography
3249:Visigoths
3186:Overviews
3012:English.)
2629:31 August
2600:31 August
2571:31 August
2545:31 August
2376:euro area
2137:Bundesrat
2121:Thuringia
2026:Stuttgart
2016:Frankfurt
1981:Structure
1933:(BaFin).
1723:Far-right
1708:Communism
1593:Thuringia
974:Elections
802:Judiciary
770:Bundesrat
751:Bundestag
666:Executive
542:Bundesrat
511:1993â2001
480:1990â1993
411:Basic Law
405:1957â1990
177:President
162:Frankfurt
5253:Policies
5139:Barclays
5121:Swedbank
5080:Cecabank
5022:Slovenia
4990:Portugal
4981:Rabobank
4976:ING Bank
4966:ABN AMRO
4888:BFF Bank
4816:OTP Bank
4630:DnB Bank
4552:KBC Bank
4501:Oberbank
4491:BKS Bank
4207:Eurozone
4140:Category
4058:Internet
4043:Language
4033:Folklore
3952:Religion
3927:Pensions
3922:Naturism
3799:Taxation
3683:Lobbying
3656:Intersex
3589:Politics
3198:Timeline
3177:General
3170:articles
2970:Archived
2825:4 August
2751:Archived
2686:Archived
2665:Archived
2440:See also
2394:eurozone
2133:Vorstand
2108:Saarland
1913:RTGSplus
1677:Passport
1573:Saarland
951:Gemeinde
823:Ordinary
492:and the
470:Vorstand
462:Filialen
208:Reserves
197:Currency
5172:NatWest
5132:Kingdom
4825:Ireland
4809:Hungary
4744:DZ Bank
4705:Germany
4613:Finland
4604:Sydbank
4582:Denmark
4537:Belfius
4530:Belgium
4479:Austria
4205:Within
4189:of the
4117:Outline
4023:Fashion
4010:Cuisine
3972:Culture
3937:Poverty
3880:Germans
3843:Society
3824:Welfare
3809:Tourism
3766:Exports
3739:Banking
3717:Economy
3621:Cabinet
3560:Islands
3555:Geology
3478:Regions
3244:Teutons
3217:Ancient
3179:History
3166:Germany
2976:26 June
2777:29 June
2735:Reuters
2398:TARGET2
2113:Leipzig
2078:Hamburg
2074:Hamburg
2057:Hanover
2039:Bavaria
2005:Filiale
1917:TARGET2
1911:system
1543:Hamburg
1523:Bavaria
900:Landtag
881:State (
762:members
720:Cabinet
584:Germany
344:History
322:Germany
297:
257:Website
96:scholar
5328:system
5227:Global
5130:United
5104:Sweden
5045:Abanca
4842:Elavon
4783:Greece
4654:France
4645:S-Bank
4561:Cyprus
4145:Portal
4000:Cinema
3980:Anthem
3947:Racism
3761:Energy
3575:Rivers
3533:States
3503:, 1848
3339:Modern
3168:
3096:
3079:
3061:
3037:
3018:
2695:
2536:
2323:) and
2242:2004:
2117:Saxony
2061:Bremen
2048:Berlin
2044:Berlin
2035:Munich
2001:LĂ€nder
1996:LĂ€nder
1975:tonnes
1651:Russia
1626:France
1578:Saxony
1538:Bremen
1528:Berlin
843:Social
838:Labour
833:Fiscal
725:Scholz
504:LĂ€nder
488:, the
454:LĂ€nder
450:LĂ€nder
430:LĂ€nder
419:LĂ€nder
415:BBankG
394:LĂ€nder
386:LĂ€nder
382:LĂ€nder
374:LĂ€nder
252:(1999)
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
5377:Lists
5179:(USA)
5168:(JPN)
5157:(USA)
5146:(USA)
5038:Spain
4999:(AGO)
4951:(RUS)
4851:Italy
4720:(CHN)
4714:(USA)
4124:Index
4088:Sport
4073:Names
4068:Music
4063:Media
4018:Dance
3890:Women
3855:Crime
3829:Women
3565:Lakes
3239:Goths
3055:(PDF)
2496:(PDF)
2345:above
2188:]
2170:]
2100:Mainz
2020:Hesse
1646:China
1631:Italy
1548:Hesse
926:Kreis
711:GrĂŒne
103:JSTOR
89:books
5050:BBVA
4666:BPCE
4038:Flag
3995:Arts
3661:LGBT
3094:ISBN
3077:ISBN
3059:ISBN
3035:ISBN
3016:ISBN
2978:2012
2910:2006
2884:2006
2846:2024
2827:2010
2779:2024
2693:ISBN
2631:2024
2602:2024
2573:2024
2547:2024
2534:ISBN
2119:and
2106:and
2084:and
2067:and
2009:cash
1943:Land
1915:and
1898:and
1869:and
1852:cash
1672:Visa
1488:2024
1482:2019
1477:2014
1472:2009
1467:2004
1462:1999
1457:1994
1452:1989
1447:1984
1442:1979
1423:Next
1417:2021
1412:2017
1407:2013
1402:2009
1397:2005
1392:2002
1387:1998
1382:1994
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