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169:, Byzantine law of this period was generally more efficient and applied to almost everyone with the most powerful and certain kinds of royal officials being exceptions, spurring patriotism and optimism among people in different roles in Byzantine society which led to reform and increased effectiveness of the state and local areas. Violence in punishment saw a decrease from previous centuries, most
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for what Harvey calls a "substantial increase in the volume of money in circulation" comes from the quantity of coins found on archaeological sites. Thousands of coins have been found both at Athens and at
Corinth. Some idea of the scale of the expansion that took place here can be gained from comparing the number of Corinthian coins dating from the reign of
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was being generated even in remote areas. A steady increase in population led to a higher population density in many areas of the empire, and there is good evidence that the demographic increase was accompanied by the return of a thriving network of revitalised towns and cities. According to Alan Harvey in his book
145:
the medieval town experienced a period of rapid and sustained growth, starting in the 11th century and continuing until the end of the 12th century. The 'agora' or 'marketplace', which had been deserted since late antiquity, began to be built over, and soon the town became an important centre for the
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Recent research has revealed that the 12th century was a time of significant growth in the rural economy, with rising population levels and extensive tracts of new agricultural land being brought into production. The widespread construction of new rural churches is a strong indication that prosperity
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Further evidence is provided by the coinage of the empire in this period. After a long period in the early Middle Ages during which the only coins were struck in
Constantinople, the 12th century saw the return of a provincial mint regularly operating at Thessaloniki. Yet the most convincing evidence
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Overall, given that both population and prosperity increased substantially in this period, economic recovery in
Byzantium appears to have been strengthening the economic basis of the state. This helps to explain how the Komnenian emperors, Manuel Komnenos in particular, were able to project their
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raiding in the late 11th century. Yet as the
Komnenian emperors built up extensive fortifications in rural areas during the 12th century, repopulation of the countryside took place. The restoration of order in western Asia Minor enabled the demographic trend to resume its upward course after the
199:(813–842), at the start of the expansion, with the number of coins dating from other periods. Harvey states that "About 150 coins can be attributed to this emperor compared with only twenty from the previous century". By contrast, excavations in 1939 revealed 4495 coins dating from the reign of
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setbacks of the late 11th century, and indeed it was in the 13th century that this process reached its peak. It is quite possible that an increase in trade, made possible by the growth of the
Italian city-states, may have been a factor in the growth of the economy. Certainly, the
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art, for example, with artists showing great interest in depicting natural landscapes with wild animals and scenes from the hunt. Mosaics became more realistic and vivid, with an increased emphasis on depicting three-dimensional forms. In the provinces, regional schools of
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began producing many distinctive styles that drew on a range of cultural influences. All this suggests that there was an increased demand for art, with more people having access to the necessary wealth to commission and pay for such work.
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The new wealth being generated during this period had a positive impact on
Byzantine cultural life. In artistic terms, the 12th century was a very productive period in Byzantine history. There was a revival in the
141:, archaeological evidence from both Europe and Asia Minor shows a considerable increase in the size of urban settlements, together with a "notable upsurge" in new towns. For example, Harvey explains that in
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power and influence so widely at this time. Yet this is by no means the only effect of economic expansion in the empire; the effect on
Byzantine culture and society was also quite profound.
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leaders were loyal to the emperor, and cultural diversity aided the Empire unlike in the
Angevin lands, where "barons of the north" near Scotland were generally not loyal to the king and
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in
Byzantine cultural and intellectual achievement. These changes were particularly significant in two areas of Byzantine civilization: its economic prosperity, and its artistic output.
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Similar evidence of economic expansion has been discovered elsewhere in the empire, especially in the
European provinces. In Asia Minor, some areas had become depopulated due to
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150:, the second city of the Empire, hosted a famous summer fair which attracted traders from across the Balkans and even further afield to its bustling market stalls. In
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207:(1143–1180). At Athens, coins from the Komnenian period have also been found in abundance (over 4,000 from Manuel's reign).
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where different factions and government positions conducted law differently and according to their own needs such as in the
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experienced a period of intense change and development. This has led some historians to refer to a
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Emperor Manuel I Komnenos who reigned from 1143 to 1180. He is shown wearing imperial regalia.
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in Nerezi near Skopje. It is considered a superb example of twelfth century
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during this era due to its rivalry with the Angevin part of its domain.
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N.H.Baynes – "Byzantium, an introduction to East Roman civilization"
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Alan Harvey – "Economic expansion in the Byzantine empire 900–1200"
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A History of Britain 1: 3000 BC-AD 1603 At the Edge of the World?
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and the West while also trading extensively with Byzantium and
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261:'The Lamentation of Christ' (1164), a fresco from the
219:and others were active traders in the ports of the
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Economic expansion in the Byzantine Empire 900–1200
48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
120:During the 12th century, the civilization of the
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780:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)
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377:– "The empire of Manuel I Komnenos 1143–1180"
57:"Byzantine civilisation in the 12th century"
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343:(1st Da Capo Press ed.). Cambridge:
288:The empire of Manuel I Komnenos 1143–1180
108:Learn how and when to remove this message
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315:. pp. 129–130.
42:improve this article
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2026:Acritic songs
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583:Komnenian era
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521:Heraclian era
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516:Justinian era
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385:Byzantine Art
382:
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354:9780306815799
350:
346:
345:Da Capo Press
342:
338:
337:McLynn, Frank
332:
324:
318:
314:
313:BBC Worldwide
310:
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304:
303:Schama, Simon
298:
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62:
59: –
58:
54:
53:Find sources:
47:
43:
37:
36:
31:This article
29:
25:
20:
19:
16:
2037:
1947:
1805:Hagia Sophia
1787:Thessalonica
1762:Hagia Sophia
1742:Chora Church
1680:Architecture
1557:Great Schism
1547:Paulicianism
1525:Miaphysitism
1380:Karabisianoi
684:or territory
644:Thessalonica
628:Latin Empire
623:Frankokratia
598:
558:Isaurian era
545:
476:
461:
457:Roman Empire
447:
366:Bibliography
340:
331:
307:
287:
282:
251:architecture
242:
233:
209:
193:
174:
160:
148:Thessaloniki
138:
135:
119:
104:
95:
85:
78:
71:
64:
52:
40:Please help
35:verification
32:
15:
2288:Megali Idea
2263:Byzantinism
1966:Agriculture
1757:Hagia Irene
1590:Kievan Rus'
1567:Mount Athos
1390:Cibyrrhaeot
1334:Vestiaritai
1189:Mercenaries
1066:Catepanates
925:Sakellarios
844:Family tree
769:Mesopotamia
588:Angelid era
568:Amorian era
2341:Categories
2283:Third Rome
2209:University
2192:Philosophy
2182:Inventions
2045:Historians
2013:Literature
1996:Varangians
1838:San Vitale
1767:Hippodrome
1747:City Walls
1647:Mutilation
1642:Hexabiblos
1562:Bogomilism
1552:Iconoclasm
1422:Megas doux
1412:Greek fire
1395:Aegean Sea
1268:Kleisourai
1245:Excubitors
1235:Bucellarii
1087:Despotates
1056:Kleisourai
995:Provincial
839:Coronation
813:Governance
578:Doukid era
511:Leonid era
197:Theophilos
163:governance
68:newspapers
2111:Octoechos
1991:Silk Road
1483:Hesychasm
1351:Paramonai
1298:Hetaireia
1230:Foederati
1119:Diplomacy
1114:Diplomats
1020:Provinces
849:Empresses
652:Trebizond
448:Preceding
267:Komnenian
221:Holy Land
217:Venetians
2204:Scholars
2197:Rhetoric
2187:Medicine
2162:Learning
2061:Calendar
1938:Painters
1637:Basilika
1575:Bulgaria
1537:Arianism
1488:Hayhurum
1465:Religion
1427:Admirals
1346:Allagion
1278:Droungos
1184:Generals
1146:Military
1109:Treaties
1015:Dioceses
834:Emperors
747:Sardinia
727:Dalmatia
707:Bulgaria
697:Anatolia
656:Theodoro
650: /
646: /
638: /
339:(2007).
305:(2003).
225:Outremer
176:de facto
2313:Outline
2258:Museums
2158:Science
2135:Slavery
2091:Gardens
2071:Cuisine
2003:Dynatoi
1971:Coinage
1958:Economy
1926:Mosaics
1889:Mystras
1830:Ravenna
1692:Secular
1580:Moravia
1329:Pronoia
1303:Akritai
1288:Tagmata
1263:Themata
1204:Revolts
1174:Battles
1082:Kephale
1051:Themata
981:Mesazon
823:Central
759:Maghreb
712:Corsica
702:Armenia
692:Albania
435:History
212:Turkish
152:Corinth
82:scholar
2323:Portal
2238:Impact
2118:People
2066:Cities
1916:Enamel
1697:Sacred
1632:Ecloga
1498:Saints
1407:Dromon
1283:Bandon
1273:Tourma
1256:Middle
1179:Beacon
1061:Bandon
1044:Middle
913:Middle
868:Senate
791:Thrace
774:Serbia
752:Sicily
737:Greece
722:Cyprus
640:Epirus
636:Nicaea
546:Middle
423:topics
351:
319:
246:mosaic
143:Athens
84:
77:
70:
63:
55:
2308:Index
2140:Death
2130:Women
2101:Music
2081:Dress
2076:Dance
2021:Novel
1981:Trade
1976:Mints
1921:Glass
1911:Icons
1707:Domes
1585:Serbs
1400:Samos
1213:Early
1003:Early
877:Early
786:Syria
764:Malta
742:Italy
732:Egypt
717:Crete
648:Morea
477:Early
274:Notes
229:Egypt
171:theme
89:JSTOR
75:books
2106:Lyra
1986:silk
1597:Jews
1372:Navy
1317:Late
1157:Army
1124:Wars
1075:Late
969:Late
599:Late
349:ISBN
317:ISBN
269:art.
61:news
1903:Art
1607:Law
231:.
44:by
2343::
294:^
154:,
658:)
654:–
642:–
529:"
525:"
413:e
406:t
399:v
357:.
325:.
111:)
105:(
100:)
96:(
86:·
79:·
72:·
65:·
38:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
